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# Tales from the Hood
## Soundtrack
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---+
| Year | Album | Peak chart positions | |
+======+===========================================================+======================+===+
| U.S. | U.S. R&B | | |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---+
| 1995 | ***Tales from the Hood: The Soundtrack*** | 16 | 1 |
| | | | |
| | - Released: May 9, 1995 | | |
| | - Label: 40 Acres and a Mule Musicworks/MCA Soundtracks | | |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---+
| | | | |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---+
## Production
According to Cundieff, the idea for *Tales from the Hood* came from a one-act play he performed a few times in L.A. called *The Black Horror Show: Blackanthropy*. Shortly after the play wrapped, Cundieff said Darin Scott suggested they collaborate on a horror movie. \"It has to be about something. It can\'t just be, \'We\'re scaring you,{{\'\"}} Cundieff said.
The *Tales from the Hood* story \"Boys Do Get Bruised\" is loosely based on an incident from Cundieff\'s childhood. He remembered visiting a friend\'s house, who lived down the block from his childhood home in Pittsburgh, and seeing his friend\'s younger sister \"gagged and hogtied\" in the basement. Cundieff said he went home and told his dad, who was a detective in the juvenile division of the Pittsburgh police: \"He said, \'I can\'t mess with those whites.\' And he\'s probably right. He just felt that even with his badge and with his position he wasn\'t in a position to deal with that,\" Cundieff told Jordan Gass-Pooré, host of the podcast Pod of Madness. \"I\'ve always had an interest kind of in, I don\'t know if it was because of that moment, but child abuse, domestic violence is always kind of had some weird place in my head.\"
Cundieff\'s parents appear in the story \"KKK Comeuppance.\" His father is the preacher who gives the eulogy to Rhodie, and his mother portrays Miss Cobbs. Of his father\'s performance, Cundieff said \"He had written a sermon. I\'m, like, \'You can\'t say all this.\' \... And then, of course, when I called \'Action!\' he, like, got all nervous.\" Cundieff noted that his mother had the opposite reaction, stating \"My mom was an introvert, but she was great. She had no problem. \... She didn\'t have any lines, but I told her, like, \'You know, look mad, like, you know, when you were angry at me,\' or something like that.\"
## Release
The film was released theatrically on May 24, 1995. Later that year, the film was released on VHS and LaserDisc by HBO. In 1998, HBO Home Video released the film on DVD, which has since gone out of print. According to Cundieff, Universal Pictures currently holds the rights to the film, but there were no prints available to reissue the film on the Blu-ray format in 2015. In 2016, a remastered version of the film was released to Amazon.com, iTunes and Crackle. In November 2016, it was announced that the film was to be made available on Blu-ray from Scream Factory, which was released on April 18, 2017.
## Reception
Critical reception for *Tales from the Hood* has been mixed. Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 58%, based on `{{nowrap|24 reviews}}`{=mediawiki}, with a rating average of 5.3/10.
## Sequels
A sequel entitled *Tales from the Hood 2* premiered at the Fantasia International Film Festival in July 2018, also written by Rusty Cundieff and Darin Scott, who shared directorial duties for the film. Keith David replaced Clarence Williams III as Mr. Simms due to Williams\' retirement from acting. It was released on home video on October 2, 2018. Another sequel, *Tales from the Hood 3*, was released on October 6, 2020.
*Tales from the Hood 3* stars Tony Todd and was filmed in Winnipeg. It features four stories, including the wraparound story. \"The stories, you know, they\'re not as big as the first Tales,\" Cundieff told the podcast Pod of Madness. \"But I do think that the stories are stronger, overall, than the second one, and the look of the film is better, a lot to do with the locations that we found
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# Datura metel
***Datura metel*** is a shrub-like annual (zone 5--7) or short-lived, shrubby perennial (zone 8--10), commonly known in Europe as **Indian thornapple**, **Hindu Datura**, or **metel** and in the United States as **devil\'s trumpet** or **angel\'s trumpet**. *Datura metel* is naturalised in all the warmer countries of the world. It is found notably in India, where it is known by the ancient, Sanskrit-derived, Hindi name *dhatūra* (धतूरा), from which the genus name *Datura* is derived.
The plant is cultivated worldwide, both as an ornamental and for its medicinal properties, the latter being due to its tropane alkaloid content. Like its hardier and smaller-flowered relative *Datura stramonium*, it is now of widespread occurrence, although showing a preference for warmer, humid climates.
## Description
The plant is an annual or short-lived shrubby perennial herb. The roots are a branched tap root, and are not fleshy like roots found in perennial species such as *Datura innoxia* and *Datura wrightii.* The species can grow up to 6 ft high. The stems are hollow, green or purple-black, somewhat woody, and have a strong odour. It is slightly pubescent, with green to dark violet shoots and oval to broad oval leaves that are often dark violet as well. The leaves are simple, alternate, petiolate, and exhibit entire or deeply lobed margins.
The pleasantly-scented 6-8 in flowers are immensely varied, and can be single or double. Corolla colour can range from white to cream, yellow, red, and violet. The seed capsule is covered with numerous conical warts or short, sparse spines. The fruits break up irregularly at maturity by not dehiscing in four equal valves like those of other *Datura* species. Seeds are endospermous.
*D. metel* was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, but few botanically correct illustrations were made until after the New World was settled. The original home of the plant, although long conjectured to have been India, is now known to have been somewhere in the Americas, probably the Greater Antilles. As late as 1992 it was still being claimed that the plant was \"\...native probably to the mountainous regions of Pakistan or Afghanistan westward\...\" While there now remains no doubt that the species originated in the New World, evidence is mounting that it was introduced to the Indian subcontinent - whether by human agency or some chance natural event is not known - at a date no later than the 4th century CE. This precedes the first arrival of European explorers in the Americas.
A wild form of *D. metel* as a distinct species is unknown. The species, as currently described, is essentially a collection of ancient cultivars likely attributable to pre-Columbian horticultural practices.
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# Datura metel
## Description
### Similarities to *D. innoxia* {#similarities_to_d._innoxia}
*D. metel* is similar, in its above-ground parts, to *D. innoxia*, but, while *D. metel* has almost glabrous leaves and fruits that can be nodding or erect and are warty, rather than spiny; *D. innoxia* is pilose (softly hairy) all over and has a markedly spiny, nodding fruit with a more prominently frilled and reflexed persistent calyx.
Symon and Haegi noted in 1991 the occurrence on Cuba of an apparently wild plant given the name *Datura velutinosa* V.R. Fuentes (no longer an accepted species and now listed as a form of *D. innoxia*), the capsules of which are tuberculate like those of *D. metel*.
Historically, single-flowered forms of *D. metel* have frequently been confused with the widely naturalised *D. innoxia* - from which it differs in its much less pubescent stems and foliage and shorter-spined and less densely-spined capsules. The reason for this confusion was finally discovered through genetic research carried out in 2000, where it was determined that *D. metel* is a domesticated form of *D. inoxia* that was originally derived from Central America and southeastern Mexico.
In support of this claim regarding domestication, Cavazos et al. list several pieces of evidence. While the flowers of wild Datura species are usually white or pale, thin in texture, single and short-lived, the flowers of *D. metel* have several distinctive strong colour forms, are thick in texture, often have double or triple flowers (trumpet-like corollas nested one within the other) and can last for up to a week before withering. Additionally, the seed capsules of wild *Datura* species are usually clad with sharp spines which protect them from premature predation, while those of *D. metel* bear short, sparse spines or tubercles. It is also found that regrowth of the perennial wild species sprouts from the top of the thick roots below ground level, while in *D. metel* such regrowth is sub-shrubby, sprouting from the woody stem base. It is those woody stems that are used in the vegetative propagation of this \'species\' in the indigenous horticulture of southern Mexico. In the light of such evidence, it appears highly likely that humans have in the past undertaken selective breeding of the species ancestral to *D. metel* to produce mutant forms that flower for longer, have colourful corollas of curious shapes, fruits that lack hurtful spines and somewhat shrubby stems that lend themselves readily to the taking of cuttings.
### Cultivars
> \...it seems clear that *D. metel* is essentially a collection of cultivars and recent critical authors have found it impossible to recognise a wild type for the species. This view is supported by the tuberculate capsules found in *D. metel* (as compared with the spinose capsules of other species) and the retention of seeds on the placenta, at least in cultivars \'Fastuosa\' and \'Chlorantha\'. Both of these traits suggest cultivar selection\...The variants of *D. metel* have been widely grown as ornamentals over a long period of time\...There is no evidence that the variants arose from horticultural plant breeding in the Old World\...These facts taken together strongly suggest that *D. metel* was a well-established cultivated species with a range of forms in its place of origin and that these forms arrived ready-made in Europe.
A cultivar of *D. metel* with a glossy, purple-black stem (Hindi: काला धतूरा *kāla dhatūra* - \"black datura\") has long existed as a garden plant under the obsolete name *Datura fastuosa* (coined originally by Linnaeus and featuring the Latin epithet *fastuosa*, meaning \"haughty\" or \"proud\"). Its flowers normally have a double or triple corolla, each corolla having a deep purple exterior and white or off-white interior. The same double or triple corolla is also a feature of the yellow-flowered cultivar \'Chlorantha\'. The purple-flowered \'Fastuosa\' has been reported to have become naturalised in Israel, where it may yet become as common a roadside weed as the related *D innoxia*.
*D. metel* \'Fastuosa\' has in recent times become known under a variety of superfluous cultivar names such as \'Black\', \'Blackcurrant Swirl\', \'Cornucopaea\', \'Double Blackcurrant Swirl\', \'Double Purple\', and \'Purple Hindu\'. It has also received many scientific names which should not be used for a cultivar:
- *Datura hummatu* var. *fastuosa* (L.) Bernh.
- *Datura fastuosa* L.
- *Datura metel* f. *fastuosa* (L.) Danert
- *Datura metel* var. *fastuosa* (L.) Saff.
- *Stramonium fastuosum* (L.) Moench
Likewise the yellow-flowered *D. metel* \'Chlorantha\' has acquired such superfluous cultivar names as \'Ballerina Yellow\'.
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# Datura metel
## Poison
All parts of *Datura* plants contain dangerous levels of highly poisonous tropane alkaloids meteloidine and its angelate ester and datumetine and may be fatal if ingested by humans or other animals, including livestock and pets. In some places, it is prohibited to buy, sell, or cultivate *Datura* plants.
*Datura metel* may be toxic if ingested in a tiny quantity, symptomatically expressed as flushed skin, headaches, hallucinations, and possibly convulsions or even a coma. The principal toxic elements are tropane alkaloids. Ingesting even a single leaf can lead to severe side effects.
### Criminal poison in Thuggee {#criminal_poison_in_thuggee}
The Thugs, gangs of professional robbers and murderers who wandered the roads of central India, would sometimes use preparations of *Datura metel* to stupefy the rich merchants whom they favoured as victims, before strangling or stabbing them. The English word thug traces its roots to the Hindi ठग (*ṭhag*), which means \'swindler\' or \'deceiver\'. Accounts of the Thugs written by early 19th century colonial authors tend to evoke an orientalist fantasy of a bloodthirsty (quintessentially) Hindu cult offering human sacrifices to the goddess Kali, while modern scholars tend to perceive the reality of Thuggee to have been more a matter of criminal activity undertaken for gain by organised groups of disaffected and recently unemployed soldiers of both Hindu and Muslim faith.
> There were also occasional reports, from the earliest times, of gangs \[i.e. criminal gangs active long before the advent of Thuggee\] who poisoned their victims with *Datura*, which was commonly used by many Indian highway robbers to stupefy their victims. It seems to have been used \[by the Thugs\] only intermittently. One Thug described this technique of using the drug as the tool of \"mere novices\", implying that an experienced strangler should have no need of such an aid to murder.
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# Datura metel
## Medicinal use {#medicinal_use}
*Datura metel* is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is called *yáng jīn huā* (洋金花). However, the ingestion of *D. metel* in any form is dangerous and should be treated with extreme caution. According to Drug & Cosmetic Act 1940 & Rule 1995, *Datura metel* is banned in India except for use in Ayurvedic medicine.
## Entheogen
> *Datura* Linnaeus\...The important narcotic species of the Old World is *Datura metel*. Early Sanskrit and Chinese writings report a hallucinogen that has been identified with this species, and it was probably *D. metel* that the Arabian Avicenna mentioned as a drug called *jouz-mathel* in the eleventh century\...The epithet *Datura* was taken by Linnaeus from the vernacular name *dhatura* or *dutra* in India, where knowledge of the intoxicating effects of the plant go back to prehistory\...This species, of which there are several rather distinctive types, is indigenous to Asia but now ranges widely in tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa and America.
Schultes and Hofmann in 1979 in the second edition of *The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens* were confident in their assertion of an Asiatic origin and history of use in India stretching back to Vedic period for *Datura metel*. Considering its allegedly recent introduction to the Old World from the New, beginning in the sixteenth century, *Datura metel* has indeed been integrated with remarkable thoroughness into the religious and magical practices of Asia and Africa as an intoxicant and entheogen.
Schultes and Hofmann later devote much of a chapter in their 1980 work *Plants of the Gods* on the use of *Datura* as a hallucinogen to Chinese, Indian and African practices involving the use of *Datura metel* as diverse as its employment in Taoist magic, in the worship of the Hindu deity Shiva and in the magical rites of the Eritrean Kunama people. They quote the oft-repeated idea that the plant is to be equated with the herb *Jouz-mathal* (= \"metel-nut\"), described in the eleventh-century writings of Persian polymath Avicenna (drawing in turn upon the work of Dioscorides), and thus has an Old World pedigree predating Columbus\'s arrival in the New. It is certainly the case that *D. metel* is not one of the species mentioned as being used in the ancient Datura cults of the southwestern U.S.A. and Mexico - a result possibly of its lacking the large, tuberous roots of the desert-adapted *Datura* species. A great deal of work undoubtedly still remains to be done on the unraveling of the early history and folklore of the plant and its wide dissemination in lands far from its place of origin.
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# Datura metel
## Entheogen
### Controversy over the country of origin {#controversy_over_the_country_of_origin}
German expert on hallucinogenic plants Christian Rätsch asserts an Asiatic origin for *Datura metel.* Rätsch bases his contention on the research of Hungarian scholar Dr. Bulcsu Siklós, an authority on Vajrayana, the wrathful deity Bhairava and other aspects of Buddhism at London\'s SOAS. Siklós claims that references to the use of the plant may be found in the *Vajra-mahabhairava-tantra* (= \"diamond-thunderbolt *Tantra* of the great and terrible one\" (i.e. of the wrathful Shiva conceived of as a bodhisattva)), the *Vamana Purana*, the *Garuda Purana*, the *Matsya Purana*, the *Amarakosha* and the *Kama Sutra* of Vātsyāyana.
> The occurrence of a plant known as *da dhu ra* is investigated in the pre-11th century *Vajra-mahabhairava-tantra*, an Indian Buddhist tantric text existent in Tibetan translation. Internal evidence from the texts, and linguistic evidence, identifying *da dhu ra* as *Datura metel* is given despite current certainty of the New World origin of the genus *Datura*.
> The *Vajra-mahabhairava-tantra* deals with the rituals of the wrathful Buffalo-headed deity Vajrabhairava (a manifestation of the Buddhist Bodhisattva Mañjuśrī). Notable amongst these many and varied rituals are a set of five, three from the 2nd chapter and two from the 4th. These all contain references to a plant known in the Tibetan text as *da dhu ra*.
The argument for an Indian origin for *D. metel* advanced in Siklós\'s paper hinges on the identity of the plant *da dhu ra* and an unbroken continuity of nomenclature for the said plant. To establish his contention as fact, a researcher would have to prove that the plant first designated by the name *da dhu ra* was indeed *D. metel* (this necessarily involving, at the very least, a rudimentary description of the plant\'s anatomy) and that the name *da dhu ra* was not first applied to an unrelated plant and only later applied to *D. metel* at a time compatible with its introduction from the Americas by Europeans. None of the five extracts translated by Siklós provide a description of *da dhu ra*, although some mention its *Datura*-like effect of causing insanity. Of the extracts, the third (\'C\') is the most relevant in this context:
> Then, if the mantrin wants to drive someone insane, he takes *Datura* fruit and, mixing it with human flesh and worm-eaten sawdust, offers it in food or drink. He recites the mantra and that person will instantly go insane and then die within seven days.
Siklós does offer a linguistically unbroken pedigree for the Indian word ancestral to Linnaeus\'s genus name *Datura*, beginning with the Prakrit form *dhattūra*, which can date from no later than the eighth century C.E., long before the time of Christopher Columbus. Siklós himself, however, acknowledges the weakness in his theory occasioned by the lack of the most rudimentary description of *da dhu ra* anywhere in the five extracts that he translates:
> A member of the Solanaceae certainly suggests itself as a suitable candidate, but through lack of any physical description of the plant the quoted passages can at best only suggest the identification of *da dhu ra* as *Datura metel* on the basis of toxic effects common to other Indian Solanaceae. Nonetheless, the *Vajra-mahabhairava-tantra* occurrences at least provide a roughly datable (and definitely pre-Columbian) record of the word *da dhu ra* on the basis of which the linguistic evidence can be investigated.
However, the effect of causing insanity is not restricted to the Solanaceae. Furthermore, text extracts B and E refer to the lighting of fires the fuel of which is \"*Datura* wood\". *Datura metel* is a slightly woody species that would not yield enough wood for a substantial fire.
Siklós\'s paper approaches the question of origin from a cultural perspective, drawing on detailed knowledge of Tibetan Buddhism and the Sanskrit-derived languages of India, without addressing the botanical issues raised in such detail by Symon and Haegi.
Kew\'s Plants of the World Online continues to uphold Symon and Haegi\'s refutation of an Asiatic origin for *Datura metel*.
> As commonly understood in current works, the drug plant genus *Datura* is very curious biogeographically. Seven to nine species are generally considered native to the southern part of the North American continent and adjacent islands, with five native to Mexico. The two remaining species are reputed to be native to other far-flung parts of the world: *D. ferox* in China and *D. metel* in Asia, while one of the American taxa *D. leichhardtii* is reputedly shared with Australia. A substantial body of circumstantial evidence is brought together to demonstrate that, like the other species, these last three are in fact native only to the Americas, from where they were introduced to the Old World by Europeans at an early date.
William Emboden, an expert on entheogens, voiced concerns similar to those of Siklós over the apparent antiquity of Indian use of *Datura metel*:
> \...our lack of knowledge of some of the earliest practices in the Old World, where the plant dates to prehistory\...It is equally curious that the customs surrounding the use of *Datura* in temperate Asia at a very early date parallel those of contemporary native people of the New World.
However, Symon and Haegi point out two pieces of evidence showing that the supposed naturally disjunct distribution of the genus *Datura* is unnatural. First, the genus supposedly has a wide distribution and yet shows diversification only in the Americas, and second, the Old World species represent not a taxonomic unit in themselves, suggestive of independent evolution after isolation in Asia, but a cross-section of two sections of the genus *Datura* already present in the Americas: section *stramonium* (to which *D. ferox* belongs) and section *dutra* (to which belong *D. metel* and *D. leichhardtii*).
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# Datura metel
## Entheogen
### Introduction to India and Africa {#introduction_to_india_and_africa}
The only way of reconciling the religious/ethno-linguistic evidence of Siklós with the botanical perspectives of Symon and Haegi was the positing of a pre-Columbian introduction of *Datura metel* to India, satisfying the requirement for both a native distribution in the Americas and a cultural presence in India (and probably also Africa) of considerable antiquity. Such a solution that was hypothesized in 2007 in a paper by scholars R. Geeta (Stony Brook University) and Waleed Gharaibeh (Jordan University of Science and Technology), accessing evidence not hitherto available to western botanists (a lack freely acknowledged by Symon and Haegi in their paper of 1991 and noted by Siklós in his critique of their work). Such a hypothesis has seen precedent, the most notable case being that of the sweet potato *Ipomoea batatas*, for which there is widely accepted evidence for trans-Pacific introductions (both Polynesia-to-South America and vice versa).
Of the possible means of transport by wind, water, bird or human agency, the authors dismiss immediately scenarios involving dispersal by wind or via bird droppings as wholly implausible: the seeds of *D. metel* are not only heavy but also lack any specialised adaptation to wind dispersal such as a wing or a pappus, and the fruits of *Datura* are not juicy berries which invite consumption by birds. The authors settle upon transport by water as by far the most likely mode and, of the two scenarios involving water, human-mediated transportation being the more probable, although not ruling out a scenario whereby the buoyant fruits (and seeds possibly remaining viable after prolonged immersion in salt water) of *Datura* might have been carried to India by ocean currents. Another possibility is that *Datura* capsules might have been rafted naturally across the ocean on floating clumps of vegetation dislodged from their original locations, in the manner noted by Renner et al. to have occurred in the case of certain other plant species. As to specific ocean currents which could have transported plant material of *D. metel* from the New to the Old World, Geeta and Gharaibeh suggest that transport by the Gulf Stream followed by capture by the Canary Current could have brought the plant first across the Atlantic Ocean to Africa.
By contrast, a possible human-mediated route would involve first eminently feasible land transport from Mexico to Ecuador and Peru, borne out by observations of the ritual use of *Datura* in these South American countries. This would be followed by water transport across the Pacific Ocean from South America to Oceania (as is recognised to have taken place in the case of the sweet potato) and finally from Oceania to Southeast Asia and South Asia.
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# Datura metel
## Entheogen
### Sacred status in Africa {#sacred_status_in_africa}
Documentation of the traditional use of hallucinogens in Africa has lagged behind that of such use in the Americas, so the use of *Datura metel* \'Fastuosa\' by the Tsonga people (Shangana-Tsonga) of Mozambique and the Northern Transvaal in their *khomba* puberty school initiation rite - as recorded by Dr. Thomas F. Johnston - is of particular interest.
According to Johnston, *Datura fastuosa* (i.e. *Datura metel* \'Fastuosa\') has the common name *mondzo* (alternative spelling *mondjo*, the name being shared also with the (unrelated) *Combretum imberbe*) in the Tsonga language and is a subspontaneous plant in the homeland of the Tsonga. Interestingly, in an (otherwise conventional) brief description of the plant he describes the seeds as being \"blackish brown\", rather than the pale, somewhat tawny shade of brown normal to those of *Datura metel* cultivars. *Khomba* neophytes consuming a potion prepared from the plant forms the culmination of three months of rituals which are timed to follow the May harvest and involve ritual bathing (immersion) and the performing of secret mimes, dances and songs.
The climactic *Datura* rite goes by the evocative name of *rendzo ra mianakanyo* (trans. : \"journey of fantasy\") and involves \'hearing\' the voice of the fertility god and experiencing a hallucinatory vision of bluish-green colour patterns having the Tsonga name *mavala-vala*. This \'journey in spirit\' is reinforced with tactile stimuli and vocal cues from one of their \"schoolmothers\" (acting in the role of psychopomp), the girls being ritually beaten with a *Datura* switch through the blankets in which they are lying swaddled, while being told repeatedly that it is the *mavala-vala* which they are seeing. Johnston hypothesises that the *mavala-vala* visions may be symbolic representations of a local (blue-green) snake belonging to the genus Philothamnus (Tsonga: *shihundje*), individuals of which the Tsonga believe to be manifestations of the divine. According this theory, the *mavala-vala* would be a vision of the serpent form of the very fertility god whose voice is \'heard\' by the initiates of the *khomba* in their *Datura*-induced trance.
The rituals of the *khomba* puberty school are designed to prepare girls for child-bearing, playing out in highly-structured dramatic form the various aspects of female sexuality, with particular emphasis on fertility. A major symbolic theme in this transition from girlhood to womanhood is the crossing of a river, thoroughly in keeping with the sense in which initiation is always a symbolic death.
Further death symbolism is present in the *Datura* potion itself, which always contains a small amount either of human fat or powdered human bone - ingredients which traditionally feature in Tsonga witchcraft, but in this instance are intended to counter malign witchcraft aimed at blighting fertility. Johnston points out that it is this endocannibalistic element in the ritual and not *Datura* that has witchcraft associations in Tsonga culture, but points out that Solanaceous hallucinogens had very definite associations with witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. To this, however, might be added a further comparison with Early Modern European witchcraft, in which practitioners were accused of employing the fat from the corpses of unbaptised babies in the preparation of flying ointments infused with tropane-containing, hallucinogenic Solanaceous plants (and other toxic herbs). Again, the Tsonga and European practices are curiously reminiscent of the Tantric ritual to cause insanity.
Within a strictly Tsonga frame of reference, Johnston points out a marked similarity between a form of trial by ordeal known as *mondjo* (observed at the beginning of the 20th century by ethnographer of the Tsonga, Henri Alexandre Junod) and the *Datura* rite of the *khomba* puberty school which he observed himself in the course of the research he carried out during the period 1968-70:
> In both instances, the *Datura fastuosa* potion was explained as containing either human fat or powdered human bone; the ceremony occurred by a river and involved a nearby tree; the patients formed a line along the ground; the officiant waved a head dress by vigorous shaking of the head\...So far as is known, Tsonga use of *Datura fastuosa* is restricted to trial by ordeal (a suspect must survive a given dose in order to prove his innocence), and the described final rite of the girls\' puberty school.
Johnston fails to note that the ordeal name *mondjo* is simply a variant spelling of the Tsonga name for *Datura metel* \'Fastuosa\' as is made plain from a reading of Junod\'s account of this ritual, the full name of which is *ku nwa mondjo* (trans. \"drinking the Datura (potion)\"). The Tsonga consider their ordeal-by-*Datura* the supreme method for unmasking the supernatural witches known as *baloyi*. *Baloyi* are believed to inherit their uncanny powers through the maternal line, and these consist of the ability to separate their souls from their \"bodies\" and send them out to nocturnal gatherings where the working of all manner of evil is plotted - notably theft, murder and the enslaving of others. The *noyi*, or separable soul, is believed to fly off to its evil assignation on great wings, like those of a bird or bat, while what remains behind on the sleeping mat appears to the uninitiated to be a sleeping human body, but is actually a second type of (material) soul - the *ntjhuti*, or shadow, which Junod describes as \"a wild beast, the one with which the *noyi* has chosen to identify himself\". He cites an example in which a husband wounds such a spirit beast - in this instance a hyaena - at night, only to find that when his wife\'s wandering spirit returns in the morning it has been wounded in the leg, like the hyaena.
Junod does not actually fully identify the plant involved in the Tsonga witch-finding ritual:
> The *mondjo* is a plant of the Solaneae \[sic.\] family which possesses intoxicating properties\...it seems that the *mondjo* dries up the saliva of all who drink it, but, in the case of the truly guilty, this effect is greatly accentuated; the jaws become locked. They try to speak but can only say *be-be-be-be* (they stammer).
However, the intoxicating effect combined with a drying-up of the mouth referred to above points to a species containing tropane alkaloids, such as *Datura*, and the identity of the plant is established, many years later, by Johnston\'s linking of the name *mondjo* (under the variant spelling *mondzo*) specifically with *Datura metel* \'Fastuosa\'.
In the early 1900s, the preparation of the *mondjo* drink was confined to a particular, small clan, the *Shihahu*, who lived on the left bank of the Nkomati river, not far from the sea and a little to the north of the Manyisa district of Maputo Province. The *Shihahu* cultivated the *mondjo* plant for use as the major active ingredient of their ordeal poison-cum-hallucinogen, although Junod notes that their recipe for the \"magic philter\" was \"very complicated and intricate\" and contained \"several strange ingredients\", of which the most macabre was purely symbolic, not psychotropic - namely a small amount of fat or bone from the body of a long-dead leper. If Johnston is correct in his conjecture that the Tsonga rite of female initiation is connected with the *mondjo* ordeal, the ingredients of the recipes for the respective potions involved may have been similar. In the context of active potion ingredients other than *Datura metel* \'Fastuosa\', Johnston records the following of the fourth stage of the puberty school initiation which he witnessed:
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# Datura metel
## Entheogen
### Sacred status in Africa {#sacred_status_in_africa}
> Soon a screaming medium (a disguised \"schoolmother\") appears suddenly out of the bush, garbed in bandoliers of dried hallucinogenic agents (*Datura fastuosa*, toads\' skins etc.)\...
The potion employed in the puberty school rite was not necessarily a simple *Datura* infusion - the addition of toad skins would modify considerably a basic intoxication caused by tropane alkaloids, by the addition of bufotenine and other hallucinogenic tryptamines. Junod mentions only unspecified \"strange ingredients\" in the potion concocted by the *Shihahu*, but, in the light of Johnston\'s research, one such seems likely to have been toad skins, (and additional psychotropic plant species cannot be ruled out). Johnston does not specify the toad species involved and further research is needed to establish whether or not any of the species of amphibian native to Mozambique secretes psychotropic compounds in its skin.
### Sacred status in Hinduism {#sacred_status_in_hinduism}
> Shiva remains in divine intoxication. Hence, his association with dhatūra or thorn-apple\...which has hallucinogenic properties. Dhatūra is called *shiva-shekhara*, the crown of Shiva. It is believed to have emerged from Shiva\'s chest after he drank the deadly poison, halahal, produced during the churning of the cosmic ocean. Its leaves and fruit are offered to Shiva on special days.
The above is a quotation from a contemporary article devoted to Hindu liturgical practice and provides a rationale for the presentation of plant parts (often seed capsules) of *Datura metel* to the deity Shiva, integrated (no later, on evidence currently available, than the second century C.E.) into a much older mythological framework dating back to Vedic times. The Vedic myth referenced is that of The Churning of the Ocean of Milk (Sanskrit *Samudra manthan*), in which two groups of gods, the Devas and the Asuras, churn the Cosmic Ocean of Milk (Sanskrit *Kshira Sagara*) to bring forth treasures. In the course of the churning, the terrible, choking poison Halahala emerges from the ocean before the treasures and threatens to overwhelm the cosmos. Only the god Shiva is strong enough to swallow the poison, thus neutralising it, and, even in so doing, still requires the help of his consort, the goddess Parvati, who squeezes his throat to trap the poison there. Such is the potency of the poison that, even though Shiva is able to transmute it to make it harmless, it turns his throat permanently blue, so that, ever afterward one of his epithets has been *Neelakanta* - \"the blue-throated one\".
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# Datura metel
## Gallery
<File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' stem base & exposed root system.jpg\|Exposed root system of *D. metel* \'Fastuosa\' <File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' - glossy, black stems.jpg\|Glossy, black, forking stems bearing pale leaf scars <File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' young leaf pigmentation.jpg\|Underside of young leaf of *D. metel* \'Fastuosa\' back-lit to show purplish pigmentation toward base of lamina <File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' unopened bud.jpg\|*D. metel* \'Fastuosa\' developing bud, yet to open, showing characteristic purple striations of calyx <File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' - bursting bud reveals furled, hairy corolla.jpg\|*D. metel* \'Fastuosa\' - calyx lobes of bud open to reveal tightly-furled, pubescent, developing corolla <File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' - tightly-furled corolla of bursting bud seen from above.jpg\|Detail of corolla of bursting bud, viewed from above, revealing pubescence <File:Triple-flowered> Datura metel \'Fastuosa\' - first corolla fully extended.jpg\|Triple-flowered *D. metel* \'Fastuosa\' - first corolla fully extended, 3 corollas a tangle of claw-like teeth <File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' multiple corollas part-open, full face.jpg\|Corollas part-open, stigma and stamens visible in centre <File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' - fully-open flower, pistil protruding.jpg\|*Datura metel* \'Fastuosa\' - fully-open, semi-double flower, showing protruding pistil <File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' - pollen-covered stigma in profile.jpg\|Extreme close-up of pollen-covered, three-lobed stigma, viewed in profile <File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' - mature flower viewed from beneath.jpg\|*Datura metel* \'Fastuosa\' - Mature flower, viewed from beneath to show ribbing of purple corolla tube <File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' - senescent flower (yellowing calyx, drooping corolla).jpg\|*D. metel* \'Fastuosa\' - senescent flower, the yellowing calyx and drooping purple corolla soon to fall from young fruit <File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' fruiting calyx abcission.jpg\|*D. metel* \'Fastuosa\' detail of senescent flower: incipient abcission of faded fruiting calyx from frilled pedicel <File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' - base of fallen flower - calyx, corollas & pistil.jpg\|*Datura metel* \'Fastuosa\' - extreme close-up of base of fallen flower - calyx, corollas & pistil <File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' young fruit pistil attached.jpg\|*D. metel* \'Fastuosa\': young, purple-black fruit, with purple pistil still attached, just after fall of senescent corolla and calyx <File:Immature> fruit of Datura metel \'Fastuosa\' shortly after fall of calyx, corolla and pistil.jpg\|Extreme close-up of immature fruit of *D. metel* \'Fastuosa\' shortly after fall of calyx, corolla and pistil <File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' - tuberculate fruit nearing maturity.jpg\|*Datura metel* \'Fastuosa\' - tuberculate fruit nearing maturity <File:Datura> metel fruit closeup.jpg\|Ripening capsules of *D. metel* \'Fastuosa\' <File:A> berry of Datura metel.JPG\|Single capsule (spiny variant) of *D. metel* \'Fastuosa\'. <File:Datura> metel fruit.jpg\|Irregular dehiscence of a ripe *D. metel* capsule, as described in the Sanskrit name छिद्रफल (*chidráphala*): \"torn-apart fruit\". <File:Datura> metel \'Fastuosa\' 007.jpg\|*D. metel* \'Fastuosa\' Ripe capsules dehiscing irregularly by disintegration of fruit wall. <File:A> plant of Datura metel.JPG\|*D. metel* \'Fastuosa\' in flower and fruit. <File:Triple> corolla in Datura metel.jpg\|Pale-flowered form of *D
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# The Runners Four
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# Bear Island (Lake Temagami)
**Bear Island** is an island in Lake Temagami of Northeastern Ontario, Canada. With an area of 4.66 km2, it is the second largest island in Lake Temagami after Temagami Island. Much of Bear Island is in Joan Township, a geographic township that also includes the Joan Peninsula to the northwest.
Bear Island is home to the Temagami First Nation and is a portion of the Aboriginal community, the Teme-Augama Anishnabai (the deep water people). It is only a small portion of the Anishnabe\'s n\'Daki Menan (homeland) which includes 10000 km2 of land in the area. Bear Island has had human habitation as early as 1000 BC.
## Geology
Bear Island lies at the eastern end of the Temagami Magnetic Anomaly, a buried geological structure that is egg shaped.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Ignace Tonené, former chief
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# Order of Ushakov
The **Order of Ushakov** (*орден Ушакова*) is a military decoration of the Russian Federation named in honour of admiral Fyodor Ushakov (1744--1817) who never lost a battle and was proclaimed patron saint of the Russian Navy. It is bestowed to command grade naval officers for outstanding leadership. The order was established in two classes during World War II by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of March 3, 1944. The idea was given to Joseph Stalin by admiral Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov in the summer of 1943. Following the 1991 dissolution of the USSR, the Order of Ushakov was retained unchanged by Decision of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation 2557-I of March 20, 1992 but it was not awarded in this form. The all encompassing Presidential Decree 1099 of September 7, 2010 that modernised and reorganised the entire Russian awards system away from its Soviet past amended the Order to its present form, a ribbon mounted single class Order.
## Soviet statute {#soviet_statute}
From its establishment in 1944 until September 2010, the Order of Ushakov was awarded to officers of the Navy for outstanding achievements in the development, implementation and prosecution of naval operations resulting in victory over a numerically superior enemy.
The Order of Ushakov 1st class was awarded to naval officers for:
- excellent organization and conduct of operations against the enemy at sea or against its shore installations, the destruction of enemy naval forces or its coastal bases and fortifications in a sudden and decisive strike based on the full cooperation of all forces and resources of the fleet;
- well organized and successfully completed naval operation against enemy communications, which led to the destruction of a significant number of its warships and transports;
- initiative and determination in the management of combat operations resulting in the defeat of a numerically superior enemy, while retaining the combat capabilities of our forces;
- skilful and covert organisation and management of large-scale amphibious operations, which resulted in heavy enemy losses while retaining the combat capabilities of our forces.
The Order of Ushakov 2nd class was awarded to naval officers for:
- excellent leadership and successful combat actions at sea against a numerically superior enemy, which led to heavy enemy losses;
- skilful, swift and bold actions in raiding enemy bases and coastal facilities, resulting in the destruction of large enemy forces and equipment;
- successful and audacious actions against the enemy lines of communication that led to the destruction of heavily escorted ships and transports of a numerically superior enemy;
- excellent organisation and management of naval units taking part in a major amphibious operation, or for a well-organised and successful operations during a tactical landing;
- the successful execution of combat missions, skilful and efficient organization and coordination of all available forces and resources of the fleet in a battle that led to the destruction of a large enemy force;
- excellent leadership during an operation that led to a major military victory.
The Order of Ushakov 1st class was worn on the right side of the chest and when in the presence of other Orders of the USSR, located immediately after the Order of Suvorov 1st class. The Order 2nd class was also worn on the right side and located immediately after the Order of Suvorov 2nd class.
## Soviet and pre September 2010 award description {#soviet_and_pre_september_2010_award_description}
The Order of Ushakov 1st class was of multi part construction consisting of a five pointed star struck from platinum, an oxidised silver anchor and chain secured to the platinum star with four rivets, and a circular central medallion struck from gold superimposed on the anchor and bearing the relief image of admiral Ushakov, the background being covered in dark blue enamel, around the admiral\'s head, the inscription in gilt letters \"ADMIRAL USHAKOV\" (*«АДМИРАЛ УШАКОВ»*), below the admiral, laurel and oak branches bisected by the hammer and sickle. The central medallion was secured to the platinum star by two rivets and surrounded by a gilt rope. On the reverse, a threaded screw and a 33 mm in diameter nut arrangement for attachment to clothing. The award serial number was hand etched in the lower part. The Order 2nd class differed from the 1st class in the materials used in its construction, its five pointed star was made of gold while the anchor and central medallion were of silver and the oak and laurel branches were omitted.
The only noticeable difference between the Soviet and early Russian Federation variants was the abrogation of the hammer and sickle from the latter.
+--------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+
| First Class\ | Second Class\ | First Class\ | Second Class\ |
| 1944--1991 | 1944--1991 | 1992--2010 | 1992--2010 |
+==============+===============+==============+===============+
| | | | |
+--------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+
| Ribbons | | | |
+--------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+
| | | | |
+--------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+
| | | | |
+--------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+
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# Order of Ushakov
## Recipients of the Soviet award (partial list) {#recipients_of_the_soviet_award_partial_list}
The Soviet Union\'s Order of Ushakov first class was awarded a total of 47 times, the second class 194 times.
The individuals listed below were awarded the Order of Ushakov 1st class:
- Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov
- Admiral Gordey Ivanovich Levchenko
- Admiral Filipp Sergeyevich Oktyabrskiy (Twice)
- Admiral Vladimir Filippovich Tributs (Twice)
- Admiral Nikolay Mikhaylovich Kharlamov
- Admiral Arseniy Grigoriyevich Golovko (Twice)
- Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Hovhannes Stepani Isakov (Twice)
- Admiral Stepan Grigorievich Kucherov
- Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Sergey Georgiyevich Gorshkov (Both classes)
- Admiral Lev Mikhailovich Galler (Twice)
- Admiral Sir Bertram Home Ramsay KCB, KBE, MVO
- Marshal of naval aviation Semyon Fyodorovich Zhavoronkov (Twice)
- Admiral Nikolai Ignatievich Vinogradov
- Admiral Vladimir Antonovich Alafuzov
- Admiral Pavel Sergeyevich Abankin
- Colonel-General Ivan Vasilyevich Rogov
- Admiral Vladimir Aleksandrovich Andreyev
The individuals listed below were awarded the Order of Ushakov 2nd class:
- Vice-Admiral Yuri Fedorovich Rall
- Rear Admiral Vladimir Konstantinovich Konovalov
- Captain 2nd grade Israel Ilyich Fisanovich
- Captain 1st grade Ivan Vasilyevich Travkin
- Admiral Lev Anatolevich Vladimirsky
- Rear Admiral Nikolai Alexandrovich Lunin
- Major General of naval aviation Nikolai Vasilievich Tchelnokov
- Major General of naval aviation Nikolai Alekseevich Musatov
- Captain of naval aviation Damian Vasil\'evich Osyka
- Captain 1st grade Anton Iosifovich Gurin
- Captain 1st grade Samuel Nakhmanovich Bogorad
- Major General of naval aviation Konstantin Dmitrievich Denisov
- Lieutenant Colonel of naval aviation Andrei Ivanovich Barsky
- Captain 3rd grade Vasily Markovich Zhil\'tchov
- Captain Lieutenant Ivan Sergeevich Ivanov
- Admiral Ivan Ivanovich Borzov
The Order of Ushakov was also bestowed to the following units and institutions:
- Submarine Brigade of the Northern Fleet
- 2nd Anti-Submarine Brigade of the Northern Fleet
- Torpedo Boat Brigade \"Pechenga\" of the Northern Fleet
- Submarine Brigade of the Baltic Fleet
- 9th Air Assault Division of the Baltic Fleet
- Minelaying Flotilla of the Black Sea Fleet
- Dnieper Flotilla
- 4th Amur River Flotilla
- Frunze Higher Naval School
- N.G. Kuznetsov Naval Academy
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# Order of Ushakov
## Statute of the modern award {#statute_of_the_modern_award}
The Order of Ushakov is awarded to command grade officers of formations and divisions of the Navy for:
- skilful organization and conduct of operations during naval combat during which, despite the numerical superiority of the enemy, the objectives of the operation were carried out;
- skilful naval manoeuvres leading to the defeat of superior enemy naval forces;
- initiative and determination in choosing a place and time of application of the main attack which led to the defeat of the enemy enabling the preservation and combat readiness of forces (troops);
- the destruction of the enemy fleet or shore facilities;
- skilful organization causing a sudden and decisive blow to enemy forces based on interaction with other branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation;
- skilful organization in repelling enemy attacks from the sea while retaining the fighting ability of formations and of forces (troops), of operational facilities on home territory, of the main ports of the fleet;
- success in combined naval (air / sea), amphibious operations, which resulted in achieving its goals.
The Order of Ushakov may also be awarded to military units and formations of the Navy for participation in successful naval operations. It may also be awarded to foreign citizens - soldiers of allied forces from among its senior officers involved alongside troops of the Russian Federation. for organizing and conducting successful joint operations of allied troops (forces).
The Russian Federation order of precedence dictates that the Order of Ushakov is to be worn on the left side of the chest, and in the presence of other orders of the Russian Federation, is to be located immediately after the Order of Suvorov.
## Description of the modern award {#description_of_the_modern_award}
The Order of Ushakov is a 40 mm wide blue enamelled silver cross pattée, seven silver rays of increasing size protrude from the center between each cross arm. On the obverse, a convex central blue enamelled medallion superimposed over a ship\'s anchor, the arms and flukes, stock and shackle visible. On the medallion, the gilded bust of Admiral Fyodor Ushakov half turned to the left. Below the medallion, on the crown and arms of the anchor, crossed gilded branches of oak and laurel. On either side of the bust, following the medallion\'s circumference, the gilded relief inscription \"ADMIRAL USHAKOV\" (*«АДМИРАЛ УШАКОВ»*). The maximum distance between the tips of opposing silver rays is 45 mm. The plain reverse bears only a relief \"N\" and a line for the award serial number.
The badge of the Order is suspended by a ring through the award\'s suspension loop to a standard Russian pentagonal mount covered by an overlapping 24 mm wide white silk moiré ribbon with a 4 mm wide blue central stripe and two 2 mm blue edge stripes
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# Some Thoughts Concerning Education
***Some Thoughts Concerning Education*** is a 1693 treatise on the education of gentlemen written by the English philosopher John Locke. For over a century, it was the most important philosophical work on education in England. It was translated into almost all of the major written European languages during the eighteenth century, and nearly every European writer on education after Locke, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau, acknowledged its influence.
In his *Essay Concerning Human Understanding* (1690), Locke outlined a new theory of mind, contending that the mind is originally a *tabula rasa* or \"blank slate\"; that is, it did not contain any innate ideas at birth. *Some Thoughts Concerning Education* explains how to educate that mind using three distinct methods: the development of a healthy body; the formation of a virtuous character; and the choice of an appropriate academic curriculum.
Locke wrote the letters that would eventually become *Some Thoughts* for an aristocratic friend, but his advice had a broader appeal since his educational principles suggested anyone could acquire the same kind of character as the aristocrats for whom Locke originally intended the work.
## Historical context {#historical_context}
Rather than writing a wholly original philosophy of education, Locke, it seems, deliberately attempted to popularise several strands of seventeenth-century educational reform at the same time as introducing his own ideas. English writers such as John Evelyn, John Aubrey, John Eachard, and John Milton had previously advocated \"similar reforms in curriculum and teaching methods,\" but they had not succeeded in reaching a wide audience. Curiously, though, Locke proclaims throughout his text that his is a revolutionary work; as Nathan Tarcov, who has written an entire volume on *Some Thoughts*, has pointed out, \"Locke frequently explicitly opposes his recommendations to the \'usual,\' \'common,\' \'ordinary,\' or \'general\' education.\"
As England became increasingly mercantilist and secularist, the humanist educational values of the Renaissance, which had enshrined scholasticism, came to be regarded by many as irrelevant. Following in the intellectual tradition of Francis Bacon, who had challenged the cultural authority of the classics, reformers such as Locke, and later Philip Doddridge, argued against Cambridge and Oxford\'s decree that \"all Bachelor and Undergraduates in their Disputations should lay aside their various Authors, such that caused many dissensions and strives in the Schools, and only follow Aristotle and those that defend him, and take their Questions from him, and that they exclude from the Schools all steril and inane Questions, disagreeing from the ancient and true Philosophy \[sic\].\" Instead of demanding that their sons spend all of their time studying Greek and Latin texts, an increasing number of families began to demand a practical education for their sons; by exposing them to the emerging sciences, mathematics, and the modern languages, these parents hoped to prepare their sons for the changing economy and, indeed, for the new world they saw forming around them.
## Text
In 1684, Mary Clarke and her husband Edward asked their friend John Locke for advice on raising their son Edward Jr.; Locke responded with a series of letters that eventually became *Some Thoughts Concerning Education*. But it was not until 1693, encouraged by the Clarkes and another friend, William Molyneux, that Locke actually published the treatise; Locke, \"timid\" when it came to public exposure, decided to publish the text anonymously.
Although Locke revised and expanded the text five times before he died, he never substantially altered the \"familiar and friendly style of the work.\" The \"Preface\" alerted the reader to its humble origins as a series of letters and, according to Nathan Tarcov, who has written an entire volume on *Some Thoughts*, advice that otherwise might have appeared \"meddlesome\" became welcome. Tarcov claims Locke treated his readers as his friends and they responded in kind.
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# Some Thoughts Concerning Education
## Pedagogical theory {#pedagogical_theory}
Of Locke\'s major claims in the *Essay Concerning Human Understanding* and *Some Thoughts Concerning Education*, two played a defining role in eighteenth-century educational theory. The first is that education makes the man; as Locke writes at the opening of his treatise, \"I think I may say that of all the men we meet with, nine parts of ten are what they are, good or evil, useful or not, by their education.\" In making this claim, Locke was arguing against both the Augustinian view of man, which grounds its conception of humanity in original sin, and the Cartesian position, which holds that man innately knows basic logical propositions. In his *Essay* Locke posits an \"empty\" mind---a *tabula rasa*---that is \"filled\" by experience. In describing the mind in these terms, Locke was drawing on Plato\'s *Theatetus*, which suggests that the mind is like a \"wax tablet\". Although Locke argued strenuously for the *tabula rasa* theory of mind, he nevertheless did believe in innate talents and interests. For example, he advises parents to watch their children carefully to discover their \"aptitudes,\" and to nurture their children\'s own interests rather than force them to participate in activities which they dislike---\"he, therefore, that is about children should well study their natures and aptitudes and see, by often trials, what turn they easily take and what becomes them, observe what their native stock is, how it may be improved, and what it is fit for.\"
Locke also discusses a theory of the self. He writes: \"the little and almost insensible impressions on our tender infancies have very important and lasting consequences.\" That is, the \"associations of ideas\" made when young are more significant than those made when mature because they are the foundation of the self---they mark the *tabula rasa*. In the *Essay*, in which he first introduces the theory of the association of ideas, Locke warns against letting \"a foolish maid\" convince a child that \"goblins and sprites\" are associated with the darkness, for \"darkness shall ever afterwards bring with it those frightful ideas, and they shall be so joined, that he can no more bear the one than the other.\"
Locke\'s emphasis on the role of experience in the formation of the mind and his concern with false associations of ideas has led many to characterise his theory of mind as passive rather than active, but as Nicholas Jolley, in his introduction to Locke\'s philosophical theory, points out, this is \"one of the most curious misconceptions about Locke.\" As both he and Tarcov highlight, Locke\'s writings are full of directives to seek out knowledge actively and reflect on received opinion; in fact, this was the essence of Locke\'s challenge to innatism.
### Body and mind {#body_and_mind}
Locke advises parents to carefully nurture their children\'s physical \"habits\" before pursuing their academic education. As many scholars have remarked, it is unsurprising that a trained physician, as Locke was, would begin *Some Thoughts* with a discussion of children\'s physical needs, yet this seemingly simple generic innovation has proven to be one of Locke\'s most enduring legacies---Western child-rearing manuals are still dominated by the topics of food and sleep. To convince parents that they must attend to the health of their children above all, Locke quotes from Juvenal\'s *Satires*---\"a sound mind in a sound body.\" Locke firmly believed that children should be exposed to harsh conditions while young to inure them to, for example, cold temperatures when they were older: \"Children \[should\] be not too *warmly clad or covered*, winter or summer\" (Locke\'s emphasis), he argues, because \"bodies will endure anything that from the beginning they are accustomed to.\" Furthermore, to prevent a child from catching chills and colds, Locke suggests that \"his *feet to be washed* every day in cold water, and to have his *shoes* so thin that they might leak and *let in water* whenever he comes near it\" (Locke\'s emphasis). Locke posited that if children were accustomed to having sodden feet, a sudden shower that wet their feet would not cause them to catch a cold. Such advice (whether followed or not) was quite popular; it appears throughout John Newbery\'s children\'s books in the middle of the eighteenth century, for example, the first best-selling children\'s books in England. Locke also offers specific advice on topics ranging from bed linens to diet to sleeping regimens.
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# Some Thoughts Concerning Education
## Pedagogical theory {#pedagogical_theory}
### Virtue and reason {#virtue_and_reason}
Locke dedicates the bulk of *Some Thoughts Concerning Education* to explaining how to instill virtue in children. He defines virtue as a combination of self-denial and rationality: \"that a man is able to *deny himself* his own desires, cross his own inclinations, and purely follow what reason directs as best, though the appetite lean the other way\" (Locke\'s emphasis). Future virtuous adults must be able not only to practice self-denial but also to see the rational path. Locke was convinced that children could reason early in life and that parents should address them as reasoning beings. Moreover, he argues that parents should, above all, attempt to create a \"habit\" of thinking rationally in their children. Locke continually emphasises habit over rule---children should internalise the habit of reasoning rather than memorise a complex set of prohibitions. This focus on rationality and habit corresponds to two of Locke\'s concerns in the *Essay Concerning Human Understanding*. Throughout the *Essay*, Locke bemoans the irrationality of the majority and their inability, because of the authority of custom, to change or forfeit long-held beliefs. His attempt to solve this problem is not only to treat children as rational beings but also to create a disciplinary system founded on esteem and disgrace rather than on rewards and punishments. For Locke, rewards such as sweets and punishments such as beatings turn children into sensualists rather than rationalists; such sensations arouse passions rather than reason. He argues that \"such a sort of *slavish discipline* makes a *slavish temper*\" (Locke\'s emphasis).
What is important to understand is what exactly Locke means when he advises parents to treat their children as reasoning beings. Locke first highlights that children \"love to be treated as Rational Creatures,\" thus parents should treat them as such. Tarcov argues that this suggests children can be considered rational only in that they respond to the desire to be treated as reasoning creatures and that they are \"motivated only \[by\] rewards and punishments\" to achieve that goal.
Ultimately, Locke wants children to become adults as quickly as possible. As he argues in *Some Thoughts,* \"the only fence against the world is a thorough knowledge of it, into which a young gentleman should be entered by degrees as he can bear it, and the earlier the better.\" In the *Second Treatise on Government* (1689), he contends that it is the parents\' duty to educate their children and to act for them because children, though they have the ability to reason when young, do not do so consistently and are therefore usually irrational; it is the parents\' obligation to teach their children to become rational adults so that they will not always be fettered by parental ties.
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# Some Thoughts Concerning Education
## Pedagogical theory {#pedagogical_theory}
### Academic curriculum {#academic_curriculum}
Locke does not dedicate much space in *Some Thoughts Concerning Education* to outlining a specific curriculum; he is more concerned with convincing his readers that education is about instilling virtue and what Western educators would now call critical-thinking skills. Locke maintains that parents or teachers must first teach children *how* to learn and to enjoy learning. As he writes, the instructor \"should remember that his business is not so much to teach \[the child\] all that is knowable, as to raise in him a love and esteem of knowledge; and to put him in the right way of knowing and improving himself.\" But Locke does offer a few hints as to what he thinks a valuable curriculum might be. He deplores the long hours wasted on learning Latin and argues that children should first be taught to speak and write well in their native language, particularly recommending *Aesop\'s Fables*. Most of Locke\'s recommendations are based on a similar principle of utility. So, for example, he claims that children should be taught to draw because it would be useful to them on their foreign travels (for recording the sites they visit), but poetry and music, he says, are a waste of time. Locke was also at the forefront of the scientific revolution and advocated the teaching of geography, astronomy, and anatomy. Locke\'s curricular recommendations reflect the break from scholastic humanism and the emergence of a new kind of education---one emphasising not only science but also practical professional training. Locke also recommended, for example, that every (male) child learn a trade. Locke\'s pedagogical suggestions marked the beginning of a new bourgeois ethos that would come to define Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
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# Some Thoughts Concerning Education
## Class
When Locke began writing the letters that would eventually become *Some Thoughts on Education*, he was addressing an aristocrat, but the final text appeals to a much wider audience. For example, Locke writes: \"I place *Vertue* \[sic\] as the first and most necessary of those Endowments, that belong to a Man or a Gentleman.\" James Axtell, who edited the most comprehensive edition of Locke\'s educational writings, has explained that although \"he was writing for this small class, this does not preclude the possibility that many of the things he said about education, especially its main principles, were equally applicable to *all* children\" (Axtell\'s emphasis). This was a contemporary view as well; Pierre Coste, in his introduction in the first French edition in 1695, wrote, \"it is certain that this Work was particularly designed for the education of Gentlemen: but this does not prevent its serving also for the education of all sorts of Children, of whatever class they are.\"
While it is possible to apply Locke\'s general principles of education to all children, and contemporaries such as Coste certainly did so, Locke himself, despite statements that may imply the contrary, believed that *Some Thoughts* applied only to the wealthy and the middle-class (or as they would have been referred to at the time, the \"middling sorts\"). One of Locke\'s conclusions in *Some Thoughts Concerning Education* is that he \"think\[s\] a Prince, a Nobleman, and an ordinary Gentleman\'s Son, should have different Ways of Breeding.\" As Peter Gay writes, \"\[i\]t never occurred to him that every child should be educated or that all those to be educated should be educated alike. Locke believed that until the school system was reformed, a gentleman ought to have his son trained at home by a tutor. As for the poor, they do not appear in Locke\'s little book at all.\"
In his \"Essay on the Poor Law,\" Locke turns to the education of the poor; he laments that \"the children of labouring people are an ordinary burden to the parish, and are usually maintained in idleness, so that their labour also is generally lost to the public till they are 12 or 14 years old.\" He suggests, therefore, that \"working schools\" be set up in each parish in England for poor children so that they will be \"from infancy \[three years old\] inured to work.\" He goes on to outline the economics of these schools, arguing not only that they will be profitable for the parish, but also that they will instill a good work ethic in the children.
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# Some Thoughts Concerning Education
## Gender
Locke wrote *Some Thoughts Concerning Education* in response to his friend Edward Clarke\'s query on how to educate his son, so the text\'s \"principal aim\", as Locke states at the beginning, \"is how a young gentleman should be brought up from his infancy.\" This education \"will not so perfectly suit the education of *daughters*; though where the difference of sex requires different treatment, it will be no hard matter to distinguish\" (Locke\'s emphasis). This passage suggests that, for Locke, education was fundamentally the same for men and women---there were only small, obvious differences for women. This interpretation is supported by a letter he wrote to Mary Clarke in 1685 stating that \"since therefore I acknowledge no difference of sex in your mind relating \... to truth, virtue and obedience, I think well to have no thing altered in it from what is \[writ for the son\].\" Martin Simons states that Locke \"suggested, both by implication and explicitly, that a boy\'s education should be along the lines already followed by some girls of the intelligent genteel classes.\" Rather than sending boys to schools which would ignore their individual needs and teach them little of value, Locke argues that they should be taught at home as girls already were and \"should learn useful and necessary crafts of the house and estate.\" Like his contemporary Mary Astell, Locke believed that women could and should be taught to be rational and virtuous.
But Locke does recommend several minor \"restrictions\" relating to the treatment of the female body. The most significant is his reining in of female physical activity for the sake of physical appearance: \"But since in your girls care is to be taken too of their beauty as much as health will permit, this in them must have some restriction \... \'tis fit their tender skins should be fenced against the busy sunbeams, especially when they are very hot and piercing.\" Although Locke\'s statement indicates that he places a greater value on female than male beauty, the fact that these opinions were never published allowed contemporary readers to draw their own conclusions regarding the \"different treatments\" required for girls and boys, if any. Moreover, compared to other pedagogical theories, such as those in the best-selling conduct book *The Whole Duty of a Woman* (1696), the female companion to *The Whole Duty of Man* (1657), and Rousseau\'s *Emile* (1762), which both proposed entirely separate educational programs for women, Locke\'s *Some Thoughts* appears either more egalitarian, or more unbodied.`{{OR|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Some Thoughts Concerning Education
## Reception and legacy {#reception_and_legacy}
Along with Rousseau\'s *Emile* (1762), Locke\'s *Some Thoughts Concerning Education* was one of the foundational eighteenth-century texts on educational theory. In Britain, it was considered the standard treatment of the topic for over a century. For this reason, some critics have maintained that *Some Thoughts Concerning Education* vies with the *Essay Concerning Human Understanding* for the title of Locke\'s most influential work. Some of Locke\'s contemporaries, such as seventeenth-century German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Leibniz, believed this as well; Leibniz argued that *Some Thoughts* superseded even the *Essay* in its impact on European society.
Locke\'s *Some Thoughts Concerning Education* was a runaway best-seller. During the eighteenth century alone, *Some Thoughts* was published in at least 53 editions: 25 English, 16 French, six Italian, three German, two Dutch, and one Swedish. It was also excerpted in novels such as Samuel Richardson\'s *Pamela* (1740--1), and it formed the theoretical basis of much children\'s literature, particularly that of the first successful children\'s publisher, John Newbery. According to James A. Secord, an eighteenth-century scholar, Newbery included Locke\'s educational advice to legitimise the new genre of children\'s literature. Locke\'s imprimatur would ensure the genre\'s success.
By the end of the eighteenth century, Locke\'s influence on educational thought was widely acknowledged. In 1772 James Whitchurch wrote in his *Essay Upon Education* that Locke was \"an Author, to whom the Learned must ever acknowledge themselves highly indebted, and whose Name can never be mentioned without a secret Veneration, and Respect; his Assertions being the result of intense Thought, strict Enquiry, a clear and penetrating Judgment.\" Writers as politically dissimilar as Sarah Trimmer, in her periodical *The Guardian of Education* (1802--06), and Maria Edgeworth, in the educational treatise she penned with her father, *Practical Education* (1798), invoked Locke\'s ideas. Even Rousseau, while disputing Locke\'s central claim that parents should treat their children as rational beings, acknowledged his debt to Locke.
John Cleverley and D. C. Phillips place Locke\'s *Some Thoughts Concerning Education* at the beginning of a tradition of educational theory which they label \"environmentalism\". In the years following the publication of Locke\'s work, Etienne Bonnot de Condillac and Claude Adrien Helvétius eagerly adopted the idea that people\'s minds were shaped through their experiences and thus through their education. Systems of teaching children through their senses proliferated throughout Europe. In Switzerland, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, relying on Locke\'s theories, developed the concept of the \"object lesson\". These lessons focused pupils\' attention on a particular thing and encouraged them to use all of their senses to explore it and urged them to use precise words to describe it. Used throughout Europe and America during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, these object lessons, according to one of their practitioners \"if well-managed, cultivate Sense-Perception, or Observation, accustom children to express their thoughts in words, increase their available stock of words and of ideas, and by thus storing material for thinking, also prepare the way for more difficult and advanced study.\"
Such techniques were also integral to Maria Montessori\'s methods in the twentieth century. According to Cleverley and Phillips, the television show Sesame Street is also \"based on Lockean assumptions---its aim has been to give underprivileged children, especially in the inner cities, the simple ideas and basic experiences that their environment normally does not provide.\" In many ways, despite Locke\'s continuing influence, as these authors point out, the twentieth century has been dominated by the \"nature vs. nurture\" debate in a way that Locke\'s century was not. Locke\'s optimistic \"environmentalism,\" though qualified in his text, is now no longer just a moral issue -- it is also a scientific issue
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# Steve Rixon
**Stephen John Rixon** (born 25 February 1954) is an Australian cricket coach and former international cricketer. He played in 13 Test matches and six One Day Internationals between 1977 and 1985. He has coached the New Zealand cricket team, New South Wales cricket team, Surrey County Cricket Club, Hyderabad Heroes and the Chennai Super Kings of the Indian Cricket League and was the fielding coach of the Australian national cricket team, Pakistan national cricket team and Sri Lanka national cricket team.
## Career
Rixon first came to public attention as a 16-year-old during the 1970/71 Marylebone Cricket Club tour of Australia, when England\'s wicket-keeper Alan Knott applauded Rixon\'s efforts for a Southern New South Wales team against the MCC. Rixon subsequently moved to Sydney to play initially for Waverley before transferring to Western Suburbs. Rixon made his first class debut in 1974--75. He made a first class century, 115, but only scored 232 runs at 17.8 for the season. He took 27 catches and made 4 stumpings.
In 1976-77 Rixon scored 128 in a Shield game.
In 1977, the leading Australian players were signed to World Series Cricket which led to them being banned from official cricket. These players included the then-Australian wicketkeeper Rod Marsh and the reserve keeper on the 1977 Ashes, Richie Robinson. There was a position open for test wicketkeeper. Leading contenders included the experienced John Maclean, the Queensland captain, and Rixon.
Rixon was picked in the first test against India in 1977--78. He scored 9 and 5 with the bat but took five catches in a narrow Australian victory.
In the second test, Rixon scored 50 runs in the first innings, taking part in a valuable 101 partnership with captain Bob Simpson. He took six catches and his second innings knock of 23 was crucial in helping Australia win by 2 wickets. In the third test he took four catches and scored 11 and 12. In the 4th he scored 17 and 11 and took 2 catches. In the final test, which Australia won, he scored 32 and 13 and took 5 catches.
Rixon kept his place on the subsequent tour of the West Indies. In the first test he scored 1 and 0, took two catches and a stumping. In the second he made 16 and 0. In the third he scored 54 (Australia\'s second top score of the innings) and 39 not out, the latter runs especially crucial in guiding Australia to a three wicket victory. In the fourth test he scored 21 and 13 not out. In the final test he scored 13 not out, took four catches and made a stumping.
Rixon was not selected for the 1978-79 Ashes, the selectors preferring John Maclean, and then Kevin Wright. Wright took the position of wicketkeeper for the 1979 tours of England and India. Rod Marsh returned to the test side in 1979-80 and remained Australia\'s first choice keeper until his retirement in 1984.
Rixon was back up wicketkeeper on the 1981 Ashes tour of England.
In 1981-82 Rixon captained NSW in the absence of Rick McCosker.
Rod Marsh elected not to tour Sri Lanka in 1982. However, the selectors picked Roger Woolley as keeper instead.
Rod Marsh announced his retirement in 1984 prior to the tour of the West Indies. Australia picked Roger Woolley as the keeper, with Wayne Phillips as reserve. During that tour, Woolley was injured before the first test and Phillips was picked as keeper. Phillips ended up playing four tests in that position, scoring a century in one of them. He played one test as a specialist with Woolley keeping.
Wayne Phillips\' performances was seen to be one of the few successes of the 1984 West Indies tour, and Australia kept him on as wicketkeeper for the first two tests against the West Indies at home over the 1984-85 summer. Phillips was then injured and Rixon was recalled to replace him for the third test. This followed Rixon scoring a century in the Sheffield Shield.
Rixon scored 0 and 16 but took 7 catches. In the fourth test he scored 0 and 17. In the fifth test, which Australia won, he scored 20, took three catches and made a stumping.
Rixon was selected on the 1985 Ashes tour of England as reserve keeper, with Phillips as first choice. Then Rixon announced he had signed to play for two seasons in South Africa. He was dropped from the Ashes squad and banned from first class cricket in Australia for two seasons.
Rixon played for the Australian XI in the rebel tour of South Africa over two summers, 1985--86 and 1986--87, but on his return was unable to rejoin the national team.
He returned to NSW for the 1987--88 season but only played three first class games.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Since retiring from playing, he has been the coach of the New Zealand cricket team, New South Wales, Surrey, Hyderabad Heroes of the Indian Cricket League and currently, The Scots College, Sydney.
It was also reported that Rixon was interested in taking over the head coaching job of the Australian cricket team when John Buchanan left at the end of the 2006/07 Ashes series. He was not appointed and instead Tim Nielsen took over.
In the Indian Premier League, he coached the Hyderabad Heroes and later the Chennai Super Kings.
On 28 June 2011, he was appointed Fielding Coach of the Australian Cricket Team replacing Mike Young. In 2014 Rixon was dropped from the Australian coaching set up.
On 15 June 2016, he was appointed the Fielding Coach of the Pakistan Cricket Team under the recommendation of the new head coach, Mickey Arthur. He worked as the Pakistan cricket fielding coach until June 2018. In December 2018, he was appointed fielding coach of Sri Lanka cricket team, and on 14 March 2019 he was handed the coaching duties halfway through the Sri Lanka tour of South Africa
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# Ulster Independence Movement
**The Ulster Independence Movement** was an Ulster nationalist political party founded (as the **Ulster Independence Committee**) on 17 November 1988. The group emerged from the Ulster Clubs, after a series of 15 public meetings across Northern Ireland. Led by Hugh Ross, a Presbyterian minister from Dungannon, County Tyrone, the UIC sought to end what it saw as the tyranny of rule from London (and potentially Dublin) and instead set up an independent Northern Ireland.
## Early development {#early_development}
The UIC initially had a network of 11 branches and first entered the political arena in 1990 when Ross stood in a by-election for the Upper Bann constituency following the death of sitting MP Harold McCusker. Finishing as fourth out of eleven candidates with 1534 votes (4.3%) (and ahead of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland candidate), the result indicated to the UIC that there was potential for an Ulster nationalist party.
The Committee reconstituted itself in 1994 as a full political party (largely as a reaction to the Downing Street Declaration), changing its name to the UIM and putting forward Ross as a candidate in the 1994 elections to the European Parliament (one of three pro-independence candidates to stand). Ross proved the most successful of the three, gaining 7,858 first preference votes (a 1.4% share) and retained his deposit. In the aftermath of this election a general meeting of pro-independence groups and individuals was organised by Ross after overtures were sent out to David Kerr, Robert Mooney (the other two Ulster nationalist candidates in the European election) and the Ballymena-based Ulster Party. Mooney did not turn up but Kerr and Agnes McLeister of the Ulster Party agreed to pool resources and join forces with Ross\' movement.
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# Ulster Independence Movement
## 1996 Forum election {#forum_election}
Buoyed by the relative success of the previous election and the influx of new affiliates, the UIM put up 40 candidates in 18 seats in the Northern Ireland Forum elections of 1996, its most high-profile election campaign. With every seat contested as well as the regional list (which was headed by Ross) Kerr was placed as a candidate in North Belfast with McLeister in North Antrim, whilst other candidates who had or would go on to have a higher profile included Willie Frazer in Newry and Armagh (who subsequently organised Families Acting for Innocent Relatives and Love Ulster) and Kenny McClinton and Clifford Peeples in West Belfast (a pastor who was later jailed for possession of explosives).
Despite this higher profile campaign the UIM\'s vote dropped as parties directly associated with loyalist paramilitary groups, such as the Ulster Democratic Party and Progressive Unionist Party, began to win votes. Alongside this, the party was still not the only Ulster nationalist option, and finished behind Ulster\'s Independent Voice in North Belfast and Strangford, whilst beating them in West Belfast and tying exactly with them in North Down. The UIM polled 2125 votes (0.3%) across Northern Ireland and no representation was secured.
### Results
Constituency Votes \%
---------------------------- ------- -----
Belfast East 114 0.3
Belfast North 41 0.1
Belfast South 108 0.3
Belfast West 43 0.1
East Antrim 86 0.3
North Antrim 167 0.4
South Antrim 89 0.2
North Down 49 0.1
South Down 130 0.3
Fermanagh and South Tyrone 189 0.4
Foyle 65 0.1
Lagan Valley 164 0.4
East Londonderry 100 0.3
Mid Ulster 263 0.6
Newry and Armagh 173 0.3
Strangford 57 0.1
West Tyrone 107 0.3
Upper Bann 180 0.4
Regional list 2,125 0.3
## Subsequent activity {#subsequent_activity}
Party activity continued after the signing of the Belfast Agreement, with the UIM playing a role in the unsuccessful \'No\' campaign against it. The party fielded two candidates in the Northern Ireland Assembly of 1998 but failed to win a seat. Seeing their chances becoming increasingly diminished, the UIM formally abandoned their role as a political party in January 2000 and instead reconstituted as a \'ginger group\'. This came in the wake of a Channel 4 programme, \"The Committee\", which alleged links between the UIM and loyalist killings, allegations that damaged their credibility and saw a number of members leave the group.
The UIM is all but dead now, even as a think tank, although some of its former members have continued as members of the Ulster Third Way
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# Longtail (rat)
On the Isle of Man, ***longtail*** is a euphemism used to denote a rat, as a relatively modern superstition has arisen that it is considered bad luck to mention this word. The origins of this superstition date to sea-taboos, where certain words and practices were not mentioned aboard ship, for fear of attracting bad luck (or bad weather).
The Manx Gaelic author Edward Faragher (also known by his Manx nickname \'Ned Beg Hom Ruy\') recorded in his work \'Skeealyn \'sy Ghailck\' that during his time working on fishing boats in the 19th century \"It was forbidden to name a hare on board, or a rabbit, or a rat or a cat. The hare was \'the big-eared fellow\', and the rabbit 'pomet', and the rat 'sacote', and the cat 'scratcher\'\". In the modern superstition, the taboo only applies to the rat, and the term \'sacote\' is no longer used.
Although this particular sea-taboo was one amongst many and was not held to apply on land, it has become a popular modern belief that the word is somehow unlucky and the taboo has been adopted by some as a typical Manx practice, despite the fact that the old Manx had no qualms in using the word, or its Manx equivalent, \"roddan\". In modern times, many non-local and unsuperstitious people will refrain from using the word \"rat\" where its acceptability is in doubt.
Local socially acceptable alternatives for the superstitious also include *joey*, *ringie*, *queerfella*, *iron fella* and *roddan*. Recently, young people have also begun saying *r-a-t*, owing to the influence of English immigrants.
Similar taboos can be found as far north as Shetland. Other sea taboos included pigs, cats, and knives. There is a comparable and apparently also relatively modern taboo against uttering the word \'rabbit\' on the Isle of Portland
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# Chow test
The **Chow test** (`{{Zh|c=鄒檢定|s=|t=|p=}}`{=mediawiki}), proposed by econometrician Gregory Chow in 1960, is a statistical test of whether the true coefficients in two linear regressions on different data sets are equal. In econometrics, it is most commonly used in time series analysis to test for the presence of a structural break at a period which can be assumed to be known *a priori* (for instance, a major historical event such as a war). In program evaluation, the Chow test is often used to determine whether the independent variables have different impacts on different subgroups of the population.
## Illustrations
Structural break (slopes differ) Program evaluation (intercepts differ)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
At $x=1.7$ there is a structural break; separate regressions on the subintervals $[0,1.7]$ and $[1.7,4]$ delivers a better model than the combined regression (dashed) over the whole interval. Comparison of two different programs (red, green) in a common data set: separate regressions for both programs deliver a better model than a combined regression (black).
: Applications of the Chow test
## First Chow Test {#first_chow_test}
Suppose that we model our data as
$$y_t=a+bx_{1t} + cx_{2t} + \varepsilon.\,$$
If we split our data into two groups, then we have
$$y_t=a_1+b_1x_{1t} + c_1x_{2t} + \varepsilon \,$$
and
$$y_t=a_2+b_2x_{1t} + c_2x_{2t} + \varepsilon. \,$$
The null hypothesis of the Chow test asserts that $a_1=a_2$, $b_1=b_2$, and $c_1=c_2$, and there is the assumption that the model errors $\varepsilon$ are independent and identically distributed from a normal distribution with unknown variance.
Let $S_C$ be the sum of squared residuals from the combined data, $S_1$ be the sum of squared residuals from the first group, and $S_2$ be the sum of squared residuals from the second group. $N_1$ and $N_2$ are the number of observations in each group and $k$ is the total number of parameters (in this case 3, i.e. 2 independent variables coefficients + intercept). Then the Chow test statistic is
$$\frac{(S_C -(S_1+S_2))/k}{(S_1+S_2)/(N_1+N_2-2k)}.$$
The test statistic follows the *F*-distribution with $k$ and $N_1+N_2-2k$ degrees of freedom.
The same result can be achieved via dummy variables.
Consider the two data sets which are being compared. Firstly there is the \'primary\' data set i={1,\...,$n_1$} and the \'secondary\' data set i={$n_1$+1,\...,n}. Then there is the union of these two sets: i={1,\...,n}. If there is no structural change between the primary and secondary data sets a regression can be run over the union without the issue of biased estimators arising.
Consider the regression:
$y_t=\beta_0+\beta_1x_{1t} + \beta_2x_{2t} + ... + \beta_kx_{kt} + \gamma_0D_t + \sum_{i=1}^k\gamma_ix_{it}D_t + \varepsilon_t.\,$
Which is run over i={1,\...,n}.
D is a dummy variable taking a value of 1 for i={$n_1$+1,\...,n} and 0 otherwise.
If both data sets can be explained fully by $(\beta_0,\beta_1,...,\beta_k)$ then there is no use in the dummy variable as the data set is explained fully by the restricted equation. That is, under the assumption of no structural change we have a null and alternative hypothesis of:
$H_0: \gamma_0=0,\gamma_1=0,...,\gamma_k=0$
$H_1: \text{otherwise}$
The null hypothesis of joint insignificance of D can be run as an F-test with $n-2(k+1)$ degrees of freedom (DoF). That is: $F=\frac{(RSS^R-RSS^U)/(k+1)}{RSS^U/DoF}$.
**Remarks**
- The global sum of squares (SSE) is often called the Restricted Sum of Squares (RSSM) as we basically test a constrained model where we have $2k$ assumptions (with $k$ the number of regressors).
- Some software like SAS will use a predictive Chow test when the size of a subsample is less than the number of regressors
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# Mishael
**Mishael** (*מישאל*, \"who is what is God\") or **Misael** may refer to:
## Biblical figures {#biblical_figures}
- Mishael (son of Uzziel), cousin of Moses, Aaron, and Miriam
- Original Hebrew name of Meshach
## People
### Misael
- Misael (footballer, born 1987), full name Misael Silva Jansen, Brazilian football forward
- Misael (footballer, born 1994), full name Misael Bueno, Brazilian football midfielder
- Misael (footballer, born 2002), full name Misael Messias Nunes Xavier, Brazilian football midfielder
### Mishael
- Mishael Abbott (born 1981), American racing driver
- (1920--1997), Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Beersheva
- Mishael Cheshin (1936--2015), Israeli Supreme Court justice
- Mishael Morgan (born 1986), Trinidadian-Canadian actress
- Mishael Kiza(born 2005)
Category:Hebrew-language given names
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# Dragan Vasiljković
**Dragan Vasiljković** (`{{lang-sr-cyrl|Драган Васиљковић}}`{=mediawiki}; born 12 December 1954), nicknamed **Captain Dragan** (*Kapetan Dragan*) is a convicted war criminal and former commander of a Serb paramilitary unit called the Kninjas during the Yugoslav Wars. In 2005, prosecutors in Croatia accused him of committing war crimes during the wars. A warrant for his arrest was subsequently issued by Interpol.
He was arrested in Australia in January 2006, and ordered to prison by the High Court of Australia in anticipation for extradition to Croatia to face prosecution for his alleged crimes. He was extradited to Croatia on 8 July 2015 after losing his thirteenth appeal and sentenced to 15 years in prison on 26 September 2017 by the County Court in the city of Split. Dragan was released from prison in March 2020 after serving his sentence.
## Early life {#early_life}
Dragan Vasiljković was born on 12 December 1954 in a Serbian Orthodox family in Belgrade. His father Živorad died in a motorcycle accident while Dragan was still young. At the age of 3, his mother moved to Australia with her two children from a previous marriage, and Vasiljković ended up in an orphanage and later a foster home. At the age of thirteen he joined his mother and two siblings in Australia under the name Daniel Snedden.
As a juvenile, he ended up in trouble with the law several times. He was accused of robbery and selling stolen goods and later was charged with forcing women into prostitution. At the suggestion of a judge, he joined the army. He spent 4 years in the Australian Army\'s reserve unit 4th/19th Prince of Wales\'s Light Horse. After his military service, he served as a weapons instructor in Africa and South America. He was sailing around the world and stayed in Serbia in 1988 where he set up a boat and airplane charter business. He was convicted of criminal charges in relation to brothel ownership in Elsternwick, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia during the 1980s. He also worked as a golf instructor in Australia.
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# Dragan Vasiljković
## War in Croatia {#war_in_croatia}
He returned to Belgrade in May 1990, as Croatia held its first parliamentary elections. In Belgrade, Vasiljković met Saša Medaković, one of the leaders of the barricades in Krajina following the Log Revolution in August.
Medaković was a friend of Knin chief of police Milan Martić, and was an employee of Krajina state security. Vasiljković visited Krajina in the autumn 1990. There, he met Martić and claimed that the defence of Krajina appeared \"very disorganised\". He thus decided to help organise the Krajina defence. On his return to Belgrade, he attempted to gather support for his effort, and became a member of the opposition Serbian Renewal Movement. He then returned to the United States to complete his aviator training.
During the March 1991 Belgrade upheaval when the Serbian Renewal Movement\'s challenge to the government was met with tanks in the streets, Vasiljković was compelled to return there. Srba Milovanov introduced him to several Serbian State Security personnel, among them Franko Simatović. Simatović told him of his Krajina-related activities that if his bosses were to learn about it, he would probably be arrested and dismissed. On 4 April, Vasiljković went to Krajina to work for Martić. On 25 June 1991, Croatia proclaimed its independence; soon after, war broke out in Croatia. He served during the Croatian War of Independence under the newly created Republic of Serbian Krajina as a volunteer. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia prosecutors claim that this service took place under Serbian police auspices, and media even reported that he claimed this during his testimony at the trial of Slobodan Milošević in 2003.
He commanded special units known as Red Berets. He trained units at Krajina\'s Golubić training camp for which he was allegedly paid by the State Security Service of Serbia; he denied this at the Milosevic trial, despite his role as a prosecution witness. He added that the only time that the Serbian State Security paid him was for a 28-day stint in 1997 \"to monitor exercises\"; his fee was 2,200 dinars. He was allied with Interior Minister Milan Martić in his power struggle with president Milan Babić, whom he described as \"dishonest, a man who was not of his word.\" Martić, in contrast, he considered to be \"a man of honour and a man of his word.\"
In November 1991, Babić called Vojislav Šešelj to Knin to help him thwart what he believed to be a coup attempt being planned by Vasiljković himself. According to Šešelj, \"Captain Dragan interfered and started a rebellion among the army ranks\", and organised a rally of military personnel. The rally, Šešelj said, proved a failure and Babic remained in power. Šešelj also testified at the Milosevic trial that Vasiljković had a training camp in Golubic. During the war, he founded the Kapetan Dragan Fund aimed at helping victims of war.
## Life in Serbia {#life_in_serbia}
After the end of combat in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vasiljković returned to Serbia where he lived for several years. Vasiljković was involved in the Serbian Renewal Movement. He maintained his friendship with Franko Simatović, and in 2001 stated that he would defend him in court if necessary. Simatović was arrested during by the Serbian Police and transferred to the ICTY in 2003. Vasiljković reemerged in the spotlight after he testified against Slobodan Milošević in 2004 at the ICTY, and subsequently moved back to Perth, Western Australia.
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| 1 |
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# Dragan Vasiljković
## Allegation
In September 2005, an article in *The Australian* newspaper accused Vasiljković of war crimes as a Serbian paramilitary commander between 1991 and 1994. Vasiljković made a short return to Serbia and held a press conference in Belgrade before returning to Australia. He lodged a public defamation case against the publishing company *Nationwide News* for the article, but in December 2009 the court ruled against Vasiljković, and ordered him to pay them \$1.2 million.
Vasiljković was arrested on the basis of a Croatian warrant in January. He is accused by the Republic of Croatia of being responsible for soldiers under his command allegedly torturing, beating and killing captured members of Croatian Army and Police between June and July 1991 in a prison on the fortress in Knin, and also for making plans to attack and take over the Glina Police station, a near city village Jukince and the villages Gornji and Donji Viduševac in February 1993 at Benkovac in agreement with the commander of the tank unit JNA. It is alleged that during that, in violation of the Geneva convention, civil buildings were damaged and ruined, Croatian citizens\' property was robbed and civilians were wounded and killed, including a German journalist, Egon Scotland. Those accusations were made public after the newspaper *The Australian* reported a story about him.
Vasiljković gave evidence during Milosević\'s trial at the Hague in 2003 without immunity. The ICTY named Vasiljković as a \"participant in a joint criminal enterprise\" against Croats and other non-Serbs in the judgement against Martić, but did not request his arrest. All of the others named are either already on trial at the Hague or at large. In 2005, ICTY spokesperson Florence Hartmann announced that Vasiljković had been under investigation, but that it had stopped due to the mandate on the tribunal to finish its work. Dragan subsequently sued *The Australian* for defamation. In July 2007, the Supreme Court held that 6 out of 10 imputations in that article were defamatory. However, in December 2009, a judge ruled that Vasiljković \"committed torture and rape\" and that *The Australian* article from 2005 proved that Vasiljković participated and committed the allegations against him.
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# Dragan Vasiljković
## Extradition hearing in Australia {#extradition_hearing_in_australia}
thumb\|upright=1.1\|A poster protesting the extradition of Vasiljković
In December 2006, Vasiljković\'s bid to prevent his extradition hearing from going ahead failed in the Sydney Magistrates Court. His grounds of defense were that as a Serbian Captain, he believed that he would be facing a biased Croatian Court and that no evidence of the allegations are required under the Extradition Act 1988, for an Australian citizen to be extradited.
On 12 April 2007, authorities in Sydney granted Croatia\'s extradition request, with Vasiljković being held pending appeal at Parklea Correctional Centre in its maximum security section on protection. By April 2007, the Serbian community of Australia had spent over \$500,000 on Vasiljković\'s defence. An application for bail pending an appeal to the Federal Court of Australia was dismissed.
On 3 February 2009, Vasiljković appeal against extradition to Croatia was rejected by the Federal Court.^,^ Among those coming to the defence of Vasiljković was the Serbian Orthodox bishop of Australia and New Zealand, Irinej Dobrijević. On 2 September 2009, Federal Court of Australia ruled that \"there was a substantial or real chance of prejudice\" if he was extradited to Croatia, ordering release, pending appeal. He subsequently walked free from Parklea prison in Sydney\'s west on 4 September 2009. The Australian government appealed the ruling, and in March 2010, the High Court of Australia overturned the Federal Court decision and ruled that Vasiljković should be extradited to Croatia. After the ruling, Vasiljković was nowhere to be found, prompting the Australian Federal Police to launch a nationwide manhunt.
## Final arrest and appeals {#final_arrest_and_appeals}
Vasiljković was captured by federal police in New South Wales on 12 May 2010, 43 days after his disappearance. On 19 May, the Australian Court rejected Vasiljković\'s defence that Croatian courts would not give him a fair trial and that claims that Croatian courts had been more lenient towards Croats were \"scanty\" and \"feeble\".
On 16 November 2012, the Australian Government decided to extradite Vasiljković to Croatia. Vasiljković challenged the decision to the Federal Court but was unsuccessful. Vasiljković appealed to the Full Court of the Federal Court, but on 12 December 2014 the Full Court rejected the appeal, clearing him for extradition to Croatia. On 15 May 2015, the High Court of Australia refused Vasiljković leave to appeal the December 2014 Federal Court ruling due to the unlikelihood of a successful outcome for him. Following this decision, he had no remaining legal avenue to challenge his extradition.
## Extradition
On the morning of 8 July 2015, Australia surrendered Vasiljković to Croatian police officers at Sydney Airport, his thirteen separate legal challenges against the extradition process having failed. Upon arrival at Zagreb International Airport the following day, he was transferred by a high-security police motorcade to an isolated wing of a jail in Split.
## Trial in Croatia {#trial_in_croatia}
At his first interview with prosecutors, he stated that he did not feel guilty of the war crimes that they allege he committed, and dismissed his state-appointed attorney. In July 2016, he entered a formal plea of not guilty to unspecified war crimes, and the trial commenced on 20 September 2016. In September 2017, Vasiljković received a 15-year sentence by the Croatian court in Split. Upon completion of his sentence, which included the time spent in detention in Australia, he was released from prison on 28 March 2020
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# Glencullen, County Mayo
**Glencullen** or **Glencullin** (`{{irish place name|Gleann Chuilinn|glen of the holly}}`{=mediawiki}) is a rural area which spans two townlands in the parish of Kiltane in County Mayo, Ireland. It lies to the north of Bangor Erris, next to the parish of Kilcommon, Erris, and the Bangor to Kilcommon road runs through the area. The two constituent townlands, Glencullen Lower and Glencullen Upper, are located in an area of blanket bog and extend across approximately 2,125 acres and 2,780 acres respectively.
## History
Glencullen (or Glencullin) Lower is not heavily populated, with just 12 residents as of the 2011 census. However, in the 19th century it contained about 40 houses within a 2 mi radius.`{{fact|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki} In 1842, the road connecting Glencullen with Muingingaun was sanctioned and during the Public works for the Distress in 1847 the road from Glencullen to Bangor was laid, costing £150.
Glencullen (or Glencullin) Upper is a long, sheltered glen through which the Glencullen river flows down into Carrowmore Lake. At the top of the glen is Barnaglanna and Bouleyanlobane, usually called Buaile where in the past, \"people from inside the Mullet came to graze their cattle in summer time\".
Much of Glencullen was previously used as Buaile/booleying land.`{{fact|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki} Glencullen was a meeting place of people from surrounding areas, and many Glencullen women married men from throughout Kilcommon parish.
A landslide disaster struck this townland on 22 February 1931 when Lough Boleynagee, a lake 516 ft above sea level and overlooking Glencullen Upper, slid down the hillside, pushing mountains of soft bog in front of it. The landslide came down the river carrying with it the Glencullen Bridge. Lough Bouleynagee, a well known resting and feeding place for overwintering brent geese, was drained of all its water and on its bottom lay little but dead trout.
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# Glencullen, County Mayo
## Glencullen National School {#glencullen_national_school}
The first mention of a hedge school in Glencullen was in 1826. Mary Shiels taught 22 pupils that year \"in any available place\" for a sum of £4 a year. The next mention of a school in Glencullen was in February 1862 when Friar Michael Munnelly applied for a teacher\'s salary and a supply of books for the newly built school, which was opened by him in November 1861. A few days after the request was made by Friar Michael Munnelly the school inspector, John Sweeney, reported: \"There are 40 dwellings within half a mile of the school\". This was enough to grant the requested salary and books.
At the turn of the 19th century, the stone and mortar school building was thatched and unplastered. It had one big room of 34 ft by 18.5 ft and 6.5 ft high. John Sweeney, the inspector, reported that the school\'s teacher was Thomas Mc Nulty (1843--?). Mc Nulty\'s teaching ability was poor according to records, but no better could be found. Further in the report John Sweeney mentions:
> \"His (Thomas Mc Nulty) character is good and he governs the school well. His annual income is £4 by way of fees, some children are admitted by the teacher who cannot pay fees. There are no Protestants to be found within miles of the school. The people are farmers. They are poor. Of all the 37 pupils present today only 6 had been at school before. The school has been built about a quarter and a mile from any house along the roadside. The school will serve several villages. The district is populous. Unless the present school comes under the Board, many will be brought up without education, therefore I recommend the application. Owing to the untidy appearance of the place and the un-plastered state of the walls I recommend that the salary be granted on the condition that these defects be remedied before the 15th March.\"
The school fulfilled these conditions and was accepted by the Board of Education. It was given Roll No. 8884. The total number of pupils on the roll in 1862 is listed 83, although average attendance was 22. Thomas McNulty received £17 a year for his efforts and local contribution to the school was £2.13.0. Glencullen\'s national school was furnished with desksa book press and blackboard. A few years later (probably 1865) the school was struck off the roll. Friar Michael Munnelly managed to re-open the school in 1869 and this time it was given Roll no. 9803. The teacher from 1869 to 1874 was James Ruddy, an 18-year-old. For some unknown reason Roll no. 9803 was closed in 1874. After that, there is no mention again of Glencullen in the board\'s records until 1887. In 1887, there is a grant of £185 for Glencullen for the building of a new school on the same site as the previous ones to accommodate 60 pupils. The new school received roll no. 13331 and is opened in 1888.
In 1902, the principal teacher was J. Collins. The total number of pupils on roll no. 13331 for 1902 was 61, while average attendance was 37. Michael Henry is mentioned as a teacher here from 1909 to 1911. It was his first such position.
From 1903 to 1909, evening classes were taught. The class consisted of 22 men over 18 years that had to study two subjects. The annual teacher\'s grant for the evening class was £14.5.0. At the evening classes, newspapers were read and discussed and letters were written to distant relatives.
The schoolhouse is now a holiday home
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# Side Brok
**Side Brok** is a Norwegian rap group from Ørsta, in western Norway. The members of Side Brok are Sjef R, his alter ego Thorstein Hyl III, Skatebård, Tore B, Odd G and Tunk. The group received the Nynorsk User of the Year award in 2004.
## Discography
- *Side Brok EP* (2002)
- *Høge Brelle* (2004)
- *Side Brooklyn EP* (2005)
- *Kar Me Kjøme Frå* (2006)
- *Ekte Menn* (2009)
- *H.O.V.D.E.B.Y.G.D.A
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# Preston Leslie
**Preston Hopkins Leslie** (March 8, 1819 -- February 7, 1907) was the 26th Governor of Kentucky from 1871 to 1875, and territorial governor of Montana from 1887 to 1889. He ascended to the office of governor by three different means. First, he succeeded Kentucky governor John W. Stevenson upon the latter\'s resignation to accept a seat in the United States Senate in 1871. Later that year, he was elected to a full term as governor, defeating John Marshall Harlan in the general election. Finally, he was appointed territorial governor by President Grover Cleveland.
Leslie was a Confederate sympathizer during the Civil War, but began to adopt a more progressive position during his gubernatorial campaign against Harlan. Though he opposed ratification of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, he used his influence as governor to effect passage of laws admitting the testimony of blacks in court and providing for an educational system for recently freed slaves. He also helped quell violence perpetrated by the Ku Klux Klan in many areas of the state.
As territorial governor of Montana, Leslie quickly drew the ire of the press for his pro-temperance position. The territory\'s political machinery also turned against him, and he was removed from office by President Benjamin Harrison. When Grover Cleveland succeeded Harrison for a second term in office, he appointed Leslie district attorney for Montana. Leslie continued to practice law well into his eighties, and was being considered for a district court judgeship in Montana when he fell ill with pneumonia and died on February 7, 1907, at the age of 87.
## Early life {#early_life}
Preston Leslie was born in Clinton County, Kentucky (then a part of Wayne County), on March 8, 1819. He was the second son of Vachel H. and Sarah Hopkins Leslie. He was educated in the public schools, then studied law under Judge Rice Maxey. He worked with his father on the family farm until 1835, and supported himself by doing odd jobs including driving a stagecoach, running a ferry, and being store clerk. Leslie was admitted to the bar on October 10, 1840, and served as the deputy clerk of the Clinton County courts. In 1841, he relocated to Tompkinsville, Kentucky, where he worked as a farmer. He became county attorney of Monroe County in 1842.
On November 11, 1841, Leslie married Louisa Black; they had seven children. Louisa died on August 9, 1858. Leslie married the widowed Mary Maupin Kuykendall on November 17, 1859, fathering three more children. Mary Leslie died September 3, 1900.
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# Preston Leslie
## Political career {#political_career}
Leslie began his political career by being elected as a Whig to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1844. He was defeated for a seat in the state Senate in 1846 by a single vote. He continued serving in the House until 1850, when he won election to the Senate representing Monroe and Barren counties. He then served in the Senate until 1855. In the 1850s, the Whig Party gradually faded in Kentucky, and Leslie became a Democrat. He declined nominations for a seats in the United States Congress and on the Kentucky Court of Appeals, preferring instead to work on his farm. In 1859, he moved to Glasgow, Kentucky, in Barren County.
By 1861, Leslie had built up a prosperous estate and added a plot of land in Texas to his holdings in Kentucky. In December of that year, he and his eldest son traveled to the property with 26 slaves and a large part of the family\'s possessions. After establishing his household, Leslie returned to Kentucky and left the Texas estate in the care of his son.
Leslie\'s feelings were mixed on the issues central to the Civil War. Known as a \"strong Union man\" prior to the war, his sympathies switched to the southern cause once the war began. Nevertheless, he believed the South should solve its differences with the North through diplomatic means, and did not favor the idea of secession. He kept a low political profile and refused military service for either side. He returned to the state Senate from 1867 to 1871, serving as president of that body from 1869 to 1871.
### Governor of Kentucky {#governor_of_kentucky}
On February 13, 1871, Governor John W. Stevenson resigned his post to accept a seat in the U.S. Senate. Stevenson had ascended to the governorship on the death of John L. Helm, and had no lieutenant governor. As president of the Senate, Leslie was the ex-officio lieutenant governor, and next in line to succeed Stevenson. A gubernatorial election was already scheduled later in 1871, and Leslie was among several nominees put forward by the Democrats. Because of Leslie\'s opposition to the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, his candidacy was opposed by Henry Watterson, founder of the powerful *Louisville Courier-Journal*. Despite this, Leslie emerged from a field of Democratic candidates that included future governors John Y. Brown and J. Proctor Knott and former Confederate governor Richard Hawes. John G. Carlisle was chosen as Leslie\'s running mate, and was declared by one commentator to be \"by odds, the ablest man on the ticket\". Leslie\'s opposition to the Southern Railroad bill while serving in the state senate proved a liability with some voters in his own party. Because of his southern sympathies, he was also opposed by the more progressive \"New Departure\" wing of his party. Nevertheless, he enjoyed support from the Bourbon Democrats in the state, as well as the state\'s tobacco interests and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.
During the campaign, Leslie\'s opponent Republican John Marshall Harlan was blasted as a \"political weathercock\" for having changed his stance on many issues. In one joint debate, Leslie quoted an antebellum speech wherein Harlan had called the Republican platform \"revolutionary, and if carried out, would result in the destruction of our free government.\" Harlan admitted his inconsistent stands, declaring that he would rather be right than consistent. Meanwhile, Leslie began moving closer to the \"New Departure\" wing of his party during the course of the campaign. Ultimately, Leslie\'s supporters deemed him \"sober, conservative, and safe\", and this perception enabled him to defeat Harlan by a considerable margin in the first election in which blacks were allowed to vote.
Leslie laid out an aggressive legislative agenda in his inaugural address to the General Assembly on September 5, 1871, but legislators were more concerned with passing the Southern Railroad bill that would create a connection between the railroads of Cincinnati, Ohio, and those of the Southern United States. The line would pass through central Kentucky, opening up trade to the region. It would be funded primarily by capital from Ohio, and would provide competition to the Louisville and Nashville Railroad\'s monopoly in the state. Though Leslie wasn\'t particularly supportive of the bill, he refused to veto it because of the potential economic benefits to the state. Leslie was also faced with the issue of post-war violence by the Ku Klux Klan. The legislature had refused to pass a law against mob violence in 1871. In his address to the legislature on December 6, 1871, Leslie endorsed legislation that made it illegal to write or post threatening notices and to band together and wear disguises. This proposal enjoyed favorable public opinion, and was passed during the legislature\'s next session. With the railroad and violence issues resolved, Governor Leslie urged the legislature to improve the status of blacks in the state, including the creation of an educational system for blacks and the approval of the testimony of blacks in the state\'s courts. He commissioned a new geological survey, appointing native Kentuckian Nathaniel Southgate Shaler to head the work. An advocate of the temperance movement, he secured additional regulations on the sale of liquor. Also during Leslie\'s tenure, the penal system was improved.
Devout Baptists and teetotalers, Governor and Mrs. Leslie did not serve alcohol in the governor\'s mansion and were given a silver service set at the expiration of his term by the Good Templars of Kentucky for their charity to the needy. Following his term in office, Leslie was elected to serve on the Glasgow circuit court, a position he held for six years, beginning in 1881. He failed in a re-election bid in 1886 by four votes.
### Governor of Montana {#governor_of_montana}
In 1887, President Grover Cleveland appointed Leslie to be the Territorial Governor of Montana. Cleveland made the appointment on the recommendation of John Marshall Harlan, Leslie\'s opponent in the Kentucky gubernatorial election of 1871, who was now serving as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Leslie soon ran afoul of the local press, who labeled him the \"Coldwater Governor\" for his stands in favor of temperance. The press\'s opinion of him further dimmed when he pardoned a prostitute convicted of grand larceny because the penitentiary was not equipped to accommodate women. He urged the territorial legislature to enact fiscal reforms and improve facilities for the insane and the incarcerated, but he was no match for the political machinery in Montana Territory. His 1889 pocket veto of an appointment bill supported by the legislature was the final straw; under pressure from Republicans, President Benjamin Harrison replaced Leslie as territorial governor.
Meanwhile, in Kentucky, the state treasurer, \"Honest Dick\" Tate, had absconded with nearly \$250,000 of the state\'s money in 1888. During the investigation that followed, it was discovered that Leslie, along with several other state officials, had procured personal loans from the state treasury through Tate.
## Later life and death {#later_life_and_death}
Following his removal from office, Leslie opened a legal practice in Helena, Montana, partnering with A. J. Craven. President Cleveland in his second term appointed Leslie U.S. district attorney of Montana. He served from 1894 to 1898.
During his final years practicing law in Helena, Leslie gained widespread acclaim and served as president of the Montana State Bar Association. On a return visit to Kentucky in 1906, he addressed the legislature, noting how he had helped the state adjust to the \"new order\" following the Civil War. Montana governor Joseph Toole was circulating a petition to have Leslie named a district court judge when Leslie fell ill with pneumonia. He died February 7, 1907, and was buried at Forestvale Cemetery in Helena.
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# Preston Leslie
## Memorials
Leslie County, Kentucky, was formed in 1878 and was named in his honor
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# Warren Schatz
**Warren Schatz**, born in New York City, Brooklyn (November 3, 1945) is a prominent producer, arranger and orchestra conductor during the 1970s.
Warren Schatz is famous for composing, producing, arranging, and conducting the orchestra for such mid- to late-1970s disco recording artists as Frankie Valli, Vicki Sue Robinson, The Brothers, Revelation, Evelyn King, and Gordon Grody.
He started as a delivery boy at Associated Recording in 1957 and by the time he was 14 he started his career as an engineer, recording song demos with Paul Simon, Neil Diamond, Burt Bacharach, Hal David, Dionne Warwick, Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich, Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil, Carole King and Gerry Goffin.
During this time he started recording himself under the name Ritchie Dean, The Whispers, The Warmest Spring, The American Youth Choir, The Petrified Forrest, and Warren Schatz. Recording for Swirl, Imperial, Cameo/Parkway, Laurie, Tower (Capitol), Mercury, Polydor, Warner Bros.
In 1968 he and his partner, Stephen Schlaks, produced Wilkinson Tricycle for Columbia\'s Date Records, Banshee for Atlantic, and Yesterday\'s Children for Map City.
In 1970 he signed with managers Rachel Elkind and Walter Carlos, who had just had a big hit with \"Switched On Bach,\" and released an album on Columbia Records.
During a performance at Budokan Hall in Tokyo, he became friends with Jukka Kuoppamaki, who brought him to Finland to tour with him. While living in Helsinki, he represented the U.S. At the Sopot Music Festival in Poland, where he won the Press Prize. For the next two years he toured throughout Eastern Europe and produced an album for Jukka on EMI and his second album for Love Records, which was also released by EMI in Sweden, Holland, Global Records in Germany, Polskie Nagrania \"Muza\" in Poland, Electrecord in Romania and Beverly in Brazil.
When he returned home to the U.S., he was hired as arranger by Hank Medress and Dave Appel for Tony Orlando\'s \"To Be With You\" then Frankie Valli album for Private Stock Records, which included his hit \"Our Day Will Come\". During that time Allen Stanton hired him as a song plugger at RCA\'s publishing company, Sumbury/Dunbar, where he signed and/or recorded Vicki Sue Robinson, The Brothers, Evelyn \"Champagne\" King, Fandango featuring Joe Lynn Turner, and The New York Community Choir.
While \"Turn The Beat Around\" was climbing the charts he was tapped by RCA\'s NBC network to become the on-air audio engineer for the first season of Saturday Night Live, where he stayed for nine months before he fully resumed his position at Sunbury/Dunbar.
With great success he was promoted to National VP of A&R at RCA in 1976 and was responsible for all artists on the RCA roster, from Roger Whittaker to Hall & Oates. He signed Triumph, Bonnie Tyler, Toby Beau, Machine, Kristy and Jimmy McNichol. All had hits. He moved on to become COO and Senior VP at Ariola America, BMG\'s first label in the U.S. where he signed Viola Wills and Krokus, who both had hits.
After Ariola he started Perfect Sound Studios, Inc. where he continued to produce Vicki Sue Robinson for Prelude and Profile; Viola Wills for Hansa; and Menage\'s \"Memory,\" also for Profile. He created the successful \"What If Mozart Wrote\" series for RCA Red Seal. The first album, *What If Mozart Wrote Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas*. Warren was nominated for a Grammy for writing and producing the music video for \"Get a Job\" from the second \"What If\" album. He also recorded with Ann Hampton Callaway, Frankie Laine, John O\'Conor, Julie Budd, and Barbara Carroll.
Perfect Sound also started creating projects for corporate communications and had CitiBank, Chemical Bank, Xerox and Hess Oil as clients.
In 1999 Warren went to work at TVT, TommyBoy and Urban Box Office as head of manufacturing and distribution.
Moving into video in 2007, he started creating video content and marketing support for \"Big Data\" companies Opera Solutions, MIT and Connotate.
He is currently Executive VP at Penalty Entertainment, the classic Hip-Hop label relaunched by his friend Neil Levine.
In 1965 the Swedish garage pop group Ola & the Janglers recorded a Warren Schatz composition, \"Tomorrow\'s On Your Side\", only available on two EPs, GEP-66 (Ola & the Janglers EP) and JSEP-5547 (various artists EP) in Sweden.
Warren Schatz has also recorded obscure cover versions of Finnish singer Irwin Goodman\'s songs, released on two ultra-rare CBS singles in the early 1970s: CBS 1405: \"Don\'t You Go Away Again\" (\"Tositarkoituksin\") with \"I\'ve Been Wonderin\" (\"Ei Tippa Tapa\") on the flip side and CBS 8344: \"Boing, Boing, Boing\" with \"Tomorrow On My Own\" on the flip side
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# Sander (fish)
Sander}} `{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|16.3|0|Middle [[Miocene]] to recent}}
| image = walleye painting.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| image_caption = [[Walleye]] (''Sander vitreus'')
| taxon = Sander
| display_parents = 3
| authority = [[Lorenz Oken|Oken]], 1817
| parent_authority = Jordan & Evermann, 1896<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp |year=2014 | title = Family-group names of Recent fishes | url = https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3882.1.1/10480 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue =2 | pages = 001–230| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| type_species = ''[[Sander lucioperca|Perca lucioperca]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]<ref name = CofF>{{Cof record | genid=909 | title = ''Sander'' | access-date = 15 September 2020}}</ref>
| synonyms = * ''Lucioperca'' <small>[[Heinrich Rudolf Schinz|Schinz]], 1822</small>
* ''Perca (Lucioperca)'' <small>Fleming, 1822</small>
* ''Perca (Sandat)'' <small>[[Bory de Saint-Vincent]], 1828</small>
* ''Perca (Stizostedion)'' <small>[[Rafinesque]], 1820</small>
* ''Sandat'' <small>Cloquet, 1829</small>
* ''Sandrus'' <small>Stark, 1828</small>
* ''Schilus'' <small>Jarocki, 1822</small>
* ''Schilus'' <small>Krynicki, 1832</small>
* ''Stizostedion'' <small>[[Rafinesque]], 1820</small>
* ''Stizostedion (Cynoperca)'' <small>Gill & Jordan ''in'' Jordan, 1877</small>
* ''Stizostedion (Mimoperca)'' <small>Gill & Jordan ''in'' Jordan, 1877</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Syn>{{Cof family | family = Luciopercinae | access-date = 18 September 2020}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = {{center|5, See text.}}
}}`{=mediawiki}
***Sander*** (formerly known as *Stizostedion*) is a genus of predatory ray-finned fish in the family Percidae, which also includes the perches, ruffes, and darters. They are also known as \"pike-perch\" because of their resemblance to fish in the unrelated Esocidae (pike) family. They are the only genus in the monotypic tribe Luciopercini, which is one of two tribes in the subfamily Luciopercinae.
The earliest known fossils of this genus are partial jaw and vertebrae elements from the middle Miocene (Barstovian)-aged Wood Mountain Formation of Saskatchewan, Canada.
## Characteristics
*Sander* species have elongated and laterally compressed bodies and they range in total length from 45 cm in the Volga pikeperch (*S. volgensis*) to 130 cm in the zander (*S. lucioperca*). The species within the genus share canine-like teeth that are at their largest in the zander, and although they are not present in adult Volga pikeperches, they do possess them as juveniles. in addition, they have thin rows of teeth on their jaws, vomer, and palatines, the preopercle shows strong serrations along its edges, a continuous lateral line reaches all the way from the head to the caudal fin, and this is flanked by additional lateral lines, one each on the upper and lower lobes of the deeply forked caudal fin. Further features in common include the absence of genital papillae, seven or eight branchiostegal rays, 12--13 soft rays in the anal fin, and the eye has a reflective layer behind the retina, known as a tapetum lucidum, which is an adaptation for seeing in low-light conditions. The species in the genus *Sander* are largely piscivorous as adults.
## Species
The genus includes these species:
- *Sander canadensis* Griffith & Smith, 1834 (sauger)
- *Sander lucioperca* Linnaeus, 1758 (zander)
- *Sander marinus* G. Cuvier, 1828 (estuarine perch)
- *Sander vitreus* Mitchill, 1818 (walleye)
- *Sander volgensis* J. F. Gmelin, 1789 (Volga pikeperch)
The fossil species *Sander svetovidovi* Kovalchuk, 2015 is known from the Late Miocene of Ukraine.
## Phylogeny
Phylogenetic relationships of the species of genus *Sander* based on the concatenated data set of six gene regions and a Bayesian analysis. *Romanichthys valsanicola* is the nearest living relative of the genus *Sander* and is used as an outgroup to root the tree.
This is not universally accepted, though, and the asprete (*Romanichthys valsanicola*) has been more recently placed within the genus *Zingel*.
Two clades are within the genus, a Eurasian one and a North American one, which separated from a common ancestor around 20.8 million years ago (Mya) in the Miocene, when the North Atlantic Land Bridge connecting Europe to eastern North America subsided. The Eurasian clade then speciated from 13.8 Mya, while the two North American species speciated around 5.4 Mya.
The relatively old divergences given for North American and Eurasian *Sander* are supported by the discovery of a fossil *Sander* from the middle Miocene (16.3 to 13.6 mya)-aged Wood Mountain Formation of Canada. Prior to this discovery, it was suggested that *Sander* may have potentially been a much more recent immigrant to North America, potentially as young as the Pliocene or even Pleistocene. In Eurasia, fossils of the extant *S. lucioperca* and the extinct *S. svetovidovi* are known from the Late Miocene and early Pliocene of Ukraine. These fossils also suggest a coexistence between *Sander* and their close relative, the now-extinct *Leobergia*. It has been theorized that *Sander* was more tolerant than *Leobergia* to the global cooling that occurred during the Pliocene, leading to the extinction of the latter
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# March incident
The **`{{nihongo| March Incident|三月事件|Sangatsu Jiken}}`{=mediawiki}** was an abortive coup d\'état attempt in the Empire of Japan, in March 1931, launched by the radical *Sakurakai* secret society within the Imperial Japanese Army, aided by civilian ultranationalist groups.
## Background and history {#background_and_history}
The start of the March Incident of 1931 may be traced back to the autumn of 1930, with the foundation of the *Sakurakai* (Cherry Society) by Imperial Japanese Army Lt. Col. Kingoro Hashimoto and Capt. Isamu Chō. The cherry blossom was symbolic of self-sacrifice, and was a symbol used by the military to symbolize the fleeting life of a soldier. The avowed goal of the *Sakurakai* was political reform through elimination of corrupt party politics and the establishment of a totalitarian government run by the military. The new government would rid the country of corrupt politics, unfair distribution of wealth in the *zaibatsu* and perceived degenerative influences corrupting Japan\'s public morals.
After the attempted assassination of Prime Minister Osachi Hamaguchi, Duke Saionji Kinmochi (the last *genrō*) and Lord Privy Seal Makino Nobuaki considered recommending Gen. Kazushige Ugaki to the post of prime minister. However, they later decided that a civilian nominee would be best for Japan at that time. This change incensed the militarist party within the Imperial Japanese Army, and several leading generals called on Hashimoto and his *Sakurakai* to plan a coup d\'état to bring Ugaki into power.
Hashimoto\'s plan involved a three-phase program:
1\. Massive riots would be instigated in Tokyo, which would force the government to call out troops and proclaim martial law.\
2. The Imperial Japanese Army would execute a coup d\'état and seize power.\
3. A new Cabinet would be formed under the premiership of the then-War Minister, General Kazushige Ugaki.
The project was underwritten by a 200,000-yen donation by Yoshichika Tokugawa, ultra-rightist member of the House of Peers, son of the last *daimyō* of Nagoya, founder of the Tokugawa Art Museum, Nagoya and Emperor Shōwa\'s second cousin.
Ultra-rightist civilian organizations led by Kanichiro Kamei and Shūmei Ōkawa fomented a commotion outside the Diet Building in Tokyo late in February 1931. However, due to logistical difficulties, the disturbance failed to attract enough people, and the hoped-for riot failed to occur. Hashimoto consulted Ōkawa, who wrote to Ugaki on 3 March explaining the plot and demanding the call-out of troops and action on the general's part. Ugaki, either lukewarm from the start or having a change in heart after seeing the failure of the riot to take off, refused to cooperate. He had hopes of becoming head of the *Rikken Minseitō* party, and thus had a chance of becoming prime minister by legal means rather than a coup. It is also likely that Ugaki foresaw that a military dictatorship would alienate powerful sectors of the Japanese elite (bureaucrats, court nobles, *zaibatsu* industrialists, etc.) whose support he would need in case of a total war.
The plotters again attempted to start a riot on 17 March (two days before the planned coup d\'état was to take place), but again the projected 10,000 rioters failed to materialize, the leaders were arrested, and the whole affair disintegrated.
## Consequences
Ugaki intervened to hush up the whole collapsed affair and ensured that the plotters received very mild punishments. This had the end result of encouraging more attempts by elements of the military to intervene in politics, and was also to taint Ugaki\'s bid for the office of prime minister in the future. Undeterred by his failure, Hashimoto attempted to overthrow the government again only seven months later in the Imperial Colors Incident of October 1931
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# Arthur Krock
**Arthur Bernard Krock** (November 16, 1886 -- April 12, 1974) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American journalist. He became known as the \"Dean of Washington newsmen\" in a career that spanned the tenure of 11 United States presidents.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Arthur Krock was born in Glasgow, Kentucky, in 1887. He was the son of German-Jewish bookkeeper Joseph Krock and Caroline Morris, who was half-Jewish. After his mother became blind, Krock was raised by his grandparents, Emmanuel and Henrietta Morris, until he was six years old. When his mother regained her sight, he joined his parents in Chicago, graduating from high school there in 1904.
Krock went on to Princeton University but dropped out in his first year for lack of money. He returned home, and in 1906 graduated with an associate degree from the Lewis Institute in Chicago.
## Journalism
Krock began his career in journalism with the *Louisville Herald*, then went to Washington as a correspondent for the *Louisville Times* and *Louisville Courier-Journal*. In 1927, he joined *The New York Times* and soon became its Washington correspondent and bureau chief. His column, \"In the Nation\", was noted for its opinions on public policy.
For example, amid the Hiss--Chambers and Coplon spy cases and the investigation of David E. Lilienthal\'s management of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Krock observed:
> The persons whose names have entered the trials and investigations, fairly and unfairly, include none who was affiliated with the Republican party \... The ideal solution from the standpoint of these strategists \[President Truman\'s\] would be: (1) the acquittal of Hiss \... (2) a find by the Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy that Lilienthal has been a good manager \... (3) repudiation by public opinion of the more sensational testimony before the third Un-American Committee; (4) at least one substantial trial victory for the Department of Justice. This is a large order. But the deep-thinking Democratic politicos think there is a good chance for it.
In the mid-1930s, Krock became a friend and staunch advocate of Joseph P. Kennedy and his ambitions. Historian David Nasaw wrote that the journalist seemed to be all but in the pocket of the powerful millionaire (whose second son would become U.S. president while two others would contend for the office). In a 2012 biography of Joe Kennedy, Nasaw wrote that the Krock-Kennedy correspondence \"reveals something quite disturbing, if not corrupt, about Krock\'s willingness to do Kennedy\'s bidding, to advise him or write a speech for him, then praise it in his column\...\"
In October 1963, less than two months before the assassination of Joe Kennedy\'s son, President John F. Kennedy, Krock wrote a column headlined \"The Intra-Administration War in Vietnam\" in which he quoted a high-ranking government official:
> The CIA\'s growth was \'likened to a malignancy\' which the \'very high official was not even sure the White House could control \... any longer.\' \'If the United States ever experiences \[an attempted coup to overthrow the Government\] it will come from the CIA and not the Pentagon. The agency \'represents a tremendous power and total unaccountability to anyone.\'
## Awards
Over his 60-year career, Krock won three Pulitzer Prizes:
- 1935 Pulitzer Prize for Correspondence, for his Washington dispatches
- 1938 Prize for Correspondence, for \"his exclusive authorized interview with the President of the United States on February 27, 1937.\"
- 1951 Special Citation of his exclusive interview with President Truman
The organization now explains the special Pulitzer thus: \"The Advisory Board on the Pulitzer Prizes as a policy does not make any award to an individual member of the Board. In 1951, the Board decided that the outstanding instance of National Reporting done in 1950 was the exclusive interview with President Truman obtained by Arthur Krock of *The New York Times*, while Mr. Krock was a Board member. The Board therefore made no award in the National Reporting category.\"
He was awarded a French citation for his coverage of the Versailles Peace Conference.
On April 22, 1970, he was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Richard Nixon.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He was married twice, first to Marguerite Polleys, daughter of a Minneapolis railroad official, from 1911 to her death following a long illness in 1938. They had one son, Thomas, who, during the Spanish Civil War, was one of a handful of Americans who fought in the war on the side of Francisco Franco. In 1939, he wed Martha Granger Blair of Chicago, a divorced society columnist for the *Washington Times-Herald*, who had two sons
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# Les Quatre Étoiles
**Les Quatre Etoiles** was a Congolese musical group active from 1982 to 1996. They played the Soukous style of dance music, which gained widespread popularity in the 1980s and 1990s.
The members were Paris-based musicians Bopol Mansiamina (bass and rhythm guitar), Wuta Mayi (vocals), Syran Mbenza (lead guitar) and Nyboma (vocals). It was commonly called a \"supergroup,\" since each of the four members of Les Quatre Etoiles had long established individual musical careers before joining forces.
## Band history {#band_history}
The band was formed in Paris in 1982, upon a request to Syran Mbenza from David Ouattara Moumouni, who produced their first album and released it on his Afro-Rythmes label, although they did not adopt Quatre Etoiles as the band\'s name until a year and a half later, when they recorded their second album in late 1983. The first album was recorded in late December 1982, and included one song by each of the four musicians.
When the group formed, each of its four members was a well-known and prolific musician. Based on its members' negative experiences with bandleaders such as Franco and Tabu Ley Rochereau, Les Quatre Étoiles was a loose-knit arrangement rather than an exclusive one; during its existence, each of its members continued to release solo records, formed other bands, and played as sidemen in support of other musicians (notably including one another). As two of many examples, in 1988 Syran Mbenza formed another band, Kass Kass, with Passi Jo and Jean-Papy Ramazani, and all four members of Les Quatres Etoiles played on the 1995 album \"Hello, Hello\" by Mose Fan Fan and Somo Somo Ngobila.
The band also seemed to involve an egalitarian arrangement among the four members---for example, several of their albums contained four songs, one written by each band member. Finally, its lineup was flexible - a particular version of the band might be missing one member and/or include other African musicians.
Their polished renditions begin in the Soukous tradition, with a slow, harmonious introduction; this then breaks out, again as in the Soukous tradition, into a fast-paced chorus known as the \'sebene\' with resonating, repeated electric guitar rhythms in the background, interwoven with a choice assortment of African percussion instruments accompanied by orchestras.
Following the end of Les Quatre Etoiles in 1996, in 2000 three of its members (Syran Mbenza, Wuta Mayi, and Nyboma) joined other African musicians to form Kékélé.
The group reunited for at least two concerts in 2010; on June 20, 2010, they played the Afrika Festival Hertme, in the Netherlands, and on July 11, 2010 they played Bozar at Brussels, Belgium, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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# Les Quatre Étoiles
## Discography
Although it is difficult to be complete in listing African recordings, from the discography compiled below it appears that they released seven studio albums and three live albums, although one of the three live albums may be a repackaged version of another.
Their album, *Sangonini*, was produced by the renowned African music producer Ibrahim Sylla. The song \"Doly\", from *Sangoni*, enjoyed worldwide popularity, reaching no. 3 in the Colombian music charts. The song \"Papy Sodolo\", has been covered by Tabu Ley Rochereau, another African musician of note. Another song, \"Sangonini\", produced in Paris and released in 1993, has also been popular.
### Albums
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Title | Album Artist | Album details | Tracks (credits, as listed) |
+============================================================================================+=====================================================================================================================================+=====================================================================================================================================================+==============================================================================================================================================+
| *\[Afro-Rhythmes Presente\] 4 Grandes Vedettes de la Musique Africaine* | 4 Etoiles \[this is on cover, but it might be the album name, given statement above that the band name was not chosen until later\] | - Release date: 1983 | - Mayi (Wuta-May) |
| | | - Label: Afro-Rthymes (Paris, France) | - Mama Iye-Ye (Nyboma) |
| | | - Format: LP | - Zouzou (Syran) |
| | | | - Maquereau (Bopol) |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *4 Stars \[or (on record label) \"4 Super Etoiles\" or (first song) \"Enfant Bamileke\"\]* | Les Quatre Etoiles | - Release date: 1984 | - Enfant Bamileke (Wuta May) |
| | | - Label: Syllart (Paris, France) | - Mawa Na Ngai (Syran) |
| | | - Format: LP | - Luila (Bopol) |
| | | | - Nvuna Chantal (Nyboma) |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Dance* | 4 Stars / Etoiles | - Release date: 1985 | - Kabyby (Nyboma) |
| | | - Label: Tangent (France), GEL (Brazil) (1987) | - Mayanga (Bopol) |
| | | - Format: LP | - Ba Relations (Wuta Mayi) |
| | | | - Kelele (Syran) |
| | | | - 4 Stars (Nyboma, Bopol, Wuta Mayi, Syran) |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *6 Hits / 6 Tubes* | Quatre Etoiles / 4 Stars | - Release date: 1987 | - Zunkuluke (Bopol) |
| | | - Produced by: Ibrahima Sylla | - Omba (Nyboma) |
| | | - Label: Melodie/Syllart (Paris, France), CBS (Zimbabwe) (different title) | - Veroda (Wuta Mayi) |
| | | - Format: LP | - Samba (Nyboma) |
| | | | - Manque d'occupation (Wuta Mayi) |
| | | | - Makani (Syran) |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Zairian Stars Show in the US - Kilimanjaro Heritage Hall* | 4 Stars | - Release date: 1988 | - Zairian Stars Show in the U.S.: Kouame / Elena / Ayant Droit / Tuti /Zou-Zou (Wuta-Mayi / Don Paolo / Syran M\'Benza / Caesar A. Zarsah) |
| | | - Label: Kilimanjaro Int\'l Productions (Washington, DC, USA) | - Amerika (Blaise Mayanda \[= Wuta Mayi\]) |
| | | - Format: LP | - Djina (Don Paolo \[= Bopol\]) |
| | | | - Dovi Dina (Syran M\'Benza) |
| | | Based on list of musicians on back cover, Nyboma was not with the band here. | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Four Stars* \[also known as Kouame or Live\] | Four Stars/Quatre Etoiles | - Release date: 1989 | - Kouamé |
| | | - Label: Four Stars Production | - Héléna |
| | | - Format: LP | - Ayant droit |
| | | | - Tuti |
| | | Live album from their 1988 US tour. (Based on similar track names, this may be a repackaging of the \"Zairian Stars Show\" album from Kilimanjaro.) | - Zouzou |
| | | | - Amerika |
| | | | - Djina |
| | | | - Ayite-Dovi |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *\[Eti-Edan 1er Presente\] Les 4 Etoiles \[also known as Souffrance\]* | Les 4 Etoiles | - Release date: 1991 | - Souffrance |
| | | - Label: Celluloid (France) | - Nikuze |
| | | - Format: LP | - Tukina Kuetu |
| | | | - Tantine Oza |
| | | | - Adama |
| | | | - Mbono Ngomo |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Sangonini* | 4 Etoiles | - Release date: January 27, 1993 | - Loi de la Nature |
| | | - Label: Sterns (UK) | - Coup de Fil |
| | | - Format: CD | - Doly |
| | | | - Papy Sodolo |
| | | Includes two tracks from Enfant Bamileke, all of 6 Tubes, plus new material. | - Zunkuluke |
| | | | - Omba |
| | | | - Veroda |
| | | | - Samba |
| | | | - Manque d'occupation |
| | | | - Makani |
| | | | - Enfant Bamileke |
| | | | - Luila |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Adama Coly* | 4 Etoiles | - Release date: 1995 | - Alima (Syran Mbenza) |
| | | - Label: Lusafrica (France) | - Antho (Nyboma) |
| | | - Format: CD | - Polygamie (Bopol -- Mansiamina) |
| | | | - Adama Coly (Wuta May) |
| | | | - Nsangu Zimuangane (Bopol) |
| | | | - Mimi Tenkolé (Wuta May) |
| | | | - Samba Samba (Syran Mbenza) |
| | | | - Zouzou (Syran Mbenza) |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Live in London* | Les Quatre Etoiles du Zaire | - Release date: 1996 | - Kabibi Maria |
| | | - Label: Air B
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# Arne Norell
**Arne Norell** (1917--1971) was a Swedish furniture designer and entrepreneur.
Arne Norell started his own workshop in 1954 in the town of Solna, Sweden. Thereafter he moved to Småland and established his own company Möbel AB Arne Norell - today known as *\'Norell Furniture*\' (or \'Norell Möbel AB\' in Swedish). He was known for his versatile use of wood, leather, fabric, and metal in furniture characterized by comfort and ease. Arne Norell was a household name within the interior design-world of Europe. Several models were also produced in other parts of the world under a license. He was to a great extent inspired by Danish design. One example of this influence is the safari chair \'Sirocco\'. Another of his designs is the lounge chair \'Ari\'. It was awarded the British Furniture Manufacturer's greatest award "showpiece of the year" in 1973. Many of the models he designed came into production after his death in 1971. His designs are still in production today.
<File:Norell> 1.jpg <File:Norell> 2
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# Bansko, North Macedonia
**Bansko** (*Банско* in Macedonian) is a village in North Macedonia. It is situated in the Strumica Plain, near the Belasica range. It is known for the Bansko spa.
The ancient site of Doberus is located nearby
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# Hananiah
**Hananiah**, **Hanina**, **Chaninah**, **Haninah**, **Chananiah** (*חנינא, חנניה*) or **Ananias** (*Ἀνανίας*) may refer to: `{{TOC right}}`{=mediawiki}
## Hebrew Bible {#hebrew_bible}
- Hananiah ben Zerubbabel, (Old Testament: Chronicles)
- Hananiah of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego
- Hananiah (Samaritan), 4th century BC, governor of Samaria under the Achaemenid Empire
- Hananiah ben Azzur, a false prophet mentioned in Jeremiah 28
## Rabbis
- Hanina Segan ha-Kohanim first generation Tanna
- Hanina, third generation Amora the Land of Israel
- Hanina bar Hama (d
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# Lampros Choutos
**Lampros Choutos** (sometimes **Lambros**; born 7 December 1979) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a striker.
During his career, he played equal periods of time in his country and Italy.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Early years {#early_years}
Born in Athens, Choutos started his career with Asteras Polygonou, being discovered by scouts of Panathinaikos FC. After only two years, he moved to Italy to finish his football grooming with AS Roma.
### Professionals
Choutos\' first stop as a senior was back in his country, loaned by Roma to Olympiacos F.C. after stellar performances during the qualifying stages for the 2000 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, as he netted 15 goals in only ten matches. He gradually made his way into the first team under the direction of Alberto Bigon, forming a productive attacking trio with Slovenia\'s Zlatko Zahovič and Giovanni from Brazil.
Although he suffered from an injured knee, Choutos managed to score decisive goals. He helped the Piraeus club win the 2000, 2001 and 2003 Superleague championships before returning to Italy, with Inter Milan.
Choutos signed a three-year contract with Inter in summer 2004, but could never settle there, being constantly loaned to other minor sides in both the country and abroad (Spain\'s RCD Mallorca, where he quickly fell out of favour with manager Héctor Cúper). He made his competitive debut for the *Nerazzurri* on 9 November 2006, coming on as a 78th-minute substitute for Mariano González in a Coppa Italia clash against F.C. Messina Peloro, which took place more than two years after his arrival; he left at the end of the campaign.
Choutos returned to his country in the 2007 off-season after signing with Panionios FC, but was only eligible to start playing in the following January. He again began experiencing first-team football, and notably scored two of three at Athens Olympic Sports Complex to help defeat hosts AEK Athens F.C. and collect the *Man of the match* award; he finished his half season with 12 goals, as his team finished in sixth position and participated in the second stage.
Choutos started his second year in scoring fashion, netting twice against OFK Beograd in the UEFA Intertoto Cup (3--1 home win, 3--2 on aggregate). After a run-in with the club\'s assistant coach that supposedly turned physical, however, the player was forced to leave.
On 2 February 2009, Choutos signed a six-month contract with PAOK FC, appearing in eight scoreless matches. On 25 August he returned to Italy once again, joining lowly A.S. Pescina Valle del Giovenco for two years; his contract was cancelled in July 2010, after the club was excluded from the Italian football league system due to financial issues.
## International career {#international_career}
Courtesy of his solid under-21 performances, Choutos soon made his debut for the Greek full side, going on to win ten caps in four years. He was overlooked for the squads that appeared at both UEFA Euro 2004 and 2008.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Choutos origin is from the village Agioi Thedoroi, Trikala
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# Dorothy Masuka
**Dorothy Masuka** (3 September 1935 -- 23 February 2019) was a Zimbabwe-born South African jazz singer.
## Music career {#music_career}
Masuka\'s music was popular in South Africa throughout the 1950s, but when her songs became more serious, the government began questioning her. Her song \"Dr. Malan,\" mentioning difficult laws, was banned and in 1961 she sang a song for Patrice Lumumba, which led to her exile. This exile lasted 31 years in total during which she lived in Zambia and worked as a flight attendant. She returned to Zimbabwe in 1980 after independence.
In August 2011, Dorothy Masuka and Mfundi Vundla, creator of the popular South African soap opera *Generations*, confirmed plans to make a film of Masuka\'s life. The film would concentrate on the years 1952 to 1957.
On 27 April 2017 she featured in the concert \"The Jazz Epistles featuring Abdullah Ibrahim & Ekaya,\" at The Town Hall, New York City, opening the show and delivering \"one passionate performance after another, warming up and winning over the crowd\".
Dorothy Masuka died in Johannesburg on 23 February 2019, at the age of 83
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# Ascitans
The **Ascitans** (or **Ascitae**, from the Greek ἀσκός, *askos*, wineskin) were a peculiar Montanist sect of 2nd century Christians, who produced the practice of dancing around burst wine-skins at their assemblies, saying that they were those new bottles filled with new wine, whereof Jesus makes mention, according to the New American Standard Bible translation, Matthew 9:17:
: *\"Nor do people put new wine into old wineskins; otherwise the wineskins burst, and the wine pours out and the wineskins are ruined; but they put new wine into fresh wineskins, and both are preserved.\"*
Philastrius thought the sect of the Ascodrugites was the same as the Ascitae, but his etymology of the former is false
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# SS Virtus Lanciano 1924
**S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924** is an Italian association football club, based in Lanciano, Abruzzo. It last played in Serie B in 2015--16 as **Virtus Lanciano**. Virtus Lanciano now competes in youth football only.
## History
The club was founded in 1919 and refounded in 2008 with the name **S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924**. That year **S.S. Lanciano S.r.l.** bankrupted; anew company **S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924** acquired the sports title by using the Article 52 of N.O.I.F.
In the season 2011--12 it was promoted to Serie B for the first time under the guidance of Carmine Gautieri, who also led the team to its debut season in the second tier, and ended in a safe mid-table position.
Virtus Lanciano gained national news in end-2013 after the club, now headed by Marco Baroni, surprised the whole country by leading the league table undefeated, against all odds, by the end of October.
The club ended the 2015--16 season with relegation, and successively renounced to register for the new Lega Pro season due to financial and administrative issues. The first team was excluded altogether from the Italian football league pyramid.
As of 2020--21 season, Virtus Lanciano still runs their youth teams, and have derbies with the illegitimate successor, Lanciano 1920.
## Illegitimate Phoenix club {#illegitimate_phoenix_club}
After Virtus Lanciano was withdrew from the Italian football pyramid, another club, A.S.D. Marcianese, renamed itself as A.S.D. Lanciano Calcio 1920. That club claimed as a Phoenix club of Virtus Lanciano.
That club promoted from Prima Categoria to Promozione and then Eccellenza Abruzzo in 2019.
## Colors and badge {#colors_and_badge}
The team\'s official colors are red and black
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# Antony Gardner
**Antony (Tony) John Gardner** (27 December 1927`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}16 October 2011) was a British Labour Party politician. He sat in the House of Commons from 1966 to 1970.
A son of a gardener who worked in Dorset, Gardner was educated at an elementary school and then at Co-operative College and the University of Southampton.
He worked in the engineering industry, then did national service, after which he worked in the building trade until 1953. He was President of the Southampton University Union from 1958 to 1959, and worked as an education officer for the Co-operative Union from 1959 to 1966.
He unsuccessfully contested Wolverhampton South West at the 1964 general election, and was elected at the 1966 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Rushcliffe. He was defeated at the 1970 general election by Kenneth Clarke of the Conservative Party. After his defeat, he became the principal information officer of the Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work.
At the February 1974 and October 1974 general elections, Gardner stood unsuccessful in the Beeston constituency.
He moved to the south coast and at the 1994 European Parliament election stood for Labour in Dorset and East Devon. He died on 16 October 2011
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# Molly Pitcher Club
The **Molly Pitcher Club** was founded in 1922 as a woman\'s anti-prohibition organization. They argued that drinking itself was not illegal and so the government should not get involved with a personal and private choice.
## History
The Molly Pitcher Club was created in 1922 by M. Louise Gross to campaign for the repeal of prohibition., which began in the United States in 1920. The organization was named after a Revolutionary War folklore heroine, Molly Pitcher. Molly Pitcher was the name given to women who carried water to men on the battlefield during the American Revolution. The stated purpose of the Molly Pitchers was to prevent \"any tendency on the part of our National Government to interfere with the personal habits of the American people except those habits which may be designated as criminal.\"
Although they had national aspirations, the group was limited to New York and held meetings at the Ritz Carlton Hotel and Delmonico\'s.
In 1923 a group of 120 women from the Molly Pitcher Club arrived in Albany to urge Governor Al Smith to repeal the state prohibition enforcement measure called the Mullan-Gage Act. This march was the club\'s largest activity and faded quickly thereafter. Gross explained that the \"activities of the Molly Pitcher Club subsided because there was nothing of importance in the prohibition field for it to do.\"
The club\'s attempt to expand its all-female membership was limited by its direct relationship to the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, which was larger, national, and accepted both men and women
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# Nyboma
**Nyboma Mwan\'dido** (or Muan\'dido), often simply **Nyboma** (born 1952), a prominent Congolese soukous tenor vocalist, has been over a fifty-year span a leading member of several outstanding bands, including Orchestre Bella Bella, Orchestre Lipua Lipua, Orchestre Kamale, Les Quatre Étoiles, and Kékélé, in addition to performing and recording as a solo artist. He is widely recognized as one of the best singers in Congolese music.
## Biography
### 1952-1970: Early years and first bands: Baby National and Negro Succès {#early_years_and_first_bands_baby_national_and_negro_succès}
Nyboma was born on 24 December 1952 in Nioki, a river town 200 km northeast of the capital of what at the time was the Belgian Congo, later the Republic of the Congo and Zaire, and is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. He learned to sing as a child in Nioki, in the church choir. He sang in the school chorus when his family moved to Kinshasa while he was still in primary school.
Early bands that Nyboma joined were l\'Orchestre Baby National and Orchestre Negro Succès, although sources differ on the order and his age when he joined them. According to one source, at the age of 16 he began singing with Negro Succès. According to other sources, he quit his job as apprentice electrician to join his first band, Baby National, as a professional singer in 1969 at the age of eighteen and he later moved to Negro Succès. He left the latter band when its co-leader, Bavon Marie-Marie, Franco\'s brother, died in 1970.
### 1970s: Work with Verckys: Bella Bella, Lipua Lipua, Orchestre Kamale, Les Kamale {#s_work_with_verckys_bella_bella_lipua_lipua_orchestre_kamale_les_kamale}
He then signed with the Editions Veve record label owned by Verckys Kiamuangana Mateta (a soukous recording artist and producer/financier, composer, saxophonist, and band leader in the Democratic Republic of the Congo). He joined the band Orchestre Bella Bella, led by the Soki brothers, in 1972, when it was part of Verckys\'s stable of artists, until 1973 when its founders left Verckys and Editions Veve. In 1972 Bella Bella\'s record *Mbuta*, with Nyboma, was considered the song of the year. Another of Bella Bella\'s records was called *Lipua Lipua,* for which Nyboma named his next band in a pattern that continued to the following band.
In 1973 with other musicians from Bella Bella including Pepe Kalle, Nyboma formed the band Orchestre Lipua Lipua, also referred to as Lipwa Lipwa, (another band under Verckys\'s Editions Vévé label), which he sang with until his departure in 1975. \"Lipua Lipua\" means confusion or disorder. He sang on Orchestre Lipua Lipua\'s first release in April 1973, the hit \"Kamale,\" which was considered the song of the year in 1973; reportedly that name came from a friend of Nyboma\'s attempt to pronounce the French word \"camarade.\" In 1975 Nyboma and other members left Lipua Lipua to form Orchestre Kamale; Lipua Lipua continued to perform and record under guitarist \"Professor\" Vata Mombassa, who had joined in 1974.
In 1975 he became the leader of Orchestre Kamale, under the Editions Veve record label; the group was established by Verckys using some members of Orchestre Lipua Lipua. Orchestre Kamale disbanded in 1978 when Assosa and Mulembu left to create Fuka Fuka. The Orchestre Kamale vestige was renamed Les Kamale with Nyboma at the helm. In the 1970s, Les Kamale was a popular danceband with their hits \"Salanga\" and \"Afida na ngai.\"
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# Nyboma
## Biography
### 1979-present: West Africa and Paris - solo work, collaborations, Les Quatre Etoiles, Kékélé {#present_west_africa_and_paris___solo_work_collaborations_les_quatre_etoiles_kékélé}
In 1979 Nyboma was drafted by Dizzy Mandjeku, along with guitarist Dally Kimoko, from Les Kamale into a version of the African All-Stars in Lomé, Togo, after the band's founder Sam Mangwana had left with another version of that band.
In 1981 Nyboma moved to Abidjan, Côte d\'Ivoire, where he recorded one of his biggest hits "Double Double" with his new band which he named Les Kamale Dynamiques Du Zaire. In 1982, he moved to Paris, where he has lived since, except for a period in the United States in the 1990s. The supergroup Les Quatre Etoiles which he founded with three other leading soukous musicians, Bopol, Syran Mbenza, and Wuta Mayi, recorded and toured from 1982 to 1996. The group was a loose arrangement that allowed its four members to pursue their own projects while they were members of Les Quatre Etoiles. In 1983-84, he recorded another three albums under the name Les Kamale Dynamiques Du Zaire.
In the late 1980s Nyboma also joined Pepe Kalle, his old bandmate from Bella Bella and Lipua Lipua, on two records produced by Ibrahima Sylla, *Zouke Zouke* and *Moyibi* (meaning \"thief\"), in a combination contrasting \"Pépé Kallé\'s earthy baritone voice with Nyboma\'s airy tenor.\" Nyboma's 1995 album *Anicet* was also produced by Sylla, whose signature is evident from the polished, multi-layered songs in the album---including a song in which Nyboma pays tribute to Malcolm X (in a song of the same title) and to Pan-Africanism in a song entitled Abissina.
In a 1990s interview with the journalist Gary Stewart, Nyboma expressed unhappiness with the African music then being made in Paris as being commercial, and lacking feeling: \"Commercial music is appreciated here \[in Paris\]. Because here you don\'t put in a lot of words. You just put in music that goes, Boom! Boom! Boom! Boom! Boom! To sell it, just to sell it.\" He similarly complained to Georges Collinet, who was interviewing him for a 1996 radio program, about the state of Congolese music being made in Paris in the 1990s, saying, \"Singers should get back to the basics, beautiful melodies and highly tuned voices.\" Perhaps with these sentiments in mind, in 2000 he formed the acoustic throwback group Kékélé, with another group of outstanding musicians.
## Assessments
Over the course of his career, Nyboma has worked with many Congolese musical greats, from Pepe Kalle and others in Empire Bakuba, to Koffi Olomide, Madilu System, Lokassa Ya Mbongo, and his counterparts in Les Quatre Etoiles: Bopol, Syran and Wuta Mayi.
Critical assessments of Nyboma\'s singing all include superlative comparisons and descriptions with high praise, such as, \"he is possessed of the finest tenor voice in Africa,\" \"There are a handful of Congolese singers: Franco, Nyboma, Sam Mangwana, Papa Wemba, who have unmistakable and magical voices, capable of transporting you with a few notes,\" \"Nyboma\'s high, sweet-as-honey voice soaring above exuberant guitar and bass,\" \"One of the great singers of Congolese music, Nyboma\'s tenor voice is airy, effortless and supple,\" and \"one of the great African voices.\"
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# Nyboma
## Discography
The following is based on several sources.
### Solo records (or as band leader) {#solo_records_or_as_band_leader}
- *Les Editions Vévé présentent l\'Orchestre Kamale & son célèbre chanteur Nyomba* (or *Ayindjo*) (1977)
- *Double Double* (1981) \[back cover credits L\'Orchestre les Kamale\]
- *DeDe* (or *De De*) (Nyboma & Les Kamale Dynamiques) (1982)
- *Pepe* (Nyboma & Les Kamale Dynamiques du Zaire) (1983)
- *Coeur a Coeur* (Nyboma & Kamale Dynamique) (1983)
- *Bandona* (Nyboma & Les Kamale) (1985)
- *Anicet* (1995)
- *Kanta d\'Or* (2020)
- *Live au Cabaret Sauvage* (2020)
#### Compilations
- *La Voix Danos Canta - Vol. 1/3 1971-1974 Le Mérite De La Musique Congolaise* (1995 or 1998) \[CD from Glenn Music; with songs of Kamale (actually later than 1974-1975)\]
- *La Voix Danos Canta - Vol. 2/3 1972-1974 Le Mérite De La Musique Congolaise* (1995 or 1998) \[CD from Glenn Music; with songs of Lipua Lipua\]
- *La Voix Danos Canta - Vol. 3/3 1974-1975 Le Mérite De La Musique Congolaise* (1995 or 1998) \[CD from Glenn Music; with songs of various bands\]
- *Lipwa Lipwa De Nyboma* (1997) \[CD from Sonodisc\]
- *Kamale & Lipwa Lipwa* (1997) \[CD from Sonodisc; Nyboma not named on cover, which says \"Lipwa Mipwa\"\]
- *Nyboma & Kamale Dynamique* (2005) \[CD from Sterns; two tracks from each of *Double Double*, *DeDe*, *Pepe*, *Coeur a Couer*, and *Bandona*\]
- *Verckys presente Nyboma, La Voix Qui Console* (2015) \[digital release from Sterns of 1973-75 Lipua Lipua singles)
### Featured with other artists {#featured_with_other_artists}
- *Innovation, vol. 6* (Nyboma & Bovi) (1980)
- *Innovation, vol. 7* (Nyboma & Bovi) (1981)
- *Innovation, vol. 8* (Nyboma & Bovi & Kilalo) (1982)
- *Deception Motema* (Bopol Mansiamina & Nyboma Mwan\'Dido) (1984)
- *Pepe Kalle & Nyboma* (or Zouke Zouke or Empire Bakuba*:* Pepe Kalle & Nyboma) (1986)
- Tabu Ley, *Sacramento avec Canta Nyboma* (1986)
- *Moyibi* (Pepe Kalle & Nyboma) (1988)
- *Stop Feu Rouge - Voisin* (Nyboma & Madilu) (1989 or 1990)
- *Hommage À Emoro* (Les Etoiles du Zaire: Pepe Kalle, Nyboma, Bopol) (1992)
### As a band member {#as_a_band_member}
- Orchestre Lipua Lipua, \[singles, 1973-75\]
- Orchestre Kamale, \[singles, 1975-78\]
- Les Kamale, \[singles, 1978-79\]
- Les Kamale, *Les Kamale* (1979) \[Sonafric SAF 50.087\]
- Les Kamale, *Les Kamale* (1979) \[Sonafric SAF 61.012; these two albums with identical titles and very similar cover art are different.\]
- Orchestre African All Stars International, *Vol. 2* (early 1980s)
- Orchestre African All Stars International, *Vol. 3* (early 1980s)
- Les Quatre Étoiles, *4 Grandes Vedettes de la Musique Africaine* (1983)
- Les Quatre Étoiles, *4 Stars* (or *Enfant Bamileke*) (1984)
- Les Quatre Étoiles, *Dance* (1985)
- Les Quatre Étoiles, *6 Hits / 6 Tubes* (1987)
- Les Quatre Étoiles, *Zairian Stars Show in the US - Kilimanjaro Heritage Hall* (1988, live)
- Les Quatre Étoiles, *Four Stars* (or *Kouame*) (1989, live) \[may be same as Kilimanjaro live album\]
- Les Quatre Étoiles, *Les 4 Etoiles* (or *Souffrance*) (1991)
- Les Quatre Étoiles, *Sangonini* (1993)
- Les Quatre Étoiles, *Adama Coly* (1995)
- Les Quatre Étoiles, *Live in London* (1996, live)
- Soukouss Force One, *Asipo* (1998)
- Kékélé, *Rumba Congo* (2001)
- Kékélé, *Congo Life* (2003)
- Kékélé, *Kinavana* (2006)
- Kékélé, *Live: Tournée Américaine & Canadienne* (2006)
### As a supporting artist {#as_a_supporting_artist}
\[This is a representative sample; there could be dozens, if not hundreds, of disks on this list
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# Broadhempston
**Broadhempston** (*alias* **Broad Hempston**, anciently **Great Hempston**, **Hempston Cauntelow**) is a village, parish and former manor in Devon, England, situated about 4 miles north of Totnes. It is now administered by Teignbridge District Council. According to the 2001 census the parish contained 257 houses with a population of 641.
## Description
The village contains a parish church, a primary school, two public houses (the Monk\'s Retreat and the Coppa Dolla) and a shop/post office. The working population mainly commutes to the neighbouring town of Torquay, and to the cities of Exeter and Plymouth, including many who work in the medical sector.
Many of the villagers are \"incomers\" and now outnumber \"natives\". The proportion of professional and managerial grade employees resident in the parish is higher than the national average for comparable sized areas. House ownership levels, as a measure of prosperity, is also high. Until recently there were five farmhouses and yards within the village itself, but these have been converted to residential uses. A \"Community Woodland" has public access for pedestrians and is widely used for leisure as well as a community educational resource.
### Notable buildings {#notable_buildings}
- Parish church of St Peter and St Paul, which has a 13th-century chancel with 15th-century arcades, beams and bosses. The fine chancel screen is ancient, although the top part was made in 1903. The baptismal font is 15th century. Giles Hussey, artist and theorist, is buried in the churchyard.
- The 15th-century almshouse is now an inn.
- Village Hall, recently rebuilt to cater for all age groups from the village and surrounding areas.
## Manor
The manor is listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as *Hamistone* and was held by Robert, Count of Mortain, 2nd Earl of Cornwall. It was later held successively by the families of Cantilupe (from whom it became known as *Hempston Cauntelow*), West, Rowe, Martin, Champion, Duntze and Tozer
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# Ellen Sauerbrey
**Ellen Richmond Sauerbrey** (born September 9, 1937) is an American politician from Maryland and the former head of the United States Department of State\'s Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration. She was nominated to the Bureau in September 2005 by President George W. Bush. On January 4, 2006, Bush placed her in office by way of a recess appointment, bypassing the need for Senate confirmation. Her confirmation was unlikely, given strong objections by some senators. Sauerbrey\'s recess appointment caused some controversy; however, her experience as minority leader in the Maryland House of Delegates and managing a complex U.S. Census project helped rally others to her cause. After her tenure in the house of delegates, she ran for governor of Maryland in 1994 and 1998 as the Republican nominee, losing both elections to Democrat Parris Glendening.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Sauerbrey was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the only child of Ethel, a secretary/stenographer, and Edgar Richmond, a steelworker for Bethlehem Steel at Sparrows Point. She is a 1955 graduate of Towson High School and a 1959 graduate of Western Maryland College, and was a teacher before entering politics. In 1959, she married Wilmer J.E. Sauerbrey, who is credited with having introduced her to conservative politics.
From 1978 to 1994, she was a Republican member of the Maryland House of Delegates, and served as minority leader from 1986 to 1994. Her committee assignments included the Appropriations Committee; Subcommittee on Education and Transportation; Ways and Means and Economic Matters.
In 1990, she was elected as the national chairwoman of the American Legislative Exchange Council, serving in 1991 when President George H. W. Bush spoke to the organization.
Sauerbrey ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Maryland twice, in 1994 and 1998. She was defeated by Democrat Parris Glendening both times, the first time by a very narrow margin. The 1994 election was in doubt as charges of voter fraud led to a lawsuit by the Sauerbrey campaign to overturn the election, which was ultimately unsuccessful.
In 2002, George W. Bush nominated Sauerbrey to be Representative to the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, with the rank of Ambassador. In that post, Sauerbrey focused mostly on three issues: the need for more education for women, the importance of empowering women economically and politically, and protection of the right to life.
In January 2006, while the Senate was recessed, President Bush appointed Sauerbrey as Assistant Secretary of State for Population, Refugees, and Migration. It was reported then that this and other such appointments would end at the conclusion of the congressional session in January 2007.
In a January 15, 2007, hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Democratic lawmakers and advocates for refugees called for increased help for fleeing Iraqis. Sauerbrey said a UN-predicted wave of refugees did not occur right after the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and was instead occurring at that present time.
Sauerbrey was inducted into the Maryland Women\'s Hall of Fame in 2013 and has written opinion articles published by *The Washington Times* as recently as 2017.
In November 2020, amid attempts to overturn the U.S. presidential election, Sauerbrey expressed no regrets about challenging her 1994 election outcome, saying, \"I think when you have a pretty good indication that the election is rigged, you should fight\". Sauerbrey also questioned the transparency, accuracy, and timeliness involved with counting mail-in ballots
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# Proti, Florina
**Proti** (*Πρώτη*, before 1928: Καμπάσνιτσα -- *Kampasnitsa*; Bulgarian/Macedonian: Кладошница, *Kladošnica* or Кабасница, *Kabasnica*) is a small village in the Florina regional unit of Macedonia, northern Greece, located approximately 5 km northwest from the city of Florina, to which it belongs administratively.
## History
The village first appears in two chysobulls of the Serbian Tsar Stefan Dušan preserved in the archives of Treskavec monastery near Prilep. The documents, dated to 1343-44 and 1344--45, mention the village under its Aromanian name *Klbasnicu* in connection with a transhumant \"route of the Vlachs,\" a toponym (*vlaški pat*) preserved today for a footpath following the crest of a hill to the west of the village. An Ottoman defter of 1481 records eighty households in the village.
In the book "Ethnographie des Vilayets d\'Adrianople, de Monastir et de Salonique", published in Constantinople in 1878, that reflects the statistics of the male population in 1873, *Kladochnitza* was noted as a village with 40 households and 110 male Bulgarian inhabitants. According to the statistics of geographer Dimitri Mishev (D. M. Brancoff), the village had a total Christian population of 520 in 1905, all Patriarchist Bulgarians (Grecomans). It also had 1 Greek school.
At one time a flourishing community of 500 people whose primary occupation was wheat farming, Proti today is an agricultural hamlet with 115 residents (2021 census).
There are a number of public buildings in the hamlet. The school, though unused, is in good condition. The church is impeccably maintained. In the rear of the church is the graveyard with many stones that are centuries old.
Proti was ravaged during World War II. Many residents left in the 1950s and 1960s in search of a better life and went to the U.S., Canada, and Australia.
## Demographics
In fieldwork done by anthropologist Riki Van Boeschoten in late 1993, Proti was populated by Slavophones. The Macedonian language was spoken in the village by people over 30 in public and private settings. Children understood the language, but mostly did not use it
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# Glenn Barr
**Albert Glenn Barr** OBE (19 March 1942 -- 24 October 2017) was a politician from Derry, Northern Ireland, who was an advocate of Ulster nationalism. For a time during the 1970s he straddled both Unionism and Loyalism due to simultaneously holding important positions in the Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party and the Ulster Defence Association.
## UDA
Initially a member of a general trade union, Barr first came to prominence at the very start of the Troubles in 1969 when he was involved in an initiative to ensure Protestant workers did not join in strikes called by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association. He went on to join the Loyalist Association of Workers in the early 1970s and from there became involved in the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). The loose associations of shop stewards that existed in Derry and the surrounding areas formed the basis of the UDA in this area. Barr served as Brigadier of the North-West Brigade of the UDA, which later became known as the Londonderry and North Antrim Brigade.
## Politics
Around this time Barr also became involved in politics by joining the Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party (VPUP) and was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly, which had been set up under the Sunningdale Agreement, in 1973. As a result, Barr was the only UDA member to serve in either of the two bodies elected in Northern Ireland following the collapse of the Stormont Parliament. However, according to Ian S. Wood it had been Barr\'s profile as a trade unionist and community worker, rather than any UDA connections, that had won him the election.
He soon became a leading figure in the opposition to Sunningdale agreement and effectively led the Ulster Workers\' Council strike that brought about the collapse of the new power-sharing government. Barr was chairman of the Ulster Loyalist Central Co-ordinating Committee, a group containing Ulster Workers\' Council representatives, politicians and paramilitaries that directed the strike. He would later comment that it would have been feasible to establish a provisional government for an independent Northern Ireland from this body.
Always something of a maverick within Unionist politics, Barr served a three-month suspension from the United Ulster Unionist Council (UUUC) after endorsing the candidacy of Ken Gibson of the Volunteer Political Party for West Belfast in the October 1974 general election despite the Democratic Unionist Party\'s John McQuade representing the UUUC. During his suspension Barr was part of a UDA delegation that made a fund-raising trip to Libya where they met with Muammar Gaddafi. Barr claimed when he returned that Gaddafi, who at the time was funding the Provisional IRA, had expressed a firm interest in providing money for an independent Northern Ireland. The trip however, on which Barr was accompanied by Tommy Lyttle, Andy Robinson and Harry Chicken, was widely condemned by unionist politicians because of the purportedly left-wing nature of the Gaddafi regime whilst the same reason was used a basis by Charles Harding Smith to launch a loyalist feud against UDA leader Andy Tyrie, whose idea the trip had been. In the course of this feud, Harding Smith placed Barr under a death threat, although nothing came of this as the pro-Tyrie forces quickly dispatched the challenge of Harding Smith.
When the VPUP split after leader William Craig suggested in the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention that he would consider a power-sharing arrangement with the Social Democratic and Labour Party Barr was one of the few leading figures to remain loyal to Craig rather than decamping to Ernest Baird\'s United Ulster Unionist Party. When the UDA intimated that it did not back Craig\'s position either Barr tendered his resignation from the paramilitary group. Barr, who had exchanged angry words with Ian Paisley on a few occasions when both men were central to the 1974 strike, publicly distanced himself from the attempted strike organised by Paisley\'s United Unionist Action Council in 1977. Along with David Trimble he became deputy leader of the Vanguard and held this position until the party dissolution in 1978. He, however, did not follow Craig in joining the Ulster Unionist Party and instead returned to his UDA roots.
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# Glenn Barr
## Return to UDA activity {#return_to_uda_activity}
Barr had been invited back into the UDA after the failure of the second strike, with a feeling within the movement that he had been proven right with his opposition to the failed initiative and so would be an asset politically to the movement. Following the collapse of Vanguard Barr returned to a leading position in the UDA, becoming involved in the New Ulster Political Research Group (NUPRG). Whilst there, Barr took a leading role in the production of *Beyond the Religious Divide*, a document which sought to set out a framework for a move towards eventual independence for Northern Ireland. Barr became increasingly disillusioned with what he saw as the callousness of unionist politicians towards their electorate, and the blind loyalty of that electorate. He commented: \"They could have sent a donkey with a Union Jack tied to its tail up the Shankill Road, and we would have voted for it.\" Barr was also chosen to break the self-imposed media blackout adopted by the NUPRG in late 1978 when he gave an interview to the Irish political magazine *Magill* during which he put forward the case for independence.
The UDA, however, failed to recommend the proposals to its members and, as a result, Barr drifted away from the NUPRG, leaving politics altogether in 1981 to return to community work in Derry. Barr also had a somewhat fractious relationship with the NUPRG\'s chairman John McMichael and following Barr\'s retirement McMichael changed the group, abandoning Barr\'s pet project of establishing a cross-community Northern Ireland Negotiated Independence Association, and instead set up the Ulster Loyalist Democratic Party.
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# Glenn Barr
## Later years {#later_years}
Barr set up a scheme for disadvantaged young people by which they would receive low-wage employment and training under the government ACE scheme (later called the New Deal). Both Barr and Paddy Doherty, who established a similar scheme in the Catholic Bogside area, would eventually face criticism for what became known colloquially \"ACE empires\" as both employed very high numbers of youths on these poorly paid training schemes.
Barr briefly emerged from his political retirement in 1994 when he joined his old friend from the strike Andy Tyrie in heading up an initiative to gain funding for the Ulster Democratic Party. He appeared set for a more active return in 1998 when he took up a seat on the Parades Commission, a move roundly condemned by nationalists, given Barr\'s UDA past, and one that saw resignations from the board in protest. Ultimately, however, Barr himself resigned on 24 April 1998, along with loyalist Tommy Cheevers not long after the Commission had banned an Apprentice Boys parade from the nationalist lower Ormeau Road. Barr continued to work on community projects in Derry, running the Maydown Youth Training Project Ltd, which seeks to alleviate the high levels of unemployment amongst the young in the Derry. He had also worked closely with Paddy Harte, a former Irish Government minister, on promoting awareness of Irish Catholic participation in both World Wars.
## Death
Barr died at Altnagelvin hospital on 24 October 2017 at the age of 75. DUP MP Gregory Campbell paid tribute to him and the hard work he carried out in the community. Sinn Féin MP Elisha McCallion described him as being \"on a journey of reconciliation\" and expressed her sorrow at his passing. Social Democratic and Labour Party leader Colum Eastwood praised his dedication to peace and reconciliation. He was interred in Altnagelvin cemetery after a service at Ebrington Presbyterian church in Derry.
He was married to Isa, with whom he had four children
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# Video Italia
**Video Italia** was an Italian television channel owned by *Gruppo Radio Italia*. With Radio Italia Solo Musica Italiana, it telecasted Italian music videos and concerts on SKY Italia channel 712. On 31 December 2012, it was closed and merged with Radio Italia TV
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# Cihuatlán
**Cihuatlán** is a coastal municipality in the Mexican state of Jalisco. Its main city is also named Cihuatlán.
## Etymology
The word Cihuatlán is compounded of two words of Nahuatl origin, a language spoken in central Mexico since the seventh century AD and the language of the Aztecs: *Zihua*, woman, and *Tlán* place; therefore in Cihuatlán means *place of women*.
## History
The town was founded on the Marabasco River, and at the time of the Spanish conquest its population was about 500 women and only 20 men.`{{Attribution needed|date=August 2010}}`{=mediawiki} The first Spanish expedition to the Jalisco coastal zone was led by Gonzalo de Sandoval.
By decree of the President of the Republic of Mexico, on December 16, 1825, the harbour Barra de Navidad was rebuilt in order to accommodate local and foreign trade.`{{Attribution needed|date=August 2010}}`{=mediawiki}
## Climate
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The Cihuatlán coat of arms is in a French style with cross-sectioning. In the upper left section is the image of a pre-Hispanic woman\'s head. In the upper right section is a ship sailing on the sea. In the bottom left section is a religious building and in the bottom right section, a view of a fertile valley.
## Most important settlements {#most_important_settlements}
- Cihuatlán, 15,697 inhabitants (2005)`{{Attribution needed|date=August 2010}}`{=mediawiki}
- Melaque, 6,379 inhabitants
- Barra de Navidad, 3,386 inhabitants
- , 2,182 inhabitants
- Emiliano Zapata, 1,589 inhabitants
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Nestor Enrique Valencia Guerrero, June 9, 1965, grandson to former municipal president of Cihuatlán, Ramon Valencia Torres, Mayor and Councilmember of the City of Bell, California, USA. First Mayor in the United States that welcomed immigrant children from Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador, in 2014. Also, his civic actions for the City of Bell changed government transparency laws.
## Government
### Municipal presidents {#municipal_presidents}
-------------------------------- ------------------------ --------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Municipal president** **Term** **Political party** **Notes**
Heliodoro Trujillo 1904-1911
Juan Murguía 1912
Hilarión Pardo 1913
J. Guadalupe Cárdenas 1919
Tomás Huerta 1920
Elías Salas 1921
Victoriano Bobadilla 1922
Tomás Huerta 1923
Marcelo García Araiza 1924
J. Natividad Arreola 1926
Domingo Rojas 1927
Calixto Castrejón G. 1928
Nazario Pineda 1929
Jesús Morett S. 1930 PNR
José Godoy Uribe 1931 PNR
Everardo Hurtado 1932 PNR
Jesús Morett 1933 PNR
Tomás Huerta 1934 PNR
Manuel González R. 1934 PNR
Amador Araiza 1935 PNR
Pedro García Araiza 1936 PNR
J. Guadalupe Cázares 1937 PNR
Pomposo Preciado 1938 PNR Last one-year term
Ramón Valencia 1939-1940 PRM First biennium
Luis Salaiza 1941-1942 PRM
Amador Araiza 1943-1944 PRM
Cosme Morán C. 1945-1946 PRM
Abel Ochoa Huerta 1947-1948 PRI
Cosme Morán C. 1949-1952 PRI
Pedro Corona 1953-1954 PRI
Juan Cárdenas R. 1955-1956 PRI
Alfonso Orozco 1957-1958 PRI Last biennium
Rogelio Salas G. 1959-1961 PRI First triennium
Cosme Morán C. 1962-1964 PRI
Telésforo Salas F. 1965-1967 PRI
Mariano Velasco 1968-1970 PRI
J. Jesús Morett M. 1971-1973 PRI
Manuel Muñoz C. 1974-1976 PRI
Vicente Morett M. 1977-1979 PRI
Salvador Figueroa B
| 488 |
Cihuatlán
| 0 |
2,883,923 |
# De Lisle College
**De Lisle College** (formerly De Lisle Roman Catholic Comprehensive School, then De Lisle Catholic Science College and sometimes called De Lisle School) is a co-educational secondary school with academy status in Loughborough, Leicestershire, England. According to the Ofsted website, it has 1,400 pupils. It was designated as a science specialist school in 2003. It draws the majority of its pupils from seven local Catholic primary schools, including Bishop Ellis, Sacred Heart, St Mary\'s, St Winefride\'s, St. Clare\'s, St Francis and Holy Cross Academy. Since September 2018, it has been a part of the St Thomas Aquinas Catholic Multi-Academy Trust.
## School traditions and other information {#school_traditions_and_other_information}
The school logo is a stag, a reference to the deer which once roamed the land the school is built on, before it was given to the county by local landowner Ambrose Lisle March Phillipps De Lisle, from whom the school also takes its name.
The school\'s Latin motto, \"Quod justum, non quod utile\" is often translated as \"do what is right, not what is easy\" but literally translates to \"what is fair, not what is useful.\"
The school has four houses: Margaret Clitherow (blue), Thomas Moore (red), John Fisher (green), Ralph Sherwin (yellow), For a period, the houses were renamed after individuals with a religious legacy: Mother Teresa (blue), Oscar Romero (red), Martin Luther King Jr. (green) and St. Bernadette (yellow), though the names had reverted by sometime before September 2019.
## School buildings {#school_buildings}
On site facilities include a swimming pool, a library, and a cashless vending system operated by the user\'s thumbprint.
The school retains all of its original 1950s structures, but renovation work has been put into the Science rooms, giving them a complete refit, and the Art and Design & Technology rooms (in some cases completely remodelling them).
## Addition to the building {#addition_to_the_building}
In the early 1990s, the Modern Foreign Languages block was built separately from the other school buildings next to the swimming pool, allowing the department to have its own buildings and rooms. This was dubbed the \"New Block\", but has reverted to the \"Languages Block\" with the rooms losing the \"N\" prefix and was firstly replaced by the \"L\" prefix (e.g. L2), and now the "La" prefix (e.g. La2). In 2003/4, the Humanities block was built as an add-on to the science buildings, allowing the Science department to branch out.
Four mobile classrooms have also been built, taking up small portions of what used to be the main playground. These were intended as temporary units for classroom overflow, but have since become much more permanent, with new ramps to the doors. There are two rooms in each unit. The rooms have been recently refurbished`{{When|date=August 2024}}`{=mediawiki} and are now the main classrooms for Year 7 students. There are now four mobiles, split in half to make eight classrooms. To non-year 7 students, the mobiles serve as classrooms for an all-round general purpose, from English to Business Studies.
## In the media {#in_the_media}
In September 2019, an article was published in the *Leicester Mercury* about the school banning all smartphones from school grounds. The new rule had been brought in because the headteacher John Pye said the devices caused conflict among students. He also referred to a statement made by Amanda Spielman, HM Chief Inspector of Schools, who had backed the banning of phones in schools. The rule change caused significant controversy amongst students and parents.
The school again courted controversy in October 2021 when they were visited by a teacher branded the \'toughest\' in the land. Ex-head Barry Smith was invited on a temporary basis to help with the smooth transition of pupils between classes. The visit sparked a backlash from parents, with several contacting LeicestershireLive expressing dismay and confusion over his role at the school. A great deal of dissatisfaction was expressed that a \"new discipline regime\" had been introduced along the lines of Smith\'s methods. Barry Smith had previously been removed from his school in January 2020 after \'restraining\' a pupil.
In December 2021, Assistant Headteacher Simon McLone appeared at Loughborough Magistrates Court charged with \'sexual activity with a girl aged 13 to 17\' and \'abusing a position of trust\'. On the 8th April 2022 the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) decided to offer no evidence in the case, which resulted in a verdict of 'not guilty' against McLone.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Dominic Reed (b. 1990) - cricketer
- Joe Maksymiw (b
| 743 |
De Lisle College
| 0 |
2,883,928 |
# October incident
The `{{nihongo|'''October incident'''|十月事件|Jūgatsu Jiken}}`{=mediawiki}, also known as the `{{nihongo|'''Imperial Colors incident'''|錦旗革命事件|Kinki Kakumei Jiken}}`{=mediawiki}, was an abortive coup d\'état attempt in the Empire of Japan on 21 October 1931, launched by the *Sakurakai* secret society within the Imperial Japanese Army, aided by civilian ultranationalist groups.
## Background and history {#background_and_history}
Having failed to replace the government with a totalitarian military dictatorship in the abortive coup d\'état of the March Incident of March 1931, Lt. Col. Kingoro Hashimoto of the *Sakurakai* and his ultra-nationalist civilian supporters, including Shūmei Ōkawa, resolved to try again in October 1931.
Soon after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria by the Kwantung Army, without prior authorization from the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and over the ongoing objections of the Japanese civilian government, Capt. Isamu Chō returned secretly to Japan (without orders) from North China to lead the plot to \"prevent the government from squandering the fruits of our victory in Manchuria\". He was able to recruit the support of 120 members of the *Sakurakai*, ten companies of troops from the Imperial Guards and ten bomber aircraft from the Imperial Japanese Navy.
The main elements of the plot included:
- Key statesmen and officials such as Prime Minister Wakatsuki Reijirō, Grand Chamberlain Saitō Makoto, Prince Saionji Kinmochi, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal Makino Nobuaki and Foreign Minister Kijūrō Shidehara were to be assassinated.
- The Imperial Palace, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Headquarters, and other key government buildings were to be seized by troops loyal to the *Sakurakai*
- A new cabinet would be formed under the auspices of Gen. Sadao Araki, chief of the radical Imperial Way Faction. The new government would ban political parties, and would consolidate the recent territorial gains of Japan in Manchuria.
- The Emperor would be forced to accept this Shōwa Restoration even if under threat of violence.
However, younger elements within the conspiracy came to doubt their leaders and seceded from the plot. In addition, there were leaks that reached War Minister Gen. Jirō Minami. He requested Gen. Sadao Araki to pacify the malcontents. Araki thereupon attempted to reason with Hashimoto and Chō, but they refused to abandon their scheme and Araki had them arrested by the *Kempeitai*---military police---on 17 October 1931.
The punishments for this abortive coup were even milder than for the previous March Incident, as Gen. Minami publicly excused the plot as simply an excess of patriotic zeal. Hashimoto was sentenced to 20 days house arrest, Chō to 10 days and the other ringleaders were simply transferred.
## Consequences
The October Incident, also known as the \"Imperial Colors Incident\", thus ended in apparent failure and resulted in the dissolution of the *Sakurakai*. However, the lightness of the punishments only encouraged more attempted military intervention in the government, culminating in the February 26 Incident of 1936
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October incident
| 0 |
2,883,929 |
# Military Academy incident
The **`{{nihongo|Military Academy incident|士官学校事件|Shikan Gakko Jiken}}`{=mediawiki}**, also known as the **`{{nihongo| November incident|十一月事件|Juichigatsu Jiken }}`{=mediawiki}** was an attempted coup d\'état that took place in the Empire of Japan in November 1934. It was one of a sequence of similar conspiracies for a \"Shōwa Restoration\" led by radical elements with the Imperial Japanese Army.
## Background
The failed coup attempts in 1931 (the March Incident and the Imperial Colors Incident) by the *Sakurakai*, a secret society within the junior ranks of the Imperial Japanese Army officer corps promoting a vision of a militaristic totalitarian system as an alternative to the perceived corrupt party politics dominated democratic government, inspired similar plans by other groups within the military.
In 1934, a group of five Imperial Japanese Army Academy cadets led by two army officers belonging to the radical militarist Imperial Way Faction at the academy, troubled by the perceived loss of influence of their faction over the military following the dismissal of Army Minister Sadao Araki in January 1934, formulated their own plan for overthrowing the government. However, in early November 1934, Sato, one of the cadets, informed the government authorities about the plan and its Imperial Way Faction involvement.
Forewarned, Captain Tsuji Masanobu, company commander at the Army Academy, arranged the arrest of the principals by the *Kempeitai* on 20 November 1934, ending the possible coup d\'état before it could even get started. For lack of evidence, the accused could not be convicted; but the five cadets were expelled from the academy in March 1935, and the two officers, Muranaka and Isobe were suspended for six months from duty in April 1935.
When the suspended officers Muranaka and Isobe later distributed pamphlets entitled \"Remonstrance for the Restoration of Military Discipline\" (otherwise known as \"Views on the Housecleaning of the Army\"), they were dismissed from the service outright in August 1935.
## The Aizawa Incident {#the_aizawa_incident}
The Imperial Way Faction believed that Sato had been acting as a spy for Captain Tsuji all along, and that the whole affair was a trap laid by their rivals, the *Tōseiha* faction to discredit General Jinzaburō Masaki, the Inspector-General of Military Education, as the incident led to General Masaki\'s dismissal.
In retaliation, in what came to be known as the `{{nihongo|'''Aizawa Incident'''|相沢事件|Aizawa jiken}}`{=mediawiki}, an Imperial Way Faction officer, Lieutenant Colonel Saburo Aizawa, assassinated Mazaki\'s successor, Toseiha faction Major General Tetsuzan Nagata on 12 August 1935, cutting him down with his sword in his office. Nagata was posthumously promoted to lieutenant general, and Aizawa was executed by firing squad after a court martial held by the IJA 1st Division based in Tokyo. Army Minister Senjūrō Hayashi was also forced to resign over the affair.
## Consequences
The Military Academy Incident and the Aizawa Incident were indicative of the increasing politicization and political polarization of the Japanese military, and an increasing tendency to resolve political differences through force. The lack of action within the military leadership to suppress these tendencies, and the powerlessness of the civilian elected government over the military were contributing factors that led to the subsequent February 26 Incident
| 518 |
Military Academy incident
| 0 |
2,883,935 |
# Paul DiGaetano
**Paul DiGaetano** (born October 28, 1953) is the current Bergen County Republican Organization Chairman. DiGaetano also served in the New Jersey General Assembly representing the 36th Legislative District from 1986 -- 1987 and again from 1992 -- 2006. DiGaetano also served as a member of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Commission, the Legislative Service Commission and the New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology. DiGaetano originally represented Passaic, New Jersey, but moved to Nutley, New Jersey following his 1999 re-election (DiGaetano believed that, when the new legislative districts would be redrawn following the 2000 U.S. Census, Passaic would be split from District 36 and he wanted to ensure that he would keep his seat if it came to that). He served with John Kelly of Nutley for many years in the Assembly, but for his last two terms in office he served as part of a split ticket; Wood-Ridge, New Jersey mayor Paul Sarlo was elected to Kelly\'s seat in 2001 and after Sarlo moved to the State Senate Frederick Scalera of Nutley was elected in 2003 to replace him.
In 2005, DiGaetano did not run for re-election in the split 36th District, choosing instead to run for the Republican nomination for governor. DiGaetano came in a distant sixth in the primary election with 16,684 votes, well behind winner Doug Forrester who received 108,941. On Election Day, November 8, 2005, Democrat Frederick Scalera, who joined the Assembly in 2003, retained his seat and running mate Gary Schaer was victorious, picking up DiGaetano\'s open seat for the Democrats.
DiGaetano received a B.S. degree from the University of Notre Dame in Aerospace Engineering. He is President of J. DiGaetano and Sons Inc., a construction and development company.
## New Jersey Assembly {#new_jersey_assembly}
During his legislative career, DiGaetano pushed many measures that served the public's interest, such as the HMO right-to-sue legislation, mandatory health insurance coverage for women's cervical cancer tests, lightening the tax burden on New Jersey's working poor and cutting taxes more than fifty times. DiGaetano worked on legislation to create Urban Enterprise Zones, protect children from sexual predators, toughen rape penalties, reform binding arbitration, create New Jersey's first ever cord blood resource center, secure funding to purchase enhanced testing equipment for newborn infants. As Assemblyman, he sponsored the Senior Gold Prescription Discount Program, authored the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001, sponsored the creation of a conservation trust fund to protect the New Jersey Meadowlands and Watershed, and authored the Brownfields Redevelopment Act.
Paul DiGaetano was a member of the Passaic City Council from 1981 -- 1996, serving as its President from 1991 -- 1993. He was the Assembly\'s Republican Leader from 2002 -- 2003 and the Majority Leader from 1996 -- 2001.
## Bergen County GOP {#bergen_county_gop}
In 2016 DiGaetano challenged incumbent Bergen County Republican Organization chairman Robert Yudin in the race for chair. DiGaetano cited recent Republican losses in county elections and popular Bergen County Sheriff Michael Saudino switching affiliation to the Bergen Democrats as major reasons for new leadership being necessary. DiGaetano also had support from the local Young Republicans chapter, with Paul offering to make several members leaders in his administration. DiGaetano won with a near landslide victory in June 2016.
## 2017 Senate Campaign {#senate_campaign}
In February 2017 DiGaetano declared his candidacy for New Jersey Senate in the New Jersey\'s 40th legislative district after incumbent Senator Kevin J. O\'Toole announced that he will not seek reelection. At its March 2017 convention, Bergen County Republicans selected DiGaetano as its nominee for Senate, with former District 34 Senator Norm Robertson and Christopher Phillips as nominees for General Assembly. DiGaetano\'s main opponent for the nomination is Kristin Corrado, the current Passaic County Clerk who is expected to receive backing from the county committee there.
DiGaetano confirmed that should he be elected he will remain as the Bergen County Republican Chairman.
| 642 |
Paul DiGaetano
| 0 |
2,883,935 |
# Paul DiGaetano
## District 36 {#district_36}
Each of the forty districts in the New Jersey Legislature has one representative in the New Jersey Senate and two members in the New Jersey General Assembly
| 34 |
Paul DiGaetano
| 1 |
2,883,940 |
# Sean Dawkins
**Sean Russell Dawkins** (February 3, 1971 -- August 9, 2023) was an American professional football player who was a wide receiver for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the California Golden Bears, earning consensus All-American honors. A first-round draft pick in the 1993 NFL draft, he played professionally for the Indianapolis Colts, New Orleans Saints, Seattle Seahawks and Jacksonville Jaguars of the NFL.
## Early life {#early_life}
Sean Russell Dawkins was born in Red Bank, New Jersey, but raised in Sunnyvale, California. He distinguished himself as a wide receiver at Homestead High School in Cupertino, California.
## College career {#college_career}
Dawkins earned an athletic scholarship to attend the University of California, Berkeley, where he played for the California Golden Bears. While at Cal, Dawkins used his speed and size (6 feet 4 inches, 215 pounds) to establish himself as one of the country\'s most dangerous deep threats. His first two seasons at California were unqualified successes for him personally, as well as his Golden Bear teammates. In 1990, California won their first Bowl Game since 1938, defeating Wyoming in the Copper Bowl. The following season, the Bears dominated nationally ranked Clemson in the Citrus Bowl, which earned them the No. 7 ranking in the final CNN/*USA Today* Coaches Poll, their highest finish since 1950. It also marked the first time in school history that California won bowl games in consecutive seasons.
The 1992 season, however, included a new coach. After transforming the California program from a laughingstock into a national power, coach Bruce Snyder left Berkeley for Arizona State and was replaced by Keith Gilbertson. Gilbertson\'s squad struggled to a 4--7 record in 1992, but Dawkins was one bright spot in an otherwise forgettable year. Dawkins was recognized a consensus first-team All-American after the season in 1992, an honor which encouraged him to forgo his senior season and enter the NFL Draft.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Dawkins was selected in the first round of the 1993 NFL draft by the Indianapolis Colts as the 16th overall pick and the second wide receiver chosen. In his third season with the Colts, Indianapolis won two playoff games before falling to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game. He played in two more playoff games in his career, but both were losses.
After one season in New Orleans, Dawkins signed as a free agent with the Seattle Seahawks in 1999. He enjoyed his finest personal year in 1999 with 58 receptions for 992 yards. After two campaigns with Seattle, Dawkins spent his final year with the Jacksonville Jaguars. His career was clearly on the decline by that point, as he made only 20 catches with the Jaguars that season. Before the 2002 season, he signed with the Minnesota Vikings but was among the final cuts and never played in the NFL again.
## Life after football {#life_after_football}
Dawkins pursued a career in real estate in Sacramento, California, and later trained to become a police officer in San Jose, California.
Dawkins died on August 9, 2023, at the age of 52.
## NFL career statistics {#nfl_career_statistics}
Year Team GP Rec Yards Avg Lng TD FD Fum Lost
-------- ------ ----- ----- ------- ------ ----- ---- ----- ----- ------
1993 IND 16 26 430 16.5 68 1 21 0 0
1994 IND 16 51 742 14.5 49 5 35 1 1
1995 IND 16 52 784 15.1 52 3 37 1 0
1996 IND 15 54 751 13.9 42 1 39 1 1
1997 IND 14 68 804 11.8 51 2 39 0 0
1998 NO 15 53 823 15.5 64 1 40 2 2
1999 SEA 16 58 992 17.1 45 7 51 1 1
2000 SEA 16 63 731 11.6 40 5 42 0 0
2001 JAX 16 20 234 11.7 28 0 11 1 0
Career 140 445 6,291 14
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| 0 |
2,883,942 |
# Cheats (film)
***Cheats*** is a 2002 American comedy film about four friends that have been cheating their way through high school, and have to face new challenges to avoid getting caught before going to college. The lead roles are played by Trevor Fehrman, Matthew Lawrence, and Mary Tyler Moore.
The original title of the movie was *Cheaters* but was thought that likely to be confused with the 2000 movie *Cheaters* starring Jeff Daniels.
## Plot
Since kindergarten, Handsome Davis and Sammy Green have been stealing teachers\' test answer keys to cheat on tests. By the time they\'re in middle school, they regularly have a classmate named Evan Rosengarten do their homework for them, and they pay Evan with hardcore porn videos that Handsome steals from his dad\'s collection. This ends when Evan\'s mom finds out that Handsome gave her son a bestiality tape, though Handsome counts on his dad being too ashamed to press the issue.
In high school, they expand their cheating operation by partnering with Victor Barone and Jon Applebee (the latter being their expert crib sheet maker), getting a copy of the janitor\'s master key, and trading answers to other classmates for money and favors. Principal Stark finds out the key was stolen and publicly announces that she\'s having all the school\'s locks changed. Handsome insists on stealing something to let their customers know they\'re still in business, and they end up offering Teddy Blue a chance to see the school psychologist\'s file on her; during the break-in, Applebee tries to call off the operation because he desperately doesn\'t want any of his teammates to read his own psychological file. They are caught by the janitor because of Applebee\'s hesitation, but manage to lie their way out of it.
Physics teacher Mr. Harkin is about to give an incredibly difficult midterm exam, and to steal his answer key, Handsome fakes confiding in Harkin about being sexually confused while Victor copies his answer key. Victor tells Handsome that they should cut ties with Applebee entirely, but Handsome gets him to settle on only excluding Applebee from the upcoming physics midterm. They eventually reconcile, but tensions remain high between Victor and Applebee. Sammy starts getting a smart, upstanding classmate named Julie Merkel to tutor him, and tells Handsome that he doesn\'t want to cheat on tests anymore, but Handsome convinces Sammy to keep participating. Handsome, Sammy and Victor cheat on the physics midterm, after which Harkin pulls the three of them aside to accuse them of cheating. Handsome denies cheating in a dramatic rant, during which he pulls off his shirt. Harkin believes him, while Sammy and Victor are reprimanded by Principal Stark.
World history teacher Mrs. Herman, nicknamed \"the grade book\" for keeping a meticulous written record of her students\' daily behaviors, is about to give her class their final exam. Julie, resentful for being waitlisted by Tufts University and having to compete with cheaters for good grades, convinces the other girls to stop giving their notes to the boys. Sammy decides to exclude himself from cheating on the history final. Victor takes his frustration out on Herman\'s adopted sons with a cruel prank phone call, but is convinced by Handsome to apologize to them and recruit their help in stealing their mother\'s answer key. Victor and Handsome nickname them \"Greedy\" and \"Horny\" for demanding \$400 and a date with a girl they both have a crush on. Victor receives the answer key from them, and the crew of six - Handsome, Victor, Applebee, and three new accomplices - forsake crib sheets in favor of making up an obscene song to help them memorize the answers. Principal Stark is convinced that Sammy and Victor have turned over a new leaf, and decides not to punish them after all.
Towards the end of their senior year, Mrs. Herman uses her grade book as leverage against her students while they\'re seeking college admissions, spurring Handsome and Victor to steal and destroy her grade book. The collective punishments given to the class, and lack of grading data jeopardizing their final grades, threatens to turn Handsome\'s and Victor\'s classmates against them. Principal Stark receives an anonymous letter that blames Victor alone for stealing the grade book, and Stark trusts Sammy - a founding member of the student court - to confirm Victor\'s guilt. Handsome, Victor and Sammy (now working as a double agent to help his friends) suspect Applebee wrote the letter, and having to prevent anyone from Herman\'s class from naming them on their upcoming video depositions. Handsome tries to intimidate Julie by convincing her that students will chant \"Julie is a rat\" during their graduation ceremony. Victor goes overboard in trying to intimidate Applebee, causing Applebee to immediately testify that Victor is guilty.
Sammy is able to offer Victor a plea bargain, in which he retakes world history at summer school to still get his diploma. Victor reveals Handsome\'s involvement in his guilty plea. Sammy offers Handsome the same plea bargain, which Handsome ultimately accepts. At graduation, Handsome apologizes to Applebee for having looked at his psychological profile earlier in the year, which stated that Applebee has a crooked penis. Mr. Harkin gives Handsome an achievement award in physics, to the crowd\'s shock - while narrating to the viewer, Handsome insists that he truly did pass the physics midterm without cheating, despite his pattern of doing so elsewhere. The crowd mocks Handsome by chanting \"cheated on the midterm\", to which Handsome happily shrugs. As the credits roll, it\'s revealed that Mrs. Herman\'s adopted sons wrote the anonymous letter to get revenge on Victor, Victor himself was also adopted, Sammy tried to have sex with Julie in her sleep, Mr. Harkin taught Handsome and Victor\'s summer school class, and that they wore skimpy clothing to try to ensure themselves A-grades, suggesting that Mr. Harkin himself is gay.
## Main cast {#main_cast}
- Trevor Fehrman as Handsome Davis
- Elden Henson as Sammy Green
- Matthew Lawrence as Victor Barone
- Martin Starr as Jonathan Applebee
- Mary Tyler Moore as Mrs. Stark, Principal, North Point Academy
- Maggie Lawson as Julie Merkel
- Babz Chula as Mrs. Rosengarden
- David Krumholtz as Evan Rosengarden
- Dixon Cohee as Greedy Herman
- Griffin Dunne as Mr. Davis, Handsome\'s father
- Morris Panych as Mr. Alex Harkin
- Will Sanderson as Rexler
- Jewel Staite as Teddy Blue
- Bill Switzer as Garret
- Tseng Chang as Marty
- Barbara Tyson as Mrs. Herman
- Kathryn Anderson as 2nd Grade Teacher
- Brett Kelly as Young Sammy
- Casey Dubois as Handsome (2nd Grade / Kindergarten)
- Leonie Haworth as Julie (2nd Grade)
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# Cheats (film)
## Release
The film was scheduled to be released in 2001, but was delayed until September 20, 2002. It was released on DVD and VHS in 2003.
## Documentary
On the DVD edition there is an 18-minute documentary, showing people on whose real life events the story is based, more than 10 years earlier. The real Jonathan Applebee refused to take part in the special feature documentary based on the actual Cheats, so his name had to be censored whenever used
| 84 |
Cheats (film)
| 1 |
2,883,943 |
# The Plugz
**The Plugz** (also known as \"Los Plugz\") were a Latino punk band from Los Angeles that formed in 1977 and disbanded in 1984. They and The Zeros were among the first Latino punk bands, although several garage rock bands, such as Thee Midniters and Question Mark & the Mysterians, predated them. The Plugz melded the spirit of punk and Latino music.
## History
The band was formed in 1977 and was a contemporary of the bands featured in the film *The Decline of Western Civilization*. Their songs reflected the anger and angst of growing up Chicano, and this was reflected in their sardonic hi-speed version of Ritchie Valens\' \"La Bamba\". The Plugz are generally acknowledged as being the first D.I.Y. punk band in L.A., having started their own PLUGZ RECORDS and later Fatima records.
The band was initially composed of:
- Tito Larriva (lead vocals/guitar)
- Charlie Quintana (drums) (d. 2018)
- Barry McBride (bass/backing vocals)
This lineup recorded the band\'s first album, *Electrify Me*, produced and engineered by Alan Kutner, and released in 1979. The Plugz melded the spirit of punk and Latino music.
After McBride left (sometime in 1979--80), he was replaced by John Curry from The Flyboys, who left to form Choir Invisible less than a year later. Larriva and Curry wrote the title track to the second album *Better Luck*. The musicians on the band\'s second album, *Better Luck* (1981), were:
- Tito Larriva (lead vocals/guitar)
- Charlie Quintana (drums) (credited as \"Chalo Quintana\")
Guests:
- Gustavo Santaolalla (bass/guitars/charango/backing vocals)
- Aníbal Kerpel (keyboards)
- Steve Berlin (saxophone)
- Bruce Fowler (trombone)
- Steve Fowler (saxophone)
- Brian Qualls (piano)
Tony Marsico joined the band in late 1980, and Steven Hufsteter began playing lead guitar with the group in 1984.
With the addition of Steven Hufsteter on lead guitar, The Plugz also feature prominently on the soundtrack to the movie *Repo Man*. The group performed \"Hombre Secreto,\" a Spanish version of Johnny Rivers\' \"Secret Agent Man\", \"El Clavo y la Cruz\" and original instrumental background music for the film, part of which appears on the soundtrack as *Reel Ten.*
Plugz bassist Tony Marsico and drummer Charlie Quintana together with their friend, guitar player JJ Holiday, accompanied Bob Dylan on his appearance on *Late Night with David Letterman* on March 22, 1984, for three songs: \"Don\'t Start Me Talkin\'\" (by Sonny Boy Williamson), \"Jokerman\", and \"License to Kill\".
In 1984, *The Plugz* name was retired and the three members continued as the Cruzados with Steven Hufsteter.
The Plugz reunited the three founding members for The Masque 30th Anniversary Party and Book Release show on November 11, 2007, at The Echoplex in the Echo Park district of Los Angeles, California.
## Discography
- \"Move // Mindless Contentment / Let Go\" single on Slash Records (1978)
- *Electrify Me* (1979) PLUGZ RECORDS
- \"Achin\' / La Bamba\" single on Fatima Records (1981)
- *Better Luck* (1981)
- *Los Angelinos -- the eastside renaissance* (compilation) (1983)
- *Repo Man* soundtrack (1984)
- *Bob Dylan & The Plugz* (1984)
- *New Wave Hookers soundtrack* -- Electrify Me (1985)
- *We\'re Desperate: The L.A. Scene 1976-79* - Rhino compilation (1993) \"La Bamba\"
### Track listing -- *Electrify Me* (1979) {#track_listing_electrify_me_1979}
1. \"A Gain -- A Loss\" (Tito Larriva)
2. \"The Cause\" (Tito Larriva)
3. \"Electrify Me\" (Tito Larriva)
4. \"Satisfied Die\" (Tito Larriva/Barry McBride)
5. \"La Bamba\" (public domain)
6. \"Adolescent\" (Tito Larriva)
7. \"Braintime\" (Tito Larriva)
8. \"Wordless\" (Tito Larriva)
9. \"Let Go\" (Tito Larriva/Barry McBride)
10. \"Infection\" (Tito Larriva)
11. \"Berserktown\" (Tito Larriva)
### Track listing -- *Better Luck* (1981) {#track_listing_better_luck_1981}
1. \"Better Luck\" (Tito Larriva/Curry)
2. \"Red Eye No. 9\" (Tito Larriva)
3. \"Achin\'\" (Tito Larriva)
4. \"American\" (Tito Larriva)
5. \"In The Wait\" (Tito Larriva)
6. \"El Clavo Y La Cruz\" (Tito Larriva)
7. \"Blue Sofa\" (Tito Larriva)
8. \"Touch For Cash\" (Tito Larriva)
9. \"Gas Line\" (Tito Larriva)
10. \"Cesar\'s Song\" (Tito Larriva)
11. \"Shifting Heart\" (Tito Larriva)
12. \"No Love\" (Tito Larriva)
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
- The Plugz\' song \"Adolescent\" was used in the film *Scarred* (1984).
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- The Plugz\' song \"Electrify Me\" was used in the adult film *New Wave Hookers* (1985)
| 706 |
The Plugz
| 0 |
2,883,945 |
# William Barlow (geologist)
**William Barlow** FRS (8 August 1845 -- 28 February 1934) was an English amateur geologist specialising in crystallography.
He was born in Islington, in London, England. His father became wealthy as a speculative builder as well as a building surveyor, allowing William to have a private education. After his father died in 1875, William and his brother inherited this fortune, allowing him to pursue his interest in crystallography without the need to labour for a living.
William examined the forms of crystalline structures and deduced that there were only 230 forms of symmetrical crystal arrangements, known as space groups. His results were published in 1894, after they had been independently announced by Evgraf Fedorov and Arthur Schönflies, although his approach did display some novelty. His structural models of simple compounds such as NaCl and CsCl were later confirmed using X-ray crystallography.
He served as the president of the English Mineralogical Society from 1915 until 1918.
He died in Great Stanmore, Middlesex, England.
## Awards and honours {#awards_and_honours}
- Fellow of the Royal Society, 1908.
- The wrinkle ridge *Dorsa Barlow* on the Moon was named after him.
- The mineral barlowite, Cu~4~FBr(OH)~6~, approved in 2010, was named in his honor
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| 0 |
2,883,949 |
# History of SS Juve Stabia
The history of Società Sportiva Juve Stabia officially started in 2002, following the bankruptcy in 2001 of *S.S. Juventus Stabia*, based in Castellammare di Stabia, Campania. The first incarnation of the club was founded in 1907 as **Stabia Sporting Club** and was refounded in 1933 as *F.C. Stabiese*. Since 1953 *Juventus Stabia*, the second club of the city is become the main team; in 2002 the new company after the bankruptcy of the year before has acquired the sports title of Comprensorio Nola.
Currently, Juve Stabia plays in Serie B where it has already played in the 1951--52 season as *A.C. Stabia*.
The nickname of the team is *Le vespe* (The Wasps).
## From 1907 to 1953 {#from_1907_to_1953}
### From Stabia S.C. to F.C. Stabiese {#from_stabia_s.c._to_f.c._stabiese}
On 19 March 1907 Weiss, the Romano brothers and Pauzano, founded the club **Stabia Sporting Club**. Originally it was a sporting club that participated in fencing, cycling, running, swimming and rowing.
By 1911, the footballing section of the club first started activity. The first officially reported game took place on 12 February 1911 against a team from Torre Annunziata, which is around four miles away. The match itself took place on the field of \"*le Montagnelle*\" near Boscotrecase, it finished 3--0 to Stabia. This was reported in the Neapolitan daily paper \"*Il Mattino*\".
Stabia played local games at this point, a notable 0--0 draw was achieved against the more famous Naples on 1 February 1914, the squad that day included; Dell'Aquila, Schettino, Celoro, De Rosa, Laugeri (*captain*), Amato, Weiss, Pauzano, Romano I°, Romano II° and Cappa. Around this period Stabia also played a match against the crew of English ship HMS Black Prince, with the English winning 11--1.
#### Stabia enters the league {#stabia_enters_the_league}
During 1916, Stabia entered into league competitions for the first time. They were entered into the old Terza Category (today\'s equivalent is Serie C), Stabia reached the semi-finals before losing 5--1 to Campanian rivals Savoia. Play was halted for World War I, but after it in 1919 the club was refounded thanks largely to Vincenzo Bonifacio. The first game after refounding was a friendly against a team of English sailors who called themselves War Lion, Stabia were victorious, winning the game 6--0. In Castellammare di Stabia a club was founded during August 1919, called *Sport Club War*, this was merged with Stabia S.C. by 1920.
Stabia were entered into the Prima Categoria Campania, here they competed against the top clubs from the Campania region. The club finished 6th out of seven clubs, the most memorable result of which was a 4--0 victory away against Salernitana. They returned the following season in 1922--23, where the Campania section was down to five teams; they finished 3rd in their region, behind Savoia and Internaples, thus meaning they did not go any further in the competition that season.
Around this period Scarselli, Coppola and Pausano obtained the land for Stabia where the *Stadio Romeo Menti* would much later be built. After playing at the top level of the Italian Championship, they spent some time in the *Seconda Categoria* and then in 1929 they dropped down to the third level of Italian football.
The club in 1930 was renamed **F.C. Stabiese** and in 1933 it has declared bankrupt.
### On 1933 A.C. Stabia {#on_1933_a.c._stabia}
Stabia was refounded as **A.C. Stabia** by Salvatore Russo in 1933.
The 1936--37 season was a successful one for the club, they went through the season undefeated and won the *Prima Divisione*, the *Coppa di Natale* and the *Direttoriwhich waso Regionale*; the latter achieved with a 5--1 victory over Casertana. Around this period, Stabia joined the organization *Ludi Fascisti Stabiesi*, the president was Amilcare Sciarretta, a civil employee of the Banca d\'Italia.
In the 1951--52 season it played in Serie B.
In 1953 it was declared bankrupt.
## From 1953 to 2001 {#from_1953_to_2001}
### S.S. Juventus Stabia, a new main team {#s.s._juventus_stabia_a_new_main_team}
In 1953 the second club of the town **Società Sportiva Juventus Stabia**, founded in 1945 becomes so the main team of Castellamare di Stabia and inherits the sporting tradition of the former club.
The Juventus part of the name is taken from the famous Turin club Juventus, who were particularly successful during the early part of the 1930s; the word is Latin for youth.
In 1996 the club was renamed **AC Juve Stabia**.
The club was declared bankrupt in 2001.
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# History of SS Juve Stabia
## The football in Castellammare di Stabia now {#the_football_in_castellammare_di_stabia_now}
### From Comprensorio Stabia to S.S. Juve Stabia {#from_comprensorio_stabia_to_s.s._juve_stabia}
On 2002 the club was refounded as **Comprensorio Stabia** renamed in 2003 with the current name. It was promoted to Serie C2 and in Serie C1.
On 2008 the football club passes into the hands of Francesco Giglio and Franco Manniello. They bring in three years the Juve Stabia playing in Serie B after 59 years, and also to win the Coppa Italia Lega Pro, 2010--11 edition.
In 2011--12 Juve Stabia is ranked in 9th place of the Serie B, thanks to the excellent performance of Sau, Cazzola, Erpen and many others. It is saved the following year with the 16th place of the Serie B
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# Republican Citizens Committee Against National Prohibition
The **Republican Citizens Committee Against National Prohibition** was established shortly before the 1932 Republican National Convention to pressure the party to support the repeal of prohibition. Key members included Joseph H. Choate, Jr., Henry Bourne Joy, Thomas W. Phillips, Raymond Pitcairn, and Lammot du Pont
| 52 |
Republican Citizens Committee Against National Prohibition
| 0 |
2,883,968 |
# Pedalfer
**Pedalfer** is composed of aluminum and iron oxides. It is a subdivision of the zonal soil order comprising a large group of soils in which sesquioxides increase relative to silica during soil formation. Pedalfers usually occur in humid areas. It is not used in the current United States system of soil classification but the term commonly shows up in college geology texts.
Pedalfers have three subdivisions of which one is Lateritic soils.
Pedalfer is a formative element in the United States soil taxonomic system for the Alfisols soil order. *Alf* is the formative element in the Alfisol name, and refers to aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe)
| 108 |
Pedalfer
| 0 |
2,883,980 |
# David H. Goodell
**David Harvey Goodell** (May 6, 1834 -- January 22, 1915) was an American inventor, manufacturer, and Republican politician from Antrim, New Hampshire.
Goodell was the son of Jesse Raymond Goodell (1807--1886) and Olive Atwood (Wright) Goodell (1807--1877).
## Family life {#family_life}
Goodell married Hannah Jane Plummer (1835--1911) of Goffstown, New Hampshire on September 1, 1857. They had two sons Dura Dana Goodell (1858--1936) and Richard Carter Goodell (1868--1942).
## Business career {#business_career}
In 1875 Goodell began and operated the Goodell company in Antrim. His company made knives and a collection of various cutting devices including apple peelers. His company was the largest employer with several mills spanning Great Brook.
## Political career {#political_career}
From 1876 to 1878 Goodell represented Antrim in the New Hampshire House of Representatives, and was member of the Governor\'s Council in 1882. In November 1888 he was elected as the Governor.
Goodell died in 1915 in Antrim
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| 0 |
2,883,981 |
# The Desert Rose Band
**The Desert Rose Band** was an American country rock band from Los Angeles, California, founded in 1985 by Chris Hillman (formerly of the Byrds and the Flying Burrito Brothers), with Herb Pedersen and John Jorgenson. The original lineup included Bill Bryson on bass guitar, JayDee Maness on pedal steel guitar, and Steve Duncan on drums. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the band charted several hit singles on the US *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts until disbanding in February 1994.
## Formation
The Desert Rose Band was formed in 1985 by frontman Chris Hillman (born December 4, 1944), formerly a member of The Byrds, and co-founder, along with the late Gram Parsons of the country-rock band The Flying Burrito Brothers. Additional members included John Jorgenson (born July 6, 1956), who was mainly responsible for the instrumental arrangements of the songs, and Herb Pedersen (born April 27, 1944), responsible for the vocal arrangements. Jorgenson and Pedersen sang three-part harmony with Hillman. Each Desert Rose Band album featured Pedersen on one lead vocal. Pedal steel player JayDee Maness (born January 4, 1945), drummer Steve Duncan (born July 28, 1953), and bassist Bill Bryson (1946--2017) rounded out the group.
## Career
### 1987-1989: *The Desert Rose Band* and *Running* {#the_desert_rose_band_and_running}
Their eponymous debut album was issued in 1987 on MCA/Curb. It contained their first hit \"Ashes of Love\", which was originally a Johnnie & Jack song from the early 1950s. It was the second time Hillman and Pedersen recorded \"Ashes of Love,\" the first being on Hillman\'s just prior album *Desert Rose* on the Sugar Hill label. The Desert Rose Band\'s debut also featured a remake of Chris Hillman\'s \"Time Between\" which he previously wrote and recorded as a member of the Byrds, as well as the band\'s first chart-topper \"He\'s Back and I\'m Blue\".
Their second album *Running* (1988) featured the John Hiatt-penned hit \"She Don\'t Love Nobody\", \"Running\", and a remake of Buck Owens\'s \"Hello Trouble\".
### 1990-1993: *Pages of Life*, *True Love* and *Life Goes On* {#pages_of_life_true_love_and_life_goes_on}
The third album *Pages of Life* (1990) featured a remake of \"Desert Rose\" as well as a remake of Pedersen\'s folk song about his daughter \"Our Baby\'s Gone\" which was originally recorded on his 1976 album *Southwest*. JayDee Maness left the band in 1990 and was replaced on pedal steel guitar by Tom Brumley whom Jay Dee replaced in the Buckaroos. Maness would again play with Chris Hillman and Herb Pedersen on their post Desert Rose Band duo albums *Bakersfield Bound* and *Way Out West*.
The fourth studio album, *True Love*, was released in 1991. It was followed by 1993\'s *Life Goes On*, released only in Europe. Several prominent country and bluegrass musicians made guest appearances on *Life Goes On* including Sam Bush on fiddle, Tony Rice and Larry Park (of Boy Howdy) on guitar, and Al Perkins on dobro. Before the release of this final studio album, was the 1993 compilation *Traditional*.
John Jorgenson and Steve Duncan left the band in 1991. Jorgenson went on to form the Hellecasters with Will Ray and Jerry Donahue; Duncan also joined the Hellecasters. John Jorgenson is currently playing gypsy jazz with his John Jorgenson Quintette. Chris and Herb recorded an acoustic album called *The Other Side* in 2005. They continue to tour as an acoustic duo. Former Buck Owens steel player Tom Brumley played with Joey Riley\'s band in Branson, Missouri. He died on February 3, 2009.
## Awards
The Desert Rose Band was nominated for two Grammy Awards, in the category Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal: the debut album *The Desert Rose Band* (1987), and the single \"She Don\'t Love Nobody\" (1989).
The band was a three-time winner of the Band of the Year/Touring Award presented by the Academy of Country Music Association, in 1988, 1989, and 1990.
The band earned the Country Music Association\'s \"Horizon Award\" in 1989, and was nominated Vocal Group of the Year in 1989 and 1990.
Broadcast Music Inc., recognized \"One Step Forward\" and \"Love Reunited\" for having achieved the benchmark of *One Million Broadcast Radio Performances
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# Gjon Mili
**Gjon Mili** (November 28, 1904 -- February 14, 1984) was an Albanian photographer from Korçë who developed his profession in America, best known for his work published in *Life*, in which he photographed artists such as Pablo Picasso.
## Biography
Gjon Mili was born to Vasil Mili and Viktori Cekani in Korçë, in the Manastir Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire (present-day Albania). Mili spent his childhood in Romania, attending Gheorghe Lazăr National College in Bucharest, and migrating to the United States in 1923. In 1939, Mili started to work as a photographer for *Life* (a position he held until he died in 1984). Over the years his assignments took him to the Riviera (Picasso); to Prades, France (Pau Casals in exile); to Israel (Adolf Eichmann in prison ); to Florence, Athens, Dublin, Berlin, Venice, Rome, and to Hollywood to photograph celebrities and artists, sports events, concerts, sculptures and architecture.
Working with Harold Eugene Edgerton of MIT, Gjon Mili was a pioneer in the use of stroboscopic instruments to capture a sequence of actions in one photograph. Trained as an engineer and self-taught in photography, Gjon Mili was one of the first to use electronic flash and stroboscopic light to create photographs that had more than scientific interest. Many of his images revealed the intricacy and flow of movement too rapid or complex for the naked eye to discern. In the mid-1940s, he was an assistant to the photographer Edward Weston.
In 1944, he directed the short film *Jammin\' the Blues*, which was made at Warner Bros., and features performances by Lester Young, Red Callender, Harry Edison, \"Big\" Sid Catlett, Illinois Jacquet, Barney Kessel, Jo Jones and Marie Bryant. Mili did not serve as cinematographer for the film (Robert Burks did) but the film used multiplied images that in many ways recall the multi-image still-frames done with the strobe. The imaginative use of the camera makes this film a minor landmark in the way that musicians have been filmed.
Over the course of more than four decades, thousands of his pictures were published by *Life* as well as other publications.
Mili died of pneumonia in Stamford, Connecticut, at the age of 79
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2,884,010 |
# Turbine map
Each turbine in a gas turbine engine has an operating map. Complete maps are either based on turbine rig test results or are predicted by a special computer program. Alternatively, the map of a similar turbine can be suitably scaled.
## Description
A turbine map shows lines of percent corrected speed (based on a reference value) plotted against the x-axis which is pressure ratio, but deltaH/T (roughly proportional to temperature drop across the unit/component entry temperature) is also often used. The y-axis is some measure of flow, usually non-dimensional flow or corrected flow, but not actual flow. Sometimes, the axes of a turbine map are transposed, to be consistent with those of a compressor map. As in this case, a companion plot, showing the variation of isentropic (i.e. adiabatic) or polytropic efficiency, is often also included.
The turbine may be a transonic unit, where the throat Mach number reaches sonic conditions and the turbine becomes truly choked. Consequently, there is virtually no variation in flow between the corrected speed lines at high pressure ratios.
Most turbines however, are subsonic devices, the highest Mach number at the NGV throat being about 0.85. Under these conditions, there is a slight scatter in flow between the percent corrected speed lines in the \'choked\' region of the map, where the flow for a given speed reaches a plateau.
Unlike a compressor or fan, surge or stall does not occur in a turbine. This is because the gas flows through the turbine in its natural direction, from high to low pressure. As a result, there is no surge line marked on a turbine map.
Working lines are difficult to see on a conventional turbine map because the speed lines bunch up. The map may be replotted, with the y-axis being the multiple of flow and corrected speed. This separates the speed lines, enabling working lines (and efficiency contours) to be cross-plotted and clearly seen.
## Progressive unchoking of the expansion system {#progressive_unchoking_of_the_expansion_system}
The following discussion relates to the expansion system of a 2-spool, high bypass ratio, unmixed, turbofan.
On the RHS is a typical primary (i.e. hot) nozzle map (or characteristic). Its appearance is similar to that of a turbine map, but it lacks any (rotational) speed lines. Note that at high flight speeds (ignoring the change in altitude), the hot nozzle is usually in, or close to, a choking condition. This is because the ram rise in the air intake factors-up the nozzle pressure ratio. At static (e.g. SLS) conditions there is no ram rise, so the nozzle tends to operate unchoked (LHS of plot).
The low pressure turbine \'sees\' the variation in flow capacity of the primary nozzle. A falling nozzle flow capacity tends to reduce the LP turbine pressure ratio (and deltaH/T). As the left hand map shows, initially the reduction in LP turbine deltaH/T has little effect upon the entry flow of the unit. Eventually, however, the LP turbine unchokes, causing the flow capacity of the LP turbine to start to decrease.
As long as the LP turbine remains choked, there is no significant change in HP turbine pressure ratio (or deltaH/T) and flow. Once, however, the LP turbine unchokes, the HP turbine deltaH/T starts to decrease. Eventually the HP turbine unchokes, causing its flow capacity to start to fall. Ground Idle is often reached shortly after HPT unchoke
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2,884,024 |
# Johann Georg Christian Lehmann
**Johann Georg Christian Lehmann** (25 February 1792 -- 12 February 1860) was a German botanist.
Born at Haselau, near Uetersen, Holstein, Lehmann studied medicine in Copenhagen and Göttingen, obtained a doctorate in medicine in 1813 and a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Jena in 1814. He spent the rest of his life as professor of physics and natural sciences, and head librarian, at the *Gymnasium Academicum* in Hamburg.
A prolific monographist of apparently quarrelsome character, he was a member of 26 learned societies and the founder of the Hamburg Botanical Garden (*Botanischer Garten Hamburg\]\]*, now the Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg). Lehmann died at Hamburg in 1860.
Some of Lehmann\'s later illustrations were executed by the German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen. Botanical specimens collected by Lehmann are cared for at institutions including the National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL), Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria.
## Publications
- *Generis Nicotiniarum Historia* Hamburg 1818
- *Plantae e Familiae Asperifoliarum Nuciferae* 1818
- *Monographia Generis Primularum* Lipsiae 1819
- *Monographia Generis Potentillarum* 1820 Supplement 1836
- *Semina in Horto Botanico Hamburgensi* 1822-1840
- *Icones et Descriptiones Novarum et Minus Cognitarum Stirpium* in 5 parts of 10 plates each 1: 1821 2: 1822 3: 1823 4: 1823 5: 1824
- *Novarum et Minus Cognitarum Stirpium Pugillus I-X Addita Enumeratione Plantarum Omnium in his Pugillus Descriptarum*. Hamburgi 1828-1857
- *Delectus Seminum quae in Horto Hamburgensium Botanico e Collectioni Anni*1830-1840; 1849--1852
- *Plantae Preissianae* Hamburg 1844-1847
- *Index Seminum in Horto Botanico Hamburgensi A. 1851 Collectorum* Hamburg 1851-1855
- *Revisionem Potentillarum* 1856
- *Observationes zoologicae praesertim in faunam hamburgensem. Pugillus primus
| 269 |
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| 0 |
2,884,025 |
# Xiaoshan, Hangzhou
**Xiaoshan** is a suburban district of Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. It was formerly a city in its own right, separated by the Qiantang River from Hangzhou proper, but the municipality was annexed by its more populous neighbor in 2001. Xiaoshan has a permanent population with residential rights of around 1,511,000 and an additional non-permanent population of about 876,500. Most of the local residents are Han people who speak a local variety of Wu Chinese in addition to Mandarin Chinese. The area\'s history of human settlement dates back to more than 8000 years ago, as excavations at Xiaoshan\'s Kuahuqiao archeological site have shown. Xiaoshan\'s manufacturing-dominated economy has made it one of the most affluent metropolitan districts in China. In 2012 it had a GDP of 161.2 billion CNY, or around \$17,000 per capita. Hangzhou\'s international airport, Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport, is located in western Xiaoshan, close to the mouth of Hangzhou Bay. The district is also at the center of one of China\'s local real estate booms, as the demand for newer, more upscale housing from China\'s growing middle class has led to an explosion in construction of new high-rise condominiums. In addition, Hangzhou Xiaoshan Sports Centre is also found in Xiaoshan.The local culture is deeply rooted in the area\'s communist character, and the Chinese Communist Party has a strong local presence and an estimated local membership of 250,000.
## Administrative divisions {#administrative_divisions}
Subdistricts:
- Chengxiang Subdistrict (城厢街道), Beigan Subdistrict (北干街道), Shushan Subdistrict (蜀山街道), Xintang Subdistrict (新塘街道)
Towns:
- Louta (楼塔镇), Heshang (河上镇), Daicun (戴村镇), Puyang (浦阳镇), Jinhua (进化镇), Linpu (临浦镇), Yiqiao (义桥镇), Suoqian (所前镇), Yaqian (衙前镇), Wenyan (闻堰镇), Ningwei (宁围镇), Xinjie (新街镇), Kanshan (坎山镇), Guali (瓜沥镇), Dangshan (党山镇), Yinong (益农镇), Jingjiang (靖江镇), Nanyang (南阳镇), Yipeng (义蓬镇), Hezhuang (河庄镇), Dangwan (党湾镇), Xinwan (新湾镇)
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| 0 |
2,884,025 |
# Xiaoshan, Hangzhou
## Climate
The extreme maximum temperatures since 1951 recorded has ranged from 42.2 °C (July 25, August 1, 2003, and July 30, 2013), to −15 °C(January 5, 1977).`{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| collapsed = Y
| location = Xiaoshan, elevation {{convert|97|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| Jan high C = 8.8
| Feb high C = 11.3
| Mar high C = 16.1
| Apr high C = 22.2
| May high C = 26.9
| Jun high C = 29.2
| Jul high C = 34.1
| Aug high C = 33.4
| Sep high C = 28.7
| Oct high C = 23.7
| Nov high C = 17.9
| Dec high C = 11.6
| Jan mean C = 4.9
| Feb mean C = 7.0
| Mar mean C = 11.1
| Apr mean C = 16.9
| May mean C = 21.9
| Jun mean C = 24.9
| Jul mean C = 29.3
| Aug mean C = 28.7
| Sep mean C = 24.3
| Oct mean C = 19.1
| Nov mean C = 13.3
| Dec mean C = 7.3
| Jan low C = 2.1
| Feb low C = 3.8
| Mar low C = 7.5
| Apr low C = 12.9
| May low C = 18.0
| Jun low C = 21.7
| Jul low C = 25.6
| Aug low C = 25.3
| Sep low C = 21.1
| Oct low C = 15.6
| Nov low C = 9.8
| Dec low C = 4.1
| Jan record high C = 23.9
| Jan record low C = -15.0
| Feb record high C = 29.0
| Feb record low C = -7.5
| Mar record high C = 34.3
| Mar record low C = -2.4
| Apr record high C = 35.1
| Apr record low C = 0.3
| May record high C = 37.2
| May record low C = 8.2
| Jun record high C = 38.6
| Jun record low C = 12.7
| Jul record high C = 42.2
| Jul record low C = 17.9
| Aug record high C = 42.2
| Aug record low C = 18.7
| Sep record high C = 39.7
| Sep record low C = 10.7
| Oct record high C = 36.2
| Oct record low C = 2.8
| Nov record high C = 33.0
| Nov record low C = -3.5
| Dec record high C = 24.0
| Dec record low C = -13.2
| year high C =
| year low C =
| year high F =
| year low F =
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 96.4
| Feb precipitation mm = 91.9
| Mar precipitation mm = 136.2
| Apr precipitation mm = 115.3
| May precipitation mm = 129.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 255.4
| Jul precipitation mm = 173.7
| Aug precipitation mm = 175.7
| Sep precipitation mm = 119.7
| Oct precipitation mm = 74.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 79.6
| Dec precipitation mm = 67.6
| Jan humidity = 76
| Feb humidity = 75
| Mar humidity = 74
| Apr humidity = 72
| May humidity = 73
| Jun humidity = 80
| Jul humidity = 74
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 79
| Oct humidity = 76
| Nov humidity = 77
| Dec humidity = 74
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 13.1
| Feb precipitation days = 12.3
| Mar precipitation days = 15.3
| Apr precipitation days = 14.1
| May precipitation days = 13.6
| Jun precipitation days = 16.1
| Jul precipitation days = 12.5
| Aug precipitation days = 13.9
| Sep precipitation days = 11.6
| Oct precipitation days = 8.4
| Nov precipitation days = 10.7
| Dec precipitation days = 10.2
| year precipitation days =
| Jan sun = 105.9
| Feb sun = 106.9
| Mar sun = 128.6
| Apr sun = 151.7
| May sun = 162.7
| Jun sun = 128.9
| Jul sun = 214.1
| Aug sun = 201.9
| Sep sun = 154.8
| Oct sun = 154.8
| Nov sun = 126.1
| Dec sun = 124.9
| year sun =
| Jan percentsun = 33
| Feb percentsun = 34
| Mar percentsun = 34
| Apr percentsun = 39
| May percentsun = 38
| Jun percentsun = 31
| Jul percentsun = 50
| Aug percentsun = 50
| Sep percentsun = 42
| Oct percentsun = 44
| Nov percentsun = 40
| Dec percentsun = 40
| year percentsun =
| Jan snow days = 3.4
| Feb snow days = 2.2
| Mar snow days = 0.6
| Apr snow days = 0
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.1
| Dec snow days = 1.3
| year snow days =
| source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =25 June 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref>
| source =
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Geography
Xiaoshan District is in the north of Zhejiang Province, between latitude 29°50\'48\"-30°23\'33 \"N and longitude 120°04\'21\"-120°43\'31 \"E. The area is about 63.05 kilometers from east to west and 60.5 kilometers from north to south. It is about 63.05 kilometers wide from east to west and 60.5 kilometers long from north to south, with a total area of 1,417.834 square kilometers.
Topography and geomorphology
Xiaoshan District is in the northern part of the low hills in eastern Zhejiang and the southern part of the plains in northern Zhejiang. The terrain is high in the south and low in the north, tilting from southwest to northeast and slightly low-lying in the center. The geomorphological zoning features are more obvious: the southern part is a low mountainous area with small river valley plains; the central and northern parts are plains, with hills in the middle. The plains account for about 66% of the region, the mountains for 17%, and the water for 17%.
Climate
Xiaoshan District is located on the southern edge of the northern subtropical monsoon climate zone; the climate is characterized by long winter and summer, short spring and autumn, and four distinct seasons: abundant light, abundant rainfall, warm and humid; cold air is easy to enter and difficult to get out of the more disastrous weather; light, temperature, and water of the regional differences are apparent.
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# Xiaoshan, Hangzhou
## Industry
### Xiaoshan Economic & Technological Development Zone {#xiaoshan_economic_technological_development_zone}
Xiaoshan Economic & Technological Development Zone was established in 1990. The zone is only 10 km away from Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport, with Shanghai-Ningbo Expressway and Hangzhou-Qujiang Expressway passing through. Currently, it has formed leading industries including electronic communications, automobiles and auto parts, precision machinery, medical food, textiles, garments, chemical building materials.
## Economy
Loong Airlines has its headquarters in the Loong Air Office Building (`{{zh|s=长龙航空办公大楼|hp=Chánglóng Hángkōng Bàngōngdàlóu}}`{=mediawiki}) on the property of Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport
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# Moderation League of New York
The **Moderation League of New York** was an organization founded in 1923 in opposition to prohibition.
## History
The Moderation League was founded in 1923 by Austen George Fox and \"six other wealthy residents of New York City\" to change the Volstead Act\'s legal definition of the \"intoxicating liquors\" prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution establishing prohibition. This seemed to its members to be an achievable goal, whereas the repeal of prohibition seemed at that point an impossible achievement. The League worked closely with the American Federation of Labor and the Constitutional Liberty League of Massachusetts.
In 1926, the League conducted a survey of 602 police departments that found that Prohibition law violations had dramatically risen over time, and that the \"increase in arrests was up more in those states that were already dry before National Prohibition\".
While the Moderation League was unsuccessful in its battle over the alcohol content, it helped win the repeal of National Prohibition with the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution.
### Directors
Besides Fox (a close ally of Elihu Root), the others involved were E. N. Brown, James A. Burden (father of James A. Burden Jr.), John G. Agar, James Speyer and Martin Vogel of New York and Thomas D. Stokes of Long Beach
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# Jamaica Committee
The **Jamaica Committee** was a group set up in Great Britain in 1865, which called for Edward Eyre, Governor of Jamaica, to be tried for his excesses in suppressing the Morant Bay rebellion of 1865. More radical members of the Committee wanted him tried for the murder of British subjects (Jamaica was at that time a Crown Colony), under the rule of law. The Committee included English liberals, such as John Bright, John Stuart Mill, Charles Darwin, Thomas Henry Huxley, Thomas Hughes, Herbert Spencer and A. V. Dicey, the last of whom would eventually become known for his scholarship on the conflict of laws.
Other prominent members of the committee included Charles Buxton, Frederic Harrison, Edmond Beales, Frederick Chesson, Leslie Stephen, Thomas Hill Green, Henry Fawcett, Goldwin Smith, Charles Lyell and Edward Frankland.
The counsel to the Jamaica Committee was James Fitzjames Stephen, who held that the defendants were guilty of legal murder, but extended considerable sympathy to them and intimated that they were probably morally justified. From then on, Mill was cool to him.
Thomas Carlyle set up Governor Eyre Defence and Aid Committee in support of Eyre. His supporters included John Ruskin, Charles Kingsley, Charles Dickens, Alfred Tennyson and John Tyndall.
The Jamaica Committee was ultimately unsuccessful in its goal of having Eyre prosecuted
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# Treaty 3
***Treaty 3*** is an agreement entered into on October 3, 1873, by Chief Mikiseesis (Little Eagle) on behalf of the Ojibwe First Nations and Queen Victoria. The treaty ceded a vast tract of Ojibwe territory, including large parts of what is now northwestern Ontario and a small part of eastern Manitoba, to the Government of Canada. *Treaty 3* also provides for rights for the Waasaakode Anishinaabe (\"light skinned Anishinaabe\") and other Ojibwe, through a series of agreements signed over the next year. The treaty was modified in 1875 when Nicolas Chatelain negotiated an adhesion that created a reserve, surveyed as reserve 16A, for Métis families connected to Mikiseesis\' Rainy Lake Band. Reserve 16A and the Rainy Lake Band reserve were unified in 1967.
It is the third in a series of eleven numbered treaties between the Crown and First Nation band governments. Despite being the third of these treaties it is more historically significant in that its text and terms served as the model for the remainder of the numbered treaties. Treaties 1 and 2 cover an area about the same size and had to be amended to reflect some of the developments arising out of the negotiation of *Treaty 3*. At the time that it was negotiated it was anticipated that the terms of *Treaty 3* would serve as a model for future treaties and would require the amendment of Treaties 1 and 2.
*Treaty 3* has particular historical significance because of the litigation that ensued between the Crown in Right of Ontario and the Crown in Right of Canada over the significance of the treaty and the respective roles of Canada and the provinces in relation to aboriginal peoples. The first of these cases is *St. Catherines Milling v. The Queen* which dealt with the question of the ownership of lands subject to a treaty (a question that was decided in favour of the Province). The second, *The Dominion of Canada v The Province of Ontario*, dealt with the question of whether or not Ontario had to indemnify Canada for the expenses incurred in negotiating the treaty and the ongoing costs of fulfilling the treaty obligations. Canada lost this case as well with the Supreme Court of Canada and the Privy Council holding that Canada was responsible for Indian affairs and the welfare of Indians and that the treaty had been negotiated to achieve broad national purposes (such as the building of the transcontinental railway) rather than to benefit Ontario. The significance of these decisions is still a matter of discussion in the Canadian courts.
*Treaty 3* is also significant as there exists a written record of the native peoples\' understanding of the treaty. This is known as the Paypom document. It is a series of notes that were written for Chief Powassin during the treaty negotiations, and documents the promises that were made to the First Nations people. The promises in the Paypom document differ in a number of ways from the printed version available from the Canadian government
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# The Internet Pilot to Physics
**TIPTOP** (fully known as **The Internet Pilot to Physics**) was a web site operated in collaboration between Kenneth Bodin-Holmlund at Umeå University, Mikko Karttunen at McGill University and Guenther Nowotny at the Technical University of Vienna during 1994--1998, and it was originally derived from Physics Around the World (PAW) that was initiated by Karttunen at McGill University.
In a historical perspective, PAW was one of the first web directories, listing various physics related resources. TIPTOP utilized (at the time) new technologies to handle a news system, a job database, a conference database, and an improved web directory for physics. TIPTOP was the first major site to use PHP with mySQL, today a highly popular combination. Already in 1995, TIPTOP also had one of the first embryos of a wiki, called the Living Encyclopedia of Physics, that offered community based-editing, an editorial system and peer review, as well as automatic cross linking
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# Green Green (TV series)
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# Robbie Brookside
**Robert Edward Brooks** (born 11 March 1966), better known by his ring name **Robbie Brookside**, is an English retired professional wrestler. He is signed to WWE, where he works as a trainer/producer for the NXT brand. He has toured all over the world during his career, wrestling in the United States, Japan, Germany, and Mexico. He was a regular tag partner of Steve Regal in the United Kingdom and has competed in the New Japan Pro-Wrestling\'s annual tournament, the Super J Cup, in 1997, where he picked up a victory over Chris Jericho.
## Professional wrestling career {#professional_wrestling_career}
Brooks was discovered by Bobby Barron, who invited him to wrestle at the Pleasure Beach in Blackpool, and Brian Dixon, who got Brooks some jobs on the holiday camps with established wrestlers such as Sandy Scott. Wrestling as **Robbie Brookside** (a name given to him by Dixon, in reference to the Channel 4 soap *Brookside*), he first appeared on television in Britain for All Star Wrestling, first for Screensport in 1985-1986 and then for ITV in 1987--1988. During this period, he tag-teamed regularly with Steve Regal as The Golden Boys. Their most notable match was against Kendo Nagasaki and \"Blondie\" Barrett at a late 1988 TV taping in Bedworth in which Brookside unmasked Nagasaki who retaliated by hypnotizing Brookside to turn on Regal, causing their team to lose the match. This started an angle, running on after the end of TV and into the 1990s in which Nagasaki would hypnotize Brookside into assisting and even tag partnering him. Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s Brookside also regularly wrestled on Orig Williams\' Welsh language wrestling show *Reslo* on S4C.
Brookside won his first title after World Heavy-Middleweight Champion \"Rollerball\" Mark Rocco retired and Brookside won the vacant title in a tournament. The following year, he lost it to Frank \"Chic\" Cullen. After Regal increasingly began wrestling overseas, Brookside then teamed with Doc Dean as The Liverpool Lads, together winning the British Tag Team Championship. During this period, Brookside produced a Video Diary for BBC2 including footage inside the ring (including the Liverpool Lads\' 21 January 1993 tag title loss to Steve Prince and Vic Powers in Norwich) and backstage footage, as well as a tour of Germany and a visit to the United States to reunite with Regal, by then working for WCW. Frankie Sloan later teamed with Brookside as The Liverpool Lads in place of Dean. In 1996, Brookside got the chance to wrestle in Germany for the Catch Wrestling Association through his contact with the group, Dave \"Fit\" Finlay. From then through to the turn of the century, Brookside could be found wrestling across many promotions in Europe and won many titles during his travels.
Brookside spent six months in the U.S. wrestling for World Championship Wrestling, including several matches on *Nitro*, WCW\'s main TV shown worldwide. On 25 April 2005, he had a dark match on World Wrestling Entertainment\'s *Raw* during a taping of the show in the UK, losing to Simon Dean. When WWE once again returned to England, Brookside joined other British wrestlers Thunder and Steve Lewington as part of the WWE security squad that helped keep the warring *Raw* and *SmackDown!* wrestlers apart.
Brookside continued to wrestle in and around the UK and remained one of the top British wrestlers, winning many of the top titles in the UK. Brookside became the first-ever Real Quality Wrestling Heavyweight Champion on 29 April 2006, defeating former WWE and WCW Superstar Billy Kidman during a match at RQW\'s *A Night of Champions* event. Brookside would later go on to win the Frontier Wrestling Alliance\'s British Heavyweight Championship at the *FWA Summer Classic* in a no-DQ elimination three-way match, finally pinning Jonny Storm after then-champion Hade Vansen, who was eliminated first, returned to the ring and hit Storm with his *South City Driller* finishing move.
Though FWA Champion, Brookside was in fact wrestling under the banner of another promotion, All Star Wrestling. Brookside remained an All-Star wrestler throughout his reign, with various FWA wrestlers trying to take back \"their\" championship. During this time, Brookside vacated his RQW Heavyweight title and left the promotion. Brookside also took an interest in the future of the business by going on to train future wrestlers, eventually opening his own Leicester-based wrestling school, Wrestleicester, in late 2006.
Brookside appeared on the 23 April 2007 episode of *Raw*, losing a no disqualification, 3-on-1 handicap match to Shane McMahon, Vince McMahon, and Umaga. Brookside was introduced as a man that Shane McMahon had personally seen take down six men by himself in a fight at a local pub. Brookside has also had WWE matches against Snitsky and Maven. Brookside wrestled around the country in 2008, including defeating James Mason in a World of Sport rules match at Maesteg Town Hall.
In February 2008, Brookside won All Star Wrestling British Heavyweight Championship for the second time but was forced to vacate the title in May 2009 due to injury. At a WWE house show in Birmingham on 7 November 2011, William Regal announced that Brookside was in the crowd and credited him with his success as well as that of Sheamus and Wade Barrett.
In 2013, Brookside, who had already been working as a talent scout for WWE, began working as a coach in WWE\'s developmental system, NXT, also ending his career in the active competition after nearly 30 years. Brookside made an appearance on the 16 February 2015 episode of *Raw*, separating a brawl between Daniel Bryan and Roman Reigns.
According to *Pro Wrestling Torch* in 2017, Brookside teaches the beginner class at the WWE Performance Center, the first of four levels of classes.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Brooks daughter Xia-Louise is also a wrestler, best known as Xia Brookside
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# Talking cure
***The Talking Cure*** and ***chimney sweeping*** were terms Bertha Pappenheim, known in case studies by the alias Anna O., used for the verbal therapy given to her by Josef Breuer. They were first published in *Studies on Hysteria* (1895).
As Ernest Jones put it, \"On one occasion she related the details of the first appearance of a particular symptom and, to Breuer\'s great astonishment, this resulted in its complete disappearance,\" or in Lacan\'s words, \"the more Anna provided signifiers, the more she chattered on, the better it went\".
## Development
### Invention of the term {#invention_of_the_term}
Breuer found that Pappenheim\'s symptoms---headaches, excitement, curious vision disturbances, partial paralyses, and loss of sensation, which had no organic origin and are now called somatoform disorders---improved once the subject expressed her repressed trauma and related emotions, a process later called catharsis. Peter Gay considered that, \"Breuer rightly claimed a quarter of a century later that his treatment of Bertha Pappenheim contained \'the germ cell of the whole of psychoanalysis\'.\"
Sigmund Freud later adopted the term *talking cure* to describe the fundamental work of psychoanalysis. He himself referenced Breuer and Anna O. in his Lectures on Psychoanalysis at Clark University, Worcester, MA, in September 1909: \"The patient herself, who, strange to say, could at this time only speak and understand English, christened this novel kind of treatment the \'talking cure\' or used to refer to it jokingly as \'chimney-sweeping\'.\"
### Locus classicus {#locus_classicus}
There are currently three English translations of *Studies on Hysteria*, the first by A. A. Brill (1937), the second by James Strachey (1955), included in the *Standard Edition*, and the third by Nicola Luckhurst (2004). The following samples come from Breuer's case study on "Anna O\..." where the concept of *talking cure* appears for the first time and illustrate how the translations differ:
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| In the country, where I could not see the patient daily, the situation developed in the following manner: I came in the evening when I knew that she was in a state of hypnosis, and I took away from her the whole supply of fantasms which she had collected since my last visit. In order to obtain good results this had to be accomplished very thoroughly. Following this, she was quite tranquil and the next day she was very pleasant, docile, industrious and cheerful. The following day she was always more moody, peevish, and unpleasant; all of which became more marked on the third day. In this state of mind it was not always easy even in hypnosis to induce her to express herself, for which procedure she invented the good and serious name of "talking-cure," and humorously referred to it as "chimney-sweeping." She knew that after expressing herself, she would lose all her peevishness and "energy," yet whenever (after a long pause) she was in an angry mood she refused to talk, so that I had to extort it from her through urging and begging, as well as through some tricks, such as reciting to her a stereotyped introductory formula of her stories. But she never spoke until after she had carefully touched my hands and had become convinced of my identity. During the nights when rest could not be obtained through expression, one had to make use of chloral. I tried this a number of times before, but I had to give her 5 grams per dose, and sleep was preceded by a sort of intoxication, which lasted an hour. In my presence she was cheerful, but when I was away, there appeared a most uncomfortable, anxious state of excitement (incidentally, the deep intoxication just mentioned made no change in the contractures). I could have omitted the narcotic because the talking, if it did not bring sleep, at least produced calm. In the country, however, the nights were so intolerable between the hypnotic alleviations, that we had to resort to chloral. Gradually, however, she did not need so much of it. | While she was in the country, when I was unable to pay her daily visits, the situation developed as follows. I used to visit her in the evening, when I knew I should find her in her hypnosis, and I then relieved her of the whole stock of imaginative products which she had accumulated since my last visit. It was essential that this should be effected completely if good results were to follow. When this was done she became perfectly calm, and next day she would be agreeable, easy to manage, industrious and even cheerful; but on the second day she would be increasingly moody, contrary and unpleasant, and this would become still more marked on the third day. When she was like this it was not always easy to get her to talk, even in her hypnosis. She aptly described this procedure, speaking seriously, as a 'talking cure', while she referred to it jokingly as 'chimney-sweeping'.^1^ She knew that after she had given utterance to her hallucinations she would lose all her obstinacy and what she described as her 'energy'; and when, after some comparatively long interval, she was in a bad temper, she would refuse to talk, and I was obliged to overcome her unwillingness by urging and pleading and using devices such as repeating a formula with which she was in the habit of introducing her stories. But she would never begin to talk until she had satisfied herself of my identity by carefully feeling my hands. On those nights on which she had not been calmed by verbal utterance it was necessary to fall back upon chloral. I had tried it on a few earlier occasions, but I was obliged to give her 5 grammes, and sleep was preceded by a state of intoxication which lasted for some hours. When I was present this state was euphoric, but in my absence it was highly disagreeable and characterized by anxiety as well as excitement. (It may be remarked incidentally that this severe state of intoxication made no difference to her contractures.) I had been able to avoid the use of narcotics, since the verbal utterance of her hallucinations calmed her even though it might not induce sleep; but when she was in the country the nights on which she had not obtained hypnotic relief were so unbearable that in spite of everything it was necessary to have recourse to chloral. But it became possible gradually to reduce the dose.\ | While the patient was in the country, where I was unable to visit her every day, the situation developed as follows. I came in the evening, when I knew that she would be in her hypnosis, and removed the entire stock of phantasms that she had amassed since my last visit. For this to be successful, there could be no omissions. Then she would become quite calm and on the following day was agreeable, obedient, industrious, and even in good spirits. But on the second day she was increasingly moody, contrary and disagreeable, and this worsened on the third. Once she was in this temper it was not always easy, even in her hypnosis, to get her to talk things through, a procedure for which she had found two names in English, the apt and serious '*talking cure*' and the humorous '*chimney-sweeping*'. She knew that having spoken out she would lose all her contrariness and 'energy'. If, after a comparatively long break, she was already in a bad mood, she would refuse to talk, and I had to wrest it from her, with demands, pleas and a few tricks such as reciting one of the phrases with which she would typically begin her stories. But she would never speak until she had made sure of my identity by carefully feeling my hands. During those nights when talking things through had not calmed her, it was necessary to resort to chloral. I had tried this on a few previous occasions, but found it necessary to give her 5 grams, and sleep was then preceded by a state of intoxication lasting several hours. Whenever I was present, this state was bright and cheerful, but, in my absence, it took the form of an anxious and extremely unpleasant excitement. (The contracture was completely unaffected by this state of severe intoxication.) I had been able to avoid the narcotic, because the talking through at the very least calmed her down, even if it did not also allow her to sleep. But while she was living in the country the nights between those in which she was relieved by hypnosis were so unbearable that it was necessary to resort to chloral; gradually, however, she needed to take less of it. |
| | ---------------------------\ | |
| | ^1^ \[These two phrases are in English in the original.\] | |
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## Current status {#current_status}
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# Talking cure
## Current status {#current_status}
Mental health professionals now use the term *talking cure* more widely to mean any of a variety of talking therapies. Some consider that after a century of employment the talking cure has finally led to the writing cure.
*The Talking Cure: The science behind psychotherapy* is also the name of a book published by Holt and authored by Susan C. Vaughan MD in 1997. It explores the way in which psychotherapy reshapes the through incorporating neuroscience research with psychotherapy research and research on development. It contains clinical vignettes of the \"talking cure\" in action from real psychotherapies.
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# Talking cure
## Celebrity endorsement {#celebrity_endorsement}
The actress Diane Keaton attributes her recovery from bulimia to the talking cure: \"All those disjointed words and half-sentences, all those complaining, awkward phrases\...made the difference. It was the talking cure; the talking cure that gave me a way out of addiction; the damn talking cure
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# Numbered Treaties
The **Numbered Treaties** (or **Post-Confederation Treaties**) are a series of eleven treaties signed between the First Nations, one of three groups of Indigenous Peoples in Canada, and the reigning monarch of Canada (Victoria, Edward VII or George V) from 1871 to 1921. These agreements were created to allow the Government of Canada to pursue settlement and resource extraction in the affected regions, which includes the entirety of modern-day Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan, as well as parts of modern-day British Columbia, Ontario, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon. These treaties expanded the Dominion of Canada resulting in the displacement of Indigenous populations for large tracts of land in exchange for promises made to the indigenous people of the area. These terms were dependent on individual negotiations and so specific terms differed with each treaty.
These treaties came in two waves---Numbers 1 through 7 from 1871 to 1877 and Numbers 8 through 11 from 1899 to 1921. In the first wave, the treaties were key in advancing European settlement across the Prairie regions as well as the development of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In the second wave, resource extraction was the main motive for government officials. During this time, Canada introduced the *Indian Act* extending its control over the First Nations to education, government and legal rights. The federal government did provide emergency relief, on condition of the Indigenous peoples moving to the Indian reserve.
Today, these agreements are upheld by the Government of Canada, administered by Canadian Aboriginal law and overseen by the Minister of Crown--Indigenous Relations. They are often criticized and are a leading issue within the fight for First Nation rights. The *Constitution Act, 1982* gave protection of First Nations and treaty rights under Section 35. It states: \"Aboriginal and treaty rights are hereby recognized and affirmed.\" This phrase was never fully defined. As a result, First Nations must attest their rights in court as the case in *R v Sparrow*.
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# Numbered Treaties
## Background
The relationship between The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples stretches back to the first contact between European colonialists and North American Indigenous peoples. Over centuries of interaction, treaties were established concerning the interaction between the monarch and Indigenous peoples. Both the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and the *British North America Act, 1867* (now the *Constitution Act, 1867*) established guidelines that would be later used to create the numbered treaties.
The Royal Proclamation occurred in 1763, and is considered to be the foundation of treaty-making in Canada. This proclamation established a line between the Appalachian Mountains from Nova Scotia to the southern region of the Province of Georgia, and prevented settlement beyond that specific area by settlers. The proclamation also established protocols that needed to be acknowledged by the governing authority in regards to purchasing land from First Nations Peoples in North America and later Canada. The Royal Proclamation was created as a result of the assertion of British jurisdiction over First Nation territory. While the British laid claim over First Nation territory, uprisings from Pontiac, the Three Fires Confederacy, and other First Nations Peoples resulted in a period of violence between the two peoples as the British attempted to maintain their claim and the Indigenous peoples fought to dislodge British troops from their land. As a result of these uprisings, the intention of the Royal Proclamation was to prevent future disputes. The Royal Proclamation stated that the only authoritative government that was able to purchase land from First Nations People was the British Crown. One of the stipulations of this agreement was that First Nations People were to be informed and attend the public assembly regarding the purchase of lands.
When the *British North America Act 1867* was enacted, a division of power was established between the Dominion government and its provinces that separated First Nation Peoples and settlers. The federal government retained responsibility for providing health care, education, property rights and creating other laws that would affect the First Nations people. The government of Canada replaced the British Crown as the leading authority, and gained control of 19th-century First Nations land transfers.
Both the Royal Proclamation and the British North America Act impacted the procedures of governmental and First Nations negotiations. They set the stage for future negotiations that would occur, including the numbered treaties that would begin in 1871 with *Treaty 1*.
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# Numbered Treaties
## Negotiation
Negotiation of the Numbered Treaties began in 1871. The first seven affected those living on the prairies, while the remaining were negotiated at a later time between 1899 and 1921 and concerned those living further north. Each treaty delineates a tract of land which was thought to be the traditional territory of the First Nations signing that particular treaty. For Canada it was a necessary step before settlement and development could occur further westward. No two treaties were alike, as they were dependent upon specific geographic and social conditions within the territory being addressed.
### Government
After confederation, the newly formed Dominion of Canada looked to expand its borders from sea to sea. There was a fear amongst the population that rapid expansion from the United States would leave the country cornered with limited arable land, lack of opportunity for economic growth, and resource extraction. To the west of Ontario was Rupert\'s Land, fur trading territory operated by the Hudson\'s Bay Company since 1670, which contained several trading post and some small settlements, such as the Red River Colony. During the first session of Parliament many called for the annexation of the territory and letters were sent to the British Monarchy suggesting that \"it would promote the prosperity of the Canadian people, and conduce to the advantage of the whole Empire if the Dominion of Canada \... were extended westward to the shore of the Pacific Ocean\". In the following years, negotiations took place to acquire full control of the region with the creation of the *Rupert\'s Land Act* of 1868 and the *North-Western Territory Transfer Act* of 1870. Even though the government acquired the land from the Hudson\'s Bay Company, they failed to have full control and use of the land; this transfer solely provided sovereignty over the area.
One of the conditions to ensure British Columbia would join Confederation at the time was the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway to connect it to the rest of the nation. This major infrastructure project would have to go through the interior of the newly acquired land and through First Nation territory. Canadian law, as set out in the Royal Proclamation, recognized that the First Nations who inhabited these lands prior to European contact had title to the land. In order to satisfy British Columbia\'s request and the growing need for land by eastern settlers and new immigrants, treaties had to be created with the First Nation people in the interior.
Similarly, the later treaties of the turn of the century were not conducted until the land was useful for government purposes. When gold was discovered in the Klondike in the 1890s, *Treaty 8* was established in the hopes of quelling tensions and conflicts between First Nations of the northern reaches and miners and traders. Despite the fact that First Nations people of the Mackenzie River Valley were in economic need well before the 1920s, it was not until an abundance of oil was found that treaties needed to be implemented. The Government of Canada lobbied for treaties in the north only when potential development could be supported in the region. For political and economic reasoning, the Government of Canada hastily put treaties into place without regards to First Nation well-being.
### First Nations {#first_nations}
With Treaties 1--7, there was some resistance from members of the First Nations to the treaty process and growing anxiety that it would allow a flood of settlers, but many saw it as a way to secure much needed assistance. The First Nations at this time were suffering due to the changing dynamics of the west including disease, famine, and conflict. First Nations people were being decimated by disease, specifically smallpox, and tuberculosis which had catastrophic ramifications for several groups. Tsuu T\'ina for example were decimated by Old World disease. Their population fell from several thousand to only 300 to 400 remaining within the 1800s. They began to suffer from famine due to the near extinction of the buffalo. Active participation in selling pemmican and hide in the fur trade, in addition to hunting for personal sustenance, meant that those living on the plains lacked a vital food source to maintain their livelihood. They were eager to receive food aid and other assistance from the government, which they believed would be offered following the implementation of treaties. Some First Nation groups also sought to ensure some form of education would be provided to them through the implementation of the treaties. Education was crucial to the First Nations because their cultural way of life was diminishing around them quite rapidly. They believed that the promise of education would not only help curb the loss of culture but also ensure their children\'s future success in a new developed West. In the northern regions of this land that was not covered by any treaty, the First Nations were suffering from similar issues, but had to continue to lobby the Canadian government for years before treaties were negotiated. A focus on materials needed for survival was placed when they did finally occur.
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# Numbered Treaties
## Language
Unlike previous treaties, which included both First Nations and European tradition, the numbered treaties were conducted in a purely British diplomatic manner. First Nations were given translators, either of European or Métis descent, who were to translate what was being said during the discussions. What can be seen here is a significant difference between the written documents used by government officials of the time, and the oral traditions used by the First Nations communities throughout the negotiation process. This reality is proven through diaries like those of the Indian commissioner, Duncan Campbell Scott, who wrote a detailed account of negotiating *Treaty 9* through *Treaty 11*. There are also claims from First Nations people that Alexander Morris failed to mention the surrender clause in the treaty text at the negotiations for *Treaty 6*, leading to miscommunication between the two groups. Evidence can also be found amongst the few written documents of the time by First Nations chiefs; during *Treaty 3* negotiations, Chief Powasson took detailed notes during the negotiations, which shows the differences in understanding of what was being offered during the talks because of the language barrier.
The use of specific wording during the negotiations and within the treaties are also points of contention. The language used by the commissioners during the numbered treaties negotiations addressed First Nations tradition by giving them entitlement of children and the Crown was identified as Queen Mother. When the commissioner recognized First Nations peoples as children and the Crown as Queen Mother it ensured the First Nations people were to always to be protected from danger by their parents and enjoy their freedom. As the numbered treaties negotiations came to an end, the language use was significant to First Nations people. To seal the numbered treaties references to the natural world like, \"You will always be cared for, all the time, as long as the sun walks\" was used to appeal to the First Nations people.
<File:Treatyno4.jpg%7Calt=A> large piece of parchment paper with detailed, small text of the treaty.\|*Treaty 4* <File:Treatyno600.jpg%7Calt=A> large piece of parchment paper with detailed, small text of the treaty.\|*Treaty 6* <File:Treatyno7.jpg%7Calt=A> large piece of parchment paper with detailed, small text of the treaty.\|*Treaty 7* <File:Treatyno800.jpg%7Calt=A> large piece of parchment paper with detailed, small text of the treaty.\|*Treaty 8*
These treaty presentation copies are held in the Bruce Peel Special Collections at University of Alberta Library. Each is printed on parchment with text in black and red and a blue and red border.
| 417 |
Numbered Treaties
| 3 |
2,884,107 |
# Numbered Treaties
## List
In the table below is information about each numbered treaty including its signing date, its location, the major signers, those affected, and a brief summary of what each group received following the agreement.
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Treaty number | First signed on | Location | Major treaty signers | Those affected | Brief summary |
+===============+===============================================================+======================================================================================================================================================+======================================================================================================================+===================================================================================================================+=========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| *Treaty 1* | 3 August 1871 | Lower Fort Garry, Fort Alexander | Adams Archibald (Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba), Wemyss Simpson (Indian Commissioner) | Chippewa Tribe, Swampy Cree Tribe, and all Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | *First Nations receive:*Limited reserve land and monetary compensation, farming tools, education. *Canada obtains*: Land rights; promise of peace, law, and order, and restricted alcohol use on reserves |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Treaty 2* | 21 August 1871 | Manitoba Post | Adams Archibald (Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba), Wemyss Simpson (Indian Commissioner) | Chippewa Tribe of Indians, and all Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | *First Nations receive:*Limited reserve land and monetary compensation; farming tools; education. |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | *Canada obtains*: Land rights; promise of peace, law, and order, and restricted alcohol use on reserves |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Treaty 3* | 3 October 1873 | Northwest Angle of the Lake of the Woods | Alexander Morris (Lieutenant Governor), S.J. Dawson (Indian Commissioner) | The Saulteaux Tribe of the Ojibwe Indians and all Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | *First Nations receive:* Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; right to hunt and fish on ceded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; schools on reserves. |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | *Canada obtains*: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing, and restricted alcohol use on reserves |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Treaty 4* | 15 September 1874 | Fort Qu\'Appelle, Fort Ellice, Swan Lake, Fort Pelly, Fort Walsh | Alexander Morris (Lieutenant Governor), William J. Christie (Indian Commissioner) | The Cree and Saulteaux Tribes of Indians, and all Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | *First Nations receive:*Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for gunpowder, shot, bale, and fishing net twine totalling \$750/year; right to hunt and fish on ceded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; schools on reserves. |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | *Canada obtains*: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing, and restricted alcohol use on reserves. |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Treaty 5* | 20 September 1875 (adhesions in February 1889) | Beren\'s River, Norway House, Grand Rapids | Alexander Morris (Lieutenant Governor), James McKay (Indian Commissioner) | The Saulteaux and Swampy Cree Tribes of Indians, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | *First Nations receive:* Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for gunpowder, shot, bale, and fishing net twine totalling \$300/year; right to hunt and fish on ceded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; schools on reserves when desired by First Nations, and deemed appropriate by Canada. |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | *Canada obtains*: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; and full control of schooling on reserves. |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Treaty 6* | 28 August 1876 (adhesion 9 September 1876, and February 1889) | Fort Carlton, Fort Pitt | Alexander Morris (Lieutenant Governor), James McKay (Indian Commissioner), William J. Christie (Indian Commissioner) | The Plain and Wood Cree Tribes of Indians, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | *First Nations receive:*Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for gunpowder, shot, bale, and fishing net twine totalling \$1500/year; right to hunt and fish on ceded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; schools on reserves when desired by First Nations, and deemed appropriate by Canada; medicine chest clause is implemented; additional assistance is available for pestilence or famine relief |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | *Canada obtains*: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; control of healthcare on reserves through the medicine chest initiative. |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Treaty 7* | 22 September 1877 | \"Blackfoot Crossing\" of the Bow River, Fort Macleod | David Laird (Government Official), James Macleod (Indian Commissioner), | The Blackfoot, Blood, Piegan, Sarcee, Stony, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | *First Nations receive:*Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for ammunition totalling \$2000/year; right to hunt and fish on ceded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; have right to build and maintain infrastructure on reserves; salary is allocated to hire a school teacher for reserve school. |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | *Canada obtains*: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves. |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Treaty 8* | 8 July 1899 (adhesions until 1901) | Lesser Slave Lake, Peace River Landing, Fort Vermilion, Fond-du-Lac, Dunvegan, Fort Chipewyan, Smiths Landing, Fort McMurray, Wapiscow Lake | David Laird (Treaty Commissioner), J.H. Ross (Treaty Commissioner), J.A.J. McKenna (Treaty Commissioner) | The Cree, Beaver, Chipewyan, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | *First Nations receive:*Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for ammunition and fishing net twine totalling \$1 per family head; right to hunt and fish on ceded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; money is set aside to hire school teachers as needed. |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | *Canada obtains*: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; ability to buy and sell Aboriginal land with their consent. |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Treaty 9* | 6 November 1905 | Osnaburg, Fort Hope, Marten Falls, Fort Albany, Moose Factory, New Post, Abitibi, Matachewan, Mattagami, Flying Post, New Brunswick House, Long Lake | Duncan Campbell Scott (Treaty Commissioner), Samuel Stewart (Treaty Commissioner), Daniel G. MacMartin | The Ojibway, Cree, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | *First Nations receive:*Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for ammunition and fishing net twine totalling \$1 per family head; right to hunt and fish on ceded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; funds to hire teachers, construct schools, and purchase supplies are available, but with Canada\'s authorization. |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | *Canada obtains*: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; full control funds for education. |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Treaty 10* | 7 November 1906 | Île-à-la-Crosse, Lac du Brochet | J.A.J. McKenna (Treaty Commissioner) | The Chipewyan, Cree, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | *First Nations receive:*Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; right to hunt and fish on ceded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; unspecified amount of ammunition and twine distributed as government sees fit; provision for childhood education; furnishings for agricultural assistance |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | *Canada obtains*: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; control of the allocation of ammunition and fishing twine, and the distribution of agricultural assistance. |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Treaty 11* | 27 June 1921 until 22 August 1921 | Northwest Territories; Fort Providence, Fort Simpson, Fort Wrigley, Fort Norman, Good Hope, Arctic Red River, Fort McPherson, Fort Liard, Fort Rae | Duncan Campbell Scott (Governor General/Major Signer), Henry Anthony Conroy (Indian Commissioner) | The Slavey, Dogrib, Loucheux, Hare, and other Indians, inhabitants of the territory within the limits hereinafter | *First Nations receive:*Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; right to hunt and fish on ceded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; provision for childhood education; furnishings for agricultural assistance; have right to build and maintain infrastructure on reserves; provision for childhood education; each family receives \$50 annually for fishing twine and trapping; distribution of agricultural assistance possible. |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | *Canada obtains*: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; ability to buy and sell Aboriginal land with permission; control of the allocation of ammunition and fishing twine, and the distribution of agricultural assistance. |
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
## Perspectives
| 1,515 |
Numbered Treaties
| 4 |
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