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# Antoni Tàpies
## Exhibitions
- In 1950, Tàpies\' first solo show was held at the Galeries Laietanes, Barcelona, and he was included in the Carnegie International in Pittsburgh.
- In 1953 he had his first shows in the United States, at the Marshall Field Art Gallery in Chicago and the Martha Jackson Gallery in New York.
- In 1962 he was given the opportunity to have a Guggenheim Retrospective.
- Some of his other retrospectives were presented at the Musée National d\'Art Moderne, Paris, in 1973 and at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York, in 1977.
- Later he was the subject of retrospective exhibitions at the Jeu de Paume in Paris in 1994.
- Kestnergesellschaft in Hannover in 1998.
- In the year 2000 in New York, he had an exhibition at the Pace Gallery, which consisted of multimedia paintings as well as small bronzes and assemblages.
- The Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid in 2000, and was exhibited at the Anita Shapolsky Gallery in New York City in 2006, 2012, and 2014.
- In 2007 at the age of 83, Tàpies had an exhibition at Pace Wildenstein where he showed 17 paintings done on wood as well as canvas.
- In 2017, Nahmad Contemporary in New York presented the exhibition *Tàpies: Paintings, 1970--2003*.
- [\'Antoni Tàpies. Objects\'. Until February, 2018 at Fundació Antoni Tàpies museum, Barcelona](https://fundaciotapies.org/site/spip.php?rubrique1472)
## Legacy
The Fundació Antoni Tàpies is a museum and cultural center located in Carrer d\'Aragó, in Barcelona that is dedicated to the works and life of Antoni Tàpies. It was established in 1984 by Tàpies himself. His intent was to create a forum that would promote the study as well as the knowledge of modern and contemporary art. It includes the temporary exhibitions, film seasons, lectures, symposiums, as well as different activities and showings of Tàpies\'s work. The foundation owns one of the most extensive collections of Tàpies\'s work, mostly donated by Tàpies himself. It also contains a large library that is dedicated solely to the artists of our century and the modern literature and documentation pertaining to the genre.
## Recognition
- Tàpies was awarded in 1958 the First Prize for painting at the Pittsburgh International, and the UNESCO and David E. Bright Prizes at the Venice Biennale.
- In 1958 Tàpies, along with Eduardo Chillida, represented Spain in the Venice Biennale.
- He received the Rubens Prize of Siegen, Germany, in 1972.
- In the Academic Sphere, he received an Honorary Doctorate from the Rovira i Virgili University in 1994.
- In 2003 Tàpies won Spain\'s most prestigious art award, the Velázquez prize.
- On 9 April 2010, he was raised into the Spanish nobility by King Juan Carlos I with the hereditary title of *Marqués de Tápies* (Marquess of Tàpies) (English: Marquess of Tàpies).
- Furthermore, he designed Rovira i Virgili University's logo, which is characterized by the letter \"a\", symbol of the university\'s knowledge principle.
## Gallery of works {#gallery_of_works}
<File:Fundació> Tàpies 03 - Els Solcs (1952) Oli sobre tela.JPG\|Tàpies, 1952, *Els Solcs*, oil-painting <File:Escut> font de la Budellera P1180715.JPG\|Tàpies, 1971, *Escut font de la Budellera*, sculpture / relief <File:Fundació> Tàpies 02.JPG\|Tàpies, 1971, *Pantalons sobre vestidor / Trousers on stretchers*, textile on the backside of a stretched canvas <File:Homenatge> a Picasso - Obra d\'Antoni Tàpies.JPG\|Tàpies, 1982--83, *Homage to Picasso / Homenatge a Picasso*, installation <File:57> Núvol i cadira, d\'Antoni Tàpies.jpg\|Tàpies, 1990, *Núvol i Cadira / Cloud and Chair*, tube-sculpture above the facade of the Fundació Antoni Tàpies <File:Sala> de Reflexió- Antoni Tàpies.JPG\|Tàpies, 1991, *Conté el Díptic de la campana* - part of project \'Sala de Reflexió\' <File:Mitjó> Tàpies.jpg\|Tàpies, 1991, *Mitjó*, sculpture <File:MACBA> i TÀPIES.jpg\|Tàpies, 1993, *Rinzen*, installation <File:557> Composició, d\'Antoni Tàpies, c. Creu 31 (Girona)
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# Ortuella
**Ortuella** is a town and municipality located in the province of Bizkaia, in the Autonomous Community of Basque Country, northern Spain.
Nowadays part of the Greater Bilbao region, until the beginning of the 19th century it was integrated in the Valley of Somorrostro of Enkarterri along with Santurtzi. In 1901 the locality segregated from the municipality of Santurtzi, becoming known as Santurce-Ortuella. This segregation was motivated by an increase of population due to the mining boom at the end of the 19th century, which saw the district of Ortuella become the most populous part of the municipality. In the 1980s, and by means of the resolution of 27 March 1981, the name of the municipality definitively lost the term \"Santurce\", simply being \"Ortuella\", which was the usual name used by their citizens.
Ortuella was the site of a deadly explosion at the Marcelino Ugalde Primary School on 23 October 1980 that killed 50 schoolchildren and 14 adults, and injured killed and injured an additional 128.
The patron saint of Ortuella is Saint Felix of Cantalica (18 May), the name of the main church of the municipality.
## Neighborhoods
Ortuella is administratively divided into 6 neighbourhoods or wards (population figures as of 2010):
- Cadegal (Pop. 46)
- Orconera (Pop. 39)
- Nocedal (Pop. 204)
- Ortuella (Pop. 7.475)
- Triano (Pop. 10)
- Urioste (Pop
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# Pitchstone
**Pitchstone** is a dark coloured, glassy volcanic rock formed when felsic lava or magma cools quickly. Since it is a volcanic glass, pitchstone may have a conchoidal fracture. Pitchstones may also contain phenocrysts, in which case it is a form of vitrophyre. Pitchstone has a resinous lustre, or silky in some cases, and a variable composition. Its colour may be mottled, streaked, or uniform brown, red, green, gray, or black. It is an extrusive rock that is very resistant to erosion.
The pitchstone ridge of An Sgùrr on the Isle of Eigg, Scotland, was possibly formed as a lava flow in a valley.
Pitchstone from the Isle of Arran was used as the raw material for making various items from the Mesolithic through the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Mesolithic use appears to have been limited to the Isle of Arran itself, while in later periods the material or items made from it were transported around Britain
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# Sorenson Squeeze
**Sorenson Squeeze** was a software video encoding tool used to compress and convert video and audio files on Mac OS X or Windows operating systems. It was sold as a standalone tool and has also long been bundled with Avid Media Composer.
## History
Sorenson Squeeze was first announced on July 17, 2001, as the first variable bit rate (VBR) compression application for Mac OS X, and was released on October 29 of that same year. By March 2002, Sorenson Squeeze became available for Windows OS. Sorenson Squeeze was originally released as a tool for encoding videos for the Web and QuickTime playback but began adding new codecs as more versions were released.
The software was discontinued by Sorenson in January 2019, and correspondingly was no longer offered as part of Avid Media Composer.
## Features
Squeeze included a number of features to improve video & audio quality. Features included: GPU accelerated H.264 encoding, adaptive bitrate encoding, HD encoding and Dolby certified AC3 Audio. Intelligent encoding presets available in Squeeze included: x265 (H.265) MainConcept H.264 and MainConcept H.264 CUDA. Adaptive bitrate encoding allows for optimal bitrate and error resilience based on network conditions, resulting in a dynamic adjustment of the video bitstream being delivered.
It encoded to multiple formats including QuickTime, Windows Media, Flash Video, Silverlight, WebM & WMV. It uses multiple codecs, including the Sorenson codecs SV3 Pro and Spark, H.265, H.264, H.263, VP6, VC1, MPEG2, and many others. Squeeze operates on the Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems. Squeeze offers native plugins to Avid, Apple Final Cut Pro and Adobe Premiere (CS4, CS5) NLEs.
Each copy of Squeeze included the Dolby Certified AC3 Consumer encoder. Squeeze also included a simplified review and approval process, which allows the user to automatically send secure, password protected videos for immediate review. Instant feedback is received via Web or mobile.
## Versions
- Sorenson Squeeze was released on October 29, 2001.
- Sorenson Squeeze for Macromedia Flash MX was released on March 14, 2002.
- Sorenson Squeeze 3 for MPEG-4 was released in January 2003.
- Sorenson Squeeze 3 Compression Suite was released in January 2003.
- Sorenson Squeeze 5 was released on March 31, 2008.
- Sorenson Squeeze was updated to version 5.1 on May 11, 2009.
- Sorenson Squeeze 6 was released on November 3, 2009.
- Sorenson Squeeze 7 was released January 25, 2011.
## Awards
- Streaming Media magazine Readers' Choice Award for Encoding Software for 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010.
- 2008 Vanguard Award from Digital Content Producer magazine
## Squeeze 7 system requirements {#squeeze_7_system_requirements}
Windows
- Pentium IV-based computer or greater
- Windows XP, Vista or 7
- 32- and 64-bit compatible (including AVID 64-bit update); Faster performance on 64-bit systems
- 512 MB RAM
- 120 MB available hard drive space
- QuickTime 7.2 or later
- DirectX 9.0b or later
Macintosh
- Intel-based processor
- Mac OS 10.4 or later
- 32- and 64-bit compatible; Faster performance on 64-bit systems
- 512 MB RAM
- 120 MB available hard drive space
- QuickTime 7
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# Kokumbona
**Kokumbona** (also **Kakambona**) is a village on the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.
It was a Japanese base during World War II and the site of a United States Marine Corps amphibious landing on 19 August 1942.
Located on Guadalcanal\'s north coast, it is west of Honiara
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# Otxandio
**Otxandio** (in Basque and officially, in Spanish *Ochandiano*) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque autonomous community, Spain. Otxandio is part of the *comarca* of Durangaldea and has a population of 1,269 inhabitants as of 2010 according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute.
## Toponymy
The name of the town is documented for the first time in the 12th century. However, it would not be considered a town until the 18th century. The name in Spanish, *Ochandiano* is an anthroponym formed by a name and the *-ano* suffix, of Latin origin, probably from the evolution of the suffix *-anum*. The origin of the word seems to come from the Basque words *Ochoa Handia*, that may be translated as \"big wolf\".
The name in Basque, *Otxandio* comes from the phonetic evolution of the Spanish variation, Ochandiano, given due to the loss of the intervocalic *n*; from *Ochandiano* to *Ochandiao* and then *Ochandio*. Then, the adaptation to the Basque orthographic rules changes *Ochandio* to *Otxandio*.
Since 1984, the official name of the municipality is Otxandio.
## History
### Spanish Civil War {#spanish_civil_war}
Early in the Spanish Civil War, on 22 July 1936, Otxandio was bombed by two Nationalist Breguet XIX bombers, which attacked the main square during the celebration of the \"fiestas de Santa María\" killing 57-61 people, almost all of them civilians.
## Geography
Otxandio serves during centuries as the port of entry of Biscay from Álava. It is located at the southernmost part of the province and limits with Abadiño at north, Dima at north and west, Ubide at southwest and the province of Álava at south.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Athletic Bilbao left-back Koikili Lertxundi was born in Otxandio.
- Bishop Victor Garaygordóbil Berrizbeitia, Prelate Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Babahoyo, Ecuador, was born in Otxandio
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# Nobuo Fujita
(1911 -- 30 September 1997) was a Japanese naval aviator of the Imperial Japanese Navy who flew a floatplane from the long-range submarine aircraft carrier `{{Ship|Japanese submarine|I-25||2}}`{=mediawiki} and conducted the Lookout Air Raids in southern Oregon on September 9, 1942, making him the only Axis pilot during World War II to aerial bomb the contiguous United States. Using incendiary bombs, his mission was to start massive forest fires in the Pacific Northwest near the city of Brookings, Oregon, with the objective of drawing the U.S. military\'s resources away from the Pacific Theater. The strategy was also later used in the Japanese fire balloon campaign.
In 1962 Fujita was invited to Brookings where he gave his family\'s 400-year-old katana to the city in friendship, Fujita later sponsored a trip for Brookings high school students to visit Japan in 1985 and returned to the city again in 1990, 1992, and 1995. In 1997, a few days before his death, Fujita was made an honorary citizen of the city.
## Early life and military career {#early_life_and_military_career}
### Early life {#early_life}
Nobuo Fujita joined the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1932 and became a pilot in 1933. Fujita also had a younger brother who was killed in the war.
### Pearl Harbor and U.S. West Coast {#pearl_harbor_and_u.s._west_coast}
Fujita was on board `{{Ship|Japanese submarine|I-25||2}}`{=mediawiki} during the attack on Pearl Harbor, where the *I-25* and three other submarines patrolled a line 193 km north of Oahu. Fujita\'s plane, a Yokosuka E14Y \"Glen\" seaplane, did not function properly, and he was unable to participate in the reconnaissance mission planned before the attack.
After the attack on Pearl Harbor, *I-25* patrolled along the West Coast of the United States with eight other submarines. They attacked U.S. shipping before returning to their base in Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. They arrived there on January 11, 1942, to be refueled and refurbished.
### South Pacific {#south_pacific}
*I-25*{{\'}}s next mission was to reconnoiter the Australian harbours of Sydney, Melbourne and Hobart, followed by the New Zealand harbours of Wellington and Auckland. On 17 February 1942, Nobuo Fujita took off in the \"Glen\" for a reconnaissance flight over Sydney Harbour to examine the city\'s airbase. By 07:30, he had returned to *I-25*, disassembled the \"Glen\" and stowed it in the water-tight hangar.
The next mission was a similar flight over Melbourne, Australia. Fujita took off from Cape Wickham on King Island at the western end of Bass Strait, about halfway between Victoria and Tasmania. The floatplane was launched on 26 February at 3AM for its flight to Melbourne over Port Phillip Bay. During the flight, Fujita recorded details of the bayside industrial areas and shipping activity, as well as noting the presence of one light cruiser, and five destroyers.
Fujita\'s next reconnaissance flight in Australia was over Hobart on 1 March. *I-25* then headed for New Zealand, where Fujita flew a reconnaissance flight over Wellington on 8 March. He flew over Auckland on 13 March, followed by Fiji on 17 March. The submarine returned to its base at Kwajalein on 31 March.
### Pacific Northwest {#pacific_northwest}
On 28 May, Fujita performed a reconnaissance of Kodiak, Alaska, in preparation for the invasion of the Aleutian Islands. On 21 June, *I-25* shelled the U.S. base of Fort Stevens, near Astoria, Oregon. Fujita was on the deck of *I-25* during the attack.
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# Nobuo Fujita
## Early life and military career {#early_life_and_military_career}
### Bombing Oregon {#bombing_oregon}
Fujita himself suggested the idea of a submarine-based seaplane to bomb military targets, including ships at sea, and attacks on the U.S. mainland, especially the strategic Panama Canal. The idea was approved, and the mission was given to `{{Ship|Japanese submarine|I-25||2}}`{=mediawiki}. Submarine aircraft carriers such as the giant *I-400*-class submarines would be developed specifically to bomb the Panama Canal.
At 06:00 on 9 September, *I-25* surfaced west of the Oregon/California border where she launched the *Glen*, flown by Fujita and Petty Officer Okuda Shoji, with a 154 kg load of two incendiary bombs. Fujita dropped two bombs, one on Wheeler Ridge on Mount Emily in Oregon. The location of the other bomb is unknown. The Wheeler Ridge bomb started a small fire 16 km due east of Brookings, which U.S. Forest Service employees were able to extinguish. Rain the night before had made the forest very damp, and the bombs were rendered essentially ineffective. Fujita\'s plane had been spotted by two men, Howard Gardner and Bob Larson, at the Mount Emily fire lookout tower in the Siskiyou National Forest. Two other lookouts (the Chetco Point Lookout and the Long Ridge Lookout) reported the plane, but could not see it due to heavy fog. The plane was seen and heard by many people, especially when Fujita flew over Brookings in both directions. At about noon that day, Howard Gardner at the Mount Emily Lookout reported seeing smoke. The four U.S. Forest Service employees discovered that the fire was caused by a Japanese bomb. Approximately 27 kg of fragments, including the nose of the bomb, were turned over to the United States Army.
After the bombing, *I-25* came under attack by a USAAF aircraft on patrol, forcing the submarine to dive and hide on the ocean floor off Port Orford. The American attacks caused only minor damage, and Fujita flew a second bombing sortie three weeks later on 29 September. Fujita used the Cape Blanco Light as a beacon. After 90 minutes flying east, he dropped his bombs and reported seeing flames, but the bombing remained unnoticed in the U.S.
The submarine torpedoed and sank the SS *Camden* and SS *Larry Doheny* and then sailed for home. On its way to Japan, *I-25* sank the Soviet submarine *L-16*, which was in transit between Dutch Harbor, Alaska, and San Francisco, California, mistaking it for an American submarine (Japan and the USSR were not at war at the time).
The two attacks on Oregon in September 1942 were the only enemy aircraft bombings on the contiguous United States and were the second time the continental United States was attacked by such aircraft during World War II, following the bombing of Dutch Harbor in Unalaska, Alaska three months earlier.
### Post-bombing {#post_bombing}
Fujita continued as an Imperial Japanese Navy pilot, mainly in reconnaissance duties, and was promoted to the rank of Ensign. In 1943 he was transferred to the Kashima Naval Air Corps, a seaplane training and later a mainland air defense unit, where he served as an instructor attached to the aviation squadron. In February 1945 while flying a Mitsubishi F1M reconnaissance floatplane Fujita was involved in the interception and unconfirmed downing of an American Grumman F6F Hellcat.
Just before the end of the war Fujita volunteered to join the Kamikaze Special Attack Force and he was transferred to the Kawa Naval Air Corps where he trained kamikaze pilots and prepared to take part in an attack himself. Kawanishi N1K Kyōfū floatplanes were used for the training but because of multiple factors including poor visibility and the difficulty for crew members with little flight experience to take off and land on water Fujita did not perform any missions before the war\'s end. After the war but before his demobilization Fujita was promoted to Sub-Lieutenant.
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# Nobuo Fujita
## Later life {#later_life}
After the war he opened a hardware store in Ibaraki Prefecture, and later worked at a company making wire.
Fujita was invited to Brookings in 1962 by the local Jaycees, after the Japanese government was assured he would not be tried as a war criminal. He gave the City of Brookings his family\'s 400-year-old katana in friendship. Fujita had intended to use the sword to commit seppuku if he should be arrested as a war crimes suspect. Although his visit still raised some controversy, the town treated him with respect and affection, while US president John F. Kennedy congratulated the town on their efforts to promote international friendship.
Impressed by his welcome in the United States, during his visit, he promised to invite Brookings students to Japan. Despite the bankruptcy of his company, Fujita made good on his promise by co-sponsoring the visit of three female students from Brookings-Harbor High School to Japan in 1985. During the visit, Fujita received a US flag flown over the US Capitol Building and a dedicatory letter from an aide on behalf of President Ronald Reagan \"with admiration for your kindness and generosity.\" Both are now on display at the Nobuo Fujita Corner of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force\'s Camp Kasumigaura Public Relations Center near Tsuchiura.
Fujita returned to Brookings in 1990, 1992, and 1995. In 1992, he planted a tree at the bomb site as a gesture of peace. In 1995, he moved the samurai sword from the Brookings City Hall into the new library\'s display case. Fujita helped to gather money to build the library. He was later named an \"ambassador of goodwill\" by the city for his continued peace efforts.
Fujita was made an honorary citizen of Brookings while hospitalized for lung cancer in Tsuchiura; he died a few days later on September 30, 1997, at the age of 85. In October 1998, his daughter, Yoriko Asakura, buried some of Fujita\'s ashes at the bomb site near Brookings. According to local resident Brenda Jacques his daughter told her that *"part of \[her father's\] soul would forever be flying over Mount Emily"*
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# Parametric model
In statistics, a **parametric model** or **parametric family** or **finite-dimensional model** is a particular class of statistical models. Specifically, a parametric model is a family of probability distributions that has a finite number of parameters.
## Definition
A statistical model is a collection of probability distributions on some sample space. We assume that the collection, `{{math|''𝒫''}}`{=mediawiki}, is indexed by some set `{{math|Θ}}`{=mediawiki}. The set `{{math|Θ}}`{=mediawiki} is called the **parameter set** or, more commonly, the **parameter space**. For each `{{math|''θ'' ∈ Θ}}`{=mediawiki}, let `{{math|''F<sub>θ</sub>''}}`{=mediawiki} denote the corresponding member of the collection; so `{{math|''F<sub>θ</sub>''}}`{=mediawiki} is a cumulative distribution function. Then a statistical model can be written as
:
` \mathcal{P} = \big\{ F_\theta\ \big|\ \theta\in\Theta \big\}.`\
` `
The model is a **parametric model** if `{{math|Θ ⊆ ℝ<sup>''k''</sup>}}`{=mediawiki} for some positive integer `{{math|''k''}}`{=mediawiki}.
When the model consists of absolutely continuous distributions, it is often specified in terms of corresponding probability density functions:
:
` \mathcal{P} = \big\{ f_\theta\ \big|\ \theta\in\Theta \big\}.`\
` `
## Examples
- The Poisson family of distributions is parametrized by a single number `{{math|''λ'' > 0}}`{=mediawiki}:
:
` \mathcal{P} = \Big\{\ p_\lambda(j) = \tfrac{\lambda^j}{j!}e^{-\lambda},\ j=0,1,2,3,\dots \ \Big|\;\; \lambda>0 \ \Big\},`\
` `
where `{{math|''p<sub>λ</sub>''}}`{=mediawiki} is the probability mass function. This family is an exponential family.
- The normal family is parametrized by `{{math|''θ'' {{=}}`{=mediawiki} (*μ*, *σ*)}}, where `{{math|''μ'' ∈ ℝ}}`{=mediawiki} is a location parameter and `{{math|''σ'' > 0}}`{=mediawiki} is a scale parameter:
:
` \mathcal{P} = \Big\{\ f_\theta(x) = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma} \exp\left(-\tfrac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\ \Big|\;\; \mu\in\mathbb{R}, \sigma>0 \ \Big\}.`\
` `
This parametrized family is both an exponential family and a location-scale family.
- The Weibull translation model has a three-dimensional parameter `{{math|''θ'' {{=}}`{=mediawiki} (*λ*, *β*, *μ*)}}:
:
` \mathcal{P} = \Big\{\ `\
` f_\theta(x) = \tfrac{\beta}{\lambda} `\
` \left(\tfrac{x-\mu}{\lambda}\right)^{\beta-1}\!`\
` \exp\!\big(\!-\!\big(\tfrac{x-\mu}{\lambda}\big)^\beta \big)\,`\
` \mathbf{1}_{\{x>\mu\}}`\
` \ \Big|\;\; `\
` \lambda>0,\, \beta>0,\, \mu\in\mathbb{R}`\
` \ \Big\}.`\
` `
- The binomial model is parametrized by `{{math|''θ'' {{=}}`{=mediawiki} (*n*, *p*)}}, where `{{math|''n''}}`{=mediawiki} is a non-negative integer and `{{math|''p''}}`{=mediawiki} is a probability (i.e. `{{math|''p'' ≥ 0}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{math|''p'' ≤ 1}}`{=mediawiki}):
:
` \mathcal{P} = \Big\{\ p_\theta(k) = \tfrac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}\, p^k (1-p)^{n-k},\ k=0,1,2,\dots, n \ \Big|\;\; n\in\mathbb{Z}_{\ge 0},\, p \ge 0 \land p \le 1\Big\}.`\
` `
This example illustrates the definition for a model with some discrete parameters.
## General remarks {#general_remarks}
A parametric model is called identifiable if the mapping `{{math|''θ'' ↦ ''P<sub>θ</sub>''}}`{=mediawiki} is invertible, i.e. there are no two different parameter values `{{math|''θ''<sub>1</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{math|''θ''<sub>2</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} such that `{{math|''P''<sub>''θ''<sub>1</sub></sub> {{=}}`{=mediawiki} *P*~*θ*~2~~}}.
## Comparisons with other classes of models {#comparisons_with_other_classes_of_models}
Parametric models are contrasted with the semi-parametric, semi-nonparametric, and non-parametric models, all of which consist of an infinite set of \"parameters\" for description. The distinction between these four classes is as follows:
- in a \"*parametric*\" model all the parameters are in finite-dimensional parameter spaces;
- a model is \"*non-parametric*\" if all the parameters are in infinite-dimensional parameter spaces;
- a \"*semi-parametric*\" model contains finite-dimensional parameters of interest and infinite-dimensional nuisance parameters;
- a \"*semi-nonparametric*\" model has both finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional unknown parameters of interest.
Some statisticians believe that the concepts \"parametric\", \"non-parametric\", and \"semi-parametric\" are ambiguous. It can also be noted that the set of all probability measures has cardinality of continuum, and therefore it is possible to parametrize any model at all by a single number in (0,1) interval. This difficulty can be avoided by considering only \"smooth\" parametric models
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# Plentzia
**Plentzia** (*Plencia*) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country. The town has 4,459 inhabitants (2023).
Plentzia is located 25 km north-east of Bilbao. It is part of the Bilbao metropolitan area, as well as being the terminus of the first line of the city\'s Metro. In addition to the Metro, two BizkaiBus bus routes serve the town, with further destinations served from Urduliz, the next stop on the Metro. Plentzia is approximately 30 min by car from Bilbao and Bilbao airport. Coming from Bilbao, take the BI-634 from Bilbao to Sopelana and then follow the signposts along the BI-2122 to Plentzia. From the airport, take the BI-631 as far as Mungia, and from there the BI-2120 to Plentzia.
Plentzia is a resort town with a large beach beside the Plentzia River estuary, in the round, shell-shaped Bay of Plentzia, shared with neighbouring Gorliz and Barrika. The beach is very popular as it is clean and the sea is calm due to the shelter of the bay and the town has many amenities for visitors.
Plentzia and its neighbouring municipalities are popular locations for better-off families from Bilbao to buy weekend--holiday homes and during the summer months the town\'s beach and bars and restaurants become much busier thanks to these residents and other visitors from Bilbao.
As in most Basque towns, Plentzia has a number of restaurants and bars ranging from small bars offering *pintxos* to restaurants with formal dining. There is also a small Council-run museum telling the town\'s history and in particular dealing with its history as a merchant marine port. The town also has an indoor municipal Jai Alai Fronton where the traditional Basque sport of pelota is played and competitive matches can often be seen.
## History
The origins of Plentzia goes back to the beginning of the 13th century, when the Lord of Vizcaya Lope Díaz II of Haro define the maritime term of the district of Gorliz, focused on whale hunting. However, the villa was not founded until the year 1299 by Diego López V of Haro. It stood in the area coastal Gaminiz, belonging to the community of Gorliz, which would separate the whole which would constitute the town of Plentzia.
The original name of the new town was Placencia of Butron or Plasencia of Butron, but with the passage of years the use will short it giving rise to the current \"Plencia\". The "plencianos" were governed by the jurisdiction of Logroño. Subsequent Lords of Vizcaya and Kings of Castile would confirm the privileges of the town.
## Image gallery {#image_gallery}
Image:Gorlizko badia kamaraz.JPG\|The Bay of Plentzia and the beach Image:Plentzia1.JPG\|The Plentzia River Image:Plentzia2.JPG\|The estuary and the town Image:Plentzia3
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# Santurtzi
**Santurtzi** (*Santurce*; *Santurtzi* `{{IPA|eu|santuɾts̻i|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a port town in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, Spain. It is located in the Bilbao Abra bay, near the mouth of the Nervión river, on its left bank, 14 km downriver from Bilbao and forms part of the *Greater Bilbao* agglomeration. It has a population of 45,853 (2019) and a land area of 6.77 km2.
The district of Santurce of the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico derives its name from Santurtzi.
## History and Toponyms {#history_and_toponyms}
According to legends, the current church of St. George was originally founded as a monastery by English monks fleeing from religious persecution. They established themselves on the Basque coast, specifically the Somorrostro Valley, from which would later develop the town of Santurtzi.
The name Santurtzi is derived from the Latin *Sant Georgi*, as was the hermitage in Gordejuela near current Oquendo. In neighbouring Cantabria, Burgos and Araba exist several towns with variations of the same name: Santurde, Santiurde de Reinosa and Santurdejo.
The Spanish language form *Santurce* first appeared in 1333, whilst its Basque counterpart would first be shown written in 1372. During the Middle Ages it could also be found referred to as *San Jurdic, San Yurdie, Sturse* and *Santursi,* amongst others. In current day, both names are used interchangeably, with certain preference given to *Santurtzi*, given its frequent use in Spanish.
The official name of the municipality has also seen various changes. During the 19th century it was officially considered to be Santurce, however in 1901 it was divided in two. The inland part of this division would become Santurce Ortuella, as the mining town of Ortuella had grown enough to promote itself as the largest urban conglomeration of Santurce. The coastal side maintained its population base in Santurtzi, and began to be called Old Santurce. The cultural and traditional relationship between the two divisions can still be observed in the border area of Kabiezes.
On 14 November 1980, Vicente Zorita Alonso`{{Emdash}}`{=mediawiki}a candidate for the Basque Parliament and a long time administrative employee`{{Emdash}}`{=mediawiki}was murdered by ETA as a statement against political supporters of the oligarchy.
## Geography
In general, Santurtzi has a very rough orography, although excluding *Mount Serantes* (452m) - one of its most symbolic topographic elements - it is not at high altitude, the significant heights being spurs of the Serantes (Serandi): *The Mallet* (245m) and the *Fortified Heights* (123 and 106m). Its relief is contained within the north flank of the anticline of Biscay. It is a structural type relief composed of urgonian limestone from the Cretaceous period found all throughout Punta Lucero-Serantes, smoothly inclined towards the Estuary of Bilbao.
The climate in Santurtzi pertains to the humid oceanic climate type. The temperatures are moderate throughout the year, with more frequent rains in spring and autumn. Winters are mild and summers not excessively warm. The average temperature is 20 °C (70ªF) in summer and 8 °C (48ªF) in winter.
## Demographics
## Mayors
Years Mayor Party
----------- --------------------------------- ---------
1979-1983 José Antonio Loidi Alcaraz EAJ-PNV
1983-1987 José Miguel Darquistade Albizua PSOE
1987-1991 José Miguel Darquistade Albizua PSOE
1987-1995 José Miguel Darquistade Albizua PSOE
1995-1999 José Miguel Darquistade Albizua PSE-EE
1999-2003 Francisco Javier Cruz Expósito PSE-EE
2003-2007 Francisco Javier Cruz Expósito PSE-EE
2007-2011 Ricardo Ituarte Azpiazu EAJ-PNV
2011-2015 Ricardo Ituarte Azpiazu EAJ-PNV
2015-2019 Aintzane Urkijo Sagredo EAJ-PNV
2019-2023 Aintzane Urkijo Sagredo EAJ-PNV
2023-2027 Karmele Tubilla Artetxe EAJ-PNV
## Santurtzi City Council {#santurtzi_city_council}
Santurtzi City Council (2023-2027):
**Mayor**
- Karmele Tubilla (PNV)
**Councillors**
- Edorta Rodrigo Izaola (PNV)
- Itziar Carrocera Fernández (PNV)
- Miguel Álvarez Ramírez (PNV)
- Ixone Andreu (PNV)
- Sonia López Bahamonde (PNV)
- Imanol Urrutxua Betanzos (PNV)
- Juan Andrades García (PSE)
- Itziar Utrera Pérez (PSE)
- Mario Gómez Pérez (PSE)
- Olga Pastor Albizu (PSE)
- Pedro Martínez González (PSE)
- Ainhoa Lopera Corada (Elkarrekin Podemos)
- José Manuel De Pablos Bajo (Elkarrekin Podemos)
- Miren Matanzas Gorostizaga (EH Bildu)
- Carlos Sáez Méndez (EH Bildu)
- Amaia Ginea Mardones (EH Bildu)
- Jose Ignacio Martín Haba (EH Bildu)
- Naiara Gutierrez Bilbao (EH Bildu)
- Beñat Goikoetxea López (EH Bildu)
- Luis Ángel Urdiales Villanueva (EH Bildu)
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# Santurtzi
## Tourism
The life in the area is focused on the sea, which inspires its work and its leisure. Fishing boat and rowing boat races, and the celebrations of the Virgin of the Carmen are carried out each year.
## Events and festivities {#events_and_festivities}
- Easter Monday - Pascua - Cornites
- April 23, San Jorge
- June 24, San Juan, San Juan neighbourhood
- June 29, San Pedro (Cabieces neighbourhood)
- July 16, Virgen del Carmen
- September 8, Virgen del Mar (Mamariga neighbourhood)
## Monuments
- San Jorge church (1725, the tower in 1844)
- House Toasts (1890)
- Town Hall (1905)
- Monument to Cristóbal Murrieta (1923)
- Patronato Santa Eulalia (1914)
- Home and clinical San Juan de Dios (1925)
- Oriol Palace (1913)
- Science of navigation school (1860) and Hijas de la Cruz college (1863)
- Virgen del Mar church (1901)
- Fishermen Confraternity (1916)
- Town Park (1918) and Central Kiosk (1917)
- Mamariga fountain (1882)
- Monument to the Sardinera (1964)
- Fishing Port (1916) and Virgin of Carmen (1950)
- Museum of Sculptures
- Monument to Miguel de Unamuno
- Señorío de Vizcaya Square (redesign 2007)
<File:Señorio> Bizkaia General Noche 2.jpg\|Señorío de Vizcaya Square <File:Palacio> de Oriol
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# Wanda Beach Murders
The **Wanda Beach Murders**, also known simply as \"**Wanda**\", were the unsolved murders of Marianne Schmidt and Christine Sharrock at Wanda Beach near Cronulla in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, on 11 January 1965. The victims, both aged 15, were best friends and neighbours from the suburb of West Ryde, and their partially buried bodies were discovered the next day. The brutal nature of the slayings and the fact that they occurred on a deserted, windswept beach brought massive publicity to the case. By April 1966, police had interviewed some 7,000 people, making it the largest investigation in Australian history. It remains one of the most infamous unsolved Australian murder cases of the 1960s, and New South Wales\' oldest unsolved homicide case.
## The victims {#the_victims}
Marianne Schmidt had arrived in Melbourne, Victoria, with her family from West Germany in September 1958. At the time, the Schmidt family consisted of parents Helmut and Elisabeth; and Marianne and her siblings: Helmut Jr., Hans, Peter, Trixie, and Wolfgang. Another child, Norbert, was born the following year. After arriving in Australia, the Schmidt family lived in a migrant hostel in Unanderra, New South Wales, before settling in Temora. In 1963, Helmut Schmidt moved the family to the Sydney area after being diagnosed with Hodgkin\'s disease, residing in a home in West Ryde. Helmut passed away the following year.
Schmidt\'s next-door neighbour was Christine Sharrock, who lived with her grandparents Jim and Jeanette Taig. Sharrock\'s father had died in 1953; her mother Beryl Sharrock remarried and was living in the north-western Sydney suburb of Seven Hills. Sharrock moved in with her grandparents by choice and when the Schmidts arrived next door, she developed a strong friendship with Marianne, who was of the same age. It is not known why Sharrock preferred to live with her grandparents and not her mother and stepfather.
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# Wanda Beach Murders
## Disappearance
On 1 January 1965, Sharrock and Schmidt visited the beach at Cronulla, which had been a popular picnic spot for the Schmidt family. Diary entries, read after the murders, indicated that the girls had kissed some boys at the beach that day. The following day, the Schmidt children visited Cronulla again without Sharrock. Meanwhile, Schmidt\'s mother had been admitted to a hospital for a major operation, leaving Helmut Jr. and Marianne in charge of the household. On Saturday 9 January, Schmidt and Sharrock asked Schmidt\'s mother (who was still hospitalised) if they could take the younger children to Cronulla the next day and were given permission; however, rain prevented the trip.
On Monday 11 January, accompanied by Schmidt\'s four youngest siblings, the girls again set off by train for Cronulla railway station after transferring at Redfern. They arrived at about 11:00 am, but it was very windy and the beach was closed. The group then walked down to the southern end of the beach and sheltered among the rocks. Eight-year-old Wolfgang still wanted to swim, so Schmidt went with him to a shallow part of the surf away from the rocks. After they returned to the group, they had a picnic. At some point during this time, Sharrock left the others and went off by herself.
When Sharrock returned to the group, they decided to go for a walk into the sandhills behind Wanda Beach. Around 1:00 pm, the group had reached a point around 400 metres (430 yards) beyond the Wanda Surf Club. They stopped to take shelter behind a sandhill as the younger children were complaining about the conditions. Schmidt told her younger siblings that she and Sharrock would return to the rocky area at the south end of the beach where they had hidden their bags, then return to fetch the children and head home. Instead, however, the girls continued into the sandhills. When Peter told them they were going the wrong way, they laughed at him and walked on.
The Schmidt children remained waiting behind the sandhill until 5:00 pm, at which time they returned to collect their bags (including Schmidt and Sharrock\'s purses) and went home on the last train, arriving home around 8:00 pm. Schmidt and Sharrock were reported missing at 8:30 pm by Sharrock\'s grandmother.
The next morning, on Tuesday 12 January, Peter Smith was taking three young nephews for a walk through the Wanda Beach sandhills. Some distance north of the Wanda Surf Club, he discovered what appeared to be a store mannequin buried face-down in the sand. He brushed away sand from the head and realised that it was a body, and the police were called from the surf club. At this point, Smith believed he had found only one body.
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# Wanda Beach Murders
## Investigation
When the murder scene was examined, Schmidt was found lying on her right side with her left leg bent. Sharrock was face down, her head against the sole of Schmidt\'s left foot. Both had scratch marks on their faces. From a 34 metre (37 yard) long drag mark leading to the scene, police determined that Sharrock had fled, possibly while Schmidt was dying, only to have been caught, incapacitated and dragged back to the body of her friend. An intensive search was undertaken to find the murder weapons, a long knife and some sort of blunt instrument, but they were never found. Tonnes of sand from around the murder scene were sifted through and various items were found, including a blood-stained knife blade, but police were unable to link it to the murders.
The autopsy for Sharrock found a BAC of 0.015, but alcohol was not found in Schmidt\'s autopsy. It was also discovered that Sharrock had consumed food (cabbage and celery -- i.e., possibly a Chiko Roll) that was different from the rest of the party; it is suspected this occurred while she was alone. Sharrock\'s skull had been fractured by a blow to the back of the head and she had been stabbed fourteen times. Schmidt\'s throat had been deeply slashed and she had been stabbed six times. Their underwear had been cut, and attempts had been made to rape both girls. Semen was found on both girls but the autopsy showed that their hymens were intact. Schmidt\'s brother Hans had viewed photos of her body and said, \"She\'d been stabbed twenty-five to thirty times. She\'d almost been decapitated because her throat had been cut so viciously.\"
It was also during Sharrock\'s absence that Wolfgang noticed a teenage boy hunting crabs. Later, he claimed to have seen the same boy twice more, once in the company of his sister and Sharrock and again sometime much later walking alone. There has been doubt about his description of this person, as Wolfgang\'s testimony over time variously suggested he had a homemade speargun, a fishing knife or both. The last official sighting of the girls was around 12:45 by local fireman Dennis Dostine, who was walking in the area with his son and saw the girls walking about 730 metres (800 yards) north of the surf club. Dostine told police that they seemed to be hurrying, and one of the girls often looked behind her as if they were being followed. He did not see anybody else. There had been a number of people seen in the area who were never identified and never came forward.
The funerals for Schmidt and Sharrock were held on 20 January, and an A£10,000 reward was posted in February (later converted to `{{AUD}}`{=mediawiki}20,000 in 1966), which stood unchanged `{{as of|2002|August|lc=y}}`{=mediawiki}. In April 1966 the coroner handed down his report, by which time police had interviewed some 7,000 people, making it the largest investigation in Australian history. Despite this, the murders quickly became a cold case and none of the three main suspects fit the description of the surfer youth who has never been identified. The case was reopened in 2000, and in February 2012, the New South Wales Police Force\'s Cold Case Unit announced that a weak, male DNA sample had been extracted from a pair of white shorts worn by Sharrock. While admitting that current technology was unable to provide more information, police were confident that future advances would give more assistance. In July 2014, police said that a semen sample taken from Schmidt\'s body had been lost and could not be located despite an extensive search.
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# Wanda Beach Murders
## Investigation
### Suspects
Cec Johnson, a former detective who had investigated the murders, was given a painting in 1975 by Alan Bassett, who had been jailed for the brutal rape and murder of Carolyn Orphin in Wollongong on 11 June 1966. Bassett\'s painting, titled \"*A Bloody Awful Thing*\", showed an abstract landscape. Johnson believed the painting showed blood trails, a broken knife blade and the body of a victim, and became convinced that Bassett was the Wanda Beach killer. He also became convinced that the painting showed a scene from the murders that only the killer would know, as well as clues to the also-unsolved murders of Wilhelmina Kruger and Anna Toskayoa Dowlingkoa. Despite the scepticism of other detectives, Johnson wrote a book about the case. However, before it could be published, he was killed in an accident. Other detectives, while retaining professional respect for Johnson, concluded that he was wrong in his belief.
One person Johnson convinced, however, was *Daily Mirror* crime reporter Bill Jenkings, who repeated Johnson\'s claims in his ghostwritten memoirs, *As Crime Goes By*. In a chapter devoted to the Wanda Beach murders, most of which is essentially a repeat of what he had written in his earlier book *Crime Reporter*, Jenkings mentions Bassett and his painting. Bassett, who had been released from prison in 1995, commenced proceedings for defamation in the Supreme Court of New South Wales; the publisher pleaded defences of justification (Bassett being a convicted murderer) and the proceedings never went further. Since his release, Bassett has voluntarily given a DNA sample to clear his name, but whether or not he has been eliminated as a suspect in the Wanda Beach murders has yet to be publicised.
A second suspect is serial killer Christopher Wilder. Two years prior to the murders, Wilder had been convicted of a gang-rape on a Sydney beach which led police to include him as a suspect. Wilder had emigrated to the United States in 1969; while visiting his parents in Australia in 1982, he was charged with sexual offences against two 15-year-old girls whom he had forced to pose nude. Wilder fled back to the US, and in the first half of 1984, he committed eight murders and attempted several more. He accidentally killed himself during a struggle with police in New Hampshire on 13 April 1984.
A third suspect, not well publicised until 1998, is Derek Percy, who had been imprisoned since 1969 for the murder of a child on a beach in Victoria. Percy, considered too dangerous to be released and the prime suspect for a number of other murders of children in Melbourne and Sydney, died in 2013 from cancer. He was considered a leading suspect in the Wanda Beach murders by police. While Percy can be linked to Cronulla on the date of the murders, no other links have been found. It was hoped he would make confessions on his deathbed, but these never came.
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# Wanda Beach Murders
## Investigation
### Possible linked cases {#possible_linked_cases}
Two far less well-known murders also occurred during early 1966 (in the days following the nationally publicised disappearance of the Beaumont children) which, police at the time speculated, might have been connected to the Wanda Beach murders.
- On Saturday 29 January 1966, a 56-year old cleaning lady named Wilhelmina Kruger was killed in the Piccadilly Centre on Crown Street in Wollongong. Her bloodied body was discovered around 5:45 a.m. at the foot of the basement-level stairs by a butcher who had arrived for work. Having been first assaulted three floors above, probably around 4:30 a.m., she had been brutally dragged down the escalators and stairs. She was then strangled, stabbed, mutilated and was found naked from the chest down. Police also found cigarette burns in her clothing and blond hair was found at the scene. In the time prior to the murder, Kruger had become nervous that someone was watching her and had been driven to work by her husband. Similarly, the lights in the car park within the Centre had shown recent signs of tampering, including on the morning of the murder. A witness who lived near the Centre reported seeing a vehicle speeding nearby at around 4:55 a.m. on the day of the murder. The witness described the vehicle as a rusty cream-coloured utility, possibly a Holden or a Chevrolet-type model with a plywood canopy attached to the rear of the vehicle. The witness gave a description of the driver as a tall, lean male of a dishevelled appearance. This report was corroborated by two couples who were staying at the Centre\'s motel, who asked a male about local accommodation shortly before Kruger\'s murder. The group also stated that they heard the sound of a vehicle speeding away shortly after the murder. The group\'s description of the male to whom they spoke and the vehicle he drove matched the description of the speeding driver. Considered one of the most brutal attacks in the history of the state, the case remains unsolved. Police believed that the murder might have been the work of the Wanda Beach killer, but would not say why.
```{=html}
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- Around midnight on Wednesday 16 February 1966, a 27-year-old shop assistant and prostitute from Bondi named Anna Toskayoa Dowlingkoa went missing after leaving the Taxi Club in Kings Cross. Ten days later, at around 5:30 p.m. on 26 February, her semi-naked, strangled, stabbed and mutilated body was found by a truck driver who had stopped at the side of Old Illawarra Road in Menai to change a tyre. Most of Dowlingkoa\'s clothes and belongings were missing, and drag evidence showed that her body had been moved to a more visible location around three to four days prior to discovery. Police immediately linked her brutal \"Jack the Ripper-like murder\" with that of Kruger, and investigators from that crime were called in to assist. They believed that the murder might have been the work of the Wanda Beach killer, primarily based on circumstantial evidence and similarities in *modus operandi*.
In both the murders of Kruger and Dowlingkoa, police believed that the killer was taunting them. In the Kruger murder, a witness calling himself \"Gary\" gave a statement that he and a girlfriend were sitting in his car parked in Railway Square, directly behind the Piccadilly Centre, when he saw the utility pulling into the square sometime between 2:30 a.m. and 3:00 a.m. on the morning of the murder. \"Gary\" also stated that the vehicle circled Railway Square three times before turning back onto Gladstone Avenue and parking opposite the Piccadilly Centre. Police checks revealed that no such person existed on any record and the address that \"Gary\" gave detectives was false.
## Media
The murders were the focus of an episode of *Crime Investigation Australia* entitled \"The Wanda Beach Murders/Beaumont Children Mystery\". A book, *Wanda: The Untold Story of the Wanda Beach Murders* by Alan J. Whiticker, was published in January 2003. It was also the topic of the premiere January 2016 episode of *Casefile True Crime Podcast*, with the linked cases receiving a stand-alone episode in January 2018
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# Leamside line
The **Leamside Line**, originally part of the Durham Junction Railway, is a disused railway line, located in the North East of England. The alignment diverges from the East Coast Main Line at Tursdale Junction, travelling a distance of 21 miles north through the Durham Coalfield and Washington, prior to joining the Durham Coast Line at Pelaw Junction. The Leamside Line closed to passenger traffic in 1964, under the Beeching cuts.
Part of the line is due to be reopened as an extension of the Tyne & Wear Metro by 2033, although the exact route---and how much of the original line will be reused---is yet to be finalised.
## History
The first section of the Leamside Line was opened in August 1838, by the Durham Junction Railway, between Washington on the Stanhope and Tyne Railway, and Rainton Meadows.
In September 1843, the Durham Junction Railway was acquired by the Newcastle and Darlington Junction Railway ahead of the opening of the company\'s planned route between Newcastle and Darlington. The planned route involved operating over the existing alignment, owned by the Durham Junction Railway, which was operating at a loss, and therefore unable to upgrade the track. Upon completion, passenger services commenced in June 1844, between Darlington and Greenesfield, near Gateshead. The station at Greenesfield was subsequently closed, following the opening of Newcastle, in August 1850.
The line between Washington and Pelaw was opened in September 1849, by the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway -- the successor of the Newcastle and Darlington Junction Railway. Prior to the opening of this line, trains travelled via `{{rws|Brockley Whins}}`{=mediawiki}.
The stone arch Victoria Viaduct, constructed between 1836 and 1838, is inspired by the design of the Alcántara Bridge in Spain. The line travels 135 ft over the River Wear, carried on four arches, spanning between 100 and.
The Leamside Line constituted part of the original East Coast Main Line route from London to Edinburgh, until 1872, eventually being incorporated into the North Eastern Railway. The line\'s main source of revenue, as with most of the early railways, was mineral traffic, principally coal from the Durham Coalfield. The line was linked to many private colliery branch lines and waggonways.
In 1872, the North Eastern Railway line between `{{rws|Bishop Auckland}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{rws|Gateshead}}`{=mediawiki}, as well as the `{{rws|Croxdale}}`{=mediawiki} link, became part of the East Coast Main Line. Thereafter, the Leamside Line continued to carry local passenger services and freight traffic, as well as serving as a diversionary route from the East Coast Main Line.
In 1941, passenger services between `{{rws|Ferryhill}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{rws|Leamside}}`{=mediawiki} were withdrawn, resulting in the closure of stations at `{{rws|Shincliffe}}`{=mediawiki} (in June 1941), and `{{rws|Sherburn Colliery}}`{=mediawiki} (in July 1941) to passengers. `{{rws|Leamside}}`{=mediawiki} was the next station on the line to close, in October 1953, to both goods and passengers. `{{rws|Usworth}}`{=mediawiki} and Washington followed around 10 years later, closing in September 1963. `{{rws|Penshaw}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{rws|Fencehouses}}`{=mediawiki} subsequently closed to passengers in May 1964. This marked the line\'s closure to passenger traffic, which occurred contemporaneously with the Penshaw--Sunderland line.
Ferryhill station, being at the junction with the modern East Coast Main Line, remained open for a further three years, closing to passengers in March 1967. The station closed to goods in the 1980s. Coal and other freight continued to be carried for some years but declined due to the gradual demise of the Durham Coalfield between the 1970s and 1990s. In the late 1980s the line was used at weekends for East Coast Main Line trains that were diverted due to electrification of the line between Newcastle and Darlington, especially in 1989 to avoid Durham when there was a major remodelling of the track through Durham station.
In the early 1990s, and following the closure of the Freightliner terminal at Follingsby, near Wardley, the Leamside Line was mothballed almost entirely -- the terminal being the recipient of most of the line\'s traffic during the final years of operation. A short section of the Leamside Line from Pelaw Junction remained in operation, serving the open-cast coal mine at Wardley, which has also since closed.
## After closure {#after_closure}
Following the line\'s closure in the early 1990s, the double track was reduced to a single line in some places, with the track severed at some level crossings along the line. Initially, the line\'s engineering features remained intact. However, the embankment carrying the line over Moors Burn, located around 500 yds from to the north of the former station at Fencehouses, had partially collapsed, leaving the former down track suspended. Substantial parts of the line and infrastructure were also missing from around the former station at Usworth, which has also become severely overgrown.
In January 2003, a large section of track, located to the south of Penshaw, was stolen over a six-day period. In late 2012 and early 2013, around 16 miles of track was lifted, with Network Rail insisting that this would have no effect on any future re-opening plans, as track renewal would be necessary. The line is currently safeguarded from development, with no sales of land attached to the line.
The former Freightliner terminal at Follingsby, near Wardley, is currently under development, with plans to construct an Amazon warehouse and fulfilment centre -- leading to the potential creation of over 1,000 jobs. The site of the former open-cast coal mine at Wardley is also now under private development.
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# Leamside line
## Proposed re-opening, upgrade and development {#proposed_re_opening_upgrade_and_development}
Since the line\'s closure in the early 1990s, a number of proposals to re-open the Leamside Line have been put forward, including plans by AECOM, ATOC, Durham County Council, Railtrack and Tyne and Wear PTE. The line has been considered for a number of potential uses, including a regional suburban rail service linking Tyneside and Teesside, a diversionary freight route for the East Coast Main Line, and an extension to the Tyne and Wear Metro network.
Part of the Durham to Sunderland Line, which diverged from the Leamside Line to the south-east of the Victoria Viaduct, re-opened in March 2002, following the Tyne and Wear Metro\'s extension to Wearside. The line terminates at South Hylton, around 3 mi from the former junction with the Leamside Line. In early 2020, discussions between councils began, looking into the potential extension of the Tyne and Wear Metro network to the International Advanced Manufacturing Park in Washington, using the former alignment of the Leamside Line.
In March 2020, a bid was made to the Restoring Your Railway fund to get funds for a feasibility study into reinstating the line. This bid was unsuccessful.
From being elected in 2019 the North of Tyne Mayor, Jamie Driscoll, campaigned for the reopening of the line.
At the Conservative Party conference in 2023, The Party announced plans to re-open the line as part of its \"Network North\" programme. However, the following day the Government backtracked and said they were only \"looking into it\".
In July 2024 North East mayor Kim McGuinness announced that around £8 million would be spent planning to bring part of the line back into use as part of the Tyne and Wear Metro to Washington. The plan would expand the Metro network from its current endpoint in South Hylton through to Washington, the fourth biggest town in the UK without a railway station, then onto Follingsby and rejoin at Pelaw, at an estimated cost of £745 million.
In June 2025, the North East Combined Authority (NECA) confirmed that it had secured £1.85 billion from the government for investment in public transport, with £900m allocated towards building and opening the Tyne & Wear Metro extension to Washington by 2033
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# Charles H. Sawyer (politician)
**Charles Henry Sawyer** (March 30, 1840`{{spnd}}`{=mediawiki}January 18, 1908) was an American manufacturer, businessman and Republican politician. He served as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives and as the 41st governor of New Hampshire.
## Early life {#early_life}
Sawyer was born in Watertown, New York, the son of Jonathan Sawyer and Martha (Perkins) Sawyer. When he was ten, he moved with his family to Dover, New Hampshire. Sawyer attended the common schools and Franklin Academy before learning the manufacturing business working at the Sawyer Woolen Mills Company. He became president of the company in 1881.
## Political career {#political_career}
He served in the Dover city council before becoming a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives. Sawyer served in the State House from 1869--1871, and from 1876--1878. He served as aide-de-camp to Governor Charles H. Bell in 1881, and was a delegate to the 1884 Republican National Conventions.
He was elected the 41st Governor of New Hampshire, serving from June 2, 1887 -- June 6, 1889. After leaving office, he represented New Hampshire at the Universal Exposition of 1889 at Paris. He served as director of the Dover Gas and Light Company and the Granite State Insurance Company, and as president of the Dover Horse Railroad Company.
Sawyer died on January 18, 1908, in Dover, New Hampshire. and is buried at Pine Hill Cemetery.
## Family life {#family_life}
Sawyer married Susan Ellen Cowan on February 8, 1865. They had five children together: William Davis Sawyer, Charles Francis Sawyer, James Cowan Sawyer, Edward Sawyer and Elizabeth Coffin Sawyer. Their son William married Gertrude Hall, daughter of U.S. Congressman Joshua G. Hall. He and his family were members of the Congregational church
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# Black liquor
In industrial chemistry, **black liquor** is the by-product from the kraft process when digesting pulpwood into paper pulp removing lignin, hemicelluloses and other extractives from the wood to free the cellulose fibers.
The equivalent material in the sulfite process is usually called brown liquor, but the terms red liquor, thick liquor and sulfite liquor are also used.
## Composition
Approximately seven tonnes of black liquor are produced in the manufacture of one tonne of pulp.
The black liquor is an aqueous suspension of lignin residues, hemicellulose, and the inorganic chemicals used in the process. The black liquor comprises 15% solids by weight of which two thirds are organic chemicals and the remainder are inorganic. Normally the organics in black liquor are 40-45% soaps, 35-45% lignin and 10-15% other organics.
The organic matter in the black liquor is made up of water/alkali soluble degradation components from the wood. Lignin is degraded to shorter fragments with sulphur content at 1-2% and sodium content at about 6% of the dry solids. The extractives gives tall oil soap and crude turpentine.
The residual lignin components currently serve for hydrolytic or pyrolytic conversion or just burning only. Fresh black liquor is highly alkaline and highly reducing (reactive toward air). Some of the detailed properties are affected by the identity of the source trees, e.g. softwood vs hardwoods. In view of these properties, release of black liquor poses an environmental threat.
## History
Early kraft pulp mills discharged black liquor to watercourses. Black liquor is quite toxic to aquatic life, and causes a very dark caramel color in the water. The invention of the recovery boiler by G.H. Tomlinson in the early 1930s was a milestone in the advancement of the kraft process.
By the 1990s, most kraft mills were consuming nearly all of their black liquor byproduct, and purifying the remainder in biological treatment plants, reducing the environmental effect of the waste waters below the level of scientific significance, except perhaps in very small streams. Even in the 21st century, some small kraft mills remained (producing at most a few tons of pulp per day) that discharged all black liquor. However, these are rapidly disappearing. Some kraft mills, particularly in North America, still recovered under 98% of the black liquor in 2007, which can cause some environmental contamination, even when biologically treated. The general trend is for such obsolete mills to modernize or shut down.
In August 2011, a fish and mollusk kill occurred on the Pearl River when a neighboring Louisiana paper mill accidentally discharged black liquor due to a problem in its waste water treatment system.
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# Black liquor
## Usage
The black liquor contains more than half of the energy content of the wood fed into the digester of a kraft pulp mill. It is normally concentrated to 65 - 80% by multi-effect evaporators and burned in a recovery boiler to produce energy and recover the cooking chemicals. The viscosity increases as the concentration goes up. At about 50 - 55% solids the salt solubility limit is reached. Tall oil is an important byproduct separated from the black liquor with skimming before it goes to the evaporators or after the first evaporator stage.
### Energy source for the pulp mill {#energy_source_for_the_pulp_mill}
Pulp mills have used black liquor as an energy source since at least the 1930s. Most kraft pulp mills use recovery boilers to recover and burn much of the black liquor they produce, generating steam and recovering the cooking chemicals (sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide used to separate lignin from the cellulose fibres needed for papermaking). This has helped paper mills reduce problems with water emissions, reduce their use of chemicals by recovery and reuse, and become nearly energy self-sufficient by producing, on average, 66 percent of their own electricity needs on-site.
In the United States, paper companies have consumed nearly all of the black liquor they produce since the 1990s. As a result, the forest products industry has become one of the United States\' leading generators of carbon-neutral renewable energy, producing approximately 28.5 terawatt hours of electricity annually.
### Use as biofuel feedstock {#use_as_biofuel_feedstock}
#### Gasification
New waste-to-energy methods to recover and utilize the energy in the black liquor have been developed. The use of black liquor gasification has the potential to achieve higher overall energy efficiency than the conventional recovery boiler, while generating an energy-rich syngas from the liquor. The syngas can be burnt in a gas turbine combined cycle to produce electricity (usually called *BLGCC* for Black Liquor Gasification Combined Cycle; similar to IGCC) or converted through catalytic processes into chemicals or fuels such as methanol, dimethyl ether (DME), or F-T diesel (usually called *BLGMF* for Black Liquor Gasification for Motor Fuels). This gasification technology is currently`{{When|date=July 2024}}`{=mediawiki} under operation in a 3 MW pilot plant at Chemrec\'s test facility in Piteå, Sweden. The DME synthesis step will be added in 2011`{{Update inline|date=July 2024}}`{=mediawiki} in the \"BioDME\" project, supported by the European Commission\'s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) and the Swedish Energy Agency.
Used for biofuels production, the black liquor gasification route has been shown to have very high conversion efficiency and greenhouse gas reduction potential.
#### Hydrothermal liquefaction {#hydrothermal_liquefaction}
Hydrothermal liquefaction is suitable for converting black liquor to advanced biofuels due to the process\'s ability to handle high moisture inputs.
#### Extraction of lignin {#extraction_of_lignin}
Where recovery boiler capacity is limited and a bottleneck in the pulp mill, the lignin in the black liquor may be extracted, then exported or used as fuel in the mill\'s lime kiln. This often replaces fossil-based fuel with biofuel.
## U.S. tax credit 2007--2010 {#u.s._tax_credit_20072010}
A tax credit created by the U.S. Congress in 2005 as part of the 2005 Highway Bill to reward and support the use of liquid alternative fuel derived from hydrocarbons in the transportation sector was expanded in 2007 to include non-mobile uses of liquid alternative fuel derived from biomass. This change meant that, in addition to fish processors, animal renderers and meat packers, kraft pulp producers became eligible for the tax credit as a result of their generation and use of black liquor to make energy. For one large company (International Paper) this could amount to as much as \$3.7 billion in benefits. Weyerhaeuser announced in May 2009 that it was also pursuing the tax credit. Some paper industry analysts criticized the paper industry\'s eligibility for the alternative fuel mix tax credit on the grounds that it increased fossil fuel use, but the industry countered that adding a fossil fuel was a requirement of the law and that, regardless, this did not result in a net increase in fossil fuel use since companies were merely replacing the existing fossil fuel they already mixed with black liquor---natural gas---with one of the three fuels specified by the law: gasoline, kerosene or diesel. The bio-fuel credit for black liquor ended on January 1, 2010
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# Doryanthes excelsa
***Doryanthes excelsa***, commonly known as the **gymea lily**, is a flowering plant in the family Doryanthaceae that is endemic to coastal areas of New South Wales near Sydney. It has sword-like leaves more than 1 m long and it grows a flower spike up to 6 m high. The apex of the spike bears a large cluster of bright red flowers, each 10 cm across. Its common name is derived from ***kai\'mia*** (anglicised as *Gymea*) in the indigenous Dharawal language. The Sydney suburbs of Gymea and Gymea Bay are named after the lily.
## Description
Gymea lilies have a rosette of large numbers of sword-shaped, strap like leaves 1-2.5 m long and 10 cm wide. The leaves are bright green, fibrous and glabrous.
In winter the flower spike grows from the centre of the rosette until it is up to 6 m high, bearing shorter leaves up to 30 cm long. At the top of the spike, a head of flowers 30 cm in diameter develops, each flower being bright red, trumpet-shaped and about 10 cm long. The head is surrounded by reddish-brown bracts, sometimes making it difficult to see the flowers from the ground. Flowering occurs in spring and is followed by oval-shaped reddish-brown capsules, 7-10 cm long. In late summer, the capsule splits open and releases the seeds which are 15-23 mm long. The flowers are pollinated by bees and nectar-feeding birds.
## Taxonomy and naming {#taxonomy_and_naming}
*Doryanthes excelsa* was first formally described in 1802 by the Portuguese polymath, José Correia da Serra from the type specimen collected by George Bass \"in mountainous parts of the colony of N.S.W.\". The description was published in *Transactions of the Linnean Society of London*. The genus name (*Doryanthes*) is derived from the Ancient Greek *δόρυ (dóry)* meaning a \"spear\" and *ἄνθος (ánthos)* meaning \"a flower\". The specific epithet (*excelsa*) is a Latin word meaning \"high\", \"lofty\" or \"distinguished\". *Doryanthes excelsa* and *Doryanthes palmeri* are the only two members of the family Doryanthaceae.
\"Doryanthes\" has inspired the naming of the journal of history and heritage for Southern Sydney founded by Dharawal historian Les Bursill.
## Habitat
*Doryanthes excelsa* requires very specific conditions in order to flourish. It requires low-nutrient, acidic soils with a pH of about 4.1 that are moderately deep, sandy, and earthy. It grows specifically on slopes that face south or southeast, along creeks, gullies or sheltered plateaus and ridges, at elevations of 100--200 metres above sea level. The plant grows in open dry sclerophyll forests which also have *Angophora costata*, *Eucalyptus piperita*, *E. gummifera*, *E. sieberi*, or *E. punctata*, as well as in habitats with *Xanthorrhoea*, *Telopea*, and moisture-preferring groundcover plant species.
## Distribution
*Doryanthes excelsa* has a discontinuous distribution along the coast of New South Wales. It is found in Corindi (north of Coffs Harbour) in the north, and in areas surrounding Newcastle (including Awaba) down to Wollongong in the south. It is not found directly east or west of urbanized areas of Sydney. Specific areas where it is found include Newfoundland State Forest, Kremnos Creek (located just north of Glenreagh), Karuah, Nelson Bay, Somersby, Calga, Lucas Heights, Heathcote National Park, Darkes Forest, Dharug National Park, and Royal National Park. The isolated northernmost populations located north of Coffs Harbour are the most genetically divergent.
## Uses
### Indigenous use {#indigenous_use}
Aboriginal people roasted the young stems of gymea lily for eating. They also roasted the roots to make a kind of cake. Fibres from the leaves were used for making brushes and matting.
### Horticulture
Gymea lilies are hardy and adaptable plants often used in landscape gardening, not only in the Sydney region but also in other coastal areas such as Brisbane and Perth. Plants can be grown from seed but may not flower for up to eight years. Flowering can be encouraged by fire and by carefully placing a stone in the centre of the rosette.
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# Doryanthes excelsa
## Image gallery {#image_gallery}
Image:GymeaLily UNSW Flowers.jpg\|Flowers Image:Doryanthes excelsa - Morren.jpg\|Flowers Image:GymeaLilyFlowerSeeds.jpg\|Flowers and past seeds Image:Doryanthes-excelsa_Fitch.jpg\|Illustration Image:GymeaLiliLeaves.jpg\|Sword-like leaves Image:Austnativheathcote.jpg\|*Doryanthes excelsa* growing in natural habitat in Heathcote National Park, Sydney Image:Doryanthes excelsa flower - Awaba 009.jpg\|*Doryanthes excelsa* growing in natural habitat in Awaba, New South Wales Image:Chosen1.JPG\|Habit Image: Doryanthes excelsa seed head PB060049
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# Neat Stuff
***Neat Stuff*** is an American alternative comic book series created by Peter Bagge and published by Fantagraphics. It ran from 1985 to 1989 for fifteen issues. Most takes the form of a series of short stories featuring different sets of characters, although some issues feature full-length stories relating to just one set of characters. The series was Bagge\'s first one-man comics anthology. Described by Dez Skinn in *Comix: The Underground Revolution* as the work which \"threw Peter Bagge into the limelight\", Bagge soon retired the title in preference of continuing the Bradley characters\' story in *Hate*.
*Neat Stuff*\'s contents were collected in four books: *The Bradleys*, *Studs Kirby*, *Junior and Other Losers*, and *Stupid Comics*.
Fantagraphics reprinted all fifteen issues in 2016 in a two-volume hardcover collection.
## Characters
- **Girly Girl** - a grinning, leering, rambunctious young troublemaker who found humor in dead animals, festering sores and clobbering child psychologists with baseball bats. True to form, her first strip appearance ended with her being squashed underfoot by her unseen \"biggest fan\".
- **Chuckie-boy** - Girly Girl\'s brother or best friend (their respective roles are never clearly defined) and the target for most of her bizarre, violent slapstick pranks.
- **Studs Kirby** - a ranting, reactionary talk radio presenter who lives in the past (his favourite singers are Brenda Lee and Doris Day), gets drunk a lot, bends the ears of his friends with his ill-informed, prejudiced opinions and begins an escalating hate campaign against his former hero, fellow talk show host Mel Pratt, which becomes an all-out ego war.
- **Junior** - a hulking, lantern-jawed and wimp social inadequate in a horrible plaid suit who still lives with his doting mother and seems terrified of the outside world.
- **The Goon On The Moon** - as his name suggests, a friendless loser who lives on the moon.
- **Chet and Bunny Leeway** - a young couple who seem increasingly dissatisfied with their tedious lives and isolated from the world around them.
- **The Bradleys** - a spoof soap opera featuring a dysfunctional family, apparently based on Bagge\'s own family. Brad Bradley, the father, is an overweight, perpetually complaining slob and Betty Bradley, the mother, is a God-fearing, occasionally foul-tempered \'woman of the eighties\', whilst their children, Butch (a gullible, war-mad pre-teen), Babs (a plain, self-absorbed teenage girl with retainers on her teeth) and Buddy (a retro music-loving slacker) alternate between fighting each other and their own parents. Bagge would continue with these characters and story line in his later title *Hate*. After the popularity of Hate, the Bradleys stories from Neat Stuff would be collected and reprinted in their own comic mini-series entitled **The Bradleys**
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# Charlton Kings
**Charlton Kings** is a contiguous village adjoining Cheltenham in Gloucestershire, England. The area constitutes a civil parish of 10,396 residents (2011).
## Landscape
Charlton Kings is situated in the west foothills of the north--south Cotswolds, which is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Its surroundings are protected by nature conservation legislation and designations. Lineover Wood SSSI is located on the Cotswold District side of the eastern boundary. Charlton Kings Common and Leckhampton Hill are also designated as SSSIs by Natural England.
The River Chelt enters the area from the east. The Cotswold Way National Trail is on Charlton Kings\'s eastern boundary and runs alongside Dowdeswell Reservoir and Woodland which is on the Cotswold District side of the eastern boundary.
## History
The place name comes from Anglo-Saxon times, the word \"Charlton\" evolved from the term *ceorls\' tun*, a ceorl latterly rendered churl being the Saxon term for an independent peasant landowner and -tun (latterly rendered -ton) meaning an enclosure with a dwelling. This example was established as part of the royal manor and Hundred of Cheltenham, hence the term \"Kings\" in the name.
### Early settlement {#early_settlement}
Evidence of settlement in Charlton Kings as early as the middle Iron Age was found underneath a Roman villa discovered in 1980. There are many other Roman settlements close by such as Chedworth, Whittington and notably a field called Wycomb (formerly Wickham), and the area of Charlton Kings is well suited to settlement due to the well-drained sand-and-gravel composition of the soil making early settlement much more likely. Much of early Charlton Kings was used for agriculture, tended to by small homesteads. This is evidenced by place names surviving until today. These small homesteads gave way to larger manor houses, for example, Charlton House which is now the headquarters of the engineering company Spirax Sarco and the Cheltenham Park Hotel which was previously called Lilleybrook House. There is evidence in local place names of the crops previously grown in Charlton Kings, such as Hempcroft (hemp), Flaxley (flax) and Crab End (crab apples). Other crops known to be grown in the area were cherries and grapes.
## Transport
Stagecoach West\'s buses link the village, neighbouring areas and Cheltenham. Main roads east to Oxford (A40) south to Bath (A46) and Cirencester (A417) south-east run through Charlton Kings, buses from Stagecoach and National Express also serve these destinations.
Former railway and trams
Plans for a railway were first drafted in 1872. The Charlton Kings section of the Banbury and Cheltenham Direct Railway line had a troublesome construction mainly due to the clay in the soil, progress was slow, and the line was opened in 1881 with a small station in Charlton Kings. From 1891 the line was also part of the Midland and South Western Junction Railway (M&SWJR) between Cheltenham and Swindon, a north--south route that went on through Swindon to Andover and the south coast ports. Between 1899 and 1914, the Charlton Kings line had frequent services to Cheltenham, Banbury and Swindon and major expresses to cities such as Manchester, Birmingham and Southampton. Traffic along the M&SWJR line greatly increased due to the transportation of men and munitions southwards during World War I and World War II. After the latter war, the line was used much less. The M&SWJR closed on 9 September 1961 and the Cheltenham to Banbury line closed on 15 October 1962, when the station at Charlton Kings finally shut. Electric trams operated by the Cheltenham and District Light Railway were also used in Charlton Kings between 1903 and 1930 when they were replaced by buses.
## Schools
- Charlton Kings Infants\' School
- Charlton Kings Junior School
- Glenfall Community Primary School
- Holy Apostles C of E Primary School
- Balcarras School (Comprehensive)
- St Edward\'s Junior School (Independent)
- St Edward\'s School, Cheltenham (Independent)
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# Charlton Kings
## Churches
- Charlton Kings Baptist Church
- Holy Apostles\' Church (Church of England)
- Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (Roman Catholic)
- St Mary\'s Church (Church of England)
Cheltenham Network Church (formerly Glenfall Church and Glenfall Fellowship) meets outside the Charlton Kings Parish since Easter 2012 (Church of England))
### St Mary\'s Church {#st_marys_church}
St Mary\'s church, dedicated to Mary in 1190 by William de Vere, Bishop of Hereford, is the oldest church in Charlton Kings and was built to ease the mother Cheltenham parish.
It houses numerous historical artifacts, including an old alms chest used for collecting money to donate to the Third Crusade which may date back to 1190. The church also contains a stained glass window which was donated by Japanese naval officers to the church in 1907 in memory of Robert Podmore. St Mary\'s church houses one of the oldest royal arms in the country, it was acquired in 1660 to celebrate the restoration of Charles II and restored in 1988 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of George III\'s visit to Charlton Kings. Robert Burns\'s granddaughters, Sarah and Annie Burns and his great-granddaughter Margaret Constance Burns Hutchinson were all buried at St Mary\'s church between 1909 and 1925.
### Holy Apostles Church {#holy_apostles_church}
Holy Apostles Church is located in a triangular junction between the roads to London and Cirencester. This location for the church was contested early in its development as local people thought that if another church was to be built, it would be better to have it in a location where it could serve more isolated parishioners. The foundation stone of the church was laid in 1866. In 1970, during a storm, the church was struck by lightning and the roof and organ were destroyed by fire. They have since been replaced.
## Sports and recreation {#sports_and_recreation}
Local community organisations include:
- 1st Charlton Kings Boys\' Brigade
- 1st Charlton Kings Guide Company
- 7th Cheltenham (Charlton Kings) Scout Group
- 125 (Cheltenham) Squadron Air Training Corps
- Charlton Kings Choral Society
- Charlton Kings Local and Family History Society
- Charlton Kings Community Players
- Falcons AFC
## Community welfare {#community_welfare}
Charlton Kings has a developed Senior Citizens\' support service, operated through the Charlton Kings Senior Citizens\' Welfare Committee, which has its roots back to 1947.
## Local and national government {#local_and_national_government}
The place has a parish council. Charlton Kings is in the Charlton Kings ward of Cheltenham Borough Council, the Charlton Kings division of Gloucestershire County Council and the parliamentary constituency of Cheltenham. The Parish Council has a local Parish Plan which includes detail on its boundaries, urban and countryside areas, its responsibilities, its community profiles and action plan. It consults within the community.
## Literary link {#literary_link}
A house in Cudnall Street has a particular literary connection. Its mirror inspired author Lewis Carroll to write the story *Through the Looking-Glass*. *Main article: Through the Looking-Glass*
## Famous people with a connection to Charlton Kings {#famous_people_with_a_connection_to_charlton_kings}
- Sydney Dobell, a poet moved to Charlton Kings (lived in Coxhorne House) in 1840 and regarded Charlton Kings as *\"home above any other place\"*.
- Cecil Day-Lewis, Poet Laureate lived in Charlton Kings (Box Cottage, Bafford Lane) between 1931 and 1938, and taught at Cheltenham College.
- Adam Lindsay Gordon, a leading Australian poet, was baptised at St Mary\'s Church, Charlton Kings, in 1833.
- Jaz Coleman, composer and lead singer of Killing Joke, was born and raised in Charlton Kings.
- Piers Coleman, physicist, was born and raised in Charlton Kings.
- Gilbert Biberian, a renowned classical guitarist and composer, resided in Charlton Kings.
- Alice Liddell and Lewis Carroll were regular visitors to a house in Cudnall Street, Charlton Kings. This house was owned by Alice Liddell\'s grandparents, and the mirror is reported to be in existence which inspired Lewis Carroll to write the story *Through the Looking-Glass*.
- Mary Watson, one of the first two women to study chemistry at the University of Oxford, resided here between marriage in 1882 and 1906
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# Martin Porter
**Martin F. Porter** is the inventor of the Porter Stemmer, one of the most common algorithms for stemming English, and the Snowball programming framework. His 1980 paper \"An algorithm for suffix stripping\", proposing the stemming algorithm, has been cited over 8000 times (Google Scholar).
The Muscat search engine comes from research performed by Porter at the University of Cambridge and was commercialized in 1984 by Cambridge CD Publishing; it was subsequently sold to MAID which became the Dialog Corporation. Part of Dialog was then spun off to become BrightStation in 2000, which transitioned Open Muscat to a closed-source development model in 2001. Subsequently, a group of developers led by Porter initiated a project based on Open Muscat called Xapian and released the first official version on September 30, 2002.
In 2000 he was awarded the Tony Kent Strix award.
Porter read mathematics at St John\'s College, Cambridge (1963--66) and went to get a Diploma in Computer Science (1967) and a PhD. at Cambridge Computer Laboratory. He worked at the University of Leeds for a year before returning to Cambridge\'s *Literary and Linguistic Computing Centre* (1971-1974) and at the Sedgwick Museum as a programmer (1974-1976). In 1977, he became the Director of the Museum Documentation Advisory Unit (MDA).
Martin Porter is co-founder with John Snyder of the contextual targeting and content recommendation company, Grapeshot. John Snyder is listed as CEO and Martin Porter is listed as Chief Scientist. Grapeshot took £250,000 in UK government subsidies and subsequently raised £16m from UK investors. On May 15, 2018, Oracle Corporation completed the acquisition of Grapeshot
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# Smoothfm
**smoothfm** is an Australian commercial radio network owned and operated by Nova Entertainment. From original launch in 2012, The format was focused on providing \'more music and less talk\' along with an eclectic easy-listening playlist, usually featuring ballads. From Valentine's Day in February 2020, the station revised genres when the primary channel became an adult contemporary radio station.
## History
### Vega
Vega launched in 2005 to target the baby boomer market of listeners in the 40 to 60 age bracket, with a mix of talk and music from the 1960s to the 2000s. The positioning statement for the network was \"On your wavelength\" with a blue squiggle and sign wave as the logo.
The network first launched in August 2005 in Sydney and September 2005 in Melbourne along with announcers Angela Catterns, Denise Scott, Shaun Micallef, Beverley O\'Connor, Wendy Harmer, Francis Leach, Wilbur Wilde, Tony Squires, Rebecca Wilson and Mike Perso.
To coincide with the station\'s positioning statement the first song played at the launch was Van Morrison\'s Wavelength.
Vega\'s stations had failed to attract a significant audience with the Sydney station reaching a 1.8 percent audience share, and the Melbourne station gained a 1.2 percent share, placing it second last (ahead only of ABC NewsRadio) and last out of surveyed stations in each market, respectively. However, station management state that the slow take-up was to be expected, claiming the target audience will be slower than some audience groups to try a new station.
In June 2006 [1](http://www.smh.com.au/news/tv--radio/we-dont-talk-any-more/2006/06/03/1148956582643.html) the Sydney and Melbourne stations stopped sharing programmes. Both stations dropped their \"40 years of music\" slogan and moved drive-time hosts Rebecca Wilson and Tony Squires to share the Sydney breakfast slot with former host Angela Catterns. The changes were slow to grow market share, with the Sydney audience falling to 1.7% in Sydney (No. 6, 2006, but climbing slowly to 1.8% in Melbourne, which, at the time, was their highest audience share to date in Melbourne.
By the end of 2006, Vega had increased their ratings share in both cities and the Sydney station reached 2.8%, while the Melbourne station reached 3%.
In January 2007, Vega expanded its \"Vega Variety\" positioner to include \"the \'70s, and \'80s and the best new songs\", and also put out advertisements in the form of billboards and on the side of buses, based around that expanded positioner. It was hoped that this would encourage more listeners to sample the station.
In the first radio survey of 2007, Vega in Sydney and Melbourne again both had small increases, with the Sydney station reaching 3% and the Melbourne station reaching 3.3%. The station\'s best demographic performer on both stations in that survey, is the 25--39 age group.
By the 4th radio survey of 2007, Vega in Sydney and Melbourne had gone over the 4% mark, with the Sydney station rating 4.6% and the Melbourne station rating 4.4%. In the 40--54 age group, Vega in Sydney was the second highest rating FM station in that age group after classic hits station WS-FM, who, traditionally, have been the highest rating FM station in that age group.
In the 5th radio survey of 2008, Vega in Sydney had surpassed the 5% mark for the first time, rating very closely behind main rival FM stations Triple M & WS-FM. Included during 2008 was the Sunday Session with Mark Gable as host. The station also became the highest rating FM station in the 40--54 age group, knocking WS-FM off that position.
On the 6th radio survey of 2009, Vega in Sydney and Melbourne reached up to 6% mark in the 55+ age group.
### Classic Rock {#classic_rock}
In March 2010, Vega was rebranded under the name Classic Rock after failing to gain a significant audience low ratings. The rebrand occurred on Friday 12 March 2010 with the station competing against rivals Gold 104.3/101.7 WSFM and Triple M.
Classic Rock was a minimalist announcer station which featured local Breakfast programs with Maroon in Sydney and Ian \"Dicko\" Dickson and Dave O\'Neil in Melbourne and music orientated programs Cover to Cover with Barry Bissell and the American Nights with Alice Cooper.
In July 2010, Dickson and O\'Neil were fired from the ailing station due to cost-cutting measures and Classic Rock just played continuous classic rock music with regular news, weather and sport updates.
### smoothfm
On 21 May 2012, the network relaunched as smoothfm in Sydney and Melbourne, with Michael Bublé as the face of the network.
In February 2013, smoothfm extended broadcasting nationally on DAB+ to Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.
In April 2018, it was announced that Sam Smith would replace Michael Bublé as the face of the network.
In 2019, smoothfm launched two new digital only stations: Smooth Relax and Smooth Chill.
On 16 February 2020, smoothfm was relaunched as an adult contemporary station for their primary channels with a revised playlist shown as a result the network's motto 'your easy place to relax' becomes 'your feel good station', with Robbie Williams as the new face of the network.
In September 2022, smoothfm extended live and local content in Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth. Breakfast will be hosted by broadcasters, Kate Mac in Perth, Nick Michaels in Brisbane and Kelly Golding in Adelaide, providing local connection and content for listeners in these states. Smooth also Rebranded Smooth Chill with Smooth Vintage, Playing the Classic Hits of the 60's and 70's while Smooth 80's Plays 80's Music and Smooth Relax remains with a Soft Adult Contemporary Format.
## Stations
Callsign Frequency Branding Location
---------- ------------- ------------------- ---------------------------
2PTV 95.3 MHz FM smoothfm 95.3 Sydney, New South Wales
3PTV 91.5 MHz FM smoothfm 91.5 Melbourne, Victoria
N/A DAB+ smoothfm Brisbane Brisbane, Queensland
N/A DAB+ smoothfm Adelaide Adelaide, South Australia
N/A DAB+ smoothfm Perth Perth, Western Australia
N/A DAB+ Smooth Relax Sydney and Melbourne
N/A DAB+ Smooth Vintage Sydney and Melbourne
N/A DAB+ Smooth 80s Adelaide
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# Smoothfm
## Announcers
**Weekday Breakfast**
- Bogart Torelli (smoothfm 95.3)
- Mike Perso (smoothfm 91.5)
- Nick Michaels (smooth Brisbane)
- Kelly Golding (smooth Adelaide)
- Kate Mac (smooth Perth)
**Weekdays**
- Ty Frost (Mornings)
- Simon Diaz (Afternoons)
- Byron Webb (Drive)
- Cameron Daddo (Nights)
**Weekends**
- Melissa Doyle (Breakfast)
- Richard Wilkins (Mornings)
- David Campbell (Afternoons)
- Kim Wilde smooth 80s Show (Saturday Late Drive)
- Cameron Daddo (Nights)
## TV Channel {#tv_channel}
Foxtel Smooth (formerly Smooth) was an 18 hour (originally 24 hours) Australian pay television music channel available via Foxtel satellite and cable services. It launched on 3 December 2013, dedicated to easy listening adult contemporary music. The channel ceased broadcasting on 1 July 2020
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# Geography of Vojvodina
**Vojvodina** is an autonomous region within Serbia located in the Pannonian plain, a region of central Europe. It shares borders with Romania in the east, Hungary in the north, Croatia in the west, and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the southwest. The southern border is administrative line to Šumadija and Western Serbia, Belgrade, and Southern and Eastern Serbia.
## Geographical regions of Vojvodina {#geographical_regions_of_vojvodina}
- Bačka
- Šajkaška
- Telečka
- Gornji Breg
- Paorija
- Banat
- Veliki Rit
- Gornje Livade
- Dištrikt
- Gornjani
- Poljadija
- Krašovani
- Ere
- Srem
- Podlužje
- Fruška Gora
- Mačva
- Podunavlje
- Posavina
- Potisje
- Pomorišje
## Mountains and hills {#mountains_and_hills}
- Fruška Gora
- Titelski Breg
- Vršački Breg
- Zagajička Brda
## Sands
- Deliblatska Peščara
- Subotičko-Horgoška Peščara
## Rivers
- Danube
- Tisa
- Sava
- Begej
- Tamiš
- Karaš
- Zlatica
- Nera
- Bosut
- Krivaja
- Čik
- Mostonga
- Plazović
## Canals
- Canal Danube-Tisa-Danube, and some larger canals part of DTD system:
- Begej canal
- Jegrička canal
- Jarčina canal
## Lakes and bogs {#lakes_and_bogs}
- Palićko lake
- Ludoško lake
- Ledinačko lake
- Rusanda lake
- Obedska bog
## Gallery
Image:Image of Skorenovac.jpg\|A landscape from Vojvodina, near the village of Skorenovac Image:Canal Danube-Tisa-Danube in Serbia.jpg\|Canal Danube-Tisa-Danube near the village of Rumenka, close to Novi Sad Image:Jezero01.jpg\|Lake Ledinci on Fruška Gora Image:Gudurički Vrh, the highest point in Vojvodina.jpg\|The highest point in Vojvodina <File:A> typical landscape in Vojvodina
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# Cloone
**Cloone** (`{{Irish place name|An Chluain}}`{=mediawiki}) is a village in County Leitrim, Ireland. The village is located in the south of the county, just off the R201 road; its nearest town is Mohill. Its name is an anglicised version of the Irish-language word *cluain*, meaning \'meadow\'. The village is in a townland and civil parish of the same name.
## History
The Justinian plague of Mohill barony badly affected the Cloone area in the 6th century. Bernard Kilrane who died in 1900 AD aged 111 years at Tawnymore near Cloone, was perhaps the oldest recorded Irishman. Throughout at least the 19th and 20th centuries, an impressive number of annual fairs were held at Cloone on - 12 February, 5 April, 26 May, 13 June (or 14th), 10 July, 26 August, 29 September, 2 November and 20 December.
Historian Guy Beiner has called attention to a curious apocryphal incident remembered in local folk memory, whereby it was believed that during the rebellion of 1798, the chains that were used by the insurgents to draw the cannons of the French invasion army led by General Humbert were allegedly stolen during a night stopover at Cloone and it was claimed that this theft resulted in the defeat of the rebels at the Battle of Ballinamuck. Local tradition has it that the French soldiers camped in a field in the centre of the village, still in existence, and known as the \'camp field\'.
A monastery was founded at Cloone in 570, by Saint Fraoch. Stone archaeological evidence, including fragments of a celtic high cross and the monastery, have been found and placed on display in a local cemetery where the monastery used to be.
An Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) barracks was occupied until 1920 in the village. The building that used to be the barracks was later demolished during the construction of the present day Catholic church.
Back in 1925, Cloone village comprised 22 houses, 7 being licensed to sell alcohol. In recent years housing stock has been added to by the creation of the local authority Lakeview Housing Estate at the centre of the village.
Village shops which have closed in recent times include Doherty\'s, Tiernan\'s and Mitchell\'s. A petrol pump used to exist in front of McKeon\'s Bar and Lounge. The village no longer has a post office.
### World War I casualties from Cloone {#world_war_i_casualties_from_cloone}
A total of eleven men from Cloone Village and the surrounding area are known to have died whilst on active service during the Great War (1914--1918), having given the locality as their place of birth or permanent domicile at the time of their enlistment. Those bodies recovered and identified were interred in various military cemeteries administered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission in Belgium (La Laiterie Military Cemetery), France (Cabaret-Rouge British Cemetery, Cuinchy Communal Cemetery, Philosophe British Cemetery & Savy British Cemetery), Israel (Beersheba War Cemetery) and Turkey (Lala Baba Cemetery). However, those men who lost their lives at the Battle of the Somme with no known graves have their names recorded on the \'Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme\' in France.
## Geography
Cloone is located in south Co Leitrim. It is in the Barony in Mohill and in the parish of Cloone. It is a small village with a population of 600 according to the 2006 census. Nearby urban areas include, among others, Mohill (7.6 km), Ballinamore (12.4 km) and Aughavas (7.6 km).
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# Cloone
## Amenities
The village has two public houses, namely Creegans Pub & McKeons Bar and Lounge. It has a grocery shop called O\'Higgins (to the side of which is a public telephone kiosk).
In 2013, the \'Bóthar Na Naomh\' (translation: \'Saints Road\') recreational, sports, heritage and nature trail was developed in the environs of Annaghmaconway lake. The facility is popular for various individual and organised activities for running, walking, horse riding, kayaking and fishing.
In 2020, \'Cloone Garden of Remembrance\' was completed adjacent to the bell tower of St James\'s Church of Ireland. The garden contains information boards along a pathway about local history and a rest area with a water feature.
Keeldra lake is about 3 kilometres away from Cloone and has picnic tables and changing facilities for swimmers. Swimming lessons have been held there for many years during the summer months. The lake is also popular with divers and boating enthusiasts. In 2019, a walking trail was opened which encircles the lake.
Other amenities include a community centre, a Catholic church, a funeral director and a national school.
### Events
Every year, on the August Bank Holiday Monday, Cloone Agricultural Show is held on the outskirts of the village, after originally being held on the grounds of the village primary school. Usually in the show there are displays of cattle, bouncy castles, rides, stalls, food, music and competitions. It was first held in 1988. The show was not held in 2020.
### Buildings, structures and monuments {#buildings_structures_and_monuments}
Prominent building structures in the area include St Mary\'s Catholic Church (1971), the old Catholic church (1837) foundations in the older Catholic graveyard ground, and Fatima National School (1963).
A statue of the Virgin Mary (1993), and a monument (1983) to Irish cultural nationalist Fr. Peter Conefrey are prominently located in front of the entrances to the graveyards at the Cloone to Ballinamore road side of the village.
Cloone has participated in the Tidy Towns Competition, and a plaque has been erected, also at the Cloone to Ballinamore road side of the village commemorating its receipt in 1998 of an Endeavour Award.
In 1963 Fatima national school (building extended in 1999) replaced an older school (1903), which now stands empty also at the Cloone to Ballinamore road side of the village. Prior to the opening of the current community centre (1987), the old school acted as a location for community events such as school plays.
At the Mohill road side of the village there are two factory/industrial buildings (early 1980s).
The bell tower of St James\'s Church of Ireland is all that is left of a building that was erected by the Board of First Fruits in 1822. The tower was restored in the mid-1990s and a clock installed, which was manufactured by Samuel Elliott of Dublin. It is a local landmark and can be seen off the Cloone to Ballinamore Road.`{{fact|date=February 2018}}`{=mediawiki}
Cloone formerly had a Garda station but it has closed and was sold in 2014.
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# Cloone
## Sports
Cloone have a local GAA team who play Gaelic football and hurling. Their grounds (St. Marys, opened in 1980) are located approximately 1 kilometer outside the village, beside the Mohill road and comes equipped with a covered stand, sports lighting, electronic scoreboard and a gym. A tarmacked track encircles the playing field which has a variety of uses including running, walking or cycling. The club won eleven Leitrim Senior Football Championships, most recently in 1980.
## People
- Fr. Peter Conefrey, born in Mohill, was a prominent Irish cultural nationalist who was pastor of Cloone.
- Shane Kelly, successful horse racing jockey from Cloone.
- John McDonald, a 19th-century poet who was born in Cloone parish.
- Pat Quinn, founder of Quinnsworth (now Tesco Ireland), was from Cloone
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# Super Hydlide
***Super Hydlide*** is an action role-playing game for the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive. It was originally released in 1987 in Japan only under the title `{{nihongo|'''''Hydlide 3: The Space Memories'''''|ハイドライド３ 異次元の思い出|Haidoraido 3: I Jigen No Omoide}}`{=mediawiki} for the MSX, MSX2, and PC-8801mkII SR. It\'s the third game in the *Hydlide* series. Ports were also released for the X1, Famicom, X68000, Microsoft Windows, and Nintendo Switch. The game was developed by *Hydlide* series veterans T&E Soft and released worldwide on the Sega Genesis / Mega Drive on October 6, 1989, in Japan, early 1990 in the United States, and 1991 in Europe. This remake evidences substantial graphical upgrades to the original *Hydlide 3*, though the gameplay remains largely identical. Before its release, it was called *Hollo Fighter* in some Sega advertising material and was one of the first third party published titles to be released in the U.S, the other being *Air Diver*.
## Story
Many years after the events of *Hydlide II*, an explosion of flames appeared near The City of the Woods. After that, monsters spread throughout the world. A young man is chosen to find the source of the evil.
## Gameplay
The game incorporates a \'good/evil character\' morality/alignment system. Like its predecessor *Hydlide II: Shine of Darkness* (1985), the player has a morality meter that can be aligned with either Justice, Normal, or Evil. The game has both good and evil monsters. Evil monsters attack the player character on sight, while good monsters only attack if the player character attacks them first. Killing any monster, good or evil, results in a reward of experience points, money, and occasionally a piece of equipment. However, if the player kills a good monster, points are lost from a statistic called \"MF\" (Moral Fiber). If the player\'s MF stat drops to zero, frequent traps will appear across the world. If the player manages to keep it over 100, rewards appear in the form of random items found around Fairyland. Unlike *Hydlide II*, the morality meter no longer affects the way in which the townsfolk react to the player.
The game also features an in-game clock setting day-night cycles, where the character must eat two times a day and sleep regularly. If the characters stay up late or fail to eat regularly, their HP and attack power gradually drop. Every item in the game (including money) has weight. If the total weight of items the player character carries exceeds their \"Load Capacity\" (LC), they will move slowly. The game uses cut scenes for its opening and ending sequences, a combat system similar to *Ys*, a choice between four distinct character classes, and a wide variety of equipment and spells.
## Reception
*GamePro* gave a positive review, citing the varied experiences offered by the different playable characters, the morality system, and the inclusion of four save slots.
*Computer and Video Games* scored it 81%, stating that, like *Phantasy Star II*, \"this is a huge role-playing game\", and that it is \"a very tough game\" in which requires a strategy. They criticized the graphics and sound, but were positive to the gameplay. They recommended it to those who like games with steady pace and puzzles despite lacking the action.
## Legacy
In 2007, Alex Lucard of Diehard GameFan listed *Super Hydlide* at number 27 in his list of top 30 RPGs. He cited the realism instilled by gameplay mechanics such as the encumbrance system, banks, the 24-hour clock, and the need to eat and sleep, and described the game as \"*Morrowind* before there was *Morrowind*\".
During production of *Scalebound*, PlatinumGames director Hideki Kamiya said he was inspired by *Hydlide 3* on the PC-8801 MA as well as *Sorcerian*. He said *Hydlide 3* was one of the first games he played on a PC and was inspirational because it had a hardcore game design that no one was doing on consoles at the time
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# Chicago XXX
***Chicago XXX*** is the twentieth studio album, and thirtieth album overall, by the American band Chicago, released on March 21, 2006. It was Chicago\'s first album of entirely new material since 1991\'s *Twenty 1*.
## Background
The album was recorded in Nashville, Tennessee with horn sessions in Los Angeles, California over the summer of 2005. Production duties were handled by Jay DeMarcus of the country group Rascal Flatts, who came to the project through a friendship with Chicago\'s bassist-singer Jason Scheff. DeMarcus used several session players for the album.
*Chicago XXX* peaked at number 41 in the US during a brief chart stay, spawning minor hits \"Feel\" and \"Love Will Come Back.\" This would be the last studio recording with long-time vocalist and keyboardist Bill Champlin, as he departed Chicago in August 2009.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
### Chicago
- Robert Lamm -- vocals, acoustic piano, Wurlitzer electric piano, Hammond B3 organ, horn arrangements (10)
- Lee Loughnane -- trumpet, flugelhorn, piccolo trumpet
- James Pankow -- trombone, horn arrangements (2--9, 11--13)
- Walt Parazaider -- saxophones, flutes
- Bill Champlin -- vocals, Hammond B3 organ, acoustic piano, Fender Rhodes, BGV arrangements
- Jason Scheff -- vocals, bass, BGV arrangements
- Tris Imboden -- drums (1, 5, 7--13)
- Keith Howland -- guitars
### Additional musicians {#additional_musicians}
- Jay DeMarcus -- keyboards, guitars, loops, programming, acoustic piano (2), arrangements
- James Matchack -- keyboards, loops, sequencing, arrangements
- Tom Bukovac -- acoustic guitar, electric guitar
- Dann Huff -- guitars (3--5, 7, 9, 11)
- Jack Kincaid -- guitars (6)
- Yankton Mingua -- guitars (6)
- Dean DeLeo -- guitars (12)
- John Brockman -- drums (2, 6)
- Steve Brewster -- drums (3, 4)
- Lee Thornburg -- trumpet
- Joseph Williams -- additional backing vocals (2)
- Bobby Kimball -- additional backing vocals (3)
- Shelly Fairchild -- lead vocal (4)
- Rascal Flatts (Gary LeVox, Jay DeMarcus and Joe Don Rooney) -- guest vocals (5)
### Production
- Produced by Jay DeMarcus
- Production Coordinator -- Mike \"Frog\" Griffith
- Recorded by Jeff Balding, Ben Fowler, James Matchack, Sean Neff and Chas Sanford.
- Assistant Engineers -- David Fricks, Jay Goin, Jed Hackett, Jody Sappington, Aaron Walk and Tony Zeller.
- Tracks #1, 2 & 7--13 mixed by Jeff Balding, assisted by Jed Hackett.
- Tracks #3--6 mixed by James Matchack
- Digital Editing -- Jed Hackett and Sean Neff
- Mastered by Bob Ludwig at Gateway Mastering (Portland, ME).
- Photography by Jimmy Katz and Hugh Brown, assisted by Andy Strauss.
- Design by Hugh Brown, assisted by Andy Strauss
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# Louis Jurine
**Louis Jurine** (`{{IPA|fr|ʒyʁin|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 6 February 1751 -- 20 October 1819) was a Swiss physician, surgeon and naturalist mainly interested in entomology. He lived in Geneva.
## Surgeon
He studied surgery in Paris and quickly acquired a great reputation for his expertise in medicine and natural history beyond that which he had in Geneva. He taught courses in anatomy and surgery at the Société des Arts in Geneva and was made honorary professor of zoology at the Academy (today: University of Geneva). He also founded a maternity hospice in 1807 and was awarded prizes for his work on the gasses of the human body, artificial feeding of infants, and pectoral angina.
## Naturalist
Upon learning of Spallanzani\'s experiments with bats, in which Spallanzani showed that bats do not rely on sight when navigating in darkness, Jurine conducted a series of experiments from which he concluded that bats use sound to navigate in darkness.See:
- Peschier (1798) [\"Extraits des expériences de Jurine sur les chauve-souris qu\'on a privé de la vue\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077781493;view=1up;seq=151) (Extracts of Jurine\'s experiments on bats that have been deprived of sight), *Journal de physique, de chimie, d\'histoire naturelle* ... , **46** : 145--148. \[in French\]
- English translation: (Peschier) (1798) [\"Experiments on bats deprived of sight,\"](https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000025234138;view=1up;seq=150) *Philosophical Magazine*, **1** : 136--140. From p. 140: \"From these experiments the author concludes: ... that the organ of hearing appears to supply that of sight in the discovery of bodies, and to furnish these animals with different sensations to direct their flight, and enable them to avoid those obstacles which may present themselves.\"
## Collections
Jurine's collections of Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hemiptera are in the Natural History Museum of Geneva.
## Works
- *Nouvelle méthode de classer les Hyménoptères et les Diptères. Hyménoptères.* Genève (J.J. Paschoud) 1807. (Only 250 copies of this work were issued.) [PDF](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41012)
- *Observations sur les ailes des hyménoptères.* *Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino* **24** (1820): 177--214.
- *Histoire des monocles, qui se trouvent aux environs de Genève.* I-XVI, 1-260, 22 plates, Genève (J.J. Paschoud) 1820. [PDF](https://www.biodiversitylibrary
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# Christmas Evans
**Christmas Evans** (25 December 1766 -- 19 July 1838) was a Welsh nonconformist minister, who, according to D. M. Lloyd-Jones, was \"the greatest preacher that the Baptists have ever had in Great Britain.\"
## Life
Evans was born near the village of Llandysul, Cardiganshire. His father, a shoemaker, died early, and the boy grew up as an illiterate farm labourer. At the age of seventeen, he became the servant of a Presbyterian minister, David Davies. Under the influence of a contemporary religious revival, he learned to read and write in English and Welsh. The itinerant Calvinistic Methodist preachers and the members of the Baptist church at Llandyssul further influenced him, and he soon joined the latter denomination.
In 1789 he went into North Wales as a preacher and settled for two years on the remote Llŷn Peninsula, Caernarfonshire, from where he moved to Llangefni in Anglesey. Here, on a stipend of £17 a year, supplemented by the selling of tracts, he built up a strong Baptist community, modelling his organization to some extent on that of the Calvinistic Methodists. Many new chapels were built, the money being collected on preaching tours which Evans undertook in South Wales. In 1826 Evans accepted an invitation from a congregation at Caerphilly, where he remained for two years, moving on from there in 1828 to Cardiff. In 1832, in response to urgent calls from the north, he settled in Caernarfon and again undertook the old work of building and collecting. He was also noted to have sermons in the village of Llantwit Major. He was taken ill on a tour in South Wales, in 1838, and died at Swansea.
In spite of his early disadvantages and personal disfigurement (he had lost an eye in a youthful brawl), Evans was a remarkably powerful preacher that was said to have been 7 feet tall. To a natural aptitude for this calling he united a nimble mind and an inquiring spirit; his character was simple, his piety humble and his faith fervently evangelical. For a time he came under Sandemanian influence, and when the Wesleyans entered Wales he took the Calvinist side in the bitter controversies that were frequent between 1800 and 1810. His chief characteristic was a vivid and affluent imagination, which absorbed and controlled his other abilities, and earned for him the name \"The Bunyan of Wales\". His sermons are entirely free from sectarianism, being intended merely to enlighten the understanding and warm the heart, and therefore well adapted to Christians in general.
In 1909 a seven volume work compiled by Grenville Kleiser entitled \'The World\'s Great Sermons\' included Evans\' famous graveyard sermon \'The World As A Graveyard\' and was the only sermon in the collection by a Welsh preacher and one of the few by a Baptist.
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
He died in 1838, at the house of Daniel Davies (1797-1876) at Swansea, while on a preaching tour in South Wales, and was buried in the grounds of Swansea\'s Bethesda Chapel. His funeral was one of the largest ever attended in the country. It is believed to bring good luck if you kiss the headstone of Christmas Evans, making it the Swansea version of the Blarney Stone.
Evans was described by D. M. Lloyd-Jones as \"the greatest preacher that the Baptists have ever had in Great Britain\".
## Works
His works were edited by Owen Davies, in three volumes, and were published in Caernarvon between 1895 and 1897
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# Bōkun Habanero
**Bōkun Habanero** is the brand name of a Japanese snack food. The name means \"Tyrant Habanero\", a reference to the habanero pepper, which is one of the world\'s hottest chili peppers. Its name derives from a play on words linking \"habanero\" with \"Tyrant Nero\".
The snack consists of potato rings, and is moderately spicy by Japanese standards.
The package features the brand mascot, Tyrant Habanero, a chili pepper with an evil or maniacal grin. The *bebiita* version features his younger sister, and the *bebinero* version features a younger version of the regular character.
Each 55g packet contains 297.3 calories
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# XCal
**xCal** is an XML representation of the iCalendar standard. xCal is not an alternative nor next generation of iCalendar. xCal represents iCalendar components, properties and parameters as defined in iCalendar.
This format was selected to ease its translation back to the iCalendar format using an XSLT transform.
## Compatible software {#compatible_software}
The XML format of xCal lends itself to XML tools like Apache Cocoon, and allows for a server to deliver xCal, which is then transformed by a browser or other client using XSLT
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# Rodovia José Magalhães Teixeira
The **Rodovia José Magalhães Teixeira** (official designation SP-083) is the **Campinas Beltway** (in Portuguese: *Anel Viário de Campinas*), a ring of high-speed highways surrounding the city of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The Campinas Beltway is the Northern vertex of the Macrometropolitan Highway System of Greater São Paulo and one of the few complete metropolitan beltways in the country. It is an extensive structure, which directly interconnects 6 large double-lane highways to all quadrants of the state. Furthermore, it is superdimensioned, i.e., it has enough capacity to accommodate huge traffic loads without getting congested, even in peak hours.
It is also known as *Rodovia do Contorno* and it is maintained by Rota das Bandeiras.
The beltway itself is formed by a short (12 km) connection between the highways Rodovia Anhanguera and Rodovia Dom Pedro I (East Segment), and those highways (West and North Segments, respectively). They encircle the urban core of Campinas, with a total length of 42 km.
As of 2015, it is anticipated there will be an expansion of the beltway, thus forming the South Segment. It has 6 km of extension and will connect directly with Rodovia dos Bandeirantes, Rodovia Santos Dumont, Rodovia Miguel Melhado Campos and also with the Viracopos International Airport. This expansion will be completed in 2017, but the first section (between Rodovia Anhanguera and Rodovia dos Bandeirantes) was inaugurated in 2015. The West Segment will be formed by Rodovia dos Bandeirantes and Rodovia Adalberto Panzan. This way, the beltway will have 18 km of length.
The highways directly connected to the Campinas hub are:
- SP-340: Rodovia Adhemar de Barros to Mogi Guaçu, Moji-Mirim, Aguaí, Casa Branca and Mococa.
- SP-330: Rodovia Anhanguera, from São Paulo City, Jundiaí, Louveira, Vinhedo and Valinhos to Sumaré, Americana, Limeira, Araras, Leme, Pirassununga, Porto Ferreira, Cravinhos, Ribeirão Preto, Orlândia, São Joaquim da Barra and Ituverava.
- SP-348: Rodovia dos Bandeirantes, from São Paulo City to Campinas and there to Hortolândia, Santa Bárbara d\'Oeste and Cordeirópolis, connecting to Rodovia Washington Luís.
- SP-065: Rodovia Dom Pedro I to Valinhos, Itatiba, Atibaia, Nazaré Paulista and Jacareí, connecting to Rodovia Presidente Dutra.
- SP-075: Rodovia Santos Dumont to Indaiatuba, Salto, Itu and Sorocaba, connecting to Rodovia Castelo Branco and Rodovia Raposo Tavares.
- SP-332: Rodovia General Milton Tavares de Souza to Paulínia.
- SP-101: Rodovia Francisco Aguirre Proença to Hortolândia and Monte Mor and thence to Capivari and Rafard
Less than 60 km from the hub, other important highways can be reached via high speed double-lane accesses from Campinas:
- SP-306: Rodovia Luiz de Queiroz, to Piracicaba.
- SP-310: Rodovia Washington Luís, to Rio Claro, São Carlos, Araraquara, Catanduva, São José do Rio Preto and Mirassol, connecting to the Rodovia Transbrasiliana.
- BR-381: Rodovia Fernão Dias, to the state of Minas Gerais and Belo Horizonte.
Through São Paulo City, the Campinas Beltway connects to the Southern vertex of the Macrometropolitan Ring of Sâo Paulo, to highways Rodovia dos Imigrantes, Rodovia Anchieta and Rodovia Régis Bittencourt.
The greatest part of the Campinas Beltway runs inside the urban zone (i.e., there are several highly populated sections of the cities of Campinas and Valinhos on the outside of the ring), thus its traffic is quite high. The highways which are part of it are now for all practical purposes used like urban avenues, with dozens of points of entrance, bridgeworks, viaducts, vicinal roads and streets, etc. The segments which comprise the ring are not tolled, due to a prohibition by the municipality of Campinas.
The region surrounding the beltway has one of the highest rates of urban growth and development in the city. Many high-technology companies have established their factories and offices alongside the Ring\'s highways, such as Lucent and Samsung. The majority of the city\'s shopping malls are also located along the Ring, such as the Dom Pedro, Campinas Outlet, Galleria and Iguatemi malls. In addition, the Ring\'s Northern and Eastern sections have witnessed a large and fast growth of luxury horizontal condominia, such as Alphaville and Gramado.
The structure is so named in honour of deceased, twice mayor of Campinas, Dr. José Roberto Magalhães Teixeira
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# Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare
The Mexican **Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare** (*Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social*, *STPS*) is a Federal Government Department in charge of all social health services in the Mexican Republic. The Secretary is a member of the federal executive cabinet. In addition to the legal Executive Cabinet there are other Cabinet-level administration offices that report directly to the President of the Republic, and the Secretary of Labor and Social Welfare is appointed by the President of Mexico.
- Supervises the implementation of the regulations in Article 123 concerning labor.
- Attempts to achieve a balance between production factors, in keeping with the appropriate legal regulations
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# José Mari (footballer, born 1978)
**José María Romero Poyón** (born 10 December 1978), known as **José Mari**, is a Spanish former footballer who played as a forward.
He amassed La Liga totals of 270 matches and 49 goals over eleven seasons, mainly with Atlético Madrid -- for which he signed at the age of 18 from Sevilla, going on to score 34 times in 144 appearances -- and Villarreal (four years apiece). He also played professionally in Italy for AC Milan.
José Mari was a Spanish international in the 2000s.
## Club career {#club_career}
José Mari was born in Seville, Andalusia. After growing through the ranks of local Sevilla (first appearing with the main squad aged just 18, in a 2--0 defeat at Rayo Vallecano on 5 March 1997, and making 21 La Liga appearances with seven goals during that season, as his team was finally relegated), he signed with Atlético Madrid.
At Atlético, José Mari totalled 18 league goals in his first two seasons. Highlights included scoring at both home and away wins over Real Madrid in 1999 (separate seasons, both by 3--1); these happened to be Atlético\'s only competitive victories in the Madrid derby in a span covering almost 20 years.
José Mari failed to settle in Italy after a €19 million move to AC Milan in January 2000-- Atlético were relegated at the end of the campaign-- and was subsequently loaned to the *Colchoneros* for 2002--03, their first back in the top flight after a two-year absence. His second spell there was less successful, with the high point being a hat-trick in a 3--3 home draw against Athletic Bilbao on 10 November 2002.
José Mari agreed to a deal at Villarreal in the summer of 2003, for an undisclosed fee. He went on to play a key role in that year\'s UEFA Intertoto Cup triumph, and the side\'s best-ever league finish (third in 2004--05, with four goals in 30 matches).
In 2007, after falling out of favour at Villarreal with the arrival of Giuseppe Rossi and the recovery of longtime injury absentee Nihat Kahveci, José Mari returned to Seville, joining Real Betis on a one-year deal. He scored his first goal for his new club more than a year after his arrival, on 24 September 2008, in a 3--2 away loss to Barcelona; despite still having a contract running until June 2010, he was released in late December and, the following month, moved to Segunda División with Gimnàstic de Tarragona.
In June 2010, after one and a half seasons of regular playing time, with six league goals in his last year, José Mari became a free agent and was released. The following month, the 31-year-old signed for Xerez, recently relegated to the second tier. He netted a career-best 17 times in his first season -- 33 games, all starts -- helping his team to the eighth position.
## International career {#international_career}
José Mari represented Spain on four occasions, in a two-year span. His debut came on 25 April 2001 as he played the second half of a 1--0 friendly win over Japan, in Córdoba.
Previously, José Mari was a member of the national squad which won the silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He scored three goals during the competition.
## Post-retirement {#post_retirement}
After retiring, José Mari began practicing bodybuilding.
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# José Mari (footballer, born 1978)
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
: *Scores and results list Spain\'s goal tally first, score column indicates score after each José Mari goal.*
No
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# Tohato
is a Japanese food company that specializes in snack food. They are known for their variety of the caramel corn snack, manufactured since 1971.
## Company history {#company_history}
In March 2003, Tohato applied for court protection from creditors after the failed operation of a golf course started during the asset-inflated bubble period. Following that, Unison Capital and Bandai acquired Tohato\'s confectionary business and set up a new company under the name of Tohato to turn its operations around.
### Advertisement campaign {#advertisement_campaign}
Tohato launched two new snacks brands, \"Tyrant Habanero Burning Hell Hot\" and \"Satan Jorquia Bazooka Deadly Hot\" in 2007 in an engagement marketing campaign, by combining multiplayer online gaming with advertising on a mobile phone. Customers were encouraged to join nightly battles at 4AM in a virtual game, on behalf of either snack brand, to determine the winner of the \"World\'s Worst War\". The campaign was designed by Japanese ad agency Hakuhodo and won the Yellow Pencil award at the annual D&AD advertising awards ceremony where mobile ads were recognized for the first time in May 2008
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# Potassium metabisulfite
**Potassium metabisulfite**, K~2~S~2~O~5~, also known as **potassium pyrosulfite**, is a white crystalline powder with a pungent odour. It is mainly used as an antioxidant or chemical sterilant. As a disulfite, it is chemically very similar to sodium metabisulfite, with which it is sometimes used interchangeably. Potassium metabisulfite has a monoclinic crystal structure.
## Preparation and reactions {#preparation_and_reactions}
Potassium metabisulfite can be prepared by treating a solution of potassium hydroxide with sulfur dioxide.
: 2 SO~2~ + 2 KOH → K~2~S~2~O~5~ + H~2~O
It decomposes at 190 °C, yielding potassium sulfite and sulfur dioxide:
: K~2~S~2~O~5~ → K~2~SO~3~ + SO~2~
## Uses
It is used as a food additive, also known as E224. It is restricted in use and may cause allergic reactions in some sensitive persons.
### Wine
Potassium metabisulfite is a common wine or must additive, in which it forms sulfur dioxide (SO~2~). Sulfur dioxide is a disinfectant. It also acts as a potent antioxidant, protecting both the color and delicate flavors of wine.
A high dose would be 3 grams of potassium metabisulfite per six-gallon bucket of must or around 132 milligrams per liter (yielding roughly 75 ppm of SO~2~) prior to fermentation; then 6 grams per six-gallon bucket (150 ppm of SO~2~) at bottling. Some countries regulate the SO~2~ content of wines.
Winemaking equipment is sanitized by spraying with a 1% SO~2~ (2 tsp potassium metabisulfite per L) solution.
### Beer
Potassium metabisulfite is sometimes used in the brewing industry to inhibit the growth of wild bacteria and fungi. This step is called \'stabilizing\'. It is also used to neutralize monochloramine from tap water. It is used both by homebrewers and commercial brewers alike. It is not used as much for brewing beer, because the wort is almost always boiled, which kills most microorganisms.
### Other uses {#other_uses}
- Potassium metabisulfite is sometimes added to lemon juice as a preservative.
- Potassium metabisulfite is used in the textile industry for dyeing and cotton printing.
- Potassium metabisulfite is sometimes used to precipitate gold from solution in aqua regia (as an alternative to sodium sulfite).
- It is a component of certain photographic developers and solutions used in photographic processing, keeping active developing species from contact with oxygen.
- It is used as a bleaching agent in the production of coconut cream.
- It is used in some pickles as a preservative.
- It is used in tint etching iron-based metal samples for microstructural analysis.
- It is used in aam papad as a preservative
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# Thomas Gee
**Thomas Gee** (24 January 1815`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}28 September 1898), was a Welsh Nonconformist preacher, journalist and publisher.
Gee was born in Denbigh, Wales. At the age of fourteen he went into his father\'s printing office, Gwasg Gee, but continued to attend the grammar school in the afternoons.
In 1837 he went to London to improve his knowledge of printing, and on his return to Wales in the following year, he threw himself into literary, educational and religious work. Among his publications were the well-known quarterly magazine *Y Traethodydd* (\"The Essayist\"), *Y Gwyddoniadur Cymreig* (\"Encyclopaedia Cambrensis\"), and Dr. Silvan Evans; *English-Welsh Dictionary* (1868), but his greatest achievement in this field was the newspaper *Baner Cymru* (\"The Banner of Wales\"), founded in 1857 and amalgamated with *Yr Amserau* (\"The Times\") two years later as *Baner ac Amserau Cymru*.
This paper soon became regarded as an oracle in Wales, and played a great part in promoting the nationalist and home rule movement in the country. In educational matters he waged a long and successful struggle on behalf of undenominational schools and for the establishment of the intermediate school system. He was an enthusiastic advocate of church disestablishment, and had a historic newspaper duel with John Owen (afterwards Bishop of St David\'s) on this question. The Eisteddfod found in him a thorough friend and a wise counsellor. His commanding presence, mastery of diction, and resonant voice made him an effective platform speaker. He was ordained to the Calvinistic Methodist ministry, at Bala in 1847, and gave his time and talents ungrudgingly to Sunday school and temperance work. Throughout his life he believed in the itinerant unpaid ministry rather than in the settled pastorate.
In 1886 he founded the Welsh Land League to campaign for the rights of tenants.
He was active in local politics as a Liberal. He was a member of Denbigh Town Council for many years (including a term as mayor), and he was the first chairman of Denbighshire County Council from its creation in 1889; a position he held until his death in 1898.
Gee attended the founding meeting of the Welsh National Liberal Council in August 1898, and was elected as the organisation\'s president. He died in September, and his funeral was at the time the most imposing ever seen in northern Wales
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# Desire Under the Elms
***Desire Under the Elms*** is a 1924 play written by Eugene O\'Neill. Like *Mourning Becomes Electra*, *Desire Under the Elms* signifies an attempt by O\'Neill to adapt plot elements and themes of Greek tragedy to a rural New England setting. It was inspired by the myth of Phaedra, Hippolytus, and Theseus. A film version was produced in 1958, and there is an operatic setting by Edward Thomas.
## Characters
The following descriptions are taken from the text of the play.
- Eben Cabot -- He is twenty-five, tall and sinewy. His face is well-formed, good-looking, but its expression is resentful and defensive. His defiant, dark eyes remind one of a wild animal\'s in captivity. Each day is a cage in which he finds himself trapped but inwardly unsubdued. There is a fierce, repressed vitality about him. He has black hair, moustache, a thin, curly trace of beard. He is dressed in rough farm clothes.
- Simeon Cabot and Peter Cabot -- \[They are\] tall men, much older than their half-brother \[Simeon is thirty-nine and Peter thirty-seven\], built on a squarer, simpler model, fleshier in body, more bovine and homelier in face, shrewder and more practical. Their shoulders stoop a bit from years of farm work. They clump heavily along in their clumsy thick-soled boots caked with earth. Their clothes, their faces, hands, bare arms and throats are earth-stained. They smell of dirt.
- Ephraim Cabot -- \[He\] is seventy-five, tall and gaunt, with great, wiry, concentrated power, but stoop-shouldered from toil. His face is as hard as if it were hewn out of a boulder, yet there is a weakness in it, a petty pride in its own narrow strength. His eyes are small, close together, and extremely near-sighted, blinking continually in the effort to focus on objects, their stare having a straining, ingrowing quality. He is dressed in his dismal black Sunday suit.
- Abbie Putnam -- \[She\] is thirty-five, buxom, full of vitality. Her round face is pretty but marred by its rather gross sensuality. There are strength and obstinacy in her jaw, a hard determination in her eyes, and about her whole personality, the same unsettled, untamed, desperate quality so apparent in Eben.
- Young Girl
- Two Farmers
- The Fiddler
- A Sheriff
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# Desire Under the Elms
## Synopsis
**Act 1, Scene 1**
The play opens at the exterior of a farmhouse in New England. It is sunset on an early summer day in 1850. Eben Cabot enters and walks to the edge of the porch. He rings a bell to call in his half-brothers, Simeon and Peter, who emerge soon after Eben goes back inside. The two brothers begin to talk about gold in the west and the risk of leaving everything they have worked for here. Eben sticks his head out the window as the two brothers speculate over their father\'s disappearance to the west, saying that he hasn\'t left the farm in 30 years or more. They decide they can\'t go west until their father dies. Eben reveals himself then by saying he prays his father were dead. With one last look at the setting sun and the promise of the west, the brothers retreat inside for supper.
**Act 1, Scene 2**
This scene opens at twilight in the kitchen of the farmhouse. As the three brothers eat dinner, Simeon and Peter reprimand Eben for speaking ill of their father. Eben then unloads his hate for his father because Eben blames him for his mother\'s death. He denounces his father saying he is his mother through and through. Eben also reveals his grudge against his half-brothers for not helping or protecting his mother. He then leaves to visit Min, his local prostitute. As Eben leaves, his brothers remark on how like his father he is.
**Act 1, Scene 3**
Eben comes home late and wakes his brothers. He informs them that their father has remarried a 35-year-old woman and is on his way home. When Simeon and Peter realise the farm will go to her, they decide to go west. Eben desperately wants the farm because it belonged to his mother and he wishes to honor her memory. He offers to buy his brother\'s shares of the farm for \$300 each. They tell him they will think about it, waiting to decide until they see their father\'s new wife and can see the money in person. However, as soon as Eben leaves the room, they decide to stop working the farm.
**Act 1, Scene 4**
The brothers reveal to Eben they won\'t be working on the farm anymore, so Eben goes to milk the cows while Peter and Simeon get drunk. Eben returns to the house after seeing his father and his new wife on the horizon. Peter and Simeon decide to leave the farm and sign the papers for Eben. They walk outside; taunt their father, Ephraim, and his new wife, Abbie; and then leave for California. Abbie begins to explore the house and runs into Eben. They are attracted to one another but fight over the future possession of the farm. The scene closes with harsh words between Ephraim and Eben.
**Act 2, Scene 1**
This scene takes place outside the farmhouse two months later. Abbie catches Eben on the way to visit Min, his choice prostitute. She tries to seduce him, but he has only a mind for owning the farm and leaves her. Ephraim enters and is transformed. He is now gentle and is coming around to the idea of Eben owning the farm. Abbie gets upset at possibly losing the farm to Eben and claims he was lusting after her. Ephraim wants to throw Eben off the farm, but Abbie convinces him that Eben is needed to do the farm work. She then suggests they have a son, and Ephraim promises to give her the farm if she does.
**Act 2, Scene 2**
Ephraim and Abbie sit in their bedroom talking about having a son. Ephraim tells the story of how he made the farm when he was only 20 years old and the terrible loneliness he has experienced with his wives. Abbie has no interest in his story, and he leaves. Abbie then goes to Eben\'s room and kisses him. He kisses her, but then, confused, pushes her away. However, caught in her power, he agrees to court her in the parlor that has been closed since his mother\'s death.
**Act 2, Scene 3**
Eben meets Abbie in the parlor where Eben talks about his mother, beginning to cry. Abbie comforts him, saying that she could be a new mom to him and asks him to kiss her. Eventually Eben gives in and admits he loves her and has since the first hour he met her.
**Act 2, Scene 4**
Abbie bids Eben goodbye as he heads for work. She makes him re-swear his love and then goes to get some sleep. Eben runs into his father and asks for their feud to be over. He believes his mother\'s soul is now at rest because he has taken revenge on his father and goes off to work laughing.
**Act 3, Scene 1**
Ephraim throws a party for the birth of what he considers his new son. Abbie sits in a chair, pale and unmoving. She keeps asking where Eben is. The party guests keep hinting that they know the son is Eben\'s but neither Abbie nor Ephraim catch on. Abbie goes upstairs and finds Eben, they kiss, and she says the baby looks just like him. Ephraim goes outside for air, and with a feeling that something\'s not at rest, goes to sleep with the cows.
**Act 3, Scene 2**
Ephraim runs into Eben later that night and tells him he will not have the farm now that Ephraim has a son. Eben becomes convinced that Abbie has been using him and confronts her about it once Ephraim goes inside and Abbie comes out. He says that he is going to leave, that he doesn\'t love her, and that she is a lying whore. Hysterical, she asks that if there is any way to prove that she didn\'t have a son with him to steal the land from him, would he ever love her again? He says yes, but that she isn\'t God, so there is no way. She promises that there is and Eben goes inside to get drunk.
**Act 3, Scene 3**
It is the morning after the party and Eben sits in the kitchen with his bag packed. Abbie comes downstairs and tells him what she has done to prove she loves him and wasn\'t lying. She has killed their son. Enraged, Eben condemns her and runs out to get a sheriff to take her away. Abbie faints.
**Act 3, Scene 4**
Ephraim wakes up, and Abbie tells him she has murdered the baby and that it wasn\'t his. He becomes detached and says he is going out to work. Before he leaves, Ephraim says she should have loved him and he would have protected her no matter what. Eben comes back and professes that he still loves her but that he told the sheriff. He demands to take some fault for murder. Abbie doesn\'t want him to, but he blurts it out the moment the sheriff arrives. The two get taken away together.
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# Desire Under the Elms
## Influences
*Desire Under the Elms* was inspired by plot elements and characters from the Euripides play *Hippolytus*. In it, Phaedra, Theseus\' wife, attempts to seduce his son, chaste Hippolytus. After this fails and Hippolytus threatens to reveal her unfaithfulness, Phaedra commits suicide. Theseus finds a letter that Phaedra carried accusing Hippolytus of raping her. Enraged, Theseus (using one of three wishes that his father Poseidon promised him) curses his son with banishment or death. After Hippolytus is fatally wounded by an encounter with a bull, Artemis arrives to reveal the truth to Theseus, and Hippolytus dies after absolving his father.
The characters Eben, Abbie, and Ephraim roughly correspond with Hippolytus, Phaedra, and Theseus respectively. Both plays are driven by a love triangle between a father, a son, and a stepmother, and the tragedy arises from misguided actions made by the stepmother. In Phaedra\'s case it is her lust of her husband\'s son and the falseness of her letter. O\'Neill takes this one step further in *Desire Under the Elms* and makes Abbie\'s misguided actions the begetting and murder of her child.
In *Desire Under the Elms: In the Light of Strindberg\'s Influence*, Murray Hartman also saw strong parallels between *Desire Under the Elms* and the work of August Strindberg, writing \"At any rate, there is hardly a plot element in the play that cannot be traced to one or more sources in Strindberg.\" He details several elements of O\'Neill and Strindberg\'s biographies that are similar, and how they manifest in *Desire Under the Elms*, in addition to naming several specific works of Strindberg\'s, such as *The People of Hemsö*, *The Bridal Crown*, and *The Son of a Servant*. Specifically, he points out very similarly confused relationships with the writers\' respective mothers and contentious relationships with their fathers. He also writes, \"The basic situation, where the young son has seen his beloved mother worked to death by a hard father and then has had to bear the usurpation of her position by an aggressive stepmother, has its origin in *The Son of a Servant*.\" This can be seen in *Desire under the Elms* through Eben\'s opinion that Ephraim worked his mother to death and largely drives the plot.
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# Desire Under the Elms
## Production history {#production_history}
Provincetown Players (off-Broadway, 1924) -- Starring Walter Huston as Ephraim Cabot, Mary Morris as Abbie Putnam and Charles Ellis as Eben Cabot. After two months at the Greenwich Village Theatre, this production transferred to Broadway and played an additional nine months, first at the Earl Carroll Theatre, then at George M. Cohan\'s Theatre and finally at Daly\'s 63rd Street Theatre, for a total of 420 performances.
Broadway (1952) -- Directed by Harold Clurman, produced by The American National Theater and Academy. Starring Karl Malden as Ephraim Cabot, Douglass Watson as Eben Cabot and Carol Stone as Abbie Putnam, 46 performances.
Academy Festival Theatre (Lake Forest, Illinois, 1974) -- Directed by Vinette Carrol, produced by William T. Gardner. Starring Roscoe Lee Browne as Ephraim Cabot, Glynn Turman as Eben Cabot and Cicely Tyson as Abbie Putnam.
Asmita Theatre (India, 1995) -- Directed by Arvind Gaur, translated by Nadira Babbar, starring Deepak Dobriyal, Manu Rishi, Deepak Ochani and Arachana Shintre Joshii, 14 performances.
Goodman Theatre (Chicago, 2009) -- Directed by Robert Falls, starring Brian Dennehy as Ephraim Cabot, Carla Gugino as Anna Putnam and Pablo Schreiber as Eben Cabot.
Sri Ram Centre Theatre (Mandi House, New Delhi, India, 2010) -- A RAS production. Directed by Deepak Ochaney and Gajraj Nagar, starring Mukul Saran Mathur as Ephraim Cabot, Sanjeela Mathur as Anna Putnam, six performances.
Broadway (2009) -- Transfer of the Goodman production; opened April 27, 2009 at the St. James Theater, 32 performances.
New Vic Theatre (Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, UK, 2010) -- Directed by James Dacre, starring Gareth Thomas as Ephraim Cabot, Victoria Lloyd as Anna Putnam, Cary Crankson as Eben Cabot, Owen Oakeshott as Peter Cabot and Timothy Chipping as Simeon Cabot.
Lyric Hammersmith (2012) -- Directed by Sean Holmes and designed by Ian MacNeil, starring Morgan Watkins as Eben Cabot, Denise Gough as Anna Putnam and Finbar Lynch as Ephraim Cabot.
This play was adapted by Balwant Gargi (under the name \"Balde Tibbe\") in Punjabi for the Department of Drama and Dramatics at Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, as the second-year final production of 2015. It was held on 26 November 2016 and directed by Reza Arif.
Shaw Festival, (2021) - *Desire Under the Elms* was initially scheduled as a part of the festival\'s 2020 season, but the season was eventually cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the production was moved to the fall of the 2021 season. Directed by Tim Carroll, set by Judith Bowden, lighting by Kevin Lamotte, and costumes by Joyce Padua.
Almeida Theatre, (2026) - Directed by Ebenezer Bamgboye and starring Zackary Momoh
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# Danese Cooper
**Danese Cooper** is an American programmer, computer scientist and advocate of open source software.
## Career
Cooper has managed teams at Symantec and Apple Inc. For six years, she served as chief open source \"evangelist\" for Sun Microsystems before leaving to serve as senior director for open source strategies at Intel. In 2009 she worked as \"Open Source Diva\" at REvolution Computing (now Revolution Analytics). She is a board member of the Open Source Hardware Association. She is a board observer at Mozilla, and serves as a member of the Apache Software Foundation. She was a board member at the Drupal Association and the Open Source Initiative. In October 2018, Danese joined Irish tech company NearForm as VP of Special Initiatives.
### Open source {#open_source}
Cooper\'s major work within the open source area of computer software has garnered her the nickname \"Open Source Diva\". She was recruited, while at a sushi bar in Cupertino, to a position at Sun working towards opening the source code to Java. Within six months she quit frustrated by the claims of open source development with Java that Sun made, only to find that little \"open sourcing\" was taking place. Sun sought to keep Cooper understanding her need to further open source software and re-hired her as their corporate open source officer. Her six years with Sun Microsystems is credited as the key to the company opening up its source code and lending support to Sun\'s OpenOffice.org software suite, Oracle Grid Engine, among others. In 2009 she joined REvolution Computing, a \"provider of open source predictive analytics solutions\", to work on community outreach amongst developers unfamiliar with the programming language R and general open source strategies. She has also made public speaking appearances discussing open sourcing, speaking at the Malaysian National Computer Confederation Open Source Compatibility Centre, OSCON, gov2.0 Expo, and the Southern California Linux Expo. In 2005 Cooper was a contributing author to *Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution*.
### Wikimedia Foundation {#wikimedia_foundation}
In February 2010 Cooper was appointed chief technical officer of the Wikimedia Foundation, leading their technical team and developing and executing the Foundation\'s technical strategy, along with which she would also be working on outreach with Wikimedia volunteers to expand on development and localizing of software. Cooper credits the open source community in helping her obtain the position at Wikimedia. She left the organization in July 2011.`{{why|date=October 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
### InnerSource
Danese Cooper is the founder and chair of the InnerSource Commons Foundation. In 2018 she co-authored *Adopting InnerSource* with Klaas-Jan Stol which was published by O\'Reilly.
### daneseWorks
In June 2011, Cooper started a consultancy, daneseWorks, whose first client was inBloom. She is`{{when|date=October 2021}}`{=mediawiki} also currently helping Numenta with their open source & machine learning strategy.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Danese Cooper obtained her high school diploma from Chadwick School and her B.A. from the University of California, Los Angeles. Upon graduation she spent time in Morocco as a volunteer in the Peace Corps. Cooper credits her time with the Peace Corps as fostering her desire to travel and work within the developing world to explore policy, education and how open source software can \"give certain kids another alternative\". She is married to a software developer and enjoys knitting, which she often engages in during meetings
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# Arthur Brisbane
**Arthur Brisbane** (December 12, 1864 -- December 25, 1936) was one of the best-known American newspaper editors of the 20th century, as well as a real estate investor.
## Biography
Brisbane was born in Buffalo, New York, to Albert Brisbane (1809--1890), an American utopian socialist who is remembered as the chief popularizer of the theories of Charles Fourier in the United States. Albert was the author of several books, including *Social Destiny of Man* (1840), as well as the Fourierist periodical *The Phalanx*. He also founded the Fourierist Society in New York in 1839, and backed several other phalanx communes in the 1840s and 1850s.
Arthur was educated in the United States and Europe.
## Career
In 1882, he began work as a newspaper reporter and editor in New York City, first at the *Sun* and later at Joseph Pulitzer\'s *New York World*. Hired away from Pulitzer by William Randolph Hearst, he became editor of the *New York Journal* and Hearst\'s close friend. His syndicated editorial column had an estimated daily readership of over 20 million, according to *Time* magazine.
In 1897, he accepted the editorship of the *Evening Journal*, flagship of the Hearst chain, and through it gained influence unmatched by any editor in the United States. His direct and forceful style influenced the form of American editorial and news writing. The saying, \"If you don\'t hit the reader between the eyes in your first sentence of your news column, there\'s no need to write any more,\" is attributed to him.
Hearst biographer W. A. Swanberg described Brisbane as \"a one-time socialist who had drifted pleasantly into the profit system\... in some respects a vest-pocket Hearst -- a personal enigma, a workhorse, a madman for circulation, a liberal who had grown conservative, an investor.\"
While an employee of Hearst---at one point boasting of making \$260,000 in a year---Brisbane also was known for buying failing newspapers, re-organizing them, and selling them to Hearst. He bought *The Washington Times* and the *Milwaukee Evening Wisconsin* in 1918 and sold both to Hearst 15 months later. He later bought the *Detroit Times* on behalf of Hearst.
Brisbane was accused of engaging in yellow journalism having published an editorial that called for the assassination of President McKinley. Although the article was pulled by Hearst after the first edition, many still blamed Hearst\'s journalists for provoking Leon Czolgosz to commit the fatal act.
In 1907, Ambrose Bierce and George Sterling credited Brisbane\'s editorials with stimulating the nationwide press furor over Sterling\'s poem \"A Wine of Wizardry\" when the poem appeared in Hearst\'s *Cosmopolitan* magazine. Sterling later said, \"Brisbane told a friend of mine that *one newsstand* sold 600 *Cosmopolitan*s the day after his first editorial appeared.\"
In 1918, he became editor of the *Chicago Herald and Examiner*, and in the 1920s became editor of Hearst\'s first tabloid, the *New York Mirror*. He remained part of the Hearst media empire until his death in 1936. His daughter Sarah married one of his *Daily Mirror* employees, Tex McCrary, who later became a radio-TV personality with second wife Jinx Falkenburg.
A 1926 *Time* magazine cover story described his influence:
> The New York American, the Chicago Herald-Examiner, the San Francisco Examiner and many another newspaper owned by Publisher Hearst, to say nothing of some 200 non-Hearst dailies and 800 country weeklies which buy syndicated Brisbane, all publish what Mr. Brisbane has said. His column is headed, with simple finality, \"Today\", a column that vies with the weather and market reports for the size of its audience, probably beating both. It is said to be read by a third of the total U. S. population. Obviously this is an exaggeration, but half that many would be some 20 million readers, \"Today\" and every day.
Several volumes of Brisbane\'s editorials were published, including \"The Book of Today\", \"The Book of Today and the Future Day\", and \"The Brisbane advertising philosophy\". At the time of his death, he was considered the \"virtual executive director\" of the Hearst news and media empire.
Beginning in 1914, Winsor McCay illustrated many of Brisbane\'s editorials. From 1924 until 1935, artist Mel Cummin \"originated and drew many of the big, eight-column cartoons\" for Brisbane\'s editorials in the *New York Sunday American*, the *New York Evening Journal* and occasionally *The Mirror*. Cummin, a well-known member of the Explorer\'s Club, called Brisbane \"a well-informed naturalist\", and said the two collaborators discussed the subject of naturalism frequently.
He is also known to have invited the radical journalist and pamphleteer Eleanor Baldwin to move to New York to take up a writing job with him, but she declined the offer to remain at her home in the Pacific Northwest.
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# Arthur Brisbane
## Real estate {#real_estate}
Partnering with Hearst, he formed Hearst-Brisbane Properties, investing heavily in New York real estate and developing projects such as the Ziegfeld Theatre, the Warwick Hotel, and the Ritz Tower. He was instrumental in preserving a large section of land he had amassed in central New Jersey along the Jersey Shore between 1907 and 1936. It was here that Brisbane built his dream house, a palatial mansion for its time, adjacent to a lake, and complete with a library tower. It was also here that Brisbane and his family could enjoy their favorite sport -- horse-back riding. Brisbane transformed the Allaire area from a near-deserted village to a luxurious country estate, complete with a state-of-the-art horse farm, \"Allaire Inn\", toy factory, a camp for Boy Scouts, and training grounds during the war years. He used his professional connections to bring silent film companies to his property at Allaire, which was used as a backdrop. He even opened up his estate during the Great Depression to \"New Deal\" work programs. He employed a large staff to take care of his property at Allaire, which at one time was boasted to occupy 10000 acre, though the actual count was closer to 6000 acre.
Brisbane eventually began to explore the history of his property at Allaire and, in the 1920s, became aware of its great historic significance. The Allaire property had formerly been James P. Allaire\'s \"Howell Iron Works Company\", a thriving iron-making industrial village of the early 19th century. As early as 1925, Brisbane sought to preserve this property, with its vast natural resources and 19th century village buildings. Although not completed before his death, it was left to his wife, Phoebe Cary Brisbane and her immediate family to fulfill Brisbane\'s wishes of donating nearly 1200 acre to the State of New Jersey by 1944, including James P. Allaire\'s 19th century industrial village. The deed contained stipulations that it was to be used for historic and forest reservation purposes, and for nothing else. Moreover, the Brisbane family home served as the Arthur Brisbane Child Treatment Center until its closure in 2005.
The original Brisbane gift of 1200 acre of land forms the heart of Allaire State Park. Its historic village is dedicated to portraying the life and times of James P. Allaire\'s \"Howell Iron Works Company\" largely through the non-profit educational organization, Allaire Village Inc. Efforts were pushed forward at the Historic Village at Allaire in 2006 by Allaire historian Hance M. Sitkus to better interpret Brisbane\'s career, family, and generosity, focusing on Brisbane as an often-overlooked humanitarian and philanthropist.
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# Arthur Brisbane
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Brisbane was married to Phoebe Cary (1890--1967), the eldest daughter of polo player Seward Cary and the former Emily Lisle Scatcherd. Phoebe\'s paternal great-grandfather, New York State Senator Trumbull Cary, was married to Brisbane\'s aunt, Margaret Elinor Brisbane. Together, they were the parents of six children:
- Sarah Brisbane McCrary Mellen (1913--1977)
- Seward Brisbane (1914--1989)
- Hugo Brisbane (1917--1933)
- Emily Brisbane (1918--1959)
- Alice Brisbane Chandor Tooker (1922--1983), married Lt. Elbert Haring Chandor in 1944
- Elinor Brisbane Kelley Philbin (1924--2009)
He died in Manhattan on Christmas Day, December 25, 1936 and was buried in the Batavia Cemetery at Batavia, New York.
His grandson, Arthur S. Brisbane, was appointed Public Editor of *The New York Times* in June 2010.
### Impact
At his death, many journalists and politicians wrote tributes to his life and career. Hearst said, \"I know that Arthur Brisbane was the greatest journalist of his day\". Damon Runyon said \"Journalism has lost its all-time No. 1 genius.\" Ogden Reid wrote that \"American journalism has lost one of its most brilliant minds\" and Robert R. McCormick said that Brisbane would \"go down into history as one of the permanently great figures of American journalism\". The Governor of New York, Herbert H. Lehman wrote \"His wisdom, his courage and his power of sound and constructive criticism made him a national figure \... His passing is a great loss to the country.\"
## Selected published works {#selected_published_works}
- [*Editorials from the Hearst Newspapers*](https://archive.org/details/editorialsfromh00brigoog) (1906)
- [*William Randolph Hearst*](https://archive.org/details/jstor-25105640) (1906)
- [*Mary Baker G. Eddy*](https://archive.org/details/marybakergeddy00brisrich) (1908) \[Reprinted with extended introduction: [*What Mrs. Eddy Said To Arthur Brisbane*](https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001593384) (1930)\]
- [*Today and the future day (an analysis of two new books) with other articles*](https://archive
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# Audio Dregs
**Audio Dregs** is an independent record label run by the electronic musicians and brothers E\*vax and E\*rock, in Portland, Oregon, USA. It has released records by artists such as Ratatat and Global Goon.
## Artists
- O.Lamm
- Lullatone
- Melodium
- Kinn
- Plants
- Yuichiro Fujimoto
- Semuin
- Strategy
- Global Goon
- Ratatat
- E\*Vax
- E\*Rock
- F.S
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# Ram Shanker
**Ram Shanker Vijaya Mogan** (born 17 June 1985 in Singapore) is a Singaporean footballer who plays for Balestier Khalsa Football Club. His short stint with the Young Lions only spanned a handful of substitute appearances in the S.League
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# British Columbia Teachers' Federation
The **British Columbia Teachers\' Federation** (**BCTF**) is the labour union that represents all public school teachers in the province of British Columbia, Canada. It was established as an organization in 1917.
## Governance structure {#governance_structure}
As of 2018, the BCTF was made up of 45,000 teachers from across the province of British Columbia.
**Members**
Members of the BCTF determine the decisions and directions of the BCTF in two ways:
- Members, through locals, elect delegates to the BCTF Annual General Meeting (AGM). The AGM makes key decisions for the organization and elects the Executive Committee.
- Members, through locals, elect local representatives, who make up the Representative Assembly (RA). The RA has key decision-making responsibilities.`{{fact|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
**Locals**
Locals are responsible for acting on behalf of members regarding local matters. Members in locals elect their local president and executive, who guide the affairs of the local.`{{fact|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
**Annual General Meeting**
The Annual General Meeting is a meeting of delegates and local representatives elected by members through locals and the eleven members of the Executive Committee. There are approximately 670 voting delegates at an Annual General Meeting.`{{fact|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
**Constitution and bylaws**
The constitution and bylaws establish the rules by which the organization is run.`{{fact|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
**Representative Assembly**
The Representative Assembly meets three times a year and has the responsibilities of approving a budget and electing the Judicial Council and Committee of Ombudspersons. The RA also makes policy and procedural decisions for the federation.`{{fact|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
**Executive Committee**
The Executive Committee (EC) of the BCTF is elected by the AGM and consists of eleven members. Three of these serve in a full-time capacity: the President, the First Vice-President, and the Second Vice-President. The EC has overall responsibility for the running of the federation. It meets monthly, with additional meetings as necessary. The EC is the employer of BCTF staff and determines what work will be done in any given year. It also has responsibility for the creation and appointment of any advisory committees or task forces.
**President**
The President of the federation has responsibility for overall supervision of the affairs of the organization between meetings of the Executive Committee.
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# British Columbia Teachers' Federation
## 2005 contract dispute {#contract_dispute}
Since 1992, contract negotiations for BC public school teachers have been on a province-wide basis, negotiating a single contract with the British Columbia Public School Employers\' Association (BCPSEA). Since that time, each contract has been legislated into law by the government of the day because the teachers and the employers have failed to reach an agreement.`{{fact|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
Negotiations began between the teachers and the BCPSEA after the contract expired in June 2004.`{{fact|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
Without a contract at the beginning of the new school year, negotiations soured and an agreement was unlikely. To pressure the BCPSEA and the government to capitulate on wage and classroom size demands, on September 27, over 88 per cent of 31,740 teachers voted to begin job action by withdrawing supervisory and administrative duties. Without successful contract negotiation, more severe action would begin on October 11.
With negotiations derailed and a strike imminent, the government introduced legislation on October 5 to extend the previous contract through the end of the school year---June 2006---at which time the across-the-board wage freeze would be revisited. After a filibuster by the official opposition BC NDP, Bill 12 passed on October 7. Furthermore, the BCPSEA successfully applied to the British Columbia Labour Relations Board (BCLRB) to deem any strike action illegal.`{{fact|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
The BCTF held an emergency vote to carry out the strike despite the BCLRB ruling, with 90.5 per cent of the participating members voting in favour of proceeding with protest action.
The BCTF began a strike on October 7, 2005. It maintained that breaking the law for a just cause (having its collective bargaining rights limited and a contract imposed) was acceptable. Critics of the BCTF claimed that the job action set a bad example for the children they teach. The job action was illegal because teaching in British Columbia was considered an essential service and teachers were not allowed to strike. The BCTF, however, maintained that under the provisions of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the non-binding decisions of the United Nations International Labour Organization, education is not an essential service and it had the right to political protest.
Following the strike action, the BCPSEA filed a complaint in the BC Supreme Court on October 6 to find the BCTF in contempt of court, and on October 9 Justice Brenda Brown declared the BCTF in contempt, ordering teachers to return to work October 11.
On October 12, a small number of defiant teachers began crossing picket lines and returned to work.
As a result of the continuing defiance of her court order, Justice Brenda Brown on October 13 ordered the BCTF to cease paying strike pay to its members or use its funds to prolong the strike.
On October 17, the BC Federation of Labour spearheaded a major labour shutdown of the province\'s capital, Victoria. Termed a \"Day of Protest\" rather than a general strike, the city saw the vast majority of its public services crippled by labour action. The event culminated in a massive protest at the Legislature, where it was estimated that up to 20,000 people rallied. `{{Wikinews|Possible end to strike, fines for BC teachers}}`{=mediawiki} On the same day, Premier Gordon Campbell made his first public comments during the strike. He called on the BCTF to obey the law and said that the union has \"made a complete mockery of the British Columbia Supreme Court.\" He reiterated his government\'s position that it would not negotiate with the BCTF while the BCTF was breaking the law.`{{fact|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
The mediator Vince Ready was brought in and presented proposals to end the strike. Both the government and the BCTF accepted his recommendations, and on October 24, the teachers went back to work.
## 2006 contract negotiations {#contract_negotiations}
On June 9, 2006, the union announced that if a contract was not reached before the start of the school year, it was prepared to commence labour disruption (strike) activities, including a possible full withdrawal of service. Of the 30,202 members who voted, 85.2 per cent were in favour of a strike.
Talks between the union and the government proceeded without much progress. The main sticking point was compensation, with the government offering a 10 per cent increase (up from 8 per cent) over four years and the union asking for a 19 per cent increase (down from 24 per cent) over three years.
Late in the day on June 30, 2006, the two sides reached a tentative agreement for a 16 per cent increase in wages and benefits over a five-year contract. Because the agreement was reached before the month-end deadline, teachers were eligible for a signing bonus of approximately \$4,000.
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# British Columbia Teachers' Federation
## 2011 contract negotiations {#contract_negotiations_1}
The next round of negotiations began in 2011, when the previous contract expired. The provincial government demanded the same net zero outcome accepted by all other public sector unions. Additionally, the government sought more control over professional development, reduced seniority provisions, and increased teacher evaluation and accountability.
The BCTF demanded a 15 per cent wage increase over three years (costed at \$560 million by the BCTF and \$2 billion by the provincial government), increased paid prep time, improved benefits, additional leave, and an additional six discretionary leave days per year to care for a sick friend or relative (a request that was later dropped)
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# DemoLinux
**DemoLinux** was one of the first Live CD Linux distributions. It was created by Roberto Di Cosmo, Vincent Balat and Jean-Vincent Loddo, in 1998.`{{additional citation needed|date=July 2023 |reason=Source needed for the year}}`{=mediawiki}
The DemoLinux CD was created to make it possible to use Linux without having to install it on the hard disk. It was the first Linux Live CD that made it possible to use the system in graphic mode and without any stage of configuration.
There are many other Live CD Linux distributions today. DemoLinux can be considered to be the ancestor of Knoppix.
DemoLinux offered the user hundreds of applications (among them KDE and StarOffice), owing to using to a compressed file system. The CD could be used without any modification to the hard disk; however, the user could use space on the hard disk to store their personal data and install additional applications using the distribution\'s standard tools. Version 1 was based on Mandrake Linux (now Mandriva Linux), while versions 2 and 3 were based mainly on Debian. These later versions made it possible to install Linux on the hard disk. DemoLinux thus provided a very simple installation procedure for Debian and became a forerunner of later Linux distributions.
DemoLinux has been distributed with many computer magazines in several countries. It is still downloadable from the official website, but has not evolved since 2002
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# SSD Chieti FC 1922
**Società Sportiva Dilettantistica Chieti Calcio Football Club 1922**, commonly known as **Chieti**, is an Italian association football club, based in Chieti, Abruzzo. It competes in the Serie D, the fourth tier of Italian football.
## History
### Foundation
Chieti was founded in 1922 as Calcio Chieti, with capital of 50 cents. The idea originated from Nicola De Cesare and friends in Villa Comunale. The team started by playing teams in the central Civitella military. Existing club Sport Club Chieti was inactive for long periods, leading to the decision to start Chieti at meeting between the RISS, Novell, and Sport Cub Chieti. The first president was Carlo Massangioli.
Chieti played the 2005/2006 season in Serie C1/B, finishing in last place and was therefore relegated to Serie C2. The team was then cancelled by the federation because of inadequate financing. Then restarted in 6Th tier of italiano football, returning in Serie C2 4 years later. After the cancellation of the Serie C2, got relegated to Serie D, where in 2016 got cancelled again. Restarted from fifth tier of itain football and then staying in Serie D and Eccellenza.
### Second attempt {#second_attempt}
A.S.D. Chieti then asked to be admitted to play Promozione (7th level of Italian football), claiming Article 52 of N.O.I.F. Chieti gained promotion to Serie D in 2008. Since 2010--11 season, S.S. Chieti Calcio plays in Lega Pro Seconda Divisione.
In 2012--13, the team played in the fourth tier, reaching the promotion playoffs, after securing a draw in the last matchday against Arzanese. Massimiliano Barbone, a defender `{{citation needed span|text=on loan from [[Serie B]] club [[Delfino Pescara 1936|Pescara]].|date=February 2015}}`{=mediawiki} scored the goal that enabled qualification to the playoffs.
## Colours and badge {#colours_and_badge}
The team\'s colours are green and black.
The choice of black and green Theatines dates to 1919, when the first soccer team representing the City had neither uniforms nor the money to buy them. Instead they found some in a crate from Venice. The pennant team was tweaked over the years. The club was once identified by a crest in the style of AC Milan, then under the leadership of President Antonio Buccilli. They then adopted a pennant depicting two strips (one black and one green) crossing the words \"DC 1922\" i.e. Chieti Calcio 1922. In 2006, their rudimentary style was reinvented. The last change was made in the summer of 2008 when the previous emblem was added to one side of Achilles horse, the symbol of the city of Chieti.
## Stadium
Stadio Guido Angelini was designed in 1969 and became operational in May 1970 with a Chieti-Milan friendly, with 11,000 spectators in attendance. Later the stadium was renamed Marrucino
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# Grind (2003 film)
***Grind*** is a 2003 American skateboarding comedy film directed by Casey La Scala, written and composed by record producer Ralph Sall, starring Mike Vogel, Vince Vieluf, Adam Brody and Joey Kern as four teenage aspiring amateur skateboarders on a road trip from Chicago, Illinois to Santa Monica, California in an attempt to get noticed by pro skateboarding legend, Jimmy Wilson, and get skateboarding sponsorships. It was a critical and box-office bomb.
## Plot
After high school graduation, skateboarder friends, Eric Rivers, Dustin Knight, and, Matt Jensen, take one last Summer road trip together, with the goal of getting noticed by pro skater legend, Jimmy Wilson, on his demo tour. Following their dreams and Wilson\'s national tour, the trio start their own skate team, reluctantly sponsored by Dustin and his college fund.
After recruiting laid-back ladies man, \"Sweet\" Lou Singer to join their crew and provide the van for their tour, team Super Duper launches the ride of their lives in an outrageous road trip from Chicago to Santa Monica. In their quest to go pro, they meet professional skateboarders, Bucky Lasek, Bob Burnquist and Pierre Luc Gagnon, as well as Bam Margera and his crew; Preston Lacy, Ehren \"Danger\" McGhehey, and Jason \"Wee Man\" Acuña. Together with skater girl, Jamie, they\'ll grind handrails across America and force the skateboarding world to give \'em a piece of the action.
## Cast
## Production
Director and producer Casey La Scala grew up during the period of Dogtown Skating and credited it as being integral to his childhood. Following the resurgence of skateboarding popularity with the evolution of Street Skating in the 1990s as well as its role in the popular *Jackass* TV series, he was inspired to make a film about his experiences growing up in the skateboarding scene. He decided to make it a comedy inspired by the films he grew up with, particularly *National Lampoon\'s Animal House* and *Revenge of the Nerds* with the latter inspiring him to cast actor Donald Gibb as the \"Scabby Security Guy\". Though Scala was not typically one to find himself starstruck, Gibb proved to be an exception to this.
Initially, Scala was inspired to make the film as a comedic mockumentary inspired by *This is Spinal Tap*. As the script began to evolve, he opted instead to let it evolve into a more conventional narrative piece. The film entered production with a very loose script which featured a large amount of improvised dialogue and material that was created through \"writing stuff in the car\" on the way to set. He encouraged his cast and crew to \"shoot what we have on the page\" and then \"just have fun with it\".
Due to budgetary limitations, *Grind* was shot with two unit running concurrently. Scala would direct main unit whilst a second unit overseen by Tony Hawk was setting up before skateboarding over to second unit to direct whilst the first unit would then set up for its next shot. He credits this style of directing with being able to keep the film on schedule and within the parameters of its small budget, as well as allowing him to accomplish up to 27 setups in a single filming day. The cast, however, were not allowed to skate on set due to the risk of production losing them to injuries as a result of them constantly attempting to land Ollies. Despite this, Scala claims the cast still became very good skaters by the end of filming.
During filming of *Mr. & Mrs. Smith*, Adam Brody contacted Scala to tell him that Brad Pitt had allegedly claimed *Grind* to be his favourite movie.
## Soundtrack
A soundtrack consisting of a blend of rock, hip hop and reggae music was released on August 12, 2003, by Atlantic Records.
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# Grind (2003 film)
## Release
Warner Bros. were hesitant to give *Grind* a wide release due to uncertainty regarding how popular the skateboarding scene was and the absence of major stars in leading roles. However, both test screenings received a highly positive response encouraging Warner Bros. to give it a wide release in 2,253 theatres on August 15, 2003.
The film ultimately opened in tenth place with a disappointing weekend gross of \$1,079,295, facing stiff competition from *Freddy vs. Jason* and *S.W.A.T*. It ultimately grossed \$5,123,696 domestically and \$17,470 internationally, completing its run with a total worldwide gross of \$5,141,166. It would later find a much larger audience on DVD.
## Critical response {#critical_response}
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 8% of 72 critics\' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 3.4/10. The website\'s consensus reads: \"Mediocre skateboard stunts are padded by a half-baked plot and one-dimensional characters.\" `{{Metacritic film prose|30|24|access-date=17 May 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
Joe Laydon, of *Variety* called the \"Skating scenes \... unremarkable and repetitious,\" concluding that the film was less than good.
Keith Phipps, for *The A.V. Club*, said \"The film \... will gleam the cube only of viewers with an unusually high tolerance for porta-toilet and Dutch-oven gags
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# Imilac
**Imilac** is a pallasite meteorite found in the Atacama Desert of Northern Chile in 1822.
## Classification
Imilac is classified as a stony--iron pallasite. Imilac specimens are highly prized by meteorite collectors due to its high concentration of beautiful olivine grains.
## Strewn field {#strewn_field}
Numerous masses were found in a valley to the southwest of Imilac. The total weight of the Imilac fall is estimated to be around 1000 kg. The primary strewn field is long about 8 km.
## Specimens
Due to weathering, intact olivine grains are present only on large specimens (over 1 kg). Smaller samples contain darker altered olivine crystals. On the market there are also a lot of very small (few grams) Imilac individuals called *metal skeletons*: they are severely weathered and lack olivine grains
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# Marcelo Nova
**Marcelo Nova** is a Brazilian singer born in the state of Bahia.
He began his career in the group Camisa de Vênus in the 1980s and had recorded several hit songs such as \"Bete Morreu\" (Betty Died), \"Eu Não Matei Joana D\'Arc\" (I Did Not Kill Joana D\'Arc), and \"Silvia\". At a young age he was a fan of Raul Seixas, and towards the end of Seixas\' life, they both worked together on songs, having released the 1989 collaboration *A Panela do Diabo* (The Devil \'s Saucepan), the final album recorded by Seixas.
He also worked with Eric Burdon
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# Attilâ İlhan
**Attilâ İlhan** (15 June 1925 -- 10 October 2005) was a Turkish poet, novelist, essayist, journalist and reviewer.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Attilâ İlhan was born in Menemen in İzmir Province, Turkey on 15 June 1925. He received most of his primary education in İzmir. However, because of his father\'s job, he completed his junior high school education in different cities. Aged 16 and enrolled in İzmir Atatürk High School, he got into trouble for sending a poem by Nazım Hikmet, a famous dissident communist Turkish poet, to a girl he was in love with. He was arrested and taken into custody for three weeks. He was also dismissed from school and jailed for two months. After his imprisonment, İlhan was forbidden from attending any schools in Turkey, thus interrupting his education.
Following a favourable court decision in 1941, he received permission to continue his education again and enrolled in Istanbul Işık High School. During the last year of his high school education, his uncle sent one of his poems to CHP Poetry Competition without telling Attilâ. The poem, *Cebbaroğlu Mehemmed*, won the second prize among many poems written by famous poets. He graduated from high school in 1942 and enrolled in Istanbul University\'s law school. However, he left midway through his legal education to pursue his own endeavours and published his first poetry book, *Duvar* (*The Wall*).
## Years in Paris {#years_in_paris}
In his second year at Istanbul University, he went to Paris in order to take part in supporting Nazım Hikmet. His observations of the French and their culture were to influence many of his works.
After returning to Turkey, he repeatedly ran into trouble with the police. Interrogations in *Sansaryan Han* influenced his works based on death, thriller, etc. Although this atmosphere of tension was not in his first poems, the poet published poems in which he remembered or criticized his old days, especially in his books such as Bela Çiçeği. He was detained several times.
Attilâ İlhan stated that the nickname \"Captain\" was given to him by his friends after he grew a beard for a while during his years in Paris. The poem \"The Captain\", consisting of five parts, was effective in the treatment of the nickname.
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# Attilâ İlhan
## Return to Istanbul {#return_to_istanbul}
In 1973, he took on the investment of Bilgi Publishing House and moved to Ankara. He wrote Hyena Share and Rubbing Salt in the Wound in Ankara. The writer, who stayed in Ankara until 1981, settled in Istanbul after publishing his novel Fena Halde Leman (Terribly Leman). His journalism adventure in Istanbul came to the fore with Milliyet (2 March 1982 - 15 November 1987) and Gelişim Publications. Attilâ İlhan, who wrote for Güneş newspaper for a while, continued to write for Meydan newspaper between 1993-1996. He continued his columns in Cumhuriyet newspaper from 1996 to 2005. With the start of television broadcasts in Turkey in the 1970s and their distribution to large audiences, Attilâ İlhan also returned to writing scripts.
Headlines on Eight Columns, Eagles Fly High and Tomorrow is Today were the TV series that were watched with admiration by the public.
By the time his first novel, The Man on the Street, was published, he had written 10 novels. These do not cause light on any day. Attilâ İlhan explains the reason for this in an interview: \"\... there are many other novels. But why were they not published? There was a very detailed reason. Because we know that the writers\' first novels describe their experiences. That is not novelism either. They keep a diary.\" (Think, June 1996).
While other writers of the period who started their novel adventure mostly dealt with local and travel events and people, Attilâ İlhan worked in a structure that dealt with the city people and the recent economic and social aspects of Turkey. He not only reflected the big cities of Turkey such as Istanbul and Izmir, the lifestyle of his period, and the appearance of their economic and social heroes, but also examined how Western culture reflected on Turkey, its positive and negative situations, within a structure that overlapped with the characters he drew and the cities in Europe. .
## Istanbul--Paris--Izmir triangle {#istanbulparisizmir_triangle}
He returned to Paris again in 1951 because of an official investigation about an article in *Gerçek* newspaper. In this period he learned to speak French and studied Marxist philosophy. In the 1950s Attilâ İlhan spent his days along an Istanbul--Paris--İzmir triangle and during this period he became popular in Turkey. After returning to Turkey, he resumed studying law. However, in his last year at law school, he left university and took up a journalistic career. His relationship with the cinema also started in this year. He began writing movie reviews and critiques in *Vatan* newspaper.
## Artistic versatility {#artistic_versatility}
After completing his military service in Erzurum in 1957, İlhan returned to Istanbul and concentrated on cinema. He wrote screenplays for nearly 15 movies under the pen name Ali Kaptanoğlu. However, cinema didn\'t meet his expectations and he returned to Paris in 1960. During this period, he analyzed the development of socialism and television. The unexpected death of his father caused him to return to his hometown of İzmir, where he would remain for the next eight years. During this period, he served as the editorial writer and editor-in-chief of the *Democratic İzmir* newspaper. During the same years, he also wrote poetry books, *Yasak Sevişmek* and *Bıçağın Ucu* of the *Aynanın İçindekiler* series.
## Political views {#political_views}
Attilâ İlhan was a Kemalist and socialist. In his later life, he appeared on television programs where he discussed literary and social issues. Although he was a devoted communist, he never espoused Stalinism and he always took a nationalistic point of view within communism. He was also an intellectual figure in Turkey where his ideas influenced the public. In his series of books entitled *Hangi ...*, he questioned the imitative intellectualism which dominated the cultural and political life of Turkey.
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# Attilâ İlhan
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He married in 1968 and remained so for 15 years. He was the brother of famous Turkish actress Çolpan İlhan, wife of the late Sadri Alışık, himself a famous actor.
## Death
Attilâ İlhan had his first heart attack in 1985. İlhan\'s cardiological problems continued after this date, and his health condition deteriorated further from 2004 onwards. He was 80 years old when he died of his second heart attack at his home in Istanbul on October 10, 2005\[1\].
He was deemed worthy of the 2003 Sertel Democracy Award. He won the 1946 CHP Poetry Competition Second Place, the 1974 Turkish Language Association Poetry Award with the Detainee\'s Diary and the 1974 Yunus Nadi Novel Gift with Hyena Payı. The Attilâ İlhan Science, Art and Culture Foundation, which was established in 2007 after his death, continues its work
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# Len Wills
**Leonard Edward Wills** (8 November 1927 -- September 2010) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Arsenal.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Born in Hackney, London, Wills first played for the youth teams of non-league Eton Manor, before being signed by Arsenal in October 1949. For the next four years he played in Arsenal\'s reserve team, playing either at right half or right back. In October 1953, Arsenal\'s regular right back, Joe Wade, damaged his knee, and Wills promptly stepped up to replace him, making his debut against Tottenham Hotspur on 10 October 1953 -- Arsenal won 4--1.
Wills played so well that he replaced Wade for the rest of that season, playing 30 matches, and another 24 in 1954--55. However, Arsenal signed Stan Charlton in November 1955 and he displaced Wills out of the Arsenal first team. Wills became a bit-part player for the next couple of seasons, deputising for Charlton at right back or Dennis Evans at left back.
After Charlton left the club in 1958, Wills regained the right back position, and became a regular in the side for the next three seasons, but by 1961 his age was starting to count against him. Youngsters Dave Bacuzzi and Eddie Magill shared the right-back spot during 1961--62, with Wills not getting a single game. He left the club on a free transfer at the end of that season, signing for Romford. In all he played 208 games for Arsenal in League and FA Cup, scoring 4 goals. He never won a major trophy at Arsenal (arriving in the first team just after the 1952--53 title triumph), but did play in their 1953 FA Charity Shield win over Blackpool.
After retiring from playing, Wills left the game completely and had a second career in the DIY retail trade.
Wills died in Essex in September 2010 at the age of 82
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# Sam McPheeters
**Sam McPheeters** (born 1969) is an American singer, artist, journalist, novelist, and performer.
## Early life {#early_life}
Raised in Albany, New York, he became a published author at age 12, with *Travelers\' Tales*, a collection of regional folklore.
## Music
In 1985, McPheeters grew active with the hardcore punk scene, producing several fanzines and organizing local concerts. After moving to New York City in 1987, he co-founded Born Against in 1989 and the Vermiform Records label in 1990. In 1993, he co-founded the Virginia-based band Men\'s Recovery Project, and in 2003, he co-founded the Los Angeles-based band Wrangler Brutes.
## Publications
Starting in 2005, McPheeters has written for a variety of national magazines, including the *Chicago Reader*, *Huffington Post*, the *OC Weekly*, *Vice*, and the *Village Voice*. In 2012, his first novel, *The Loom Of Ruin*, was published through Los Angeles-based Mugger Books and received positive reviews. He lives in Pomona, California.
In 2016, Talos Press release McPheeters\' second novel, *Exploded View*
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# Overlaying
**Overlaying**or **overlying** is the act of accidentally smothering a child to death by rolling over it during sleep.
Athelstan Braxton Hicks, the Deputy Coroner for London and Surrey, noted in 1889 that \"during the last ten months no less than 500 cases had occurred in which children had been suffocated while in bed with their parents, in London alone.\" He estimated that a third of the allegedly accidental deaths of children were due to suffocations. Overcrowded conditions often led to overlaying and in another case he noted \"it was no use reading the father a lesson on sleeping in a crowded room, for he was hard-up and could not pay for large apartments. The jury returned a verdict of \"Accidental death,\" and expressed its opinion that the father had done the best he could in the circumstances.\"
In researching smothering deaths by black slaves in the American South, which occurred nine times more frequently than in white families, Michael P. Johnson suggests that sudden infant death syndrome was in fact to blame (which, if it happened in white families, would be heavily underreported because of the social stigma attached)
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# Jirjis al-Makin Ibn al-'Amid
**Jirjis al-Makīn** (*جرجس المكين*; 1206--after 1280, maybe 1293), known by his *nasab* **Ibn al-ʿAmīd** (*ابن العميد*), was a Coptic Christian historian who wrote in Arabic. His name is sometimes anglicised as **George Elmacin** (*Georgius Elmacinus*).
## Life
Several details about his ancestors and some biographical elements are provided in his own history. He is also mentioned in the biographical dictionary of Ibn al-Ṣuqāʿī (d. 1325) and in a polemical tract by Ibn al-Wāsiṭī (d. 1312). He was born in Cairo in Ayyubid Egypt on February 18, 1206. His full name in Arabic was Jirjis (George) ibn al-ʿAmīd Abī l-Yāsir ibn Abī l-Makārim ibn Abī l-Ṭayyib al-Makīn (\"the Powerful One\"). His great-grandfather was a merchant from Tikrit in Iraq who settled in Egypt.
He was a Coptic Christian, and held high office in the military (*dīwān al-jaysh*) in Damascus. Such a position carried risks. He was twice imprisoned, possibly because of links to the unrest in Syria at the time of the Mongol invasion; in one case for over a decade. While in prison, he began to write his chronicle.
He died in Damascus: the date given by his biographer Ibn al-Ṣuqāʿī is 1273, but this is likely to be a mistake for 1293 (respectively, 672 and 692 of the Hijri calendar: 7 and 9 are often confused in Arabic manuscripts).
## Works
He is the author of a world chronicle in two parts. It is traditionally known as *al-Majmu\` al-Mubarak* (*The blessed collection*), but in fact its real title is simply *Kitāb al-Taʾrīḫ* (*Book of History/Chronology*). The first portion runs from Adam down to the 11th year of Heraclius and consists of a series of 166 numbered biographies, in some manuscripts ending with a list of the Patriarchs of the Church of Alexandria. The second half is devoted to Islamic history, from the time of Muḥammad to the accession of the Mamluk Sultan Baybars in 1260. This second half is mainly derived from al-Ṭabarī, as the author tells us, through Ibn Wāṣil.
The *Kitāb al-Taʾrīḫ* is essentially a learned compilation of earlier sources: the Bible first and foremost, the world chronology of Ibn al-Rahib, but also the works of the Melkite authors Ibn Biṭrīq (Eutychius of Alexandria) and Agapius (al-Manbiǧī), the Josippon, hermetic sources, and a mysterious Rūzbihān, who is credited with a history of pre-Islamic Persia. The book proved influential among different readerships: Eastern Christians, Muslim historians, and early modern Arabists. It is preserved in more than 40 manuscripts in different recensions. In particular, it was used by the 14-15th century Mamluk historians Ibn Khaldūn, al-Qalqashandī, and al-Maqrīzī.
The second half of the *Kitāb al-Taʾrīḫ* was published in Arabic with Latin translation in Leiden in 1625. It was chiefly the work of Thomas Erpenius, although it was completed and published posthumously by his disciple Golius. The *Historia Saracenica*, as Erpenius entitled it, was a breakthrough in European knowledge of Islamic history and it was soon translated into French by Pierre Vattier as *L\'Histoire mahométane* (Paris, 1657). An abbreviated English translation was also made from the Latin by Samuel Purchas as early as 1626. The edition and translation by Erpenius was one of the first ever made of an Arabic text in early modern Europe and suffers accordingly from the lack of lexica. It has been only partially emended by a new Egyptian edition by ʿAlī Bakr Ḥasan (Cairo, 2010, unfortunately on the same two manuscripts that were used by Erpenius).
The work is still partly unedited. In 2023 Martino Diez published a critical edition with English translation of the first quarter, from Adam to the end of the Achaemenids, which is expected to be followed by a second volume from Alexander the Great to Heraclius. The last part, from the author\'s birth to the end of the work, was edited by Claude Cahen and translated into French by Anne-Marie Eddé and Françoise Micheau.
An Ethiopic translation of the whole work also exists. From the manuscript British Library, Oriental 814, E. Wallis Budge translated the chapter on Alexander the Great, which contains verbatim extracts from the old Arabic Hermetic work *al-Isṭimākhīs*.
Muffaḍḍal ibn Abī l-Faḍāʾil, who may have been the author\'s great-nephew, wrote a continuation of the chronicle to the death of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad ibn Qalāwūn in 1341. This appendix mainly covers secular history, with only limited references to events in the Coptic community. The continuation was apparently written for personal use and has been edited and translated in European languages: from the beginning to 1317 by Edgar Blochet, in French; from 1317 to the end by Samira Kortantamer, in German
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# Virginia State Route 288
**State Route 288** is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is a freeway-standard partial beltway around the southwest side of the Richmond, Virginia metropolitan area in portions of Goochland, Powhatan, and Chesterfield counties. SR 288 was officially dedicated as the **World War II Veterans Memorial Highway** in 2004.
## Route description {#route_description}
SR 288 may be thought of as the southwestern portion of an \"outer beltway\" of Richmond, although there is no such roadway formally designated. The route begins at Interstate 95 north of Chester, and extends northwesterly through Chesterfield County and Powhatan County. It crosses the James River on the World War II Veterans Memorial Bridge into Goochland County in Richmond\'s Far West End area, where it terminates at Interstate 64 near Short Pump, near the northern terminus of Interstate 295.
The highway has been built entirely to Interstate standards.
## History
In 1968, Congress passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968, which expanded the Interstate Highway System by 1,500 mi. The Commonwealth Transportation Board (CTB) resolved in its August 1968 meeting to apply to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) for approval of five new stretches of Interstate. Three of these -- the future I-195 and I-664 plus an expansion of the Berkley Bridge on I-264 -- were submitted and approved. The other two presumably received no further action because they are not in AASHTO\'s records; these are today SR 288 and SR 164.
Sections of the road were built over a period of more than 15 years. During that time, the planned routing of the northern portion was changed substantially, and not without some conflict within the communities. The 17.4-mile-long southern portion of SR 288 in Chesterfield County (from Interstate 95 to State Route 76 near Midlothian) was completed in 1989.
Initially, the highway was planned to continue north and west of this temporary terminus to connect with Interstate 64 at Interstate 295, creating a seamless straight connection between SR 288 and I-295. This would have formed a partial beltway (I-295 north of I-64 and east of I-95, and SR 288 in the southwest quadrant).
However, this planned corridor and a river crossing into Henrico County west of Richmond was abandoned in 1988. This was due to a peculiarity in the varying powers and abilities of local governments to control growth and preserve rights-of-way resultant from the Byrd Road Act of 1932. While Henrico County had been able to preserve its corridor, there had been development of residential neighborhoods and homes along and within the intended path in Chesterfield County during the years after initial planning. Despite opposition by both Henrico County and the City of Richmond, a more westerly alignment north of SR 76 was selected. Much of the planned section in Henrico County became the John Rolfe Parkway corridor there.
Instead, a more westerly alignment was selected through Powhatan and Goochland Counties, causing a break in what would have been a continuous loop between SR 288 and I-295 at their northern juncture. In 2004, construction of this \"western alignment\" as it became known was completed, including a new crossing of the James River known as the World War II Veterans Memorial Bridge.
Henrico County was able to preserve its planned corridor for Route 288 from development while Chesterfield County was not. This was partially because Henrico and Arlington County are the only two counties in Virginia which control and maintain their own secondary highways and streets. VDOT handles this for Chesterfield and all other counties, but has little control of residential development.
## Exit list {#exit_list}
All exits are unnumbered. `{{jcttop|length_ref=<ref name="VDOT Traffic Data"/>}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|county=Chesterfield
|cspan=13
|location=none
|mile=0.00
|road={{jct|state=VA|I|95|city1=Richmond|city2=Petersburg}}
|notes=Southern terminus; exit 62 (I-95); trumpet interchange
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=none
|mile=0.48
|road={{jct|state=VA|US|1|US|301|name2=[[Jefferson Davis Highway]]}}
|notes=Cloverleaf interchange
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=Centralia
|mile=2.01
|road={{jct|state=VA|SR|145|name1=Chester Road|city1=Chester}}
|notes=Diamond interchange
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=none
|mile=5.89
|road={{jct|state=VA|SR|10|name1=Iron Bridge Road|city1=Chesterfield|city2=Richmond}}
|notes=Cloverleaf interchange
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=Five Forks
|ctdab=Chesterfield
|mile=8.84
|road={{jct|state=VA|Sec|604|county1=Chesterfield|name1=Courthouse Road}}
|notes=Diamond interchange Former VA 106
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=none
|mile=
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|state=VA|Sec|2055|county1=Chesterfield|name1=Commonwealth Centre Parkway}}
|notes=no northbound exit
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=none
|mile=12.93
|road={{jct|state=VA|US|360|name1=Hull Street Road|city1=Amelia|city2=Richmond}}
|notes=Cloverleaf interchange
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=none
|mile=15.72
|road={{jct|state=VA|SR|76|name1=Powhite Parkway|road|Old Hundred Road (SR 652)|city1=Richmond}}
|notes=Cloverleaf interchange with collector-distributor lanes
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=none
|mile=
|road={{jct|state=VA|Sec|720|county1=Chesterfield|name1=Lucks Lane}}
|notes=Diamond interchange
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=none
|mile=18.47
|road={{jct|state=VA|Sec|668|county1=Chesterfield|name1=Woolridge Road}}
|notes=Diamond interchange
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=none
|mile=
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|state=VA|Sec|667|county1=Chesterfield|name1=Otterdale Road|road|Watkins Centre Parkway<!--does this have a SR number?-->}}
|notes=Southbound access only
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=none
|mile=20.24
|road={{jct|state=VA|US|60|name1=[[Manchester Turnpike|Midlothian Turnpike]]|city1=Powhatan|city2=Midlothian}}
|notes=Cloverleaf interchange with collector-distributor lanes
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=none
|mile=
|type=incomplete
|road=Watkins Centre Parkway (SR 7225)
|notes=Southbound access only
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|county=Powhatan
|location=none
|mile=23.70
|road={{jct|state=VA|Sec|711|county1=Chesterfield|name1=Huguenot Trail / Robious Road}}
|notes=Diamond interchange; former [[Virginia State Route 44 (1933-1952)|SR 44]]
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{jctbridge|river=[[James River]]|mile=25.24|bridge=[[World War II Veterans Memorial Bridge (Virginia)|World War II Veterans Memorial Bridge]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|county=Goochland
|cspan=5
|location=none
|mile=26.81
|type=incomplete
|road={{jct|state=VA|SR|6|name1=Patterson Avenue|city1=Goochland|city2=Richmond}}
|notes=Cloverleaf interchange; no direct access from SR 288 south to SR 6 west
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=none
|mile=27.45
|road={{jct|state=VA|Sec|1250|county1=Goochland|name1=West Creek Parkway|to2=to|SR|6|dir2=west}}
|notes=Partial cloverleaf interchange
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=none
|mile=29.13
|road={{jct|state=VA|Sec|740|county1=Goochland|name1=Tuckahoe Creek Parkway|road|Capital One Drive}}
|notes=Cloverleaf interchange; flyover ramps from southbound SR 288 to Capital One Drive and from Capital One Drive to northbound SR 288
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=none
|mile=30.92
|road={{jct|state=VA|US|250|name1=Broad Street}}
|notes=interchange
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{VAint
|location=none
|mile=31
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# Downtown Brooklyn: A Journal of Writing
***Downtown Brooklyn: A Journal of Writing*** (ISSN 1536-8475) was an American literary magazine which was published annually between 1992 and 2018.
## History and profile {#history_and_profile}
*Downtown Brooklyn* was founded by the poets Barbara Henning, Rudy Baron and Wayne Berninger.
The first annual issue appeared in 1992.
The magazine was published annually and was edited by faculty and students in the English Department at the Brooklyn Campus of Long Island University.
The editors accepted submissions of poetry, literary prose, and visual art from present and past faculty, staff and students at the campus, although cover art was at times solicited from local artists who had shown their work in campus galleries.
*Downtown Brooklyn* went online in 2014. Issues number 23-25 appeared as PDFs, and issues number 26-27 appeared in the form of Tumblr blogs. Issue 27 was the final issue.
Full sets of print back-issues are available in the Periodicals Collection of Salena Library at Long Island University (Brooklyn Campus) and in the Little Magazine Collection of Memorial Library at The University of Wisconsin--Madison
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# Fernand Lataste
**Fernand Lataste** (1847--1934) was a French zoologist and herpetologist born in Cadillac, Gironde.
From 1880 to 1884, he collected reptiles and amphibians in North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco), publishing *\"Les missions scientifiques de Fernand Lataste en Afrique noire et au Maghreb\"*. In 1885, he released *\"Étude de la faune des vertébrés de Barbarie\"*, a standard work on animals of North Africa. Other publications by Lataste are:
- *Essai d\'une faune herpétologique de la Gironde*, 1876 -- Essay on the herpetological fauna of Gironde.
- *Étude sur le discoglosse*, 1879 -- Study of *Discoglossus*.
- *Notes prises au jour le jour sur différentes espèces de l\'ordre des rongeurs observées en captivité*, 1886. -- Notes taken on a daily basis involving different species of rodents observed in captivity.
- *Liste de mollusques du Chili : lettre à M. Fernand Lataste*, 1896 -- List of mollusks native to Chile.
In 1876 he was a founding member of the *Société zoologique de France*.
## Taxonomy
Lataste was the taxonomic author of numerous genera and species, as an example, in 1880 he described the fat-tailed gerbil (*Pachyuromys* *duprasi)*.
## Honors
Lataste\'s work was recognized by multiple species named in his honor, including the following:
- Lataste\'s gerbil (*Gerbillus latastei)*
- Lataste\'s gundi, often referred to as the Mzab gundi, (*Massoutiera mzabi)*
- Lataste\'s snake skink (*Ophiomorus latastii)*
- Lataste\'s lizard (*Timon pater)*
- Pontian Wall Lizard (*Podarcis latastei)*
- Lataste\'s viper (*Vipera latastei)*
- *Latastia*, a genus of lacertid lizards;
- Lataste\'s frog (*Rana latastei)* which inhabits the plains of Northern Italy, the southern tip of Switzerland, Slovenia and Croatia
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# Twenty Four Seven (Dallas Crane album)
***Twenty Four Seven*** is the second album by aussie rock band Dallas Crane, released in October 2000.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Sit On My Knee - 2:44
2. Sweet FA
3. Sold Me
4. Already Gone
5. Naked
6. Lay Down
7. Shit Creek
8. Nowhere
9. Some Days
10. Come Again
11
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# Tennelec
**Tennelec** was a US electronics company founded in the early 1960s by Edward Fairstein in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The company came to prominence producing instrumentation for nuclear studies and later, programmable scanning radios.
The TC-200 amplifier was a successful early design that established Tennelec as a leader in the nuclear instrumentation field. Following on the heels of the TC-200 success, the company developed additional components necessary for precise nuclear measurement, including detectors and particle counters.
Tennelec also manufactured innovative scanning radios in the 1970s. The first programmable radio scanner was the Memoryscan from Tennelec Commercial Products Division, introduced in 1974, and later known as the Memoryscan 1 (model **MS-1**). This was followed by a slightly improved model, the Memoryscan 2 (model **MS-2**). Prior to the MS-1 and MS-2, scanners were \"programmed\" by inserting a series of hand-cut crystals tuned for different frequencies. The scanner would then switch between the frequencies, stopping when the user pressed a switch. With the MS-1 and MS-2, the user selected up to 16 frequencies they wanted to monitor by setting them up using binary codes entered via two pushbuttons on the front panel. Sixteen toggle switches allowed the user to select which frequencies were of interest at any given time. The system could cycle through the selected frequencies until stopped. The advantage was that the system could be set up to monitor different sets of frequencies, e.g., police one night, fire departments the next.
The first scanner allowing direct entry of decimal frequencies on a keypad, was the Tennelec **MCP-1**. The scanner was released at the Winter 1976 Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago. The system was a hit, and was soon picked up for Radio Shack. To help users get started, Radio Shack also purchased thousands of copies of *Police Call*, a guide to various radio frequencies
Partly due to poor quality control of their scanner line, Tennelec filed for bankruptcy soon after introducing their latest radio models. By this point other manufacturers, in particular SBE and Regency and Electra, had already introduced their own programmable models.
Tennelec, still located in Oak Ridge, TN, is now a division of Canberra Industries, which is owned by Areva
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# Steve Shirley
**Dame Vera Stephanie** \"**Steve**\" **Shirley** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|CH|DBE|BSc|FREng|DFBCS||sep=,}}`{=mediawiki} (previously Brook, née **Buchthal**; born 16 September 1933) is an information technology pioneer, businesswoman and philanthropist (naturalised British in 1951).
## Early life {#early_life}
Shirley was born as Vera Buchthal to Arnold Buchthal, a judge in Dortmund who was Jewish and who lost his post to the Nazi regime, and a non-Jewish Viennese mother. In July 1939 Shirley arrived, at the age of five together with her nine-year-old sister Renate, in Britain as a *Kindertransport* child refugee, and recognized how lucky she was to have been saved. She was placed in the care of foster parents living in the Midlands town of Sutton Coldfield. She was later re-united with her biological parents, but said she \"never really bonded with them\". Shirley attributes her early childhood trauma as being the driving force behind her ability to keep up with changes in her life and career.
After attending a convent school, she moved to Oswestry, near the Welsh border, where she attended the Oswestry Girls\' High School. Mathematics was not taught at the school, so she received permission after assessment to take those lessons at the local boys school. She would later recall that, after her *Kindertransport* and wartime experiences, \"in Oswestry I had five wonderful years of peace\".
## Biography
After leaving school, Shirley decided not to go to university (botany was the \"only science then available to my gender\") but sought employment in a mathematics/technical environment. At the age of 18, she became a British citizen and changed her name to Stephanie Brook.
In the 1950s, Shirley worked at the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill, building computers from scratch and writing code in machine language. She took evening classes for six years to obtain an honours degree in mathematics. In 1959, she moved to CDL Ltd, designers of the ICT 1301 computer.
After marriage to a physicist, Derek Shirley (died 2021), in 1959, Shirley founded, with a capital of £6, the software company Freelance Programmers, (later F International, then Xansa, since acquired in 2001 by Steria and now part of the Sopra Steria Group). Having experienced sexism in her workplace, \"being fondled, being pushed against the wall\", she wanted to create job opportunities for women with dependents, and predominantly employed women, with only three male programmers in the first 300 staff, until the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 made that practice illegal. She also adopted the name \"Steve\" to help her in the male-dominated business world, given that company letters signed using her real name were not responded to. Her team\'s projects included programming Concorde\'s black box flight recorder.
She served as an independent non-executive director for Tandem Computers Inc., The Atomic Energy Authority (later AEA Technology) and the John Lewis Partnership.
Shirley retired in 1993 at the age of 60 and has since focused on her philanthropy.
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# Steve Shirley
## Honours
Shirley received her BSc in 1956 and was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1980 Birthday Honours for services to industry; Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2000 New Year Honours for services to information technology.; and Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to the IT industry and philanthropy.
In 1987, she gained the Freedom of the City of London. She was the first female President of the chartered British Computer Society from 1989 to 1990 and Master of the IT livery company 1992/93. In 1985, she was awarded a Recognition of Information Technology Award. In 1999, she received the Mountbatten Medal.
She was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and of Birkbeck College in 2001.
She has donated most of her wealth (from the internal sale to the company staff and later the flotation of FI Group) to charity. Beneficiaries include the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists and the Oxford Internet Institute, part of the Oxford University, through the Shirley Foundation. Her late son Giles (1963--1998) was autistic and she became an early member of the National Autistic Society. Via the charity Autistica she has instigated and funded research in this field.
In 2003, Shirley received the Beacon Fellowship Prize for her contribution to autism research and for her pioneering work in harnessing information technology for the public good.
In 1991, Shirley was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Buckingham; since then she has been honoured by the University of Cambridge, and in 2022 by the University of Kent and 28 other UK Universities.
In February 2013, she was assessed as one of the 100 most powerful women in the United Kingdom by Woman\'s Hour on BBC Radio 4. She was also recognized as one of the BBC\'s 100 women of 2013.
In January 2014, the Science Council named Shirley as one of the \"Top 100 practising scientists\" in the UK.
In 2018, she was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum, and became the first woman to win the Gold Medal of the Chartered Management Institute \'for her stellar contribution to British engineering and technology\'.
In August 2021, Shirley unveiled a blue plaque in Oswestry commemorating her school years in the town, the plaque is located on The Broadwalk close to St Oswald\'s Parish Church.
In September 2021 Shirley unveiled a statue by Ian Wolter on Harwich Quay, Essex. It commemorates the arrival of the Kindertransport children at the port.
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# Steve Shirley
## Philanthropy
The Shirley Foundation, based in the UK, was set up by Shirley in 1986 with a substantial gift to establish a charitable trust fund which spent out in 2018 in favour of Autistica. Its mission was *facilitation and support of pioneering projects with strategic impact in the field of autism spectrum disorders with particular emphasis on medical research*. The fund has supported many projects through grants and loans including: Autism at Kingwood which supports people with autism spectrum disorders to enjoy full and active lives; Prior\'s Court, the foundation\'s largest benefaction, with a residential school for 70 autistic pupils and Young Adult Centre for 20 autistic students; Autism99, the first online autism conference attended by 165,000 people from 33 countries. She addresses conferences around the world (many remotely) and is in frequent contact with parents, carers and those with autism spectrum disorders. Her autistic son Giles died following an epileptic seizure at the age of 35.
From May 2009 until May 2010, Shirley served as the UK\'s Ambassador for Philanthropy, a government appointment aimed at giving philanthropists a \"voice\".
In 2012, Shirley donated the entirety of her art collection, including works by Elisabeth Frink, Maggi Hambling, Thomas Heatherwick, Josef Herman and John Piper to Prior\'s Court School and the charity Paintings in Hospitals.
In 2013, appearing on BBC Radio 2\'s *Good Morning Sunday* with Clare Balding, Shirley discussed why she had given away more than £67 million of her personal wealth to different projects. In her 2012 memoirs *Let IT Go*, she writes \"I do it because of my personal history; I need to justify the fact that my life was saved.\"
## Sponsored publications {#sponsored_publications}
- Design for Disability
- The Art of Prior\'s Court School
- The History of Autism -- Conversations with the Pioneers
- Autism Works
- Autism and the Law
## Books
- *Let It Go: My Extraordinary Story -- From Refugee to Entrepreneur to Philanthropist* (with Richard Askwith, 2012, revised 2018) `{{ISBN|978-0241395493}}`{=mediawiki}
- *My Family in Exile* (2015) `{{ISBN|978 0 85457 244 1}}`{=mediawiki}
- *So To Speak* (2020) an anthology of 30 of Dame Stephanie\'s speeches `{{ISBN|978 1 5272 6880 7}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Ein unmögliches Leben: Die außergewöhnliche Geschichte einer Frau, die die Regeln der Männer brach und ihren eigenen Weg ging* (2020)
- Déjalo (2022) Ir Memorias de Dame Stephanie (Steve) Shirley La inspiradora biografia de una nińa refugiada que llega a ser millionaria, filintropán y Dama del Imperio Británico
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# Peak Wilderness Sanctuary
**Peak Wilderness Sanctuary** is a natural reserve in Sri Lanka. It is the third largest (by area) of the 50 sanctuaries in the country.
\"Sri Pada\" Peak Wilderness Sanctuary is a tropical rainforest spread over 224 square kilometers around the Sri Pada (Adam\'s Peak) mountain. A huge forest area that belonged to the Peak Wilderness was cut down and cleared during the British colonial rule in Sri Lanka (1815--1948) to gain land for the massive tea estates which are still functioning in Nuwara Eliya district. The remaining portion of the Peak Wilderness was declared a wildlife sanctuary on October 25, 1940.
The contours of \"Sri Pada\" Peak Wilderness vary from 1000 to 7360 feet above sea level. Therefore, it possesses unusual geographical formations compared to the other natural reserves of the island. Bena Samanala (6579 ft), Dotalugala, Detanagala, are some of the taller mountains in the Peak Wilderness. It is also the birthplace of Kelani, Kalu, Walave rivers and many tributaries of the river Mahaweli which make waterfalls such as Dotalu falls, Geradi falls, Galagama falls (655 ft), and Mapanana falls (330 ft) inside the sanctuary.
Out of the three access routes; Hatton route, Kuruwita route and Palabaddala route, which Buddhist devotees and other tourists use to reach the Adam's Peak, Kuruwita and Palabaddala routes go right across the Peak Wilderness sanctuary. This forest area is entirely under the control of Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Department. It does not maintain any lodge, bungalow or such type of facility for tourists inside Peak Wilderness sanctuary in order to safeguard the purity of this forest. Yet, there is no restriction for eco-tourists to enter the sanctuary after obtaining permission from Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Department. Entering the sanctuary during the rain season is at the tourist's own risk because of the unforeseen downpours and instant floods lead to life-risk situations.
## Location
It is located within the Sabaragamuwa mountain range in the central hills.
## Boundaries
There are no specific boundaries for the Peak Wilderness sanctuary. Most boundaries are marked by plantations owned by the Government and the private sector. The eastern boundary is clear and connected to Pidurutalagala mountain region and Horton Plains National Park.
## Fauna
In October 2009, the world\'s rarest toad *Adenomus kandianus* was rediscovered in this sanctuary after it was thought to be extinct for 133 years
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# Nikolo Kotzev
**Nikolo Kotzev** (*Николо Коцев*) (born 6 June 1961) is a Bulgarian guitarist, violinist, songwriter and producer. He composed the 2001 rock opera *Nostradamus* and founded the band Brazen Abbot.
## Biography
Kotzev was born in Pazardzhik and started taking violin lessons at the age of five. While in his teens he took an interest to rock music, and started playing the guitar.
Nikolo worked as a session musician and played the guitar in a Bulgarian rock group Impulse. While touring with the band in Europe in the late 80s, Nikolo met Swedish singer Björn Lodin. When Nikolo relocated to Mariehamn, Åland, Finland in 1989, he joined Lodin\'s band Baltimoore, with whom he recorded two albums: *Double Density* (1992) and *Thought For Food* (1994).
Creative differences led to Kotzev\'s departure in 1994, at which point Nikolo started working on a solo project under the Brazen Abbot moniker. The result was *Live and Learn* (1995), which featured singers Göran Edman (ex-Yngwie Malmsteen), Glenn Hughes (ex-Deep Purple, ex-Trapeze) and Thomas Vikström, keyboard player Mic Michaeli (Europe), bassist Svante Henryson and drummer Ian Haugland (Europe). Kotzev played the guitar, produced, mixed and wrote all the songs for the album.\
The follow-up album, *Eye of the Storm* (1996), featured mostly the same people, with Joe Lynn Turner (formerly of Rainbow and Deep Purple) replacing Hughes and John Levén (Europe) replacing Henryson. The same line-up also released *Bad Religion* (1997).
Brazen Abbot was put on hiatus when Kotzev started working on a rock opera about Nostradamus. Due to a string of setbacks, including scheduling conflicts and Kotzev\'s record company, USG Records, going bankrupt, the album wasn\'t completed until 2000 and was finally released as *Nikolo Kotzev\'s Nostradamus* in 2001 on SPV Records. The album featured most Brazen Abbot members, in addition to singers Jørn Lande (Masterplan), Alannah Myles and Sass Jordan. Fifteen years later, it premiered at the State Opera of city of Ruse, Bulgaria, for the 450th anniversary of Nostradamus\'s death.
Kotzev resumed work with Brazen Abbot in 2002, releasing *Guilty as Sin* in 2003. The line-up was mostly the same as for *Bad Religion*, with Lande replacing Vikström. Michaeli, Levén and Haugland departed Brazen Abbot to rejoin Europe. Temporary replacements filled in during a short tour in Bulgaria, recordings of which were released on the live album *A Decade of Brazen Abbot* (2004). *My Resurrection* followed in 2005, and featured four singers: Edman, Turner and new members Tony Harnell (TNT) and Erik Mårtensson and a new backing band consisting of bassist Wayne Banks (ex-Sabbat, Blaze), organist Nelko Kolarov and drummer Mattias Knutas.
In addition to being a recording artist, Kotzev has also produced and mixed albums by other bands, such as Saxon, Molly Hatchet, Rose Tattoo and Messiah\'s Kiss.
In 2011 Kotzev started a band in Sofia, Bulgaria, named Kikimora (*Кикимора*), which plays hard rock with Bulgarian lyrics.
He received criticism from his former colleague Joe Lynn Turner in 2015 when he released a twentieth-anniversary compilation CD/DVD of *Live And Learn* material, which Turner condemned as a \'homemade bootleg
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# Hans Hoogervorst
**Johannes Franciscus** \"**Hans**\" **Hoogervorst** (born 19 April 1956) is a retired Dutch politician of the People\'s Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and economist. He is the former chairman of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) from 1 July 2011 through 30 June 2021.
Hoogervorst attended a Gymnasium in Haarlem from June 1968 until June 1974 and applied at the University of Amsterdam in July 1974 majoring in Modern history and obtaining a Bachelor of Arts degree in June 1976 before graduating with a Master of Arts degree in July 1980. Hoogervorst applied at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in March 1981 for a postgraduate education in International relations obtaining a Master of Arts degree in July 1983. Hoogervorst worked as a financial analyst at the National Bank of Washington (NBW) in Washington, D.C. from August 1983 until March 1986 and as a civil servant for the Ministry of Finance from March 1986 until September 1987. Hoogervorst worked as a political consultant for the People\'s Party for Freedom and Democracy from September 1987 until May 1994 and also as a speechwriter for the Leader of the People\'s Party for Freedom and Democracy Frits Bolkestein from April 1990 until May 1994.
Hoogervorst was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1994, taking office on 17 May 1994 serving as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Finances. After the election of 1998 Hoogervorst was appointed as State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment in the Cabinet Kok II, taking office on 3 August 1998. The Cabinet Kok II resigned on 16 April 2002 following the conclusions of the NIOD report into the Srebrenica massacre during the Bosnian War and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity. After the election of 2002 Hoogervorst returned as a Member of the House of Representatives, taking office on 23 May 2002. Following the cabinet formation of 2002 Hoogervorst was appointed as Minister of Finance in the Cabinet Balkenende I, taking office on 22 July 2002. The Cabinet Balkenende I fell just four months later on 16 October 2002 and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity with Hoogervorst appointed as Minister of Economic Affairs dual serving in both positions. After the election of 2003 Hoogervorst again returned as a Member of the House of Representatives, taking office on 30 January 2003. Following the cabinet formation of 2003 Hoogervorst was appointed as Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport in the Cabinet Balkenende II, taking office on 27 May 2003. The Cabinet Balkenende II fell on 30 June 2006 and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity until it was replaced by the caretaker Cabinet Balkenende III with Hoogervorst remaining as Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport, taking office on 7 July 2006. In August 2006 Hoogervorst announced that he wouldn\'t stand for the election of 2006 but did serve as campaign manager for that election. The Cabinet Balkenende III was replaced by the Cabinet Balkenende IV following the cabinet formation of 2006 on 22 February 2007.
Hoogervorst semi-retired from national politics and became active in the public sector, in August 2007 he was nominated as chairman of the executive board of the Authority for the Financial Markets (AFM), taking office on 15 September 2007. In May 2008 Hoogervorst was nominated as vice chairman of the supervisory board of the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), taking office on 29 May 2008. In June 2010 Hoogervorst was elected as chairman of the supervisory board of the International Organization of Securities Commissions, taking office on 9 June 2010. In June 2011 Hoogervorst was nominated as the chairman of the executive board of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), he resigned as chairman of the Authority for the Financial Markets and chairman of the International Organization of Securities Commissions the same day he was installed as chairman of the International Accounting Standards Board, taking office on 1 July 2011.
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# Hans Hoogervorst
## Biography
### Early life {#early_life}
After completing his secondary education, he studied history at the University of Amsterdam, graduating in 1981. He then went on to obtain a Master of Arts degree in international relations from Johns Hopkins University SAIS in Washington, D.C. in 1983.
From 1983 to 1986 Hoogervorst worked as an international banking officer with the National Bank of Washington (Washington, D.C.) and from 1986 to 1987 as a policy officer for international monetary affairs at the Dutch Ministry of Finance. From 1988 to 1994 he was a policy assistant on finance to the People\'s Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) parliamentary party in the House of Representatives and from 1994 to 1998 a Member of Parliament.
### Politics
From 3 August 1998, Hoogervorst was State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment in the second Kok government. On 22 July 2002 he was appointed minister of finance in the first Balkenende government. From 16 October 2002 he was also responsible for the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs. On 27 May 2003 he was appointed Minister of Health, Welfare and Sports in the second Balkenende government. In this position, Hoogervorst introduced a basic health insurance policy, mandatory for all registered inhabitants, but executed by private insurers.
In 2007 Hoogervorst succeeded Arthur Docters van Leeuwen as director of AFM, the Dutch financial market supervisory organization.
On 1 July 2011 he became chairman of the IASB upon the retirement of Sir David Tweedie. He completed his 10 year term on 30 June 2021 and was succeeded by Andreas Barckow.
Hoogervorst faced many challenges as the IASB chairman. For instance, countries such as the U.S. and Japan had not yet adopted IFRS
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# Notational analysis
In professional sports, **notational analysis** is the study of movement patterns, strategy and tactics in team sports. Successful patterns of play can be identified and used in subsequent matches. Notational analysis has a history in dance and music notation. Notational analysis is a way that critical events in a performance can be quantified in a consistent and reliable manner.
In notational analysis, no change in performance of any kind will take place without feedback. The role of feedback is central in the performance improvement process, and by inference, so is the need for accuracy and precision of such feedback. The provision of this accurate and precise feedback can only be facilitated if performance and practice is subjected to a vigorous process of analysis.
## Subjective observation {#subjective_observation}
Augmented feedback has traditionally been provided by subjective observations, made during performance by the coaches, in the belief that they can accurately report on the critical elements of performance without any observation aids. Several studies not only contradict this belief, but also suggest that the recall abilities of experienced coaches are little better than those of novices, and that even with observational training, coaches\' recall abilities improved only slightly. Furthermore, research in applied psychology has suggested that these recall abilities are also influenced by factors that include the observer\'s motives and beliefs. The coach is not a passive perceiver of information, and as such his or her perception of events is selective and constructive, not simply a copying process. This importance of feedback to performance improvement, and the limitations of coaches\' recall abilities alluded to above, implies a requirement for objective data upon which to base augmented feedback, and the main methods of \"objectifying\" this data involve the use of video / notational analysis (Hughes and Franks, 1997 p. 11).
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# Notational analysis
## History of data gathering in sports {#history_of_data_gathering_in_sports}
Coaches have been aware, consciously or unconsciously, of these needs for accuracy of feedback and have been using simple data gathering systems for decades. More recently, sports scientists have been using notational analysis systems to answer fundamental questions about game play and performance in sport.
An early work, over some decades, on analysis of soccer was picked up by the then Director of Coaching at the Football Association in the United Kingdom. This had a profound effect on the patterns of play in British football -- the adoption of the \'long ball\' game. Generally, the first publications in Britain of the research process by notational analysis of sport were in the mid-1970s, so as a discipline it is one of the more recent to be embraced by sports science.
The publication of a number of notation systems in racket sports provided a fund of ideas used by other analysts. Because of the growth and development of sports science as an academic discipline, a number of scientists began using and extending the simple hand notation techniques that had served for decades. This also coincided with the introduction of personal computers, which transformed all aspects of data gathering in sports science. Currently hand and computerized notation systems are both used to equal extents by working analysts, although the use of computer databases to collate hand notated data post-event makes the analyses much more powerful.
The applications of notation have been defined as:
1. tactical evaluation,
2. technical evaluation,
3. analysis of movement,
4. development of a database and modelling, and
5. for educational use with both coaches and players.
Most pieces of research using notation, or indeed any practical applications working directly with coaches and athletes, will span more than one of these purposes.
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# Notational analysis
## The applications of notation {#the_applications_of_notation}
### Tactical evaluation {#tactical_evaluation}
The definition of tactical patterns of play in sports has been a profitable source of work for a number of researchers. The maturation of tactics can be analysed at different levels of development of a specific sport, usually by means of a cross-sectional design. The different tactics used at each level of development within a sport will inevitably depend upon technical development, physical maturation and other variables. The \'maturation models\' have very important implications for coaching methods and directions at the different stages of development in each of the racket sports. These tactical \'norms\' or \'models\', based both upon technique and tactics, demonstrate how the different applications, defined above, can overlap.
Sanderson and Way (1977) used symbols to notate seventeen different strokes, as well as incorporating court plans for recording accurate positional information. The system took an estimated 5--8 hours of use and practise before an operator was sufficiently skillful to record a full match actually during the game. In an average squash match there are about 1000 shots, an analyst using this system will gather over 30 pages of data per match. Not only were the patterns of rally-ending shots (the Nth shot of the rally) examined in detail, but also those shots that preceded the end shot, (N-1) to a winner or error, and the shots that preceded those, (N-2) to a winner or error. In this way the rally ending patterns of play were analysed. Not surprisingly, processing the data for just one match could take as long as 40 hours of further work. The major emphasis of this system was on the gathering of information concerning \`play patterns\' as well as the comprehensive collection of descriptive match data. Sanderson felt that \`suggestive\' symbols were better than codes, being easier for the operator to learn and remember. The main disadvantages of this system, as with all longhand systems, was the time taken to learn the system and the large amounts of data generated, which in turn needed so much time to process it.
The 1980s and 1990s saw researchers struggling to harness the developing technology to ease the problems inherent in gathering and interpreting large amounts of complex data. Hughes (1987) modified the method of Sanderson and Way so that the hand-notated data could be processed on a mainframe computer. Eventually, the manual method was modified so that a match could be notated in-match at courtside directly into a microcomputer. This work was then extended to examine the patterns of play of male squash players at recreational, county and elite levels, thus creating empirical models of performance, although the principles of data stabilisation were not thoroughly understood at the time. This form of empirical modelling of tactical profiles is fundamental to a large amount of the published work in notational analysis. By comparing the patterns of play of successful and unsuccessful teams or players in elite competitions, world cup competitions, for example, enables the definition of those performance indicators that differentiate between the two groups. This research template has been used in a number of sports to highlight the tactical parameters that determine success, and it has been extended in tennis to compare the patterns of play that are successful on the different surfaces on which the major tournaments are played.
Most of the examples for tactical applications of notation could appear in the other sections of direct applications of notational analysis, but their initial aims were linked with analysis of tactics. The interesting theme that is emerging, from some of the recent research, is that the tactical models that are defined are changing with time, as players become fitter, stronger, faster, bigger (think of the changes in rugby union since professionalisation in 1996), and the equipment changes -- for example, the rackets in all the sports have become lighter and more powerful. Over a period of less than 15 years the length of rallies in squash, for elite players, has decreased from about 20 shots, to about 12 shots per rally. An excellent review (Croucher, 1996) of the application of strategies using notational analysis of different sports outlines the problems, advantages and disadvantages associated with this function.
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# Notational analysis
## The applications of notation {#the_applications_of_notation}
### Technical evaluation {#technical_evaluation}
To define quantitatively where technique fails or excels has very practical uses for coaches, in particular, and also for sports scientists aiming to analyse performance at different levels of development of athletes.
Winners and errors are powerful indicators of technical competence in racket sports and have often been used in research in notational analysis of net-wall games. It has been found that, for all standards of play in squash, if the winner: error ratio for a particular player in a match was greater than one, then that player usually won. (This was achieved with English scoring and a 19-inch tin). Although this ratio is a good index of technique, it would be better used with data for both players, and the ratios should not be simplified nor decimalised. Rally end distributions, winners and errors in the different position cells across the court, have often been used to define technical strengths and weaknesses. This use of these distributions as indicators is valid as long as the overall distribution of shots across the court is evenly balanced. This even distribution of shots rarely occurs in any net or wall game. Dispersions of winners and errors should be normalised with respect to the totals of shots from those cells. It would be more accurate to represent the winner, or error, frequency, from particular position cells, as a ratio to the total number of shots from those cells.
Similarly, performance indicators such as shots are insufficient and need to be expressed with more detail, for example shot to goal ratios (soccer). Even these, powerful as they are, need to be viewed with caution and perhaps integrated with some measure of shooting opportunities? In rugby union, simple numbers of rucks and mauls won by teams may not give a clear impression of the match, the ratio of \'rucks won\' to \'rucks initiated\' is a more powerful measure of performance. This too could be improved by some measure of how quickly the ball was won in critical areas of the pitch?
Many coaches seek the template of tactical play at the highest level for preparation and training of both elite players and/or teams, and also for those developing players who aspire to reach the highest position. Particular databases, aimed at specific individuals or teams, can also be used to prepare in anticipation of potential opponents for match play. This modelling of technical attainment has been replicated in many sports and form the basis of preparation at the highest levels by the sports science support teams.
## Movement analysis {#movement_analysis}
Reilly and Thomas (1976) recorded and analysed the intensity and extent of discrete activities during match play in field soccer. With a combination of hand notation and the use of an audio tape recorder, they analysed in detail the movements of English first division soccer players. They were able to specify work-rates of the different positions, distances covered in a game and the percentage time of each position in each of the different ambulatory classifications. Reilly has continually added to this base of data enabling him to clearly define the specific physiological demands in not just soccer, but all the football codes. This piece of work by Reilly and Thomas has become a standard against which other similar research projects can compare their results and procedures, and it has been replicated by many other researchers in many different sports.
Modern tracking systems have taken the chore out of gathering movement data, which was the most time-consuming application of notational analysis, and advanced computer graphics make the data presentation very simple to understand. Modelling movement has created a better understanding of the respective sports and has enabled specific training programmes to be developed to improve the movement patterns, and fitness, of the respective athletes.
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# Notational analysis
## Development of a database and modelling {#development_of_a_database_and_modelling}
Teams and performers often demonstrate a stereotypical way of playing and these are idiosyncratic models, which include positive and negative aspects of performance. Patterns of play will begin to establish over a period of time but the greater the database then the more accurate the model. An established model provides for the opportunity to compare single performance against it. The modelling of competitive sport is an informative analytic technique because it directs the attention of the modeller to the critical aspects of data that delineate successful performance. The modeller searches for an underlying signature of sport performance, which is a reliable predictor of future sport behaviour. Stochastic models have not yet, to our knowledge, been used further to investigate sport at the behavioural level of analysis. However, the modelling procedure is readily applicable to other sports and could lead to useful and interesting results.
Once notational analysis systems are used to collect amounts of data that are sufficiently large enough to define \'norms\' of behaviour, then all the ensuing outcomes of the work are based upon the principles of modelling. It is an implicit assumption in notational analysis that in presenting a performance profile of a team or an individual that a \'normative profile\' has been achieved. Inherently this implies that all the variables that are to be analysed and compared have all stabilised. Most researchers assume that this will have happened if they analyse enough performances. But how many is enough? In the literature there are large differences in sample sizes.
These problems have very serious direct outcomes for the analyst working with coaches and athletes, both in practical and theoretical applications. It is vital that when analysts are presenting profiles of performance that they are definitely stable otherwise any statement about that performance is spurious. The whole process of analysis and feedback of performance has many practical difficulties. The performance analyst working in this applied environment will experience strict deadlines and acute time pressures defined by the date of the next tournament, the schedule and the draw. The need then is to provide coaches with accurate information on as many of the likely opposition players, or teams, in the amount of time available. This may be achieved by the instigation of a library of team and/or player analysis files, which can be extended over time and receive frequent updating. Player files must be regularly updated by adding analyses from recent matches to the database held on each player.
Finally, some scientists have considered the use of a number of sophisticated techniques, such as neural networks, chaos theory, fuzzy logic and catastrophe theory, for recognizing structures, or processes, within sports contests. Each of these system descriptions, while incomplete, may assist in our understanding of the behaviours that form sports contests. Furthermore, these descriptions for sports contests need not be exclusive of each other, and a hybrid type of description (or model) may be appropriate in the future, a suggestion that remains only a point of conjecture at this time.
## Educational applications {#educational_applications}
It is accepted that feedback, if presented at the correct time and in the correct quantity, plays a great part in the learning of new skills and the enhancement of performance. Recent research, however, has shown that the more objective or quantitative the feedback, the greater effect it has on performance. However, in order to gauge the exact effect of feedback alone, complete control conditions would be needed in order to minimise the effect of other external variables, which is by definition impossible in real competitive environments. This experimental design is also made more difficult because working with elite athletes precludes large numbers of subjects.
Hughes and Robertson (1997) were using notation systems as an adjunct to a spectrum of tactical models that they have created for squash. The hand notation systems are used by the Welsh national youth squads, the actual notation being completed by the players, for the players. It is believed that in this way the tactical awareness of the players, doing the notation, are heightened by their administration of these systems. This type of practical educational use of notation systems has been used in a number of teams sports, soccer, rugby union, rugby league, basketball, cricket, and so on, by players in the squads, substitutes, injured players, as a way of enhancing their understanding of their sport, as well as providing statistics on their team
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# An Sgùrr (Lochcarron)
**An Sgùrr** is a hill in Scotland, occupying the broad peninsula between Loch Carron and Loch Kishorn. It has the appearance of a rough knoll, with small crags ringing the summit, particularly on the western side.
The hill may be climbed from a number of locations. The A896 road passes some two kilometres to the north, whilst a forestry track from south of Lochcarron allows access to the southeast. The path between Achintraid and Reraig passes to the south west side of An Sgùrr; the summit may be reached from Bealach that separates An Sgùrr from Bad a\' Chreamha, which lies a kilometre or so east of this path
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# Brazen Abbot
**Brazen Abbot** is a Finnish rock band. Originally a studio project of Bulgarian guitarist, producer and song writer Nikolo Kotzev, who is a Finnish resident, the band has since made several live performances.
One of the defining aspects of Brazen Abbot is the employment of multiple singers; every album features three or four singers, with Göran Edman and Joe Lynn Turner having appeared on most Brazen Abbot albums. Nikolo Kotzev originally intended to use only one singer; original singer Göran Edman could only commit to recording two songs for the first album due to contractual obligations. Glenn Hughes was then supposed to record the remaining songs; however contractual obligations hindered him from recording more than three songs, at which point Kotzev brought in Thomas Vikström to record the remaining songs. Kotzev was so pleased with the result that he decided to keep using multiple singers for future albums. When performing live, however, Joe Lynn Turner is typically the only singer.
Several of the band members have also appeared on Nikolo Kotzev\'s ambitious rock opera *Nostradamus* (2001); Brazen Abbot was on hiatus during the time Kotzev was working on the rock opera (1998--2001).
Former members include Mic Michaeli, John Levén and Ian Haugland, all members of the famous rock band Europe
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# Pierre Klossowski
**Pierre Klossowski** (`{{IPAc-en|k|l|ə|ˈ|s|ɒ|f|s|k|i}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{IPA|fr|klɔˈsɔfski|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 9 August 1905 -- 12 August 2001) was a French writer, translator and artist. He was the eldest son of the artists Erich Klossowski and Baladine Klossowska, and his younger brother was the painter Balthus.
## Life
Born in Paris, Pierre Klossowski was the older brother of the artist Balthazar Klossowski, better known as Balthus. Their parents were the art historian Erich Klossowski and the painter Baladine Klossowska. His German-educated father came from a family supposedly belonging to the former Polish petty nobility (drobna szlachta) and bearing the Rola coat of arms. His mother, Baladine Klossowska, was born as Elisabeth Dorothea Spiro in Breslau, Prussia (now Wrocław, Poland). When he was 18, Pierre was André Gide\'s secretary and worked on the drafts of *Les faux-monnayeurs* for him. Klossowski was responsible for a new publication of *The 120 Days of Sodom & Other Writings* by the Marquis de Sade in 1964.
## Writing
Klossowski wrote full-length volumes on the Marquis de Sade and Friedrich Nietzsche, a number of essays on literary and philosophical figures, and five novels. *Roberte Ce Soir* (*Roberte in the Evening*) provoked controversy due to its graphic depiction of sexuality. He translated several important texts (by Virgil, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, Friedrich Hölderlin, Franz Kafka, Nietzsche, and Walter Benjamin) into French, worked on films and was also an artist, illustrating many of the scenes from his novels. Klossowski participated in most issues of Georges Bataille\'s review *Acéphale* in the late 1930s.
His 1969 book *Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle* greatly influenced French philosophers such as Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze and Jean-François Lyotard.
## Film
Klossowski also appeared in Robert Bresson\'s *Au hasard Balthazar* as the avaricious miller who desires Marie, a character played by Anne Wiazemsky.
He was involved in:
- Raoul Ruiz\'s *La vocation suspendue*, 1977, 90\';
- Raoul Ruiz\'s *L\'hypothèse du tableau volé*, 1979, 66\';
- Pierre Zucca\'s *Roberte*, 1979, 100\';
- Alain Fleischer\'s *Pierre Klossowski ou l\'éternel détour*, 1996, 106\'.
His text on de Sade is mentioned in the bibliography at the beginning of Pier Paolo Pasolini\'s *Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom*, and quoted several times through the film.
## Drawings
An exhibition of Klossowski\'s drawings and life size sculptures made after them with sculptor Jean-Paul Réti ran from 20 September to 19 October 2006, at the Whitechapel Art Gallery, the Ludwig Museum in Cologne and the Musée National d\'Art Moderne in Paris along with a film retrospective
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# SSD Città di Gela
**Gela Calcio**, commonly known as just **Gela**, is an Italian association football club, based in Gela, Sicily.
## History
The club was founded in 1975 and refounded in 2006 and 2011. Gela played 2005--2006 in Serie C1/B, but, following the bankruptcy of the club, a new society, with the current denomination, was admitted to Serie C2.
Following financial troubles it was refounded as **Gela Juve-Terranova** in 1995, after the merger between the old *Juventina Gela* and *Terranova Gela*, a minor team from the city and with the current name in 2006.
Gela has gained some popularity in 2005 because of its commitment against the racket, in one of the cities of Sicily where the Mafia is strongest.
In summer 2010, Gela Calcio had not won the Lega Pro Prima Divisione, however: the failure of many teams has led the repechage in this league.
In summer 2011, it does not appeal against the exclusion of Covisoc and excluded from all football. However, the club reformed in the same year and joined Terza Categoria Ragusa for 2011--12, finishing at fifth in the Group A of Ragusa division and on 27 September 2012 Gela\'s application for inclusion by repechage in Group I of Sicilian Seconda Categoria was accepted. The club was admitted to Prima Categoria Sicily before the 2013--14 season.
On 23 February 2014, 4 days before the season ended Gela won the championship of Prima Categoria Sicily Group H and was promoted to Promozione Sicily. On 17 April 2016, Gela won the championship of Eccellenza Sicily Group A and was promoted to 2016--17 Serie D.
On 25 June 2019, the team failed, returning to the Seconda Categoria. In 2020 the team was promoted in Prima Categoria. In 2023 the team is playing in Eccellenza, fifth division in the Italian soccer system
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# Tales from the Hood
***Tales from the Hood*** is a 1995 American black horror anthology film directed by Rusty Cundieff (who also wrote the film with Darin Scott) and starring Corbin Bernsen, Rosalind Cash, Rusty Cundieff, David Alan Grier, Anthony Griffith, Wings Hauser, Paula Jai Parker, Joe Torry, and Clarence Williams III. The film presents four short urban-themed horror stories based on problems that affect the African-American community: police corruption, domestic abuse, racism, and gang violence. These are presented within a frame story of three drug dealers buying some \"found\" drugs from an eccentric and story-prone funeral director.
The film was met with mixed reviews upon release but has since gained a cult following.
## Plot
### \"Welcome to My Mortuary\" (prologue) {#welcome_to_my_mortuary_prologue}
Drug dealers Stack, Ball, and Bulldog arrive at Simms\' Funeral Home to purchase some drugs from Mr. Simms, the mortuary\'s eccentric owner.
Mr. Simms claims that he found the drugs in an alley, and has safely stored them in his mortuary. He asks the dealers to help him get the drugs, and as the four make their way through the building, relates stories about some of the dead bodies in the funeral home. The first casket contains the body of Clarence Smith, a man who was rumored to have heard voices of the dead calling his name.
### \"Rogue Cop Revelation\" {#rogue_cop_revelation}
During his first night on the job, young black police officer Clarence Smith is taken by his new white partner, Newton Hauser, to the scene of what initially appears to be a routine traffic stop of a well-dressed black man by two white cops. When Smith runs the car\'s license plates, he learns that the man is in fact Martin Ezekiel Moorehouse, a city councilman and black rights activist who has recently been on a crusade to eliminate police corruption in the city. Smith watches in horror as Hauser and his fellow police officers Billy Crumfield and Strom Richmond brutally beat Moorehouse with their nightsticks and vandalize his car. When Smith insists that Moorehouse should be taken to a hospital, the officers appear to agree. Smith tells Hauser that Crumfield and Richmond should be reported for what they did, but Hauser tells Smith that officers are not to break \"the code\" and rat each other out. Smith and Hauser leave in their car. Richmond and Crumfield don\'t take Moorehouse to the hospital. Instead, they drive Moorehouse\'s car to the docks. Richmond shoots the battered Moorehouse up with some of the heroin that he, Hauser, and Crumfield have been dealing, plants some in his car, then pushes it into the water with Moorehouse still inside. Moorehouse is posthumously and falsely labeled a hypocrite.
One year later, Smith has left the police force and is now a guilt-consumed drunk. On a walk in his neighborhood, he sees a mural of Moorehouse. Smith then has a vision of a crucified Moorehouse haunting him with the words \"Bring them to me!\" In response, Smith convinces the three police officers to meet him at Moorehouse\'s grave on the anniversary of the murder. Once there, Smith denounces the officers for killing Moorehouse and destroying his reputation. The officers begin to insult Moorehouse, with Richmond urinating on Moorehouse\'s grave and then ordering Crumfield to do the same thing. As Hauser and Richmond prepare to kill Smith, a zombified Moorehouse bursts from the grave to drag Crumfield beneath the ground by his genitals. Moorehouse\'s coffin bursts from the ground, opening to reveal Crumfield\'s mutilated corpse, with Moorehouse\'s zombie standing above the grave, clutching Crumfield\'s still-beating heart.
Richmond and Hauser open fire on Moorehouse, but the bullets have no effect, prompting them to flee in horror. A lengthy chase ensues, with the two cops fleeing by patrol car. As Hauser is driving the vehicle, Moorehouse jumps on top of the vehicle and decapitates Richmond with his bare hands. Terrified, Hauser exits his vehicle and shoots its gas tank, though the ensuing explosion doesn\'t rid him of Moorehouse. Moorehouse then chases Hauser into an alley, where he telekinetically throws used hypodermic needles into the cop\'s body, pinning him to Moorehouse\'s wall mural. Hauser\'s body melts into the mural, becoming a painting of himself crucified.
His vengeance nearly complete, Moorehouse accosts Smith, asking him why he did not help him when he was being beaten. The story ends with Smith in a mental hospital. Two orderlies outside his cell mention that he killed the officers and that he used to be a police officer himself. Moorehouse is never mentioned.
### \"Welcome to My Mortuary\" (wraparound #1) {#welcome_to_my_mortuary_wraparound_1}
Stack, Ball, and Bulldog think Mr. Simms is crazy after hearing the story. After looking into another casket, the contents of which are not seen, Mr. Simms tells them a story about a boy named Walter.
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# Tales from the Hood
## Plot
### \"Boys Do Get Bruised\" {#boys_do_get_bruised}
Walter Johnson is a quiet and sensitive boy who transfers to a new school one day with bruises around his cheek and eye. Walter\'s caring teacher Richard Garvey notices the bruises and talks to Walter. He initially thinks that the school bully Tyrone gave him the bruises. Although Tyrone has bullied Walter, Walter claims that the bruises came after he was attacked by a monster. A few days later, he shows up with a bruised arm. While the other children play, Walter sits inside and draws pictures of Tyrone and the monster. Walter explains to Garvey that he can overcome something he doesn\'t like, such as the monster he keeps talking about, by destroying an image of it. After Garvey leaves, Walter crumples up the drawing of Tyrone, causing the real Tyrone to suffer spontaneous injuries.
Later that night, Garvey visits Walter\'s home and asks Walter\'s mother Sissy about the monster. Sissy claims that Walter\'s injuries are the result of his own clumsiness. She then tells Walter not to reveal anything about the monster to anyone else. Sissy\'s domineering boyfriend Carl comes home. Mr. Garvey eventually leaves. Seen through Walter\'s imagination, it is revealed that Carl is, in actuality, the \"monster\". Thinking that Walter is mocking him by drawing him as a monster, Carl begins to attack Walter and then hits and whips Sissy with a belt when she intervenes.
Garvey turns around to check on Walter and sees Carl beating Sissy through the window. Garvey runs into the house and begins to fight Carl. In a long fight sequence, Carl knocks out Garvey and almost kills a valiant Sissy. With Carl\'s attention elsewhere, Walter grabs a drawing he made of the monster, and begins to fold and crumple it. Carl\'s body crumples and collapses in a similar fashion. Sissy stomps on the wadded-up paper to kill Carl. Finally, Garvey gives the paper to Walter, who burns it. Sissy and Walter look on, relieved, as Carl\'s body is burned.
### \"Welcome to My Mortuary\" (wraparound #2) {#welcome_to_my_mortuary_wraparound_2}
Back in Simms\' Funeral Home, Carl\'s burnt and mangled corpse is revealed to be inside the coffin. The gangsters close the casket, causing a doll to fall off a nearby shelf. For his next story, Mr. Simms shows them the doll, mentioning that he originally found it in a home in the Southern United States. Simms explains that it is not an ordinary doll, but a vessel for a lost soul.
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# Tales from the Hood
## Plot
### \"KKK Comeuppance\" {#kkk_comeuppance}
Duke Metger is an obnoxious and highly racist Southern senator and a one-time member of the Ku Klux Klan who is currently running for governor. The senator is in his office filming a campaign commercial when he sees protesters outside the office. Jewish and African-American groups have teamed up to protest against Metger for being a racist, a former Klansman, and for setting up his office at an old slave plantation previously owned by his ancestor, Nathan Wilkes. One individual, Eli, tells the reporter that the plantation is haunted by dolls animated by the souls of Wilkes\'s previously tortured slaves, warning the news crews and everyone else at the scene that it is not a myth.
Meanwhile, Metger also discusses the myth of the tortured slaves with his African-American \"image-maker\" assistant Rhodie Willis. Metger explains how Wilkes, upon hearing that his slaves would be freed at the end of the Civil War, flew into a murderous rage and massacred all of them. The two notice a large painting of Miss Cobbs, the hoodoo witch who transferred the slaves\' souls inside a number of small dolls that she created, surrounded by the dolls themselves, which Metger refers to as \"Negro dolls\". According to legend, the dolls are supposedly still in the house. One of the dolls is seen under the floorboard as Rhodie leaves. While Metger and Rhodie are working on Metger\'s media skills, Rhodie suddenly stumbles and falls down the stairs to his death. At the funeral, Eli warns Metger to leave the house before he ends up like Rhodie. In the limo after Rhodie\'s funeral, Metger notices the doll and orders his driver to pull over so he can throw the doll out the window and into the street.
Later, Metger re-watches Rhodie\'s footage and realizes that he died because he tripped over the doll. After noticing a blank spot on the painting, Metger comes in contact with the little doll itself, now animated, and has a fight with it. Metger is injured, but he manages to stop the doll by beating it with an American Flag. He also damages the painting with the flag, which starts to bleed. Metger takes the doll outside to his porch and ties it to a dart board. He then blasts the doll with his shotgun, and goes back inside to rant at the painting.
In the midst of his latest racist rant, Metger realizes more doll images in the painting have faded to white. Metger finds the previously blasted doll in the hallway, which attacks again and chases Metger into his office. Metger manages to lock the doll outside but sees that the painting has all the doll images faded to white. Terrified, Metger turns around to see an army of dolls, led by the same doll he blasted. He covers himself in the American flag as the dolls converge and devour him. Miss Cobbs then disappears from the painting and manifests herself in the room, holding the first doll in her arms, satisfied at the carnage taking place before them.
### \"Welcome to My Mortuary\" (wraparound #3) {#welcome_to_my_mortuary_wraparound_3}
The dealers have grown impatient and ready for the drugs, not wanting to listen to any more of Mr. Simms\'s strange stories. Ball notices a corpse in another room, and alerts the others to come and see it. When Simms asks them if they knew the man inside the casket, Bulldog says that he was just someone they had seen around their neighborhood. Mr. Simms proceeds to explain the final moments of the man known as Crazy K.
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# Tales from the Hood
## Plot
### \"Hard-Core Convert\" {#hard_core_convert}
Jerome \"Crazy K\" Johns is a hardened gangster and homicidal psychopath who has killed many people mercilessly. He is driving down the streets when he encounters his rival Lil\' Deke whom he pursues and guns down. In retaliation, Lil\' Deke\'s associates shoot at Crazy K. Before they can finish him off, the police arrive at the scene and gun down the attackers. Crazy K, badly injured but still alive, is arrested and sent to prison, serving a life sentence without parole.
Four years later, Dr. Cushing arrives at Crazy K\'s prison cell and transfers him to her facility for an experimental trial, mentioning that he\'ll be released from prison if he agrees to it and completes it. Crazy K meets an inmate who happens to be a homicidal white supremacist that raves about killing black people and the end of days for blacks. This angers Crazy K and causes him to punch him in the face. The man then asks Crazy K the race of the victims he killed, silencing Crazy K. The man grows fond of him and he tells him that there will be a few black people who will be spared as long as they think like him. Crazy K is told by Dr. Cushing that she purposely put him there to meet someone who is just like him. She then tells him that she has been hired by the government to administer a rehabilitation process on Crazy K, in hopes that he will change his ways. If he fails to redeem himself, he is told that he will rot in solitary confinement for the rest of his life.
Crazy K is put through a process of torture to make him learn the consequences of his actions. First, his hair (with a \"K\" cut into the front) is shaved off. He is then loaded onto a gyroscopic modulator, forced to visualize images involving KKK members and actual photographs of lynching victims, interspersed with grisly, stylized footage of gang violence and his own actions. Dr. Cushing expounds on the fact that Crazy K killed many innocent black people without remorse or second thought.
For the next part of the trial, Crazy K is put into a sensory deprivation chamber, where he is confronted by the souls of the people he has killed, intentionally or otherwise, including his friends and an innocent little girl. Despite hinting at his own personal abuse in his childhood, Crazy K refuses to accept any responsibility for his crimes, and Dr. Cushing tearfully warns him that he won\'t get another chance for forgiveness. Having refused the one opportunity to redeem himself, Crazy K is transported back to the moment when he was shot (revealing the whole sequence to have been a dream or hallucination). This time, he is finished off by the three gunmen, who leave his corpse abandoned in the street.
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# Tales from the Hood
## Plot
### \"Welcome to My Mortuary\" (epilogue) {#welcome_to_my_mortuary_epilogue}
Following the telling of Crazy K\'s story, Stack, Ball, and Bulldog are revealed to be Crazy K\'s killers. In a heated turn of events, the dealers, having grown hostile with Simms and unnerved by the revelation that he knows their crime, threaten Simms, telling him he will be killed unless he gives them their drugs. Simms leads them deeper into the funeral home and tells them their \"reward\" is in three closed caskets. Each drug dealer finds that the casket he opens contains their own corpse, revealing that they were dead all this time.
After disarming them, Simms explains that after the murder of Crazy K, they were killed by Crazy K\'s associates as retaliation (although in the story, they were shot and killed by the police, which is eventually proven false by Crazy K\'s death and Mr. Simms\'s confirmation). Bulldog asks Simms how they can be dead when they are all seemingly alive, together in the same funeral home. Simms tells them that the funeral home is actually Hell and he morphs himself into Satan. The drug dealers scream in horror as the walls of the funeral home shatter to reveal an inferno that consumes them. They are left to burn with all the tortured souls while Satan laughs.
## Cast
Welcome to My Mortuary (framing segments)
- Clarence Williams III as Mr. Simms
- Joe Torry as \"Stack\"
- Samuel Monroe, Jr. as \"Bulldog\"
- De\'Aundre Bonds as \"Ball\"
Rogue Cop Revelation
- Tom Wright as Martin Ezekiel Moorehouse
- Anthony Griffith as Officer Clarence Smith
- Wings Hauser as Officer Strom Richmond
- Michael Massee as Officer Newton Hauser
- Duane Whitaker as Officer Billy Crumfield
Boys Do Get Bruised
- Brandon Hammond as Walter Johnson
- Rusty Cundieff as Richard Garvey
- Paula Jai Parker as Sissy Johnson
- David Alan Grier as Carl
KKK Comeuppance
- Corbin Bernsen as Duke Metger
- Roger Guenveur Smith as Rhodie Willis
- Art Evans as Eli
- Christina Cundieff as Miss Cobbs
Hard-Core Convert
- Lamont Bentley as Jerome \"Crazy K\" Johns
- Rosalind Cash as Dr. Cushing
- Ricky Harris as \"Lil\' Deke\"
- Rick Dean as Racist Inmate
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