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# Return to Frogtown
***Return to Frogtown*** (also known as ***Frogtown II***) is a 1993 B movie directed by Donald G. Jackson. It is the sequel to the 1988 cult film *Hell Comes to Frogtown*. Like its predecessor, the film is set in a post-apocalyptic future where mutant frog-people are at war with mankind.
## Plot
Set some years after the events of the first movie, Captain Delano (Charles Napier) sends Sam Hell to infiltrate Frog Town again to rescue Texas Rocket Ranger John Jones (played by Lou Ferrigno) who crash landed. In what may be a direct reference to his *Incredible Hulk* fame, Jones is an unwilling test subject who is modified and turned into a frog-person, giving him superhuman strength. The tests are conducted by Professor Tanzer (Brion James) and Nurse Cloris (Linda Singer).
This is part of a larger plot by the Evil Star Frogmeister to turn all humans into frogmen. Hell must journey to the Frogtown Mutant Reservation in a desperate attempt to stop the planned mutation.
## Cast
- Robert Z\'Dar as Sam Hell
- Denice Duff as Dr. Spangle
- Kelsey as Commander Toty
- Michael Nyman as Frog
- Linda Singer as Nurse Cloris
- Lou Ferrigno as Ranger John Jones
- Don Stroud as Brandy Stone
- Brion James as Professor Tanzer
- Charles Napier as Captain Delano
- Rhonda Shear as Fuzzy
- Ken Davitian as Bud
- Brad Baker as Frog Guard
## Production
Robert Z\'Dar plays the main character, Sam Hell, in place of Roddy Piper. Notable co-stars of the cast include: Don Stroud, Brion James, Charles Napier, Rhonda Shear. The movie was followed by *Max Hell Frog Warrior*. Filmmaker Jackson claimed New World Pictures interfered with the picture.
## Reception
Received two out of five stars in Creature Feature. TV Guide gave the movie one star out of five, greatly preferring the original film
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# 1970–71 European Cup Winners' Cup
The **1970--71 season** of the European Cup Winners\' Cup football club tournament was won by Chelsea in a replay against Real Madrid. Defending champions Manchester City were eliminated by Chelsea in the semi-finals, only the second ever tie in the competition between two clubs from the same country. These two sides would later compete in the 2021 UEFA Champions League final, with Chelsea winning 1-0. The final was played in Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus, Greece.
## Bracket
## Preliminary round {#preliminary_round}
\|}
## First round {#first_round}
\|}
### First leg {#first_leg}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Second leg {#second_leg}
*Zürich won 14--1 on aggregate*
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*CSKA September Flag won 11--1 on aggregate.*
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Steaua București won 4--3 on aggregate.*
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Benfica won 9--2 on aggregate.*
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*1--1 on aggregate; Vorwärts Berlin won on away goals.*
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Cardiff City won 8-0 on aggregate.*
## Second round {#second_round}
\|}
### First leg {#first_leg_1}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Second leg {#second_leg_1}
*Club Brugge won 4--3 on aggregate*
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Chelsea won 2--0 on aggregate.*
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*PSV Eindhoven won 7--0 on aggregate.*
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*2--2 on aggregate. Vorwärts Berlin won 5--3 on penalties.*
## Quarter-finals {#quarter_finals}
`{{TwoLeg start|extra=Play-off}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TwoLegResult|[[Club Brugge KV|Club Brugge]]|Belgium|2–4|'''[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]'''|England|2–0|0–4}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TwoLegResult|[[Górnik Zabrze]]|Poland|var1=1928|2–2|'''[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]'''|England|2–0|0–2|1–3}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TwoLegResult|'''[[PSV Eindhoven]]'''|Netherlands|2–1|[[1. FC Frankfurt|Vorwärts Berlin]]|East Germany|2–0|0–1}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TwoLegResult|[[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]]|Wales|1–2|'''[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]'''|Spain|var2=1945|1–0|0–2}}`{=mediawiki} \|}
## Semi-finals {#semi_finals}
\|}
### First leg {#first_leg_2}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Second leg {#second_leg_2}
*Chelsea won 2--0 on aggregate.*
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Real Madrid won 2--1 on aggregate
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# Enrico Fabris
**Enrico Fabris** (born 5 October 1981) is an Italian former long track speed skater who has won three World Cup races and became the first European Allround Champion from Italy when he won the 2006 European Championships one month before the Winter Olympics in Turin. In 2007 he won also the silver medal and in 2008 the bronze medal. Fabris is also a six-time Italian Allround Champion.
## Career
At the 2006 Olympics he won a bronze medal in the men\'s 5,000 m event, Italy\'s first-ever Olympic medal in speed skating. Five days later, he was in the winning team on the team pursuit event, to claim Italy\'s first Olympic speed skating gold. With a time of one minute, 45.97 seconds in the 1,500 m race, Fabris claimed his third medal and defeated American favourites Shani Davis and Chad Hedrick to become the first non-American to win an individual men\'s event through the first four races of the Turin Winter Games. On 10 November 2007 he took the 5,000 meter world record with 6:07.40, which he lost one week later, when Sven Kramer skated faster in Calgary.
## Records
### Personal records {#personal_records}
+----------+---------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| Distance | \| Time\ | \| Place | \| Date |
| | (min:sec.dec) | | |
+==========+===============+=======================+=============+
| 500 m | 35.99 | Calgary-Olympic Oval | 18 Mar 2006 |
+----------+---------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| 1,000 m | 1:09.68 | Turin-Oval Lingotto | 20 Jan 2007 |
+----------+---------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| 1,500 m | 1:43.68 | Salt Lake City-Kearns | 9 Nov 2007 |
+----------+---------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| 3,000 m | 3:40.23 | Calgary-Olympic Oval | 5 Nov 2007 |
+----------+---------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| 5,000 m | 6:06.06 | Salt Lake City-Kearns | 12 Dec 2009 |
+----------+---------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| 10,000 m | 13:10.60 | Calgary-Olympic Oval | 19 Mar 2006 |
+----------+---------------+-----------------------+-------------+
he is in 12th position in the Adelskalender with 146.619 points.
Source: SpeedskatingResults.com
### World records {#world_records}
Event Time Date Venue
-------- ------------- ------------------- ----------------
5000 m **6:07.40** November 10, 2007 Salt Lake City
Source: SpeedSkatingStats
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# Carried Along
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{{Album chart|BillboardChristian|32|M|title=Andrew Peterson Album & Song Chart History|publisher=[[Christian Albums|Billboard Christian Albums]]|url=http://www.billboard
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Carried Along
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# Daniel Munroe Forney
**Daniel Munroe Forney** (May 1784`{{spnd}}`{=mediawiki}October 15, 1847) was a United States Congressional Representative from North Carolina. He was born near Lincolnton, North Carolina, in May 1784, the son of Peter Forney.
Forney attended the public schools and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He engaged in agricultural pursuits and served as a major in the War of 1812. He held several local offices. He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Congresses and served from March 4, 1815, until his resignation in 1818. He was appointed by President James Monroe as a commissioner to treat with the Creek Indians in 1820. He served as a member of the North Carolina State senate, 1823--1826. He moved to Alabama in 1834 and settled in Lowndes County where he resumed agricultural pursuits and became interested in various business enterprises.
Forney died in Lowndes County on October 15, 1847, and was interred in the family burying ground there. He was the uncle of William Henry Forney.
His home in Lincoln County, North Carolina, Ingleside built about 1817, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972
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# Mars Area School District
**Mars Area School District** is a public school district in Pennsylvania. The district encompasses approximately 46 sqmi and serves the communities of Mars and Valencia Boroughs as well as Adams Township and Middlesex Township in Butler County.
The earliest known school in the district was the Denny School, opened in 1796 in Middlesex Township. The current configuration of the district was formed in 1960 when the Mars and Valencia Boroughs combined with Adams and Middlesex Townships to form the Mars Area School District.
The Mars Area School District consists of five schools. The Mars Area Primary Center for students in Kindergarten through 1st grade, the Mars Area Elementary School for students in 2nd through 4th grade, the Mars Area Centennial School for students in 5th through 6th grade, the Mars Area Middle School for students in 7th through 8th grade, and the Mars Area High School for students in 9th through 12th grade.
## Extracurriculars
The district offers a wide variety of clubs, activities and a sports program. The Mars sports teams are called the Fightin\' Planets with the school colors being navy and gold
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# James Murray Irwin
Major-General **Sir James Murray Irwin** `{{postnominals|country=GBR|KCMG|CB}}`{=mediawiki} (13 February 1858 -- 7 November 1938) was a British physician. He served as a British Army doctor in Sudan, the Second Boer War and World War I.
## Early life {#early_life}
He was born in Manorcunningham, County Donegal, Ireland. In 1875, he studied medicine at Trinity College Dublin.
## Career
Irwin joined the Royal Army Medical Corps at Netley in 1881 and was commissioned as surgeon captain posted to Dublin in February 1882. He was posted to India in September 1883.
He was subsequently posted to Dublin in 1890, Gibraltar in 1891, and Brighton in 1897.
In February 1894, he was promoted to surgeon major .
He was posted to Brighton in 1897, and then to Sudan. He was a Medical Officer in Atbara during the Battle of Omdurman 1898. He was posted to the expedition in Crete 1899. He served as Medical Officer on troopship HMS Verona, and then to Dublin, also in 1899.
Irwin was posted to South Africa in 1900, for service during the Second Boer War, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 4 February 1902. Following the end of hostilities in June 1902, he left Cape Town for England and returned to Southampton in early August.
He was then posted to Aldershot, and became Assistant to Surgeon General McNamara in 1903.
He was posted to the War Office as Assistant Director General 1906, and to Tientsin in 1910.
He was promoted to colonel and sent to Hong Kong as deputy director of Medical Services in 1911.
He travelled around the world in 1913.
He returned to London and established King George V Hospital, at Waterloo in 1914. In France, he served as Deputy Director of Medical Services, Rouen in 1915. He was Director of Medical Services for the 3rd Army in 1916.
He was promoted to Temporary Surgeon General April 1916 and returned to England in 1919.
After World War I he retired to Bideford, North Devon. He died on `{{death date and age|df=yes|1938|11|7|1858|2|13}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Family
He married Nora Conlan, daughter of Thomas Conlan, Q.C., of Allahabad, 26 July 1884 and they had a daughter Edna Florine born 31 October 1885
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# Joe Rohde
\| occupation = \| years_active = \| era = \| employer = \| organization = \| agent = \| known_for = \| notable_works = \| style = \| height = \| television = \| title = \| term = \| predecessor = \| successor = \| boards = \| criminal_charge = \| criminal_penalty = \| criminal_status = \| spouse = \| partner = \| children = \| parents = \| mother = \| father = \| relatives = \| family = \| callsign = \| awards = Disney Legend, 2024 \| website = \| module = \| module2 = \| module3 = \| module4 = \| module5 = \| module6 = \| signature = \| signature_size = \| signature_alt = \| footnotes = }} **Joseph Rohde** is an American themed entertainment designer and artist, serving as the Experience Architect for Virgin Galactic. Rohde was previously a veteran executive at Walt Disney Imagineering, the division of The Walt Disney Company that designs and builds Disney\'s theme parks and resort hotels. Rohde\'s formal title was Executive Designer and Vice President, Creative.
Rohde was born in Sacramento, California and raised in Hawaii. He graduated from Chaminade College Preparatory, Canoga Park, Calif., in 1973, where he starred in student dramatic productions and was Class Salutatorian. Rohde received a bachelor\'s degree in Fine Arts from Occidental College in Los Angeles.
Rohde\'s trademark is a large collection of earrings he wears in his left ear, all of which are souvenirs from decades of travel to remote corners of the world. This tradition began when he stuck his 5-year anniversary pin into his ear.
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# Joe Rohde
## Career at Walt Disney Imagineering {#career_at_walt_disney_imagineering}
Rohde was the lead designer of Disney\'s Animal Kingdom, one of four theme parks at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida, and the principal creative force behind the park\'s Expedition Everest thrill ride, which debuted in 2006. He was one of the lead designers behind the Disney Vacation Club property Aulani in Oʻahu, Hawaii. He was chosen for the role because of his experience with the island and its native people, having grown up in Hawaii.
Rohde joined Disney Imagineering in 1980 during the development of Epcot as a model designer and scenic painter for the theme park\'s Mexico pavilion. He later worked as a designer on the refurbishment of Fantasyland at Disneyland, the *Captain EO* 3-D film attraction starring singer Michael Jackson, the Norway pavilion at Epcot, and the Adventurers Club, a 1930s-themed bar and lounge that opened in 1989 within the Pleasure Island entertainment district at Walt Disney World Resort.
Rohde was featured in an April 2006 Travel Channel documentary titled *Expedition Everest: Journey to Sacred Lands*. The program was produced by Discovery Networks during expeditions to China and Nepal in 2005 called *Mission Himalayas.* The treks were sponsored by Discovery, Disney, and Conservation International to promote the Expedition Everest theme park attraction and conduct scientific and cultural research in remote areas of the Himalayas. Rohde served as the model for Harrison Hightower, the owner of the fictional \"Hightower Hotel\" which houses the Tower of Terror attraction at Tokyo DisneySea outside Tokyo, Japan.
After designing Aulani in Hawaii, Rohde was tasked with creating Pandora -- The World of *Avatar* at Disney\'s Animal Kingdom. The project took six years to complete and opened in May 2017. Most recently, Rohde led the team that transformed the former Tower of Terror at Disney California Adventure into *Guardians of the Galaxy* -- Mission: Breakout!. The attraction opened in May 2017. This new project is part of the expansion of his role as global creative leader of the Marvel property. In February 2020, Rohde served as the lead developer on Disney\'s second private island, Lookout Cay at Lighthouse Point.
On November 23, 2020, Rohde announced his retirement from Walt Disney Imagineering effective January 4, 2021. On February 22, 2021, Virgin Galactic announced Joe Rohde had been hired as their Experience Architect
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# Lousame
**Lousame** is a municipality of northwestern Spain in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia. It belongs to the comarca of Noia. It has a population of 3,657 inhabitants (INE, 2011)
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# Leopold Hager
**Leopold Hager** (born 6 October 1935, Salzburg) is an Austrian conductor known for his interpretations of works by the Viennese Classics (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert).
Hager studied piano, organ, harpsichord, conducting, and composition at the Salzburg Mozarteum (1949--1957). He was appointed assistant conductor at the Stadttheater Mainz (1957--1962) and, after conducting the Linz Landestheater (1962--1964), he was appointed first conductor of the Cologne Opera (1964--1965). He then served as Generalmusikdirektor in Freiburg im Breisgau (1965--1969), chief conductor of the Mozarteum Orchestra and of the Landestheater in Salzburg (1969--1981). In October 1976 he debuted at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, conducting *Le nozze di Figaro*. He also appeared as a guest conductor with other opera houses as well as orchestras in Europe (Berlin Philharmonic, Vienna Philharmonic) and the United States. In 1981, he became music director of the Orchestre Symphonique de Radio-Télé-Luxembourg (now the Luxembourg Philharmonic Orchestra), and concluded his tenure there in 1996.
Until 2004, Hager taught Orchestral Conducting at University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna, continuing a direct line of renowned teachers including Clemens Krauss, Hans Swarowsky, and succeeding Österreicher.
From 2005 to 2008, Leopold Hager served as Chief Conductor at the Vienna Volksoper, conducting their new productions of *The Magic Flute*, *La Traviata*, *Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg*, *Les Contes d\'Hoffman* and *Turandot*
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# Blanche Roosevelt
**Blanche Roosevelt** (born **Blanche Isabella Pauline Tucker**; 2 October 1853 -- 10 September 1898) was an American opera singer, author and journalist. She is best remembered for creating the role of Mabel in *The Pirates of Penzance* by Gilbert and Sullivan when that opera premiered on Broadway in 1879.
She made her opera debut in 1876 at the Royal Italian Opera House, Covent Garden, and went on to sing in concerts in Europe, having worked as a journalist from Paris in 1875. In 1879, she joined the D\'Oyly Carte Opera Company and played the role of Josephine in Gilbert and Sullivan\'s *H.M.S. Pinafore* in London before travelling with the company to New York City to play the same role and to originate the role of Mabel in *The Pirates of Penzance*.
Later in 1880, she co-founded, produced and starred in a new opera company, but this venture soon folded, and Roosevelt retired from the stage. She and her husband, the Marquis d\'Alligri, returned to Europe by 1882 where she pursued a career in journalism and literature, writing biographies and novels. She became the mistress of Guy de Maupassant.
## Early life and opera career {#early_life_and_opera_career}
Roosevelt was born in Sandusky, Ohio,`{{refn|Most sources give Sandusky as her birthplace. Her memorial in Brompton Cemetery states that she was born in Virginia and gives her date of birth date as 2 October 1858|group= n}}`{=mediawiki} the daughter of William H. Tucker of Virginia (later a state senator in Wisconsin) and his wife Elizabeth Letitia \"Lizzie\", *née* Roosevelt. Her sister was Minnie C. T. Love, a physician and suffragist who served in the Colorado House of Representatives. Roosevelt traveled to Europe with her mother for vocal studies in Paris and then in Milan, briefly with Francesco Lamperti.
In 1876, billed as Mlle. Rosavella, she made her singing debut at the Royal Italian Opera House, Covent Garden, London, as Violetta in *La Traviata*. *The Times* noted the enthusiastic reception she received from the Covent Garden audience, and the paper\'s reviewer praised her acting as well as her singing. She went on to sing in concerts in Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and France. She also worked as a correspondent from Paris in 1875 for newspapers in Chicago and London.
Arthur Sullivan heard the soprano while on holiday in the south of France in the summer of 1879. In September 1879, Roosevelt joined the D\'Oyly Carte Opera Company and made her debut at the Opera Comique, taking over the role of Josephine during the original run of Gilbert and Sullivan\'s *H.M.S. Pinafore*. The music critic in *The Morning Post* commented, \"she has manifest talent and promises well. Her voice is sweet, sympathetic and of considerable compass, and her manner is very light and pleasant\". She was then chosen by W. S. Gilbert, Sullivan, and Richard D\'Oyly Carte to play Aline in *The Sorcerer*, and Josephine in the first authentic D\'Oyly Carte *Pinafore*, at New York\'s Fifth Avenue Theatre, beginning on December 1, 1879. On December 31 of that year, in the same theatre, she created the role of Mabel in *The Pirates of Penzance*. The *New-York Tribune* reviewed her as \"certainly a pretty object to look upon; she sang creditably; she acted with zeal and good sense.\" *The New York Mercury*, however, was unimpressed by her performance, commenting that she and her tenor colleague, Hugh Talbot, were \"incapable performers\", although they \"failed to destroy\" the opera. She played Mabel in New York and on tour until March 1880, when she left the company, but she returned briefly as Mabel for performances in Boston from 26 April to 8 May 1880.
Later in 1880, together with John McCaull, she co-founded and produced a new opera company, the Blanche Roosevelt English Opera Company, appearing in its productions, which were financial failures, of Alfred Cellier\'s *The Sultan of Mocha* (Union Square Theatre, New York, September 1880) and B. C. Stephenson and Cellier\'s operatic adaptation of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow\'s *The Masque of Pandora* (Boston Theatre, January 1881). During this project, Roosevelt became friends with Longfellow. In 1881 she appeared in New York in concerts, and on returning to England she was booked by Maurice Strakosch for his touring opera company to appear as Marguerite in *Faust* at the French Opera House in New Orleans. She returned to Broadway as Mabel in *Pirates*, where a critic called her \"a beautiful girl, somewhat uncouth in her gestures with a well-taught but bodiless voice which gives promise of effect but, alas, breaks the promise to the ear\". Soon afterwards, she retired from the stage, largely at the behest of her husband, Signor Macchetta, an Italian who had succeeded to the title of Marquis d\'Alligri. She returned to Europe by 1882 and began a career in journalism and literature.
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# Blanche Roosevelt
## Writing career {#writing_career}
Roosevelt became acquainted with important figures in the world of literature and the arts, including (in addition to Longfellow) Giuseppe Verdi, Victorien Sardou, Wilkie Collins, Gustave Doré and Guy de Maupassant, whose mistress she became in 1884. Roosevelt\'s first book wase *The Home Life of Henry W. Longfellow* (1882), followed by the novel *Stage-Struck; or, She would Be an Opera Singer* (1884), *The Life and Reminiscences of Gustave Doré* (1885, for which she was reportedly the first American woman honored by the French Academy), and another novel, *The Copper Queen* (1886), which was adapted for the stage by Sardou.
She had earlier worked for American newspapers as a correspondent from Paris in 1875; in early 1887, she began a similar assignment in Milan, reporting on the premiere of Verdi\'s *Otello*. Her columns were collected in book form as *Verdi: Milan, and Othello*, published later that year and dedicated to Wilkie Collins: \"When I left England for Italy, you said, \'Do write me all about Verdi, Milan, and the new opera *Othello*.\' I have taken you at your word; only the letters, like most feminine epistles, have stretched away into limitless pages, and from a few vagabond sheets have grown into a volume. I am sure you will never again ask a woman to write to you, even from Paradise; but in the mean time, here is the result of your amiability.\"
Later books by Roosevelt, then referred to as the Marchesa d\'Alligri (all published posthumously), included *Elisabeth of Roumania -- a study (Carmen Sylva)* (1891), the novel *Hazel Fane* (1891), *Familiar faces -- Victorien Sardou: poet, author, and member of the Academy of France; a personal study* (1892), and *A Riviera Romance* (1899).
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# Blanche Roosevelt
## Later life and fatal accident {#later_life_and_fatal_accident}
Roosevelt spent the later years of her life in the south of France. In 1897, she was riding in a carriage in Monte Carlo that overturned when the horses bolted, killing the driver and seriously injuring Roosevelt. She never recovered from her injuries, dying the next year in London at the age of 44. At her death, she left few possessions and some small debts.
Roosevelt is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London, where there is a statue of her on her grave
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# 5th century BC in architecture
| 6 |
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# Yongda Cup
The **Yongda Cup** (`{{zh|永达杯}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Zhongguo Qiyuan Go competition.
## Outline
The Yongda Cup is sponsored by the Zhongguo Qiyuan and China Yongda Automobiles Services Holdings Limited 16 players participate in a single knockout, and the final is a best-of-3. The komi is 6.5 points. The time limit is 2 hours. The winner\'s purse is 100,000 RMB
| 61 |
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# Ethelred of Scotland
**Ethelred** (c. 1072; *Edelret mac Maíl Coluim*, *Æthelred Margotsson*) was the son of King Malcolm III of Scotland (*Máel Coluim III*) and his wife Margaret of Wessex (later known as Saint Margaret of Scotland), the third oldest of the latter and the probable sixth oldest of the former. He took his name, almost certainly, from Margaret\'s great-grandfather Æthelred the Unready. He became the lay abbot of Dunkeld.
## Brothers
Ethelred had four brothers who would rule as kings of Scotland. His older half-brother was King Duncan II of Scotland (the son of Malcolm III\'s first wife, Ingibiorg Finnsdottir). Duncan reigned from May 1094 to 12 November 1094. Of his full brothers (the sons of Margaret), Edgar reigned from 1097 to 1107; Alexander I, from 1107 to 1124; and David I, from 1124 to 1153. Another brother, Edward, died alongside his father at the Battle of Alnwick in Northumberland in 1093. His brother Edmund became a monk.
## Lay Abbot of Dunkeld {#lay_abbot_of_dunkeld}
Though called the abbot of Dunkeld, Ethelred was not necessarily a churchman. It has been argued that because of the decaying state of the Celtic Church, abbacies in this time period "were often held by laymen, who drew the revenues and appointed churchmen to perform the ecclesiastical offices."
## Lands
Along with the appointment as lay abbot of Dunkeld, Ethelred was granted extensive territories, which extended on both sides of the Firth of Forth. From these lands, he made substantial gifts to the Church. North of the firth, for example, he gave the lands of Ardmore to the Culdees of Loch Leven "with every freedom, and without any exaction or demand whatever in the world from bishop, king, or earl." South of the firth, in Midlothian, he founded the church and parish of Hales, giving the lands of Hales to the Church of the Holy Trinity at Dunfermline."
## Dispute Regarding Earldom of Fife {#dispute_regarding_earldom_of_fife}
Ethelred was often said to have held the office Mormaer (Earl) of Fife, but this is now disputed. The source of the confusion was the Gaelic notitia of a grant to the Céli Dé (Culdee) monks of Loch Leven, later translated into Latin and incorporated in the Register of the Priory of St Andrews. The grant, dated between 1093 and 1107, begins with the words, "Edelradus vir venerandae memoriae filius Malcolmi Regis Scotiae, Abbas de Dunkeldense et insuper Comes de Fyf." Translated, this is \"Ethelred, man of venerable memory, son of King Máel Coluim of Scotland, Abbot of Dunkeld and Mormaer of Fife.\" Sir James Dalrymple theorized that the phrase \"comes de fyfe\" referred not to the title of Earl, but to the area where the lands were situated, a slip made by a monk working with the manuscripts.
John Bannerman offers a different explanation. He noted that the notitia in the Register records several witnesses, among whom were Ethelred\'s brothers David and Alexander, as well as a witness identified as Constantinus Comes de Fyf (Causantín, Earl of Fife). Causantín, not Ethelred, was earl of Fife at that time. Bannerman argues that the translator was thrown off by the use of a singular Gaelic verb for a joint grant (i.e., where the verb had two subjects), common in Gaelic charters. As a result, the translator omitted the mormaer, Causantín.
## Abthainries
Medieval Scotland had only three abthainries, lands held of the king by an abbot: Dull, Kilmichael, and Madderty. Scottish historian William Forbes Skene has argued that these abthainries were first created for Ethelred by his brother King Edgar. They reverted to the crown at Ethelred\'s death.
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# Ethelred of Scotland
## Death and burial {#death_and_burial}
Lockhart, citing Andrew of Wyntoun (c. 1350 -- c. 1425), stated that Ethelred was with his mother, Margaret, at Edinburgh Castle as she was dying. Shortly after hearing the news of the deaths of her husband and son Edward at Alnwick, she died. "After her death, and during the so-called usurpation of Donalbane, he \[Ethelred\] conveyed her lifeless body secretly out of the western gate of the castle, taking, as is said, the advantage of a fog, on to Dunfermline, and in all probability he died soon afterwards, and was buried not at St Andrews, as some seem to say, but at Dunfermline, in the same resting-place where the bodies of his father and mother and eldest brother were laid
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# Clear to Venus
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Clear to Venus
| 0 |
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# 6th century BC in architecture
| 6 |
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| 0 |
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# 18th century BC in architecture
| 6 |
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| 0 |
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# Maria Altmann
**Maria Altmann** (née **Maria Victoria Bloch**, later **Bloch-Bauer**; February 18, 1916 -- February 7, 2011) was an Austrian-American Jewish refugee from Austria, who fled her home country after it was annexed to the Nazi's Third Reich. She is noted for her ultimately successful legal campaign to reclaim from the Government of Austria five family-owned paintings by the artist Gustav Klimt that were stolen by the Nazis during World War II.
## Early life {#early_life}
Maria Altmann was born Maria Victoria Bloch on February 18, 1916, in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, the daughter of Marie Therese (née Bauer 1874--1961) and Gustav Bloch (1862--1938). The family name was changed to Bloch-Bauer the following year.
She was a niece of Adele Bloch-Bauer, a wealthy Jewish patron of the arts who served as the model for some of Klimt\'s best-known paintings and who hosted a Viennese salon that regularly attracted the most prominent artists of the day, including Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Arthur Schnitzler, Johannes Brahms, Franz Werfel, Alma Mahler, Leo Slezak, Otto Wagner, George Minne, Karl Renner, Julius Tandler, and Klimt. Maria was close friends in the 1930s with Viennese actor and Hollywood-transplant Walter Slezak. Her nephew was Canadian businessman and arts patron Peter Bentley.
In 1937, Maria married Fredrick \"Fritz\" Altmann. Not long after their Paris honeymoon, the 1938 Anschluss incorporated Austria into Nazi Germany. Under the Nazis, Fredrick was arrested in Austria and held hostage at the Dachau concentration camp to force his brother Bernhard Altmann, by then safely in England, to transfer his successful Bernhard Altmann textile factory into German hands. Fredrick was released and the couple fled, making a harrowing escape, leaving behind home, loved ones, and property (including jewelry that later found its way into the collection of Hermann Göring). Many of their friends and relatives were either killed by the Nazis or committed suicide. Traveling by way of Liverpool, England, they reached the United States and settled first in Fall River, Massachusetts, and finally in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Cheviot Hills. Maria Altmann\'s cousin, Ruth Rogers-Altmann, made it out of Vienna around the same time and settled in New York.
Shortly after Maria arrived in Los Angeles in 1942, Bernhard Altmann mailed her a sweater made of cashmere wool -- a luxury fabric not yet widely available in the United States -- accompanied with the note: \"See what you can do with this.\" Maria took the sweater to Kerr\'s Department Store in Beverly Hills and attracted a multitude of buyers in California and across the United States for Bernhard Altmann\'s cashmere sweaters. Maria became the face of cashmere in California and eventually started her own clothing business. Among her clients was Caroline Brown Tracy, the mother of actor Spencer Tracy.
Altmann became a naturalized American citizen in 1945. Her husband died in 1994.
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# Maria Altmann
## Background to the Klimt case {#background_to_the_klimt_case}
Altmann\'s uncle, Czech sugar magnate Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer, owned a small collection of artwork by Gustav Klimt, including two portraits of his wife, Adele Bloch-Bauer. In her will, Adele, who died in 1925, had asked her husband to leave the Klimts to the Austrian State Gallery upon his death; a much-debated point later was whether this request should be considered legally binding upon her husband, who was himself the owner of the paintings. Following the Anschluss of 1938 and Ferdinand\'s flight from Austria, the paintings were looted, initially falling into the hands of a Nazi lawyer. Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer died on November 13, 1945, leaving his estate to a nephew and two nieces, one of whom was Maria Altmann. By this time, six of the paintings, *Buchenwald* (1903), *Adele Bloch-Bauer I* (1907), *Schloss Kammer am Attersee III* (1910), *Adele Bloch-Bauer II* (1912), *Apfelbaum I* (1912) and *Häuser in Unterach am Attersee* (1916), had made their way into the possession of the Austrian government.
With Austria under pressure in the 1990s to re-examine its Nazi past, the Austrian Green Party helped pass a new law in 1998 introducing greater transparency into the murky process of dealing with the issue of restitution of artworks looted during the Nazi period. By opening the archives of the Ministry of Culture for the first time, the new law enabled Austrian investigative journalist Hubertus Czernin to discover that, contrary to what had been generally assumed, Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer had never donated the paintings to the state museum.
On learning of Czernin\'s findings, Altmann at first sought to negotiate with the Austrian government about retrieving some of the paintings. At this stage, she asked only for the Klimt landscapes belonging to her family, and was willing to allow Austria to keep the portraits. Her proposal was not, however, treated seriously by the Austrian authorities. In 1999, she sought to sue the government of Austria in an Austrian court. Under Austrian law, however, the filing fee for such a lawsuit was determined as a percentage of the recoverable amount. At the time, the five paintings were estimated to be worth approximately US\$135 million, making the filing fee over \$1.5 million. Although the Austrian courts later reduced this amount to \$350,000, this was still too much for Altmann, and she dropped her case in the Austrian court system.
In 2000, Altmann filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Central District of California with her lawyer E. Randol Schoenberg under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act. The case, *Republic of Austria v. Altmann*, ended up in the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in 2004 that Austria was not immune from such a lawsuit. After this decision, Altmann and Austria agreed to binding arbitration by a panel of three Austrians. On January 16, 2006, the arbitration panel ruled that Austria was legally required to return the art to Altmann and the other family heirs, and in March of the same year Austria returned the paintings.
The paintings were estimated to be collectively worth at least \$150 million when returned. In monetary terms this represented the largest single return of Nazi-looted art in Austria. The paintings left Austria in March 2006 and were on display at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art until June 30, 2006. Months after the Austrian government returned Altmann\'s family\'s belongings, she consigned the Klimt paintings to the auction house Christie\'s to be sold on behalf of her family. The painting *Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I* (1907) was sold to cosmetics heir Ronald Lauder for \$135 million, at the time the highest sum ever paid for a painting. Since July 13, 2006, the painting has been on public display in the Neue Galerie in New York City, which was established by Lauder in 2001. The four additional works by Klimt were also exhibited at the Neue Gallerie for several weeks in 2006.
In November 2006, Adele Bloch-Bauer II was sold at auction at Christie\'s in New York to an undisclosed buyer, fetching almost \$88 million. *Christie\'s North America* Chairman Stephen Lash later revealed that the buyer was Oprah Winfrey. In total, the four remaining paintings sold at auction for \$192.7 million; coupled with the Lauder-bought painting the sum total was approximately \$325 million. The proceeds were divided among several heirs.
A share of the money earned through the sale of the paintings was used to found the Maria Altmann Family Foundation, which supports the Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust, the Los Angeles Opera, and other public and philanthropic institutions.
## Death
Altmann died on February 7, 2011, at her home in the Cheviot Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, 11 days shy of her 95th birthday. Obituaries appeared in *The New York Times*, *The Guardian*, and many other publications internationally.
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# Maria Altmann
## Legacy
Altmann\'s story has been recounted in three documentary films. *Stealing Klimt*, released in 2007, features interviews with Altmann and others who were closely involved with the case. *Adele\'s Wish*, released in 2008 by filmmaker Terrence Turner, features interviews with Altmann, Schoenberg, and leading experts from around the world. *The Rape of Europa*, a documentary about the Nazi plunder, also included material about Altmann. Her life story and battle to reclaim the family Klimt collection is recounted in the book *The Lady in Gold, the Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt\'s Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer*, by Anne-Marie O\'Connor.
Altmann is portrayed in the 2012 memoir The Accidental Caregiver by Gregor Collins, which documents their chance meeting and three years together, ending at her death in 2011. Collins has spoken about their unusual relationship at several venues and events around the world.
Altmann is portrayed by Helen Mirren and Tatiana Maslany in the 2015 film *Woman in Gold*, chronicling Altmann\'s nearly decade-long struggle to recover the Klimt paintings. The film also stars Ryan Reynolds as E. Randol Schoenberg.
Laurie Lico Albanese\'s 2017 historical fiction novel, *Stolen Beauty*, tells the story of Maria Altmann and her aunt Adele Bloch-Bauer
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# Canine gait
The gait of a dog is its quality of movement. It is given a great deal of importance in the breed standard of some breeds, of lesser importance in other standards, and in some breeds gait is not described in the standard at all. A dog\'s gait is similar to a horse\'s.
A dog judge must know the gait requirements in the Standard of the breed they are judging. The Miniature Pinscher, for example, *must* have what is called a *hackney gait*, reminiscent of the gait of a horse. In working small breeds such as the Miniature Fox Terrier, a hackney gait is a serious or disqualifying fault.
## Types of gait {#types_of_gait}
Walk: Gaiting pattern in which three legs are in support of the body at all times, each foot lifting from the ground one at a time in regular sequence.
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Amble: A relaxed, easy gait in which the legs on either side move almost, but not quite, as a pair. Often seen as the transition movement between the walk and other gaits.
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Pace: The pace is a two-beat gait with two lateral legs moving in unison. Example:
:\*Left front and left hind (LF and LH)
:\*Right front and right hind (RF and RH)
: The pace is often used by puppies until their muscles develop more. When they do the puppies switch to the trot. It can also be used by overweight dogs or dogs that need to conserve energy.
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Trot: A rhythmic two-beat diagonal gait in which the feet at diagonal opposite ends of the body strike the ground together; i.e., right hind with left front and left hind with right front.
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Flying trot: A fast gait in which all four feet are off the ground for a brief period during each half stride. Because of the long reach, the oncoming hind feet step beyond the imprint left by the front. Also called suspension trot.
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Canter: The canter is a three-beat gait. The pattern is a hind foot, the opposite hind foot and its front diagonal, followed by the other front foot and suspension when present. This gait is often used to travel over long distances because it is smooth and energy conserving. The canter is usually slower than the trot, but can be easily shifted to the faster gallop. The canter is an asymmetrical gait; the limb pattern is different depending on which front leg leads. The dog is said to be in either \"right lead\" or \"left lead\" when the front right leg or front left leg is in the lead. The leading leg is not part of the diagonal. Example:
:\*Left hind
:\*Right hind and left front
:\*Right front (leading leg)
Single suspension gallop: The single suspension gallop is a four-time gait. The dog supports its weight with its feet in the unsymmetrical sequence: RF, LF, RH, LH (it can happen that the two limbs LF and RH hit the ground simultaneously). Just after taking off from the front left foot the dog achieves suspension. Each front foot must be lifted off of the ground before its corresponding rear foot is set down. The rear foot may hit the corresponding front foot if the timing is wrong.
Double suspension gallop: The double suspension gallop is also a four-time gait. The dog\'s weight, however, is not supported by the feet in the sequence of the single suspension gallop. Just after taking off from the LF and just after taking off from the RF suspension occurs. This is the only gait in which a dog is in full extension. The front legs are in full extension forward while the rear legs are in full extension rearward. Additionally, the dog\'s back is folded and attains maximum overreach, or where the rear feet extend in front of the front feet and the front feet extend behind the rear feet. When the feet pass each other, the front feet are inside of the rear feet.
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: A dog uses its back to attain speed. The back\'s most flexible point is just over the loin area, and the tuck-up allows for the folding of the under portion of the dog\'s body. The rear legs overreach on the outside of the front legs. Essential for a fast dog is the ability to flex its back from a straight position to an arched position. A permanent arch is inflexible and is considered a serious fault. The double suspension gallop is a leaping gait, with the hind legs first propelling the dog into the air and then followed by the front legs propelling. The shoulder muscles, the ham muscles and the back muscles are the engines of this motion.
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: Although speed is gained by animals using this gait, endurance will be sacrificed. Sighthounds and some cats can rapidly overtake their prey, but if the chase continues for too long then their prey can escape. Dogs with short legs, as well as other short-legged mammals like the weasel, often use this gait.
## Medical use {#medical_use}
Evaluation of musculoskeletal and neurologic conditions requires canine gait analysis. This involves visual observation from several angles and may require use of new objective technologies for gait analysis including kinematic gait analysis, kinetic gait analysis (force plate analysis), and temporospatial gait analysis (pressure sensing walkways). These may be especially important for dogs competing in sporting events and in working dogs
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# JAL Super Hayago Championship
The **JAL Super Hayago Championship** is a Nihon-Kiin Go competition. This tournament was created after the Hayago Championship and Kakusei titles were merged. The winner\'s purse is 5,000,000 Yen (US\$47,000)
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# Trazo
**Trazo** is a municipality in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It is located in the comarca of Ordes.
The Tambre River on the south serves as a boundary with the Santiago de Compostela municipality
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# Arnold School
**Arnold School** was an independent school in Blackpool, Lancashire, England, established on the Fylde coast in 1896 during the Victorian expansion of public boarding schools in England.
The school was in the United Church Schools Trust group of schools and was a long-standing member of the Headmasters\' and Headmistresses\' Conference. In September 2012, Arnold School merged with King Edward VII and Queen Mary School in Lytham St Annes to form Arnold KEQMS (now AKS Lytham), and from September 2013 the new school was fully co-located at the Lytham St Annes site.
## History
Arnold School was founded by Frank Truswell Pennington on 4 May 1896. Known initially as South Shore Collegiate School, the school moved to a site in Lytham Road when Pennington took over and gradually expanded the buildings of an earlier Victorian Public School. He then adopted the former school\'s name of Arnold House School, named after Dr Thomas Arnold, Headmaster of Rugby School. The name was later shortened to Arnold School. The school was founded on Christian principles and a tradition of service. Following Pennington\'s death, the school enlarged as a Direct Grant boys\' grammar school, flanked by a sister Arnold High School for Girls. The abolition of the Direct Grant system placed Arnold School back into independence, and in 1938 the school was then given to the Old Boys, who elected a Governing Council. Arnold High School for Girls became a separate institution and continued as a local authority maintained grammar school. The step towards co-education was taken during the leadership of Cameron Cochrane in 1973--1978. Richard Rhodes, then deputy head, afterwards became the Headmaster, before leaving and becoming headteacher at Rossall School. Arnold merged with King Edward VII and Queen Mary School (KEQMS) in September 2012, forming ArnoldKEQMS which operated on the sites of both original schools until September 2013 when it became wholly based in Lytham St Annes.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The school was granted a new Coat of Arms in 1999. The shield bears three red roses of Lancashire on a silver field between wedges of Arnold green. The crest is a red rose between two laurel leaves (for scholarship), standing on silver and blue waves (for Blackpool).
## Expansion and development {#expansion_and_development}
The Victorian school saw significant developments in the mid-20th century and the early 21st century. Some developments include the completion of a new Sixth Form Centre and Preparatory School in 1972; the Art and Music departments in 1981; the Design Centre in 1990; the all-weather playing field in 1993; the Kindergarten in 1995; the Information Technology Centres in 1997; the Modern Languages Faculty in 1997; the Centenary Complex in 1998; the opening of the Windmill Charities Room in 2003.
On 1 June 2008 Arnold School joined the United Church Schools Trust. There followed an immediate investment in the infrastructure of the school, and the installation of the latest technologies available. Major refurbishments of the Sixth Form Centre, Fifth Form Lounge, and Dining Room were also undertaken.
## Amalgamation
Arnold merged with King Edward VII & Queen Mary School (KEQMS) in September 2012. The new school is called AKS Lytham. Contentiously, parent groups opposed to the merger submitted objections to the Charity Commission which prompted a review prior to allowing the merger to proceed. The Charity Commission completed their report and announced on 11 November 2011 that they had approved the decision. A KEQMS parent group immediately announced their intention to appeal against the Charity Commission decision. The appeal was lodged with HM Courts and Tribunal Service -- First Tier Tribunal on Friday 9 December 2011. The appeal was heard on 11 and 12 April 2012 and a decision was released by the tribunal on 17 May 2012 stating that the merger was going to proceed. The parents group did not appeal this decision and the merger went ahead successfully over the course of 2013. United Church Schools Trust (a large education charity), the group responsible for the merger, committed to an expenditure in excess of £9 million, in order to upgrade the infrastructure at the Lytham site so as to accommodate the expanded school.
## Headmasters
- 1896--1932 F. T. Pennington
- 1932--1933 H. C. Cooke MA.
- 1933--1938 F. T. Pennington.
- 1938--1966 F. W. Holdgate MA.
- 1966--1973 O. C. Wigmore MA.
- 1973--1979 A. J. C. Cochrane MA.
- 1979--1987 R. D. W. Rhodes JP., BA. (Later headmaster of Rossall School)
- 1987--1993 J. A. B Kelsall MA.
- 1993--2003 W. T. Gillen MA. (Previously headmaster at The King\'s School, Tynemouth)
- 2003--2010 B. M. Hughes BSc.
- 2010--2012 J. E. Keefe BA
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# Super Doll Licca-chan
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# Corporate election
The idea of **corporate election** expresses a Christian soteriological view that understands Christian salvation as based on \"God choosing in Christ a people whom he destines to be holy and blameless in his sight\". Put another way, \"Election is the corporate choice of the church \'in Christ.\'\" Paul Marston and Roger Forster state that the \"central idea in the election of the church may be seen from Ephesians 1:4\": \"For he \[God\] chose us \[the Church\] in him \[Christ\], before the creation of the world to be holy and blameless in his sight.\" William Klein adds:
> Here \[in Ephesians 1:3-4\] Paul states that God chose Christians in Christ before the creation of the world to be holy and blameless in his sight. The \"chosen ones\" designate the corporate group to whom Paul writes with himself (and presumably all Christians) included: God chose us. The focus is not on the selection of individuals, but the group of those chosen. As Westcott notes, \"*He chose us* (i.e. Christians as a body, v. 4) for Himself out of the world.\" Paul specifies the timing of this choice---it was pretemporal, before the world was created. God made the choice \"in him\" (that is, \"in Christ\"). In other words, Christ is the principal elected one, and God has chosen a corporate body to be *included in him*.\"
## Summary of the corporate view of election {#summary_of_the_corporate_view_of_election}
### Election is Christocentric {#election_is_christocentric}
Election is first and foremost centered in Christ: \"He chose us in him\" (Ephesians 1:4a). Christ himself is the elect of God. Regarding Christ, God states, \"Here is my servant whom I have chosen\" (Matthew 12:18; cf. Isaiah 42:1, 6). God audibly declared to Christ\'s disciples, \"This is My Son, My Chosen One; listen to Him!\" (Luke 9:35) The Gospel writer John says, \"I have seen and I testify that this is God's Chosen One\" (John 1:34, Today\'s New International Version). The apostle Peter refers to Christ as \"the Living Stone . . . chosen by God and precious to Him\" (1 Peter 2:4; cf. v. 6). Therefore, Christ, as the elect of God, is the foundation of our election. Through union with Christ believers become members of the elect (Ephesians 1:4, 6-7, 9-10, 12-13). No one is among the elect unless they are in a living faith union with Christ.
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# Corporate election
## Summary of the corporate view of election {#summary_of_the_corporate_view_of_election}
### Election is primarily corporate {#election_is_primarily_corporate}
New Testament theologian Ben Witherington remarks that apart from the word \"election\" (*eklektos*) occasionally being used to apply to the king in the Old Testament, election in the Old Testament is predominantly applied corporately to people, not to individuals. The Hebrew word for \"elect\" (*bahir*) is normally used in the plural, and thus refers collectively of Israel. While there are times in Scripture where God chooses individuals for a specific historical task or purpose (e.g. Cyrus in Isaiah 45:1), these are passages that have nothing to do with God deciding who will be saved, thus, they are of no relevance to this topic. The corporate concept of election in the Old Testament is the context and microscope through which the references to election in the New Testament must be viewed.
Professor William Klein concluded that the New Testament writers \"address salvific election in primarily, if not exclusively, corporate terms. In other words, God has chosen an elect body to save.\" The elect are identified corporately as: \"the body of Christ\" (Ephesians 4:12; cf. 1:22-23; 2:16; 3:6; 5:23, 30), \"members of God\'s household\" (Ephesians 2:19), \"a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession\" (1 Peter 2:9; cf. 2:10). Thus, election is primarily corporate and only embraces individuals (secondarily) who identify and associate themselves with the body of Christ, the church---God\'s new covenant community.
New Testament scholar Brian Abasciano says that the Bible\'s teaching regarding \"corporate election unto salvation is even more nuanced than simply saying that the group is elected primarily and the individual secondarily.\"
> More precisely, it refers to the election of a group as a consequence of the choice of an individual who represents the group, the corporate head and representative. That is, the group is elected as a consequence of its identification with this corporate representative. The same may be said of individuals. They are chosen as a consequence of their identification with the people, and more fundamentally, with the individual corporate head. Thus,
>
> : God chose the people of Israel in Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob/Israel (Deuteronomy 4:37; 7:6-8). That is, by choosing Jacob/Israel, the corporate/covenant representative, God also chose his descendants as his covenant people. . . . The covenant representative on the one hand and the people/nation of Israel on the other hand are the focus of the divine covenantal election, and individuals are elect only as members of the elect people. Moreover, in principle, foreign individuals who were not originally members of the elect people could join the chosen people and become part of the elect, demonstrating again that the locus of election was the covenant community and that individuals found their election through membership in the elect people.
>
> This notion of election is rooted in the Old Testament concept of corporate solidarity or representation, which views the individual as representing the community and identified with it and vice versa.
### Election has an eternal purpose {#election_has_an_eternal_purpose}
God has chosen a people so that they \"may declare the praises of him\" who called them out of darkness and into his wonderful light (1 Peter 2:9). Furthermore, God has purposed in Christ that His people will \"be holy and blameless before Him\" (Ephesians 1:4). This purpose is repeatedly emphasized by Paul in Ephesians (see 2:21; 3:14-19; 4:1-3, 13-32; 5:1-18; cf. 1 Peter 1:2, 14-16). The fulfillment of this purpose for the church corporately is *certain* (Ephesians 5:27). But the fulfillment of this purpose for individuals in the church is *conditional* upon remaining in the Christian faith (Colossians 1:22-23).
### Election is offered to all people {#election_is_offered_to_all_people}
Abasciano believes that one of the theological advantages of corporate election is how it beautifully coincides with the Bible\'s teaching that God loves everyone, calls everyone to trust in him and be saved, and genuinely desires all to come into a saving relationship with him (e.g., Luke 19:10; John 3:16; Acts 17:30-31; 1 Timothy 2:4; 2 Peter 3:9). However, only those persons who repent of their sin and place their faith in Christ enter into a saving relationship with God and are \"incorporated into Christ\'s elect body (the church) by the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 12:13), thereby becoming one of the elect.\"
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# Corporate election
## Historical perspectives on election {#historical_perspectives_on_election}
Historically, both Calvinists and Arminians have predominantly understood election unto salvation as individual. That is, each individual is elected/selected to enter into a saving relationship with God through Christ. The central difference between the two views is that Calvinists see election as unconditional and Arminians see election as conditional on divine foreknowledge of human faith. While corporate election is not the traditional Arminian position, it is totally consistent with Arminian theology because it is a conditional election---conditional upon union with Christ through faith. According to Abasciano, the corporate view of election \"has come to command a great deal of scholarly support,\" and its popularity is likely due to the increased sensitivity of the scholarly community to \"the Jewish matrix of early Christianity and the profound indebtedness to the Old Testament on the part of the New Testament authors.\"
Anglican theology has historically understood election in the corporate way as Ecclesiastical Election. Holding that, as the Jews of old were God's chosen people, so now is the Christian Church: that every baptized member of the Church is one of God's elect, and that this election is from God's irrespective and unsearchable decree. Here therefore election is to baptismal privileges, not to final glory; and the elect are identical with the baptized; and the elect constitutes the Church. Furthermore it is argued that this position is the oldest position in the Church dating back to Hermas, in the book of his Visions, constantly speaks of God's elect as identical with the Church. and Justin Martyr who writes \""This only we hold to be fated, that they who choose what is good shall obtain a reward; that they who choose what is evil shall be punished." speaking of those who follow Christ into Baptism.
In addition, in the year 529 was held the second Council of Orange, at which Cæsarius of Arles presided. Its canons and decrees bear the signatures of fourteen bishops, and were approved by Boniface II., Bishop of Rome. They are chiefly directed against the errors of the Semi-Pelagians. But to the twenty-five canons on this subject there are appended three declarations of doctrine. 1. That by the grace of baptism all baptized persons can, if they will, be saved. 2. That if any hold that God has predestinated any to damnation, they are to be anathematized. 3. That God begins in us all good by His grace, thereby leading men to faith and baptism, and that, after baptism, by the aid of His grace, we can do His will. These propositions of the Council of Orange, coming immediately after canons against Semi-Pelagianism and exaggerated notions of free will, express as nearly as possible a belief in Ecclesiastical Election, (i. e. election to the church and to baptismal privileges,) but reject the peculiar doctrines of St. Austin.
Furthermore, Article XVII of the 39 Articles and the Baptism Office of the Prayer Book lend themselves to this view of the Church as the Ark of Salvation predestined to life which we enter into, by Baptism, and must remain in to be saved.
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# Corporate election
## Arguments in support of corporate election {#arguments_in_support_of_corporate_election}
### The Old Testament concept of election {#the_old_testament_concept_of_election}
Advocates of a corporate view of election argue that the Old Testament concept of election is definitely corporate. James Daane wrote, \"Divine election in its basic Old Testament form is collective, corporate, national. It encompasses a community of which the individual Israelite is an integral part.\" The dominant use of election terminology in the Old Testament applies to the people of Israel as a body or nation. The Old Testament writers repeatedly declare that God \"has chosen Israel out of all the nations of the world to be his own people.\"
According to Klein, the Old Testament writers used the following corporate terms to express Israel\'s collective unity: *bride*; *congregation*; *flock*, *house*; and *vine*. Furthermore, the term *people* is used throughout the Old Testament as a collective term for Israel. The writers of the Old Testament used these various terms because they conceived Israel as a people, a corporate entity.
### New Testament language on election {#new_testament_language_on_election}
Supporters of the corporate view of election point to the New Testament language that explicitly discusses election, which they say is always corporate. Abasciano says \"one will look in vain for an overt use of the language of election unto salvation in reference to an individual.\" Klein concluded, \"Our study of the New Testament documents demands that we view election to salvation corporately. We found in the synoptics, John, Peter, James, and Paul evidence that God has chosen a people---a community.\" The apostle Paul calls believers in Rome \"the elect ones of God\" (Romans 8:33), and speaks of the Church as being chosen in Christ (Ephesians 1:4) and of \"your \[plural\] election\" (1 Thessalonians 1:4), \"but never with individual language. . . .\" Klein says, \"Plural language dominates election texts.\"
### Cultural and religious setting for the New Testament {#cultural_and_religious_setting_for_the_new_testament}
Supporters of a corporate understanding of election say that the first century Mediterranean culture and Judaism was corporate rather than individualistic in outlook. According to Abasciano, the corporate character of the New Testament 1st-century culture is firmly supported by the scholarly consensus. Bruce Malina argues persuasively in his book, *The New Testament World*, that the first-century Mediterranean person did not share our idea of an individual. People in the New Testament world conceived of themselves in relation to others, not as separate entities. They viewed people in terms of their family, village, city, or nation. Thus, while individualism dominates our Western thinking, it would have been extremely foreign to the world of the writers of the New Testament.
When you consider the Jewish writers of the Old Testament, you will always find that the \"individual\'s very self-understanding was derived from his or her relationship to the community.\" The emphasis lies on the individual as a member of the community, not on the individual as an independent being before God. Salvation concerned both the individual and the community of the people of God. One would partake of the salvation which God had provided for his people by living as part of the covenant people. Only through persistent and unrepentant sin could one become apostate and be considered outside the covenant and therefore outside of salvation. Salvation was generally seen as concerning the nation (or a specific group within the nation), and something in which an individual would participate in provided that he kept within covenantal boundaries. Thus, within Judaism we find an interdependence of both the individual and the covenant community.
This means that the dominant perspective of the New Testament culture \"was that the group was primary and the individual secondary. The individual, while important, was not thought of as standing on his own, but as embedded in the group of which he was a member. Personal identity was derived from the group rather than the group drawing its identity from the individuals contained in it.\" Thus, Judaism\'s and the Old Testament\'s corporate view of election, the exclusive use of corporate language in connection with election unto salvation, and the corporate orientation of the New Testament writers\' socio-historical context all combine to provide a very strong case for seeing election as primarily corporate.
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# Corporate election
## Arguments against corporate election {#arguments_against_corporate_election}
Despite the growing popularity of corporate election, this doctrine has been criticized by some who hold to individual election, \"particularly Calvinists, whose position it directly contradicts.\" Supporters of the corporate view of election say that these criticisms appear to be misguided and based upon \"misunderstandings of the biblical concept of corporate election.\"
### Corporate election excludes individuals {#corporate_election_excludes_individuals}
There are many scholars who believe that corporate election excludes individuals from election, and therefore, in order to counter the view, proceed to show how individuals are obviously elect and partakers of election\'s blessings if the group they belong to is elect. Proponents of corporate election state that this can be shown as a mere assumption through evaluating the descriptions of corporate election. According to Abasciano, corporate election does not exclude individuals because,
> it includes individuals, but only insofar as they are part of the group. That is, it includes individuals based on their participation in the group/identification with the corporate representative. Another way of saying this would be that the group is elected primarily and individuals secondarily. Corporate election begins with the individual corporate head and the group, and then moves to the individual. But it does arrive at the individual and allots a full and vigorous role to him in the context of community. It is true that corporate election does not refer to the election of each individual separately from Christ or the group, but this does not in any way nullify the election of each individual member of the group as a result of the group\'s election. It is also true that corporate election does not refer to the choice of anyone to join the elect people. The concept of covenantal election or election unto eternal salvation simply does not apply to entrance into the elect people. It actually refers to a people being chosen to belong to God, to receive the benefits of his covenant promises (ideally), and to live according to his covenant commands (Genesis 18:19; Deuteronomy 4:20; 7:6-9; 14:2; Psalm 135:4; Ephesians 1:4ff.; 1 Peter 2:9-10). All of this applies to each individual in the New Covenant as a consequence of membership in the elect people, and more profoundly, of being in Christ by faith, which is what makes someone a part of God\'s people.
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# Corporate election
## Arguments against corporate election {#arguments_against_corporate_election}
### Corporate election is not the election of people, but merely the election of an empty set {#corporate_election_is_not_the_election_of_people_but_merely_the_election_of_an_empty_set}
It has been suggested that corporate election is the election of an empty set if individuals are not explicitly elected in addition to a corporate model. It has been said that by proponents of this view that this is a misunderstanding that flows naturally out of the first and is not true for the following reasons:
> God first chooses the corporate head/representative so that there is never an empty set. Indeed, the corporate head is the foundation of the group and embodies the group in himself. To put it bluntly and in a way that undoubtedly rubs against individualistic sensibilities, the corporate head is the group, in accordance with the biblical principle of corporate solidarity. As 1 Corinthians 12:12 puts it in relation to Christ, \"For just as the body is one and has many members, and all the members of the body, though being many, are one body, *so also is Christ*.\" Christ is both an individual and corporate figure. The group is chosen because of its association with him and because it shares in his election. His election extends to all those who are associated with him because they are *in him*. With the corporate head as the locus of election, there is never a time that the elect people is an empty set.
Another reason given to reject that corporate election is an election of an empty set is seen in the election of a corporate representative in the Old Testament.
> For God\'s Old Testament people were chosen in Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob/Israel. Jacob was chosen in the womb, and at the very same time his descendants were chosen; they were chosen in him. \"And the Lord said to her, \'Two nations are in your womb. And two peoples from your belly will be divided. And one people will be stronger than the other people. And the older will serve the younger\' (Genesis 25:23). Notice how Jacob is wholly identified with his people before they exist. His election is their election; his destiny is their destiny. Indeed, they will be called by his personal name, whether Jacob or Israel. Both are designations for the nation of Israel in the Old Testament. Was Israel an empty set when Jacob was chosen? One might argue so. But then that would prove too much. It would constitute an argument against the concept of the election of God\'s people found in the Old Testament as somehow not really the election of people. For Israel was chosen in Jacob. That is, the people Israel was chosen as a consequence of the man Israel\'s election. When he was chosen, they were chosen. As Gen. 25:23 indicates, it could be said that the nation was in Rebekah\'s womb because Jacob was. And as Malachi 1:2-3 affirms, God loved/chose the people Israel by loving/choosing Jacob. . . .
Thus, Abasciano argues that while it might be the tendency of people with an individualistic viewpoint to regard the people of God as an empty set when only the corporate representative of the people is actually in the covenant, it is not the view found in the Scriptures. It is also unlikely that such a view would be held in a collectivist culture, the very one in which the Old and New Testaments were written, which viewed the group as primary and the individual as secondary. The individualistic viewpoint is not able to account for the principle of corporate solidarity that, according to Abasciano, fits so well in the Bible and collectivist thought. The biblical world saw the corporate representative as embodying the people he represents from the beginning of his representative role or election. If there is never an empty set in the Old Testament\'s corporate election of Israel in their chosen corporate representative, then this would likewise be true of \"the church\'s election before the foundation of the world because that election was in Christ, consequent on his election, which is foundational to the election of his people in his capacity as their corporate representative (Ephesians 1:4).\"
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# Corporate election
## Relation to other theological issues {#relation_to_other_theological_issues}
### Predestination
Predestination (Greek: *prooizo*) means \'to decide beforehand\' and refers to God\'s purposes encompassed in election. Election is God\'s choice \'in Christ\' of a people (the true church) for himself. Predestination encompasses what will happen to God\'s people (all genuine believers in union with Christ). Paul uses the word predestination in five of its six occurrences in the New Testament. For Paul, predestination has emphasis on Christians corporately and on the future and final goals God has prepared for those in union with Christ. Predestination is concerned with what God has determined beforehand on behalf of those who *are* (or *will be*) Christians, not *how* certain people become Christians nor *who* will become Christians. No one is predestined to *become* a Christian, but rather, *as* Christians (collectively) we have a glorious future destiny awaiting us. God has predestined his elect ones \"to be conformed to the image of his Son\" (Romans 8:29); to \"adoption as sons through Jesus Christ to Himself\" (Ephesians 1:5); and to \"bring praise to His glory\" (Ephesians 1:11-12). Like election, predestination refers to the corporate body of Christ and encompasses individuals only in connection with that body through an abiding faith in Jesus Christ (Ephesians 1:5, 7, 13; cf. Acts 2:38-41; 16:31).
#### Analogy for corporate election and predestination {#analogy_for_corporate_election_and_predestination}
The relationship of corporate election and predestination could be compared to a ship (i.e., the church, the body of Christ) on its way to its future and final destination (i.e., conformity to the image of Christ). The ship is chosen by God to be his very own vessel. Christ is the chosen Captain and Pilot of this chosen ship. God desires that everyone would come aboard this ship and has graciously made provisions for them to do so through its Captain. Only those who place their trust in the Captain of the ship are welcomed to come on board. As long as they remain on the ship, through a living faith in the ship\'s Captain, they are among the elect. If they choose to abandon the ship and its Captain through unbelief, they cease to be among the elect. Election is experienced only in union with the Captain and his ship. Predestination tells us about the ship\'s future direction and final destination that God has prepared for those remaining on it. God, out of his immense love, invites everyone to come aboard the ship through faith in the ship\'s Captain, Jesus Christ.
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# Corporate election
## Relation to other theological issues {#relation_to_other_theological_issues}
### Corporate election as it relates to perseverance and apostasy {#corporate_election_as_it_relates_to_perseverance_and_apostasy}
Ben Witherington sees the concept of election being inter-connected with the concepts of predestination and perseverance. One\'s view of election will affect, if not determine, how one views the saint\'s perseverance. If one believes that God chose some individuals before the foundation of the world to be saved, then it necessarily follows that one has to believe that apostasy is impossible for a genuine Christian person, someone who is truly one of the elect. But there are just too many warnings in the New Testament that warn Christians about falling prey to temptation, or about making a shipwreck of their faith, about grieving or quenching the Holy Spirit in their lives, or about committing apostasy or the unforgivable sin. If this can happen to real Christians who have been indwelt by the Holy Spirit, and who have been destined in advance to be conformed to the image of Christ, but these sins can be committed and would result in a fall from salvation, then something is wrong with the Calvinist concept of election. For Paul, election is a corporate thing. It was in ethnic Israel, but now it is in union with Christ. Paul's viewpoint of election is simply, according to Witherington, an adaptation of the view found in early Judaism, where one\'s \"election\" does not guarantee the final salvation of an individual Christian any more than it guaranteed the final salvation of an individual Israelite in the past. Since \"apostasy was and could be committed by individual Israelites, whom God then broke off from the people of God, at least temporarily (see Romans 11:11-24), so there was also the same danger for individual Christians, hence all the warnings about falling away . . . .\" Robert Shank argues that the certainty of election and perseverance is not given to individual men *unconditionally*, but rather to the church (*ekklēsia*), the corporate body of all who are in a faith union with Christ, God\'s Chosen and righteous Servant (Isaiah 42:1-7; 49:1-12; 52:13--53:12; 61:1, 2).
For Shank it was faulty to assume that final salvation with God is inevitable for everyone who has once entered into a saving relationship with Christ since this ignores the many explicit warnings found not only elsewhere in the Scriptures, but in the Colossians passage just quoted.
B.J. Oropeza argues in a similar manner but from different passages. Based on his understanding of what Paul is communicating to his readers in 1 Corinthians 10 and Romans 9-11, Oropeza questions the assumption that unconditional election unto final salvation is guaranteed for the individual Christian, as is argued by some in Romans 8:28-39. Since Paul seems to consider both Israel and Christians as corporately elect in Romans 9-11, then, when election with the goal of final salvation is in view, Paul seems to be speaking of communities rather than individuals. The predestination and election of Christians in Romans 8:29-30 appears to rest on Paul\'s assumption that election unto final salvation concerns the election of a community rather than individuals. Paul uses plural and collective words such as \"those,\" \"many,\" and so forth to refer to the Christians in 8:28-39. Like the Christian community, Israel itself is called, elect, and beloved of God (Romans 11:28-29; cf. 11:2), yet many in Israel committed apostasy so that in the present age, they do not partake of God\'s salvation. The corporate election of Israel is definitely in view when Paul states that all Israel will be saved in the \"not yet\" future (Rom. 11:26). Nevertheless, right now, in this present age, as Romans 11 and 1 Corinthians 10 suggests, individuals and subgroups who are part of the elect community (whether Jews or Gentiles) can fall into unbelief (i.e., commit apostasy) and be cut off from salvation (cf. Romans 11:22).
Oropeza goes on to add that if Paul is addressing the assurance of election to final salvation in Romans 8:28-39, then this promise appears to be tied to a community rather than individuals per se. First, as in 1 Corinthians 10, Paul\'s employs the Deuteronomic tradition as a background for his arguments in Romans chapters 9-11. In this tradition, Paul appears to hold to a corporate view of election (cf. Deuteronomy 7:6ff) while at the same time believing that apostasy can happen to individuals and sub-groups (cf. Deuteronomy 13:1ff; 29:18-20). This is evident in Romans 8 where Paul warns believers that if they live after the flesh they must die (i.e., become eternally separated from God; see Romans 8:12-13 cf. 11:22; 14:13, 15, 23). But in 8:28-39, Paul does not contemplate whether personal sin or unbelief could finally sever a Christian from their saving relationship with God. Therefore, the promise of final salvation in this passage does not necessarily apply to those Christians who are living according to flesh. In other words, Paul seems to affirm in 8:28-39 that the corporate community is foreknown, predestined and elect in the eternal plan of God and will persevere to final glorification. This would provide a great source of comfort to Paul's readers when he mentions the various trials that the Christians in Rome may face. The readers, as individuals, can find comfort in the promises of this passage, but only if they remain members of the Christian community. This passage focuses on the Christian community as elect, rather than on the Christian individual. A person who is not residing in this community has no claim to partake of its promises.
Oropeza concludes that Paul\'s use of the terms predestination and election in Romans 8:28-39 give no necessary indication that genuinely elect individuals cannot commit apostasy. Paul believed that God can choose, foreknow, and predestine an elect people to final salvation even though individual members can fall away due to unbelief (cf. Romans 11). Some elect may apostatize, perhaps even most, but never all.
> Paul\'s thought here is consistent with many ancient Israelite traditions which portray the reality of individual and sub-group apostasies within the elect community while at the same time maintaining the continuity of that community as a whole. In every episode of Israel\'s tradition history, a faithful remnant survives after apostasy and judgment/expulsion occur (e.g., Deuteronomy 4:23-31). Paul habitually cites or echoes the Jewish traditions for authoritative support of his arguments, and for him, there is an analogy between Israel and Christians in relation to election (Romans 11; 1 Corinthians 10). It seems implausible that he would have divorced himself so completely from the presuppositions of his Jewish heritage that he now teaches that individuals which make up the elect body are each unconditionally preserved so as to never be able to completely fall away
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# 21st century BC in architecture
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# Botswana Defence Force
The **Botswana Defence Force** (**BDF**, *Sesole Sa Botswana*) is the military of Botswana. The main component of the BDF is the Botswana Ground Force; there is also an air wing and a riverine patrol contingent attached to the ground forces, with 10 Panther airboats and 2 Boston Whaler Raider class.
## History
At independence in 1966, Botswana made a decision to not establish a standing military and focus instead on development and poverty alleviation, and instead created a small military police force for internal security, However, cross-border incursions by Rhodesian and South African security forces in the mid-1970s led the government to conclude that the country needed a military to protect its sovereignty. The BDF was established by an act of parliament on 15 April 1977.
The BDF conducted patrols along the border with Rhodesia in the closing years of the Rhodesian Bush War. Following the end of the war and the independence of Zimbabwe in 1980, attention shifted towards South Africa. Anti-apartheid groups used Botswana as a refuge, and this led to several cross-border raids by the South African Defence Force. A turning point was the Raid on Gaborone on 14 June 1985, following apartheid South Africa\'s murderous raid in Gaborone, which resulted in the deaths of four members of the Medu Art Ensemble. The BDF came under pressure to stop these attacks, but never managed to fire a shot at South African troops. The BDF set up roadblocks and imposed curfews in response to the incursions.
Following the end of apartheid, the BDF\'s missions increasingly focused on anti-poaching activities, disaster-preparedness and response (including search and rescue), support to civil authorities and foreign peacekeeping. A well-respected institution trusted by the political leadership, the BDF has seen its role increase over time to include non-traditional missions such as disaster response and reinforcement of the police during the holiday season and high crime periods. The BDF\'s professionalism and ability to successfully accomplish any task the government gives it has at times resulted in overtasking in support to civil authorities. In 2015 the BDF recruited its first female privates.
### Modernisation & hardware upgrades {#modernisation_hardware_upgrades}
From the 2001/2002 fiscal, Botswana has spent millions in a modernisation drive of its armed forces. The BDF seeks to replace assets such as aircraft, vehicles and defence equipment and also training Batswana aircraft engineers and technicians.
The Botswana Defence Force (BDF) is expected to continue with the acquisition of new equipment, specifically fighter/trainer aircraft, aerial defence systems, tanks and armoured personnel carriers. Other procurements include a deal for 45 Piranha 3 armoured vehicles from Swiss company GDELS-Mowag, Artillery Equipments from Elbit Systems in Israel, Botswana in 2020 received the VL MICA ground-based air defense system, a Panhard VBL fitted with a missile launcher assembly most likely for the Mistral anti-aircraft system can be seen. Others include a Unimog U5000-mounted Mistral command post, a VL MICA anti-aircraft missile transporter-erector-launcher truck, and a VL MICA truck-mounted radar or command post vehicle. According to the report, France delivered 14 missile launchers to Botswana in 2016.
The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute\'s Arms Transfer Database notes that Botswana bought 100 Strela-3/SA-14 surface-to-air missiles from Ukraine in 2012. The Botswana Defence Force (BDF) has confirmed negotiations with Swedish aircraft manufacturer Försvarets Materielverk (FMV) for the acquisition of between eight and 12 JAS Gripen \"C\" and \"D\" aircraft variants to replace its ageing fleet of Canadian-made F-5 fighter jets. The BDF\'s search for new military hardware has also taken it to South Korea as it shows interest in modified K2 Black Panther main battle tanks.
The Botswana Defence Force (BDF) is in the process of procuring data extraction and analytical tools to upgrade their cyber force to boost cyberwarfare, cybersecurity, and counter-cyberwarfare.
### Domestic missions {#domestic_missions}
In 1995, the BDF undertook rescue missions during floods that hit major parts of the country. The following year, it deployed soldiers and equipment at Sua Pan in \'Operation Save Sua\' to save the berm wall of Botswana Ash (Botash) plant, which was being threatened by heavy floods. The soldiers laid 90,000 sandbags and 12,000 tyres in the operation.
During the floods that hit Ramotswa and its surrounding areas in February 2006, BDF teams carried out rescue missions and saved hundreds of lives. In 2009, the BDF provided assistance during the flooding that affected a large community around the Kasane area.
The BDF also engages in anti-poaching operations to protect wildlife. BDF soldiers operate under shoot-to-kill orders and have engaged in firefights with armed poachers. Dozens of poachers have been killed or arrested in BDF operations. In 2020 a BDF soldier was killed along with a poacher during a firefight in the Moremi Game Reserve.
### International Peace Support Operations {#international_peace_support_operations}
**United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II)** In 1992 and 1993, a BDF contingent participated in Operation Restore Hope, a United States-led coalition of forces to restore peace in Somalia during the Somali Civil War, and following the end of Operation Restore Hope, the BDF participated in UNOSOM II, a subsequent UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia that lasted from 1993 to 1995. **United Nations Operation in Mozambique (ONUMOZ)** In 1993 BDF troops participated in the United Nations Operation in Mozambique, the UN peacekeeping operation in Mozambique.
**United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR II)** From 1993 to 1994, a team of BDF officers participated in a UN peacekeeping mission in Rwanda as observers.
**Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho (Operation Boleas)** The BDF participated in Operation Boleas, a SADC military intervention in Lesotho in 1998. This operation culminated in a re-training programme for Lesotho Defence Force members. From 1998 to 1999, 380 BDF soldiers formed part of a Southern African Development Community (SADC) task force to quell an internal uprising in Lesotho. Botswana withdrew its contingent when the situation was thought to be stable enough to no longer require their presence.
**Southern African Development Community Mission in Mozambique** (**SAMIM**) In July 2021 Botswana deployed troops to Mozambique to take part in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) mission there as part of the SADC Standby Force deployed to provide regional support to the Republic of Mozambique to combat the looming threat of terrorism and acts of violent extremism in the Cabo Delgado Region.
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# Botswana Defence Force
## History
### Minor deployments {#minor_deployments}
The BDF has also been successfully deployed as part of the UN peacekeeping operations in both Somalia and the Darfur region of Sudan.
The BDF has also deployed personnel to serve on an African Union Liaison Mission in Ethiopia/Eritrea and has military observers in Darfur and Sudan with UNAMID.
## Organisation
The BDF ground forces consists of the following units:
- 1 under-strength armored brigade
- 2 light infantry brigades (one armoured reconnaissance regiment, four infantry battalions, one commando unit, two air defence artillery regiments, one engineer regiment and one logistics battalion.)
- 1 artillery brigade
- 1 under-strength air defense brigade
- 1 engineering company
- 1 signals company
- 1 logistics group
The BDF Command and Staff College is located at Glenn Valley.
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# Botswana Defence Force
## Military education and training {#military_education_and_training}
The training of officer cadets lasts 12 months at the Paje Officer Academy. The course includes basic and leadership skills training. Applicants are required to have at least a bachelor\'s degree.
International Military Education and Training funds from the United States are important to Botswana\'s officer training programme. Over 50 Botswana officers receive military training in the US each year; by 1999 approximately 85% of the BDF officers are said`{{by whom|date=August 2020}}`{=mediawiki} to have been trained through this arrangement.
### Training institutions {#training_institutions}
The training institutions in the BDF include among others Military College, Defence Command and Staff College (DCSC), Flying Training School (FTE), Technical Training School (TTS), Peace Support Training Centre (PSTC), All Arms Battle School and the Joint Technical Training School (JTTS).
## BDF Air Wing {#bdf_air_wing}
The Air Wing was formed in 1977 and is organisationally part of the Botswana Defence Force. All squadrons are designated with a Z, which is used as a designation for \"squadron\". The main base is near Molepolole and was built by mostly foreign contractors between 1992 and 1996. The base is a multi-stage project that included runways, taxiways, extensive shelter and ordnance storage facilities, a headquarters facility and a large complex of living quarters and support buildings. Sometimes referred to as the \"Eagle\" project, the base has received continual improvements since its inception. Other airports used are Sir Seretse Khama International Airport at Gaborone and Francistown International Airport in Francistown.
The backbone of the Air Wing consists of a squadron of former Canadian CF-116s which are locally designated as BF-5s. Thirteen ex-Canadian CF-116s (ten single-seater CF-5As and three trainer CF-5Bs) were ordered in 1996 to replace the Strikemasters, with another three single-seaters and two dual-seaters delivered in 2000.{{#tag:ref\|Only 14 CF-5s (both single- and dual-seat versions) remain in service in 2009.\|group=Note}} For transport, the Air Wing uses Britten-Norman Defenders, CASA C-212 Aviocars, CASA CN-235s and C-130B Hercules. The latest`{{when|date=May 2020}}`{=mediawiki} addition to the transport fleet was an ex-AMARC C-130 Hercules to complement the two existing aircraft. A combination of Bell 412EP and 412SP helicopters are operated by Z21 and perform a variety of functions; search and rescue, medevac, anti-poaching and troop & VIP transport.
## Gallery
<File:Botswana> Army - Piranha IIIC APC (first batch) (7).webp\|*BDF Ground Forces Mine clearing Exercise*, <File:2> BDF Air Wing C-130s 2008-09-12.jpg\|BDF Air Wing Lockheed C-130 Hercules Tactical airlifter <File:Botswana> Army - Piranha IIIC APC (first batch) (4).webp\|Botswana Ground Forces Mowag Piranha IIIC APC <File:Botswana> DF CF-5D OJ 25 (6918328249).jpg\|BDF Air Wing Canadair CF-5 Fighter-bomber <File:Botswana> Army - Piranha IIIC (batch I) ambulance (1).png\|BDF\'s Mowag Piranha Ambulance <File:Botswana> Army - Piranha IIIC (batch I) ambulance (4).png\| Inside BDF\'s Mowag Piranha Ambulance <File:BDF>, U.S. Engineers improve roads and ponds (7751428964).jpg\|BDF\'s Ground Forces engineering corps <File:Southern> Accord 2012 (7691736272).jpg\|Botswana Defence Force Band <File:U.S>. senior enlisted leaders tour a Botswanan training ground during ALFS19. (48143510637).jpg\|The BDF Command and Staff College classroom <File:U.S>. veterinarian share K-9 care techniques with BDF Military Police (7779740548).jpg\|BDF Military Police K-9 Unit training <File:Dornier> Do-328-110 OB2 Botswana Defence Force Roundtrip Oberpfaffenhofen (4000 ft.).jpg\|BDF Air Wing\'s Dornier 328 Transporter <File:Aircraft> of the Botswana Defense Force.jpg\|BDF Air Wing CASA C-212 & Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander light aircraft transporters <File:Botswana> Army - Piranha IIIC APC (first batch) (3)
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# Briargrove, Houston
**Briargrove** is a neighborhood in Houston, Texas, United States, near Uptown Houston.
Briargrove was established in the 1950s with one-story ranch homes built in the 1950s and 1960s. Deed restrictions in the neighborhood were modified in 1986 to allow for `{{frac|1|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}-story and two-story homes. Afterwards some of the older ranch homes were torn down and replaced with newer 2-story homes.
## Government
The Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District) designated the Valbona Health Center (formerly the People\'s Health Center) for the ZIP code 77057. The designated public hospital is Ben Taub General Hospital in the Texas Medical Center.
### Federal and state representation {#federal_and_state_representation}
Briargrove is in Texas\'s 7th congressional district.
## Fire service {#fire_service}
Houston Fire Department operates Station 2 at 5880 Woodway at Chimney Rock, across from Tanglewood Park.
## Police service {#police_service}
The neighborhood is served by the Houston Police Department\'s District 18 Patrol Division.
## Education
### Public schools {#public_schools}
Briargrove\'s public schools are operated by Houston ISD. The community is within Trustee District VII, represented by Anne Sung.
Briargrove is zoned to Briargrove Elementary School and Tanglewood Middle School (formerly [Grady Middle School](https://web.archive.org/web/20070725212239/http://ms.houstonisd.org/GradyMS/)). Briargrove residents are zoned to Margaret Long Wisdom High School (formerly Robert E. Lee High School) and may choose to attend Lamar High School or Westside High School.
The current 93500 sqft Briargrove Elementary School, with a capacity for about 850 students and designed by FKP Architects and built by Heering International Inc., had a cost of about \$16 million. The campus divides multiple classes into \"pods\". The driveway and 60 parking spaces are to the rear of the campus.
Residents of the Briargrove Elementary School attendance zone may apply for the [Briarmeadow Charter School](https://web.archive.org/web/20080507112311/http://es.houstonisd.org/briarmeadowes/). Mark White Elementary School is scheduled to open in August 2016. Residents of the Briargrove Elementary zone, along with those of the Pilgrim, Piney Point, and Emerson zones, will be allowed to apply to this school. Even though several wealthier neighborhoods such as Tanglewood and Briargrove are primarily zoned to Wisdom, `{{as of|2010}}`{=mediawiki} parents there prefer to send their children to Lamar, Westside, private high schools, or charter high schools.
The T.H. Rogers School, an alternative K-12 school for gifted and talented students, deaf students, and multiply impaired students, is nearby Briargrove. In 1982 T. H. Rogers, which previously served as a neighborhood middle school, was converted into a magnet school due to low enrollment. Uptown residents were rezoned to Revere Middle School, but there were complaints from neighborhood parents that stated that Revere was too far; this resulted in the re-opening of Grady as a middle school in 1992.
### Private schools {#private_schools}
[St. Michael School](https://web.archive.org/web/20070812165713/http://www.stmichaelcs.org/), a Roman Catholic K-8 school that is a part of the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, is in the area.
Al-Hadi School of Accelerative Learning, a private K-12 Islamic school, is in the area.
Awty International School, a K-12 international school, is in Spring Branch; it has a French curriculum accredited by the French government and an IB curriculum accredited by the International Baccalaureate.
### Public libraries {#public_libraries}
The Houston Public Library Jungman Branch is in the area.
## Parks
The city of Houston operates the Tanglewood Park at 5801 Woodway and the Grady Park at 1700 Yorktown.
## Media
The *Houston Chronicle* is the area regional newspaper.
The *Memorial Examiner* is a local newspaper distributed in the community.
*The Memorial Buzz,* one of four magazines produced by The Buzz Magazines, is a monthly publication about people, products and services in the community. It is mailed free of charge to all residents the first week of each month.
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# Briargrove, Houston
## Community information {#community_information}
The closest first-run movie theater is the Edwards Theatres Grand Palace 24 and AMC Studio 30.
The closest YMCA to Briargrove is the Trotter Family YMCA
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# Carlos Olguin-Trelawny
**Carlos Olguin-Trelawny** is a plastic artist, film director and screenwriter.
He was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1944. He began courses on filmmaking at the ProDeo University in Rome. He also studied with masters such as Jean-Luc Godard in Paris. His first professional work was as second-assistant director to Academy Winner Russian director Sergei Bondarchuk for the 1970 film *Waterloo*. When he moved to New York City, he studied screenwriting with Paul Schrader and acting with William Hickey at the Herbert Berghof Studio.
In 1974 he took two sabbatical years and journeyed to the Orient. He chronicled his life-changing experience in a book called *Mundos sin campanarios* (\"Worlds without bell towers\").
He returned to Argentina where he wrote scripts for television and worked as an assistant director in films. His opera prima, the 1988 film *A Dos Aguas*, won a Special Mention at the prestigious 40th Locarno International Film Festival.
In 1991, Olguin-Trelawny moved to Los Angeles. There, he studied screenwriting at UCLA, directed shorts and documentaries, wrote for Telemundo/NBC and several screenplays and experimented with digital art.
In April 2007 he moved back to his home town Buenos Aires to write two screenplays: *La carta* (\"The letter\") and *Mujeres de mi familia* (\"Women of my family\").
In 2011 Olguin-Trelawny was Executive Producer of *Vidas de película*, a TV series produced by the Director\'s Guild of Argentina (DAC) about in-depth interviews to living film directors from Argentina\'s golden \"60s Generation\" like Manuel Antín, José Martínez Suárez, Pino Solanas, Simón Feldman, Octavio Getino, Leonardo Fabio, and Héctor Olivera.
He was a member of the Executive Board (period 2013--2017) of [DAC](http://www.dac.org.ar/) where he was in charge of the Institutional Relations.
In 2014 he decided to become an artist full-time. He studied at Taller Guillermo Roux. He was part of the \"Identidad\" course given by Alejandra Roux for four years. He also studies`{{When|date=October 2022}}`{=mediawiki} with Marina Cursi in her watercolour workshop.
He was part of Guillermo Roux Foundation\'s Annual Show 2014, 2015 and 2016.
In 2018 he had his first individual show, *\"El tiempo del árbol\"* (The Time of the Tree) at [Arenales Gallery](http://www.galeriaarenales.com.ar) in Buenos Aires.
He is presently`{{When|date=October 2022}}`{=mediawiki} studying with Uruguayan artist [Anna Rank](http://www.annarank.info/).
He exposes and sells his works at [SAATCHI ART Gallery](http://www.saatchiart.com/account/artworks/804862) of Santa Monica, California
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# Mahoney tables
The **Mahoney tables** are a set of reference tables used in architecture, used as a guide to climate-appropriate design. They are named after architect Carl Mahoney, who worked on them together with John Martin Evans, and Otto Königsberger. They were first published in 1971 by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
The tables use readily available climate data and simple calculations to give design guidelines, in a manner similar to a spreadsheet, as opposed to detailed thermal analysis or simulation. There are six tables; four are used for entering climatic data, for comparison with the requirements for thermal comfort; and two for reading off appropriate design criteria. A rough outline of the table usage is:
1. **Air Temperatures**. The max, min, and mean temperatures for each month are entered into this table.
2. **Humidity, Precipitation, and Wind**. The max, min, and mean figures for each month are entered into this table, and the conditions for each month classified into a *humidity group*.
3. **Comparison of Comfort Conditions and Climate**. The desired max/min temperatures are entered, and compared to the climatic values from table 1. A note is made if the conditions create *heat stress* or *cold stress* (i.e. the building will be too hot or cold).
4. **Indicators** (of humid or arid conditions). Rules are provided for combining the stress (table 3) and humidity groups (table 2) to check a box classifying the humidity and aridity for each month. For each of six possible indicators, the number of months where that indicator was checked are added up, giving a yearly total.
5. **Schematic Design Recommendations**. The yearly totals in table 4 correspond to rows in this table, listing schematic design recommendations, e.g. \'buildings oriented on east--west axis to reduce sun exposure\', \'medium-sized openings, 20%--40% of wall area\'.
6. **Design Development Recommendations**. Again the yearly totals from table 4 are used to read off recommendations, e.g. \'roofs should be high-mass and well insulated\'
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# NEC Shun-Ei
The **NEC Shun-Ei** was a Nihon-Kiin Go competition.
## Outline
The NEC Shun-Ei was made for young stars and was sponsored by the NEC Corporation
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# 25th century BC in architecture
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# Val do Dubra
**Val do Dubra** is a municipality in the autonomous community of Galicia in northwestern Spain in the Province of A Coruña. It belongs to the comarca of Santiago.
In the municipality, the Abelenda stream---a short affluent river of the Dubra river---is born. The population in 2007 was 4515 people according to the Municipal Register of Inhabitants (4720 in 2003)
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# Licca-chan
is a Japanese fashion doll launched on July 4, 1967 by Takara, and created by former shōjo manga artist Miyako Maki. Enjoying the same kind of popularity in Japan as the Barbie series does in the United States, Takara had sold over 48 million Licca-chan dolls as of 2002, and over 53 million as of 2007.
Takara has provided an extensive background story for the Licca-chan doll, including an age (11), where she attends school, names and occupations for her parents, and her favorite books (*Anne of Green Gables* and *A Little Princess*). Licca-chan also likes *Doraemon*.
In 2001, a pregnant adult version of Licca-chan was introduced, which included a postcard the purchaser could send to Takara for a baby doll. The baby came with a key which allowed the doll to be returned to its standard proportions. The release of the doll happened to coincide with the birth of Aiko, the daughter of Crown Prince Naruhito and Crown Princess Masako of Japan, a factor which helped boost the sales of the new doll. Since then, other versions of Licca-chan have been introduced, including a new \"Departure Licca\", released just ahead of the 40th anniversary in 2007. A Licca-chan video game was released for the Nintendo DS in Japan on November 29, 2007. This game was later released in the U.S. on October 14, 2008 as *Lovely Lisa*.
## History
In 1966, Takara planned to enter the dress-up doll market taking advantage of the know-how of the plastic process. The initial plan was for the company to plan a dollhouse which could be carried by children, for dressing dolls of other companies like Mattel. The size was larger than expected and the plan was reviewed not suitable for Japanese housing circumstances and children\'s carrying. While planning, a fashion doll, in a setting of elementary school, the height 21 cm to fit in the palm was in favor, adopting characteristics of a cartoon girl. Miyako Maki was put in charge of the illustration of the advertisement at the time of release and the advertisement was named as \"supervised by Maki-sensei\".
The name \"Licca-chan\" was decided by the general public offering on the July 1967 issue of the monthly girl manga magazine \"Ribon\". Subsequently, the name \"Rica\" became known as a name that works for both Japanese and foreigners. Two years after the launch in 1969, the dolls were accepted by the Japanese children causing Mattel (makers of the Barbie doll) to move its production base to another country, focusing less on sales in Japan. Licca-chan started exceeding Barbie sales and began to reign as the queen of Japanese dress-up dolls. Despite the popularity, Licca-chan dolls suffered a decline in sales in the 1990s due to rival dolls based on anime like Sailor Moon. In 1996, Licca-chan returned to the top sales of dress-up dolls again.
Even now, Licca-chan is highly recognized and it is even used as a synonym for other dolls from different companies. From its high recognition from the Takara era to the current Takara Tomy, Licca is positioned as a corporate identity character of the manufacturer. As of today, Japan\'s Licca and America\'s Barbie are the only two fashion dolls in the world that have lasted more than 25 years and their sales are always in competition.
Rough Trade Records teamed up with Takara in the late 90s to release \"Street Licca\", who was a DJ that carried a Rough Trade record satchel, and mini, doll-sized LPs from the labels\' artists. Along with her Ursula 1000, Gants and Spearmint records, she toted a pair of pink Converse running shoes, grey \"leather\" pants, headphones, layered hoody and a blonde bob haircut. Street Licca was the ultimate \"indie rock\" doll.
## Product development {#product_development}
Licca-chan dolls placed a new value on play. The objective of the doll was \"to provide dreams for girls.\" These dolls taught traditional women's roles, such as cooking, washing, and cleaning. Many Licca-chan dolls, dresses, playsets, and accessories were sold in sets, as well as separately. Since the doll\'s inception, there was emphasis within the company go develop toys from a child\'s perspective. This was the philosophy that Yasuhiro Kojima, a former senior managing director, lived by, and it still remains the founding philosophy of the product development team.
In the fictional setting Licca-chan lives in, she was born to a Japanese mother and a French father. Most customers don\'t know this, and believe she is entirely Japanese. This makes the doll a novel concept in Japan, where mixed-race people are rarer and culturally seen as exotic.
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# Licca-chan
## Product specifications {#product_specifications}
The specifications of the Licca-chan doll has changed over time. The doll is currently on its fourth generation. The first generation was launched in 1967. Licca-chan had brown curly hairs with bangs. Her charm point was the one white star in her eyes.`{{User-generated source|date=June 2025}}`{=mediawiki} The second generation was launched in 1972. Licca-chan\'s hair was more reddish brown and her bangs were parted. The stars in her eyes increased to three and she wore magnetic heels.`{{User-generated source|date=June 2025}}`{=mediawiki} The third generation was launched in 1982. Licca-chan\'s hair is a lighter brown and it is straight. Her body size is the same as the second generation and her mouth is open instead of closed.`{{User-generated source|date=June 2025}}`{=mediawiki} The fourth generation Licca-chan was launched in 1987. Licca-chan\'s hair is close to blond and her eyes were bigger. Her body grew by 1 cm making her height 22 cm.`{{User-generated source|date=June 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
Licca-chan, her family and friends evolved generation by generation to reflect the vogue of the time period. She depicted fashion, careers and family life of that era. Additionally, her parents were also known as an ideal married couple, ideal parents leading to an ideal family life.
## Character setting {#character_setting}
The character setting has some variations depending on the time and is not constant. One of the key secrets behind Licca-chan\'s popularity was her unique profile the developers have created.
- Real name: Rika Kayama
- Birthday: May 3, 1967
- Age: 11 years old (5th grader in Shirakaba Gakuen Elementary School)
- Star Sign: Taurus
- Height: 142 cm
- Weight: 34 kg
- Personality: Cheerful but slightly impulsive
- Future Career: Designer
- Favorite color: White and pink
- Favorite flower: Red rose
- Hobby: Singing, playing the piano, window shopping and baking
- Blood Type: O
## Licca\'s family {#liccas_family}
- Father: Pierre Kayama (French musician, age 36, birthday: August 8)
- Mother: Orie Kayama (Japanese designer, age 33, birthday: July 7), (opened her first fashion boutique "Jueru" in 1969)
- Older Sister: Rie (flight attendant - character product who existed from 1972 to 1974 but it is not listed on the current official website)
- Younger twin sisters: Miki and Maki Kayama (age 4, birthday: June 12, 1974)
- Younger triplets: Miku, Kako, and Gen Kayama (age 1, birthday: March 3, 1987)
- Grandpa: Albert (family name, nationality unknown; paternal grandfather), Hiroshi Kayama (Japanese, maternal grandfather)
- Grandma: Milene Miramond (French, age: 63, birthday: September 15), Yoko Kayama (Japanese, maternal grandmother, age: 56, birthday: October 10)
- Cousin: Charles
- Pets: Pee-chan (parakeet), Lemon (dog), Pudding (dog), Lime (dog)
## Media
- Licca-chan is a playable character in the 1996 fighting game *Battle Arena Nitoshinden* and the 2003 fighting game *DreamMix TV World Fighters*, released by Hudson Soft for the GameCube and PlayStation 2 in Japan.
- Licca-chan makes an appearance in the manga series *Kiben Gakuha, Yotsuya Senpai no Kaidan*
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# Adyghe Autonomous Oblast
**Adyghe Autonomous Oblast** (*Адыге́йская автоно́мная о́бласть*) was an autonomous oblast within Krasnodar Krai, Soviet Union. It existed from 1922 to 1991.
Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast was established within the Russian SFSR on July 27, 1922, on the territories of Kuban-Black Sea Oblast primarily settled by the Adyghe people. At that time, Krasnodar was the administrative center. It was renamed Adyghe (Cherkess) Autonomous Oblast on August 24, 1922, soon after its creation. On October 24, 1924, it became part of new North Caucasus Krai. It was renamed Adyghe Autonomous Oblast in July 1928. On January 10, 1934, the autonomous oblast became part of new Azov-Black Sea Krai, which was spun off North Caucasus Krai. The city of Maykop and surrounding areas were added to the Adyghe AO and Maykop designated the administrative center of the autonomous oblast in 1936. Adyghe AO became part of Krasnodar Krai when it was established on September 13, 1937.
On April 28, 1962, the district of Tula, Krasnodar Krai, was added to the Adyghe AO and the autonomous region became its present form.
On July 3, 1991, the autonomous oblast was elevated to the status of a republic under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and renamed Republic of Adygea
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# Love and Thunder (album)
***Love and Thunder*** is the fourth album by the American singer-songwriter Andrew Peterson, released in 2003.
## Background
Peterson worked with Steve Hindalong, Derri Daugherty, in the production of this album. Essential Records released the album on February 25, 2003.
## Musical style {#musical_style}
Reviewing the album for *CCM Magazine*, Andy Argyrakis recognizes, \"Since his debut in 2000, Andrew Peterson has become a treasured singer/songwriter whose textured folk stylings and delicate acoustics allow his storybook lyrics to come alive\...Throughout such cuts and the six others, you'll find a supplementary smattering of placid acoustics, frolicking folk, bits of banjo-driven bluegrass and even some subtle strings, furthering the classic mood you've come to expect from this troubadour.\"
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Awarding the album four and a half stars at *Christianity Today*, Russ Breimeier writes, \"Give *Love & Thunder* your undivided attention for a truly rewarding Christian music experience.\" Tony Cummings, rating the album a nine out of ten for *Cross Rhythms*, says, \" Pop radio it isn't but magnificent it is.\" Giving the album a four out of five from *The Phantom Tollbooth*, Brian A. Smith states, \"This album is superior to Peterson\'s previous works and shows a developing maturity as a writer.\"
Ashleigh Kittle, indicating in a three star review by AllMusic, replies, \"The album continues in Peterson\'s acoustic folk style, resembling both the work and the melancholy feel of Rich Mullins and Fernando Ortega.\" Signaling in a three out of five review at *The Phantom Tollbooth*, Matt Kilgore responds, \"Peterson proves at several point in *Love and Thunder* that he still has some of the amazing songwriting ability which he has always had, but not as great as we have seen it
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# Tim Cobb
**Timothy Cobb** (born March 28, 1964, in Albany, New York) is the American current principal double bassist with the New York Philharmonic. He previously taught at the Peabody Institute of Music, and joined the Manhattan School of Music faculty in 1992. Cobb also currently teaches at SUNY Purchase, Lynn University, Rutgers University: Mason Gross School of the Arts, YOA Orchestra of the Americas, and Mannes School of Music Preparatory Division. He is the current chair of the double-bass department at the Juilliard School, where he has been on faculty since 2002.
## Performance career {#performance_career}
A native of Albany, New York, Cobb began playing the bass at the age of seven, studying with his father David Cobb, and playing professionally by thirteen. He attended the Curtis Institute of Music, where he was awarded the sole position available for bass in the year of his application to study with Roger Scott.
In 1982 and 1983, Cobb was a member of the New York String Orchestra Seminar under Alexander Schneider. While at Curtis, Cobb substituted regularly in the Philadelphia Orchestra. In the fall of his senior year he became a member of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra under Sir Georg Solti. Appointed associate principal bass of the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra in 1986, Cobb was granted a leave of absence by Solti to perform with the Metropolitan Opera, where he elected to stay. He was appointed principal bass several years later, after the departure of Laurence Glazener in 2004. As a member of the Met Orchestra, he has toured with the entire company and with the orchestra on the symphonic stage, led by Maestro James Levine. He has also enjoyed frequent collaborations with Maestro Levine in the chamber setting performing works such as Schubert\'s \"Trout\" Quintet and Stravinsky\'s *L\'Histoire du soldat*. Maestro Levine has created a series at Weill Hall in New York to showcase the chamber abilities within his orchestra, a series where Cobb has made regular appearances. Cobb can be heard on all Met recordings since 1985.
Cobb has had invitations to perform in the World Orchestra for Peace created by Solti (subsequently led by Maestro Valery Gergiev), and in Japan as principal bass of the new \"super orchestra,\" a gathering of musicians from major orchestras around the world. He was recently appointed principal bass of the Mostly Mozart Festival Orchestra led by Maestro Gerard Schwarz (currently by Louis Langree). He is solo bassist for the Harmonie Ensemble, a New York--based woodwind ensemble, as well as the solo bassist for the St. Barth\'s International Music Festival, St. Barthelemy, French West Indies, where he performs for a week in January each year. He appeared in Ainay-le-Vieil, France, performing with the American Chamber Ensemble, and has also performed at Bargemusic, the Bridgehampton Festival, Caramoor, the Boston Chamber Music Society, the Lyric Chamber Music Society, the New Jersey Chamber Music Society, Mostly Mozart, La Musica Festival, the Sarasota Music Festival, the Great Performers at Lincoln Center series, and the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center. For three years, Cobb was the solo bassist for the Marlboro Music Festival and has toured with Musicians from Marlboro. Cobb has also collaborated with the Emerson Quartet, the Guarneri Quartet, the Moscow and St. Lawrence Quartets, and the Eroica Trio.
Cobb has recorded for Deutsche Grammophon, Decca, Sony, and Music & Arts labels. He is active as a studio musician in New York, recording numerous soundtracks for movies, television, songs, and advertisements featured nationally and internationally.
Each December, Cobb has been coaching the bass of the New York String Orchestra Seminar at Carnegie Hall. In June 2011, he joined the Sarasota Music Festival to perform as well as to coach chamber music featuring the bass. In early 2000s, Cobb was invited to give a master class and recital at the Tokyo University of the Arts in Japan, San Francisco Conservatory of Music, and Northwestern University\'s School of Music. Cobb is part of the faculty of YOA Orchestra of the Americas.
In May 2014, Cobb has been named as the new principal bass at New York Philharmonic.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Cobb lives in New York City with his wife, daughter and son
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# Rashid Zia
**Rashid Zia** (born 6 April 1974) is a Pakistani cricketer who played international cricket for the United States. Rashid Zia first played for the United States in representative cricket in the 2001 ICC Trophy, and later was part of the team that played United States\' first two One Day Internationals in the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy in England
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# Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro
**Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro** (30 December 1861, in Lisbon -- 11 February 1944, in Lisbon) was a Portuguese soldier, colonial governor, monarchist politician and counter-revolutionary; he was notable for his role during the colonial occupation of Angola and Mozambique and for his dedication to the Monarchist Cause during the period of the First Portuguese Republic through the founding of the Monarchy of the North.
## Early life {#early_life}
He was born to José Joaquim de Paiva Cabral Couceiro, a notable engineer in the Portuguese Army and Helena Isabel Teresa Mitchell, an Irish Protestant who converted to Catholicism (after being educated in a convent in France). Following her widowed father\'s death, the 20-year-old Helena Mitchell worked for a time in Madrid, before taking residence in Portugal as the governess to the Viscount do Torrão\'s children. It was as the children\'s teacher that she met the engineer José Couceiro and later married, giving birth to two daughters (Carolina and Conceição) and their only son Henrique. Helen Mitchell was a militant Catholic, and the young José was raised in a strict authoritarian environment, where he read little of the popular literature, never went to the theater, attended mass daily and similarly read *Imitação de Cristo* daily in preparation of the \"ultimate sacrifice\". Similarly, his life was quite regimented: he went to sleep at 11 and woke at 6 in the morning, fenced for an hour, went to mass, had two hours training on horseback daily, and regularly shined his boots, brushed his suits and cleaned most of his personal items. Helena Mitchell instilled in her son a religious zeal and military regime; at the age of 11 she gave him a copy of the *History of the Crusades*, *Ivanhoe* and he read and re-read a copy of *Don Quixote*, while fostering ethos of the medieval knight: austerity, valor, abstinence, service to God and to country.
### Military academy {#military_academy}
Destined by family-upbringing to join the military, after concluding his preparatory studies in Lisbon (January 14, 1879), at 17 years of age, he volunteered for service in the 2nd Cavalry\'s Royal Lancers Regiment, a position that he served in until 1880. At that time he transferred to the 1st Artillery Regiment, and enrolled in the Military Academy at the *Escola Politécnica de Lisboa* (\"Polytechnic University of Lisbon\"), where he studied artillery between 1881 and 1884 as an officer candidate.
On June 24, 1881, at 19 years of age, on the eve of being promoted to ensign, he fired five shots from his service revolver wounding Luís Léon de la Torre. The attack, which occurred in the Chiado area of Lisbon, was provoked by a *shoulder bump against the defendant* which provoked an *insulting and offensive profanity to \[Couceiro\'s\] dignity*. For this simple insult, which in the eyes of Paiva Couceiro was without sufficient reason, he drew his Army revolver and fired five shots (three that actually hit) into the victim. In October, Couceiro responded to the charges of the Council of War to the crimes of *attempted murder* and the *use of a prohibited weapon*. In a unanimous decision, the council did not find attempted murder charges had been proven, but yet sentenced him to two years in a military prison, later (on April 7, 1882) to be commuted to six months in addition to time served. He was summarily released from the military prison at the Fort of São Julião da Barra on October 7 and returned to the Military Academy (on October 26, 1882).
The events of his imprisonment did not affect his career; on January 9, 1884, he was promoted to second-lieutenant in artillery and served in the venerable 1st Artillery Regiment in Campolide, Lisbon. While there, he joined a group of young officers who practiced the \"military arts\" of that period, that included fencing and riding. He was later promoted to second-lieutenant (on January 27, 1886), and finally to captain (on July 4, 1889), wherein he volunteered for a commission in the Portuguese colonies in Africa (a consequence of the Berlin Conference that divided sections of Africa between European states).
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# Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro
## Military
### Angolan campaign (1889--1891) {#angolan_campaign_18891891}
Paiva Couceiro arrived in Luanda, Angola on September 1, 1889, and was immediately appointed commander of the Irregular Cavalry Squadron in the village of Humpata (which was originally created by Artur de Paiva to combat bands of guerrillas along the plain of Moçâmedes). He did not remain at this outpost for long; apparently he was unsatisfied with his subordinates, their methods and inferior level of discipline, but was able to utilize them in a campaign to retrieve missing cattle, instead of hiring local Boer mercenaries, which had been the custom. By January he was in the village of Belmonte, in Bié, on a mission that took him along the Cuando River, to Cuito and then to the Lialui along the Zambezi River (a trek of thousands of kilometers across savannah), in order to negotiate with Lewanika, chief of the Barotze tribe. The growth of the Portuguese occupation force in the Angolan interior was part of the administration\'s attempted to implement their Pink Map to explore and expand their serfdom over the peoples of the central-African interior. After some resistance, the colonial administration began a military campaign to pacify groups that had resisted initial token gestures of friendship and gifts, a process that Paiva Couceiro participated in energetically. For the chief\'s recognition of Portuguese sovereignty over his territories, Paiva Couceiro brought with him a colonels tunic and sword, textiles, gold, velvet, boxes of Porto wine and arms, which were to be delivered in 300 crates when the Governor of Angola canceled the project.
This was a consequence of the 1890 British Ultimatum that removed all Portuguese imperial illusions to sovereignty in south-central Africa, and made the trip dangerous and useless. Couceiro himself dropped the use of \"Mitchell\" from his name out of spite. Meanwhile, he visited the Vila Teixeira da Silva, colonial outpost in Bailundo, site of two Protestant missions (one English, the other American) and where the Portuguese explorer António da Silva Porto lived. Arriving with 40 heavily armed soldiers from Mozambique he constructed an outpost and intimidated the local tribe (fearful of them constructing a fort in the area). After some time, unimpressed with Couceiro\'s reasons and mindful of the existing hostility between England and Portugal, the chief Dunduma sent Couceiro his own ultimatum. Familiar with the local tribes, the explorer Silva Porto was convinced to defuse the tensions. But his personal failure to resolve the conflict, and suffering from a loss of dignity and honor from the confrontation with the chief, and from a general pessimism associated with the British Ultimatum, caused Silva Porto to wrap himself in a Portuguese flag and attempt suicide by lighting several barrels of explosives.
After Silva Porto\'s death, Paiva Couceiro and his troops installed themselves briefly in Belmonte, but surrounded by forces of the chief of Bié, he was forced to withdraw to Bailundo. After remaining along the road to Cambane, he received orders from Governor General Guilherme de Brito Capelo to follow the Angolan arm of the Okavango River to Mucusso (a trip of 2,600 km over uncharted lands), determine the navigability of the river and enforce the sovereignty of Portugal (which was under threat from English forces). His caravan began its journey on April 30, 1890, and included an interpreter (Joaquim Guilherme Gonçalves), ten Mozambican soldiers, three quartermasters and 90 attendants, who traveled into areas occupied by 16 chiefs with different cultures and in environments that had, until then, not been visited by Europeans. There voyage ended on July 30 in the village of the chief of the Mucusso tribe. But, they resolved to continue their exploration to the islands of Gomar, 65 kilometers away, and returned by river until the Fort of Princesa Amélia, in Bié (arriving on October 14 after five months). His expedition earned him the title of Knight of the Order of the Tower and Sword on December 18, 1890.
On returning to Bié, he joined with Artur de Paiva\'s Irregular Cavalry Squadron in the punitive expedition to arrest chief Dunduma (or N'Dunduma), who had given him the ultimatum six months earlier. Artur Paiva brought with him 300 indigenous tribesmen, 70 Boer mercenaries, Portuguese volunteers and a group of auxiliaries made up of Zulu and Damaran peoples. After 30 days of bombardments and attacks, in which Couceiro noted ***Portuguese justice was imposed***, the Barotze surrendered their chief. On terminating this operation he was charged with subjugation of the region of Caranganja and to explore the deposits of salt along the eastern margin of the Cuanza River (wherein he produced detailed reports on the 12-day 453-kilometer expedition).
At the end of this campaign he returned to Belmonte, with a fever. Owing to his condition, on February 17, 1891, the Minister of the Navy terminated his commission and ordered him to return to Lisbon. In honor of his service, the people of the region of Belmonte-Cuito-Benguela gave him a diamond-studded replica of his Order of the Tower and Sword knighthood. Received in Lisbon, he was honored for his military activities and for opening up the Angolan interior, for which he received the title of Grand Officer in the Order of the Tower and Sword (on May 29, 1891).
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# Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro
## Military
### Mozambique campaign (1891--1896) {#mozambique_campaign_18911896}
His award did not include a promotion, and after a short time in Lisbon, he was detached to the 3rd Artillery Regiment in Santarém where he remained between August 1891 and August 1892. He returned to the 1st Artillery Regiment in Lisbon after this experience. Generally unhappy with life in Lisbon, he requested a temporary assignment transfer to the Spanish Foreign Legion, which was in service in Melilla during the Battle of the Riff mountains, in Morocco. He distinguished himself, receiving the Spanish Military Merit Medal, but returned once again to Lisbon at the end of his tour; once again undeserving of a promotion, he rejoined the 1st Artillery Regiment. Paiva Couceiro was vaguely occupied with a daughter of a Count in Valencia in summer 1894.
In October 1894, the Tsonga tribe in southern Mozambique rebelled and attacked the local community of Lourenço Marques (later Maputo). The Portuguese Regenerator government of Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro appointed former Progressive Party minister António Enes to the title of Royal Commissioner in Mozambique, with the mission to crush the revolt and reaffirm Portuguese sovereignty (in the face of British threats from Cecil Rhodes, who considered the Portuguese incapable of maintaining the territory). Due to his fame in Angola, Paiva Couceiro was invited (and accepted on December 8, 1894) the title of aide-de-camp, and between January 18, 1895, and May he was joined in Mozambique by Alfredo Augusto Freire de Andrade, Aires de Ornelas, Eduardo da Costa and Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque, along with the local commander major Alfredo Augusto Caldas Xavier. Upon arriving the contingent encountered a majority of local tribes (that included the Tongas, Batongas, Machopes and the Vátuas) against the Portuguese, encircling Lourenço Marques, and occupying the island of Xefina.
António Enes\'s initial strategy was to occupy Marracuene from which they would impose order and re-take control of their domains. On January 21, 1895, a column left Lourenço Marques to patrol a distance of 15 kilometers. Paiva Couceiro, with a vanguard of thirteen mounted-cavalry, distanced themselves from the column and were attacked by Tonga tribesmen, which they repelled. A month later, while attempting to rendezvous with the \"friendly\" Matola and Moamba tribes (which never appeared), Paiva Coucerio\'s detachment of 37 officers and 791 soldiers (that included 300 Angolans) were attacked on the morning of February 2. There was confusion in the Angolan ranks and the lines broke, but Couceiro and the other officers were able to rebuild the ranks. Between 4 and 8 Portuguese soldiers and 20 Angolans, while 200 Tongas were killed in the battle. The column remained in the field for three days, and on March 5 they marched into Amboane and then Lourenço Marques on March 6 (where they remained for a month).
In another demonstration of his violent tendencies, while in Lourenço Marques he assaulted three journalists (two British and an American) who he believed were hostile to Portuguese interests. He was publicly reprimanded by António Enes, although Enes later confessed that he reprimanded Couceiro \"with the desire to kiss him\".`{{Cite quote|date=February 2017}}`{=mediawiki}
Enes, and his cabinet, were meanwhile working on a methodical plan to reestablish the dominion of the \"King\'s lands\"; he began with occupying the islands at the mouth of the Komati River (Xefina Grande, on February 29, and Xefina Pequena), while Freire de Andrade fortified Marracuene and on the first days of April, Caldas Xavier, devastated the island of Benguelene. On April 25, Freire de Andrade and Couceiro left Lourenço Marques with a column of 172 men and two cannons, to build a bridge over the River Incomati to the island of Incanine. After a number of accidents in May, the bridge was complete and a detachment of 400 men headed by the officers entered the Magaia in the direction of Mapungo which the Portuguese sacked and burned. Similarly, on April 18, the detachment destroyed Macaneta, home of a tribe headed by a European educated local named *Finish*. These attacks forced many of the locals to flee to the lands of Gaza, ruled by chief Gungunhana; as Couceiro wrote:
: \"With our victories we have won vassals, more prestige! What a cruel sarcasm: the populations emigrate from a liberal administrative territory and governed humanitarianly by the Cross and Law and gather in the corrals of the last wild patriarch aboriginal\".
As a part of an overall plan to circle and defeat Gungunhana, Couceiro marched 270 Europeans, 50 Angolans, five cannons, and three rapid-firing guns to the southern border of Vátua lands in late June. Near the former fort of Stokolo, about 12 kilometers from the main road, Paiva Couceiro and Freire de Andrade built an outpost (Ponto X) and bridges without any conflict from the Cossine or Vátua tribes. On July 17, he recaptured the Portuguese outpost in Magude, and completed another bridge on July 24. Meanwhile, Enes was not having too much success in trying to encircle the tribal-lands of Gungunhana. He protested to him, through his intermediaries José Joaquim de Almeida and Aires de Ornelas, and requested he surrender rebels Mahazulo and Matibejana, as well as insisting that the chief accept two or three posts on his lands, in exchange for the immediate removal of Portuguese troops along his frontiers. Although Enes had been counseled against starting a war with Gungunhana, Couceiro and Freire de Andrade insisted, at the end of June, that they should advance towards Cossine (within the Vátua lands) and begin the war against the chief. This perturbed the chief; near Cossine were many Vátua tribesmen, and in Magul, the provisional base of Matibejana. On August 23, Paiva Couceiro received orders to attack and arrest the rebel Matibejana. He advanced with 1,000 men along the swampy river, while a contingent of auxiliaries pillaged the neighboring villages and massacred the inhabitants. What was later known as the Battle of Magul, demonstrated acts that were more **cavalier than operationally strategic**. Paiva Couceiro\'s contingent, once again, became separated from his colleague Freire de Andrade\'s column, and finding the tribes of Cossine exhorted an ultimatum to surrender the rebel Matibejana within three days. When this did not occur, and after several days of inactivity, the gathered tribesman attacked directly the Portuguese lines, which resisted with only 5 dead and 27 injured (the tribes lost 300--450 in total). Although not a strategic victory, it did establish Portuguese military supremacy and turned the tide of the Luso-African skirmishes For his actions, in August 1895, Paiva Couceiro was made Knight of the Order of São Bento de Avis, for his actions. Although he demonstrated extraordinary physical courage, he placed his forces in unnecessary harm, but was to become a celebrity and feted with local honors, particularly after the imprisonment of Gungunhana:
: \"We will see if the victory of Magul will be the defeat of Gungunhana; the defeat, probably, in the district of Lourenço Marques\...if it wasn\'t for Paiva Couceiro, probably, we would lament even today the great disgrace.\"
At the conclusion of these operations, Paiva Couceiro left Lourenço Marques (December 18, 1895). Arriving in Lisbon in February 1896, he was proclaimed **Benemérito da Pátria** (\"Honored of the Fatherland\"), by unanimity of the Royal Court, recognized for his contribution to Gungunhana\'s later imprisonment he was made Commander of the Order of the Tower and Sword, and provided with an annual pension of 500\$000 réis. In addition, he was made honorary adjunct-do-camp to King Carlos I of Portugal, integrated into the Royal Military House, and received the Gold Medal for military valor, and the Queen D. Amélia Silver Medallion for combat during the Mozambique campaign.
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# Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro
## Politics
In 1898, Paiva Couceiro was transferred into a bureaucratic and administrative role within the armed forces hierarchy; he took part in discussions on Law 14, that dealt with the provisional creation of a 2nd Captain in Artillery, and also debated, with conviction, rapid promotions and better salaries for officers. In 1901, he was sent to Angola, with the mission of reporting on army mobility between the Lucala River and Malanje. His conclusions were presented in a report where he was preoccupied with the Portuguese colonial politics.
From here he repeatedly manifested a disdain for politics, considering it an \"indignant swamp\" to the honor of true Portuguese, and published numerous articles about colonial and national politics, revealing growing nationalism and anti-parliamentarianism against the rotating system of government in Portugal (which he referred to as the \"decline of the Fatherland\"). In interviews and public interjections, he assumed the role of Nuno Álvares Pereira, ready to \"save\" Portugal.
: *\"Paiva Couceiro was, always, the literal synthesis of the Lusitanian descendant of Cid Campeador, the mystic Nun\'Álvares, the nobleman of Guesclin\"*
His position was galvanized by the suicide of Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque, a compatriot and hero of the Mozambique campaigns responsible for the surrender of Gungunhana, who was slowly destroyed by political intrigue. His political thoughts, imbued with nationalism and Catholicism, preceded in many ways the Integralismo Lusitano, which included the philosophies of Joaquim Pedro de Oliveira Martins and Guerra Junqueiro (who wrote *Finis Patriae*).
Assuming a moral stance, on April 1, 1902, he sent a \"respectful petition\" to the Royal Court, to decry the imposition of customs taxes on the state\'s creditors, to recommend a balanced budget and suggested reforms to the political system that guided the \"nobleness and traditions\" of the Portuguese populous. His letter was widely published in the press and was supported by right-wing monarchists, becoming the uncontested leader of the \"Africanistas\" (former African military or colonial nationals living in Portugal). Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro the author wrote the poem *Paródia*, to eulogize Couceiro. It was not long after his petition that a new scandal surfaced: in December 1902 António Teixeira de Sousa, the Minister of the Marines and Colonies in the Hintze Ribeiro government, negotiated a contract with Robert Williams (a Breton who the press referred to as the \"disciple of Cecil Rhodes\") to construct a rail-line to link Lobito and Benguela (in Mozambique) to the Congolese border, which guaranteed a 99-year transport monopoly and access to mineral exploration along an area 240 kilometers wide by 1,347 kilometres in length. The Williams Contract, as it was known, scandalized nationalists (who saw this as an exclusively Portuguese right); Paiva Couceiro declared that the ministers who sanctioned the accord were traitors.
His statements did not make any friends; notwithstanding his links to the Royal House, on December 6, 1902, he was transferred to the role of adjunct to the Inspecção do Serviço de Artilharia in Évora. This imposed exile lasted until November 1903, when the Progressita leader José Luciano de Castro, transferred to the Grupo de Baterias a Cavalo de Queluz, where he remained until 1906. But, while in Évora, he became familiar with João Franco and the Partido Regenerador-Liberal. A symbol of this approximation was the speech by João Franco in May 1903, where his ideas about colonial politics corresponded with Paiva Couceiro.
### Elected politician (1906--07) {#elected_politician_190607}
In 1905, after general elections on February 12 (37th Legislative Elections) and when it became clear the King Carlos I of Portugal resolved to finally support governmental reforms made by João Franco\'s government, Paiva Couveiro and other \"Africanists\" (such as Freire de Andrade, Aires de Ornelas, Ivens Ferraz and João Baptista Ferreira) decide to register as candidates in the Liberal Regenerator Party. The right-wing newspaper, *Alamanque* proclaimed of Paiva Couceiro *\"the nobility of his personage and immaculate candor\...\[was enough that the Portuguese\] would never lose their confidence in the future of the race\".* He ran in the elections to the 39th Legislature (on August 19, 1906), representing the 15th district in eastern Lisbon (from 1906--1907). In 1906, he was a member of the Comissão Parlamentar do Ultramar (\"Parliamentary Commission on Overseas Territories\"); between 1806 and 1907, he sat on the Comissão Parlamentar de Administração Pública (\"Parliamentary Commission on the Public Administration and also the Comissão Parlamentar da Guerra (Parliamentary Commission on War); his roles on these commission were initially in issues related to the colonies and the military, but grew to include opposition to progressive politics and to the support of issues that were clearly anti-democratic. When discussing the colonies, in particular Angola, he was very passionate, defending that the colonial was *the unique resource to make this small Portugal large/important*. His legislative career was cut short when, on May 2, 1907, the government leader João Franco, resolved to distance himself from the progressives and through the support of the King, he suspended the Parliament and governed as a dictator. As opposition republican and anarchist groups grew rapidly, Paiva Couceiro\'s politics became more radical: he advocated a traditional monarchial system that was anti-parliamentarian and without political parties.
He served, from 1907 to 1909, as the 89th Governor of Angola. His devotion to the monarchist cause earned him several periods of exile, both before and after the coming of the dictatorial New State (*Estado Novo*) of António Salazar (1933).
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# Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro
## Politics
### Colonial governor of Angola (1907--09) {#colonial_governor_of_angola_190709}
On May 1, 1907, the Colonial governor of Angola, Eduardo Augusto Ferreira da Costa, died. Under the suggestion of King Carlos, the new Minister of the Navy, Aires de Ornelas, one of Paiva Couveiro\'s Africanist comrades, invited him to accept the prestigious colonial position; being a supporter of João Franco had helped his nomination. He accepted it on May 24, 1907, becoming the interim Colonial governor (since his title as Captain did not permit him to obtain the formal title immediately). He arrived in Luanda on June 17, 1907. His objectives were clear: occupy, explore and garrison the territory until the most remote frontiers, to guarantee security and prevent external interference; promote economic development in the colony, creating cheap, rapid communication to fix Portuguese colonists, providing local work for the indigenous and reducing the weight of protectionism and urban monopolies; and allow the local provincial government to resolve issues autonomously, without the interference of the central government. Although a difficult task, the period of his tenure was marked by progress: fact that was made clear by the following Colonial Governor, José Norton de Matos and confirmed by the historian René Pélissier During this period, in addition to public works, he personally commanded military campaigns to pacify the regions of the Cuamato tribe and municipality of Dembos (in Cuanza Norte). He was also responsible for diversifying the economy (90% of which was dependent on rubber and coffee), the expansion of railway lines and the advance into the interior territories.
After João Franco\'s government fell in 1908 (a victim of the events around the assassination of King D. Carlos and his heir Prince Luís Filipe), Paiva Couceiro maintained his position until July 22, 1909, after realizing many public works. His eventual resignation was the result of mounting frustrations between his colonial government and the Regenerator government of Venceslau de Sousa Pereira de Lima.
He left Luanda in June 1909, notwithstanding the protests from the local European settlers, who wanted him to continue on in the position. Arriving in Lisbon at the beginning of July, during the period of D. Manuel II of Portugal\'s final months, he received the commission to command the Grupo de Artilharia a Cavalo de Queluz (\"Queluz Mounted Artillery\"). While Portuguese politics was embroiled in constant scandals, in particular the allegations of fraud in the Crédito Predial Português, Paiva Couceiro remained relatively separated from these conflicts, occupied with his aspirations of obtaining a promotion to Major.
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# Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro
## Counter-revolutionary {#counter_revolutionary}
His silence was broken in July 1910, when he published an editorial in the Franco supported ***O Correio da Manhã*** and signed HPC, wherein he appealed for a counter-revolution to save the monarchy. He then was involved in several inconsequential conspiracies, in order to implant a monarchist regime in Parliament, defending most of the ideas anti-democratic Republicans adopted. His appeals were not given any debate. Rapidly, the regime fell on October 5, and the First Portuguese Republic was proclaimed.
Paiva Couceiro was one of the few military commanders to try and seriously stop the revolution, without success.
His artillery, located on the Torel, was the only garrison to fire on the camps in the Rotunda or the Eduardo VII Park. Abandoned by other monarchist troops, and after bombarding the Rotunda, he marched to Sintra to join the King. On finding-out that D. Manuel II had moved to Mafra he attempted to meet-up with the King, who had subsequently evacuated from Ericeira on the royal yacht *Amélia IV*. At a time where Republican success was not clear, he was ordered by superiors to the barracks. The Portuguese military at this time had not yet joined the Republican revolution, and it was tenuous enough that Admiral Cândido dos Reis, fearing a crushing of the movement, committed suicide. Henrique Paiva Couceiro was informed of this event and the fragility of the Republican revolution, although it is unclear whether at that moment he was willing to disobey his superiors and take the initiative to continue the battle against the Republicans. The Republican revolution was not as widely supported; photos taken in the Praça do Município, when the Republican directorate took control, showed few residents celebrating the revolution. Although considered a monarchist, on October 6, he was contacted by the Provisional Government to determine his allegiance, even after the events at the Rotunda. In an interview with Joaquim Leitão, Paiva Couceiro recounted his response:
> I recognize the institutions that the people recognize. But, if the people\'s opinion isn\'t unanimous, if the North does not agree with the South, I will be, until the end, on the side of the faithful to tradition. And if it requires foreign intervention to support the Monarchy, then I will be on the side of the Republic\...Afterwards I asked to resign. I asked it because, after many years of sacrifice and work under the blue and white colors and shields of our flag, I did not think, I could not take to abandon the symbol of the history of my Country. \[To\] Pretend that a symbol with roots in our soul and \[which\] inspired respect in all the World and \[the\] works of many generations. And I, for my part, find myself too old to begin now, a new struggle that the garlands of a new flag require.
After his proposal to the Provisional Government, on March 18, 1911, and following the May 28, 1911, elections (which he did not recognize), he went to the Ministry of War and resigned his commission, depositing his sword and stating: \"I deliver my resignation and leave the Country to ferment conspiracy. Arrest me if you wish.\" No one responded, and he turn his back and left the Ministry, without anyone arresting him.
He commanded a monarchist incursion on October 4, 1911. This entered Portugal from Cova da Lua, Espinhosela and Vinhais (where the monarchist flag was raised from the balconies of the city council halls) and attacked the city of Chaves, with the discreet indifference of the Spanish government of Alfonso XIII. Three days later, Republican forces forced his troops into retreat, and they escaped to Galicia.
In December 1911, he participated in meetings to deal with the dynastic question imposed by D. Manuel II and his cousin, D. Miguel, that was settled in the \"Dover Pact\", which was published in London (December 30, 1911). Writing in his journal, Paiva Couceiro wrote: \"And finally we can fix on the 30th of January (1912), the date of the meeting of the Royal Persons in Dover, in respect to the protocol. In fact, they realized on this date and place, a meeting between the King D. Manuel and his cousin D. Miguel of Braganza, in a hall of the Lord Warden Hotel, where there appeared also, the Viscount of Assêca who accompanied D. Manuel, the Viscount of São João da Pesqueira, who accompanied D. Miguel, and Paiva Couceiro in the role of Chief of the Combatants, accompanied by Francisco Pombal. The King D. Manuel and the lord D. Miguel of Braganza signed the monumental \"Pact of Dover\".\"
Along with other \"incursionistas\", Paiva Couceiro was sentenced in absentia by the 2nd District Court in Oporto, on June 17, 1912; along with Couceiro were included Father Domingos Pires, José Maria Fernandes, Abílio Ferreira, Firmino Augusto Martins, Manuel Lopes, David Lopes, Captain Jorge Camacho, Count of Mangualde, Captain Remédios da Fonseca, Medical Captain José Augusto Vilas Boas and Lieutenant Figueira. The judgment sentenced him to six years in prison, or ten years in exile and was considered \"relatively mild considering the service provided to the Fatherland\". The remaining attackers were convicted to six years in prison, 10-years in exile and some to 20-years. On July 6, 1912, he began his exile by commanding another monarchist incursion into Chaves which was, once more, repelled on July 8by supporters of the republic and he and his supporters returned to exile. His sentence was formalized on November 19, 1912, by a military tribunal, officially exiling the Captain in 1915; in article 2 of the Amnesty Decree issued February 22, 1915, signed by Bernardino Luíz Machado Guimarães and Manuel Joaquim Rodrigues Monteiro it is made clear that the leaders and instigators, who included Paiva Couceiro specifically, were expelled from the territory of the Portuguese Republic for a period of ten years. The decree was promulgated by Pimenta de Castro in 1915 to include Azevedo Coutinho, Jorge Camacho, Victor Sepulveda and João de Almeida.
In 1915 he was invited to become Governor of Angola by the Republican government led by Araújo de Sá, Oliveira Jericote and others, at his home in Oeiras. Paiva Couceiro refused to serve in the government, and instead moved to Spain, where he continued to agitate for the restoration of the monarchy.
After Sidónio Pais was shot dead in Lisbon (December 1918), Paiva Couceiro found another opportunity to launch his monarchist goal. With the help of expatriates, he was able to subvert the institutions in the northern territories from Moinho along the Vouga River, and in the name of D. Manuel II of Portugal, exiled in Great Britain, attempted to restore the 1826 Constitution. His objective was the return of a corporate, Catholic monarchy; it was to this end that he proclaimed in Porto the \"Monarchy of the North\" (January 19 to February 13, 1919).
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# Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro
## Counter-revolutionary {#counter_revolutionary}
Paiva Couceiro exercised the role of President of the Governing Junta of the Kingdom (1919), whose function was equivalent to the Prime Minister. During these 25 days in power, the governing Junta revoked all republican legislation promulgated since October 5, 1910, restored the monarchist flag and anthem and attempted to legislate its legitimacy. At the time Paiva Couceiro was supported by leaders in the \"Integralistas\", including Luís de Almeida Braga (its Secretary) and António Sardinha. In Monsanto, he was helped by Pequito Rebelo and Hipólito Raposo. Because of his role in these monarchist incursions, and for his loyalty to the cause, he became known as *O Paladino* (the Paladin).
> Soldiers! You have in front of yourselves the Blue and White flag! Soldiers! Those were always the colors of Portugal, since Afonso Henriques, at Ourique, in the defense of our land against the Moors, until when D. Manuel II was king and maintained it against the African rebels in our dominions of Magul, Coolela, Cuamato and many other battles that illustrate our Portuguese army\...When in 1910, Portugal abandoned the Blue and White, Portugal abandoned its history! And the people that abandoned their history are those people who fall and die.
>
> Soldiers! The Army, above all, is the highest expression of the Fatherland and, for this, it must support and guard the nation in the most difficult circumstances, aiding in the appropriate hour against risks, be them external or internal, that threatens its existence\...And to abandon your history is an error that kills! Against this error you must protest. Therefore, the Army, raises again the Blue and White flag\...Show it the road to valor, to loyalty and bravado, where the Portuguese of the past conquered greatness and fame, which still today give dignity to the Army of Portugal in front of the nations of the World!
>
> We swear to follow it, soldiers! And to protect it with our bodies, even at the cost of our own blood! And with the help of God, and the force of traditional convictions, that the Blue and White symbolize, our Fatherland will save us!
>
> Long live the King D. Manuel II!
>
> Long live the Army! Long live the Portuguese Fatherland!
The monarchist rebellion of 1919 soon ended, since it did not have enough active support in the country at large, and above all because of the failure of Manuel II himself to come to the monarchists\' aid. On February 13, Paiva Couceiro was once again brought before a military tribunal, convened to sentence the participants of the Northern Monarchy; along with António Solari Alegro, he was condemned to exile on December 3, 1920, this time for 25 years (*Diário do Minho*, Braga 4/12/1920). But under a new amnesty, decreed on January 24, 1924, he returned to Portugal.
During the *Estado Novo* Paiva Couceiro was yet again banished, this time for six months, following a public criticism which he had made of the colonial politics employed by António de Oliveira Salazar\'s administration. This did not diminish Paiva Couceiro\'s outspokenness, and on October 31, 1937, he was arrested anew by Salazar\'s government; at the age of 77 he was sent to Granadilla de Abona, on the Spanish island of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, in the Canary Islands. Two years later, he was permitted to return to Portugal, and there to the last he declared his imperial aspirations:
: \"Empire we are, Empire we must remain\"
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# Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro
## Marriage and later life {#marriage_and_later_life}
On November 21, 1896, he married Júlia Maria de Noronha, only daughter of the 3rd Count of Parati in the parish of Encarnação, with King D. Carlos acting as best-man. He had quickly been propelled into the higher echelons of the social class: a prestigious military hero, linked to the Royal House of Portugal, married to a noble House, and an intimate of D. Isabel de Sousa Botelho (her mother-in-law), who was a member of high society that circled the King. Their relationship could not be any more magnanimous: Paiva Couceiro fashioned himself the Nun\'Álvares de Magul, while his wife remained at home and occupied herself with the faith.
D. Júlia was as pious and religious as her husband; she frequented the Congregação das Religiosas Reparadoras, a benevolent religious society, as well as becoming the lifelong president of the Associação Reparadora das Marias dos Sacráricos Calvários. The couple had three daughters, and two sons: Helena Francisca Maria do Carmo de Noronha de Paiva Couceiro (who became Mother Superior of the Colégio das Doroteias, in Benguela); Maria do Carmo de Noronha de Paiva Couceiro (founded the Filhas de Maria in India, but was not a nun, although she dedicated her life to religious and social works); the oldest daughter, Isabel Maria do Carmo de Noronha de Paiva Couceiro (who married António Carlos Sacramento Calainho de Azevedo, an ensign and first to raise the monarchical flag in 1919 counter-revolution; José António do Carmo de Noronha de Paiva Couceiro; and Miguel António do Carmo de Noronha de Paiva Couceiro, 4th Count of Parati. Of the couple\'s three daughters, two became nuns, one of them as a missionary in Angola.
Paiva Couceiro died in 1944. In that year, he issued one final political testament, which he made to his friend Preto Cruz:
: \"It was difficult being the Governor of Angola, but it was more difficult to be honest during the 34 years of the Republic.\"
After his death, his son eulogized his father:
\"My father justified his combat against the Republic with the conviction that this regime did not correspond to the needs of the Country, nor that it expressed the mood of the nation.\"
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# Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro
## Published works {#published_works}
His published writings include many works on colonialism, resurgent nationalism, taken from the perspective of the Integralist Lusitania philosophies.
- *Relatório de viagem entre Bailundo e as terras do Mucusso*, Imprensa Nacional, 1892
- *Angola: Estudo administrativo*, Tipografia da Cooperativa Militar, 1898
- *Artur de Paiva*, A. Liberal, 1900
- *A Democracia Nacional*, Imprensa Portuguesa, Lisboa, depositários França & Arménio, Coimbra, 1917
- *O Soldado Prático*, Tipografia Silvas, Ltd, Lisboa, para as Edições Gama, Lisboa, 1936
- *Angola: dois anos de governo, Junho 1907 -- Junho 1909*, Edições Gama, Lisboa, 1948 \[foi acompanhada pela obra de Norton de Matos, *Angola: ensaio sobre a vida e acção de Paiva Couceiro em Angola que se publica ao reeditar-se o seu relatório de Governo* Edições Gama, Lisboa, 1948\].
- *Angola, história e comentários*, Tipografia Portuguesa, 1948
- *Angola: Projecto de Fomento*, Edição da Revista \"Portugal Colonial\", Lisboa, 1931
- *Subsídios para a Obra do Ressurgimento Nacional*, Fascículo I -- O Estado Nacional, Tipografia \"Hesperia\", Madrid, 1929
- *Subsídios para a Obra do Ressurgimento Nacional*, Fascículo II -- A Nação Organizada, Tipografia da Gazeta dos Caminhos de Ferro, Lisboa, 1929
- *Profissão de Fé (Lusitânia Transformada)*, seu último livro e verdadeiro testamento político, com prefácio de Luís de Almeida Braga, Tipografia Leitão, Porto, para as Edições Gama, Lisboa, 1944
- *Experiência de Tracção Mecânica na Província de Angola*, Imprensa da Livraria Ferin, Lisboa, 1902
- *Carta Aberta aos Meus Amigos e Companheiros*, edição da Acção Realista Portuguesa, Biblioteca de Estudos Nacionalistas, 1924
- *Projecto de Orçamento do ano Económico de 1917/18 do Distrito de Angola*, Lisboa : Revista \"Portugal Colonial\", 1931
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# Kurt Schwertsik
**Kurt Schwertsik** (born 25 June 1935) is an Austrian contemporary composer. He is known for creating the \"Third Viennese School\" and spreading contemporary classical music.
## Life
Schwertsik was born in Vienna. A pupil of Joseph Marx and Karl Schiske at the Academy of Music, he later studied with Karlheinz Stockhausen in Cologne and Darmstadt. In 1958 he founded the ensemble \"die reihe\" with fellow composer and conductor Friedrich Cerha (famous for finishing the opera *Lulu*, by Alban Berg) and later, in 1968, the ensemble \"MOB art & tone ART\" with Otto Matthäus Zykan and Heinz Karl Gruber. He served as hornist of the Vienna Symphony Orchestra (from 1968) while teaching Composition at the Konservatorium Wien (from 1979). Between 1989 and 2004 he was Professor of Composition at the Vienna Musikhochschule (Academy of Music, when he was studying there, now called University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna). His works are characterised by his particular exploration of tonality and his musical irony and humour. He received the Grand Austrian State Prize (1992), the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1997) and numerous other awards.
Kurt Schwertsik is President of the Joseph Marx Society that was founded in 2006 in order to implement the Renaissance of this composer. Thus, Schwertsik has accepted the position of the leader of an organisation for the first time in his career and also avowed himself a melodist according to the musical philosophy that was developed and represented by Joseph Marx.
## Prizes
- City of Vienna Prize for Music (1980)
- Grand Austrian State Prize for Music (1992)
- Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1997)
- Silver Medal for Service to the City of Vienna (2006)
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# Kurt Schwertsik
## Works (selection) {#works_selection}
### Instrumental music {#instrumental_music}
**Orchestral works**
- *\... für Audifax und Abachum*, symphony for large orchestra, op.8 (1963--70)
- *Draculas Haus- und Hofmusik*, a Transylvanian symphony for strings, op.18 (1968)
- *Symphonie im MOB-Stil* for orchestra, op.19 (1971)
- *Epilog zu Rosamunde*, op.33 (1978)
- *Tag- und Nachtweisen; Im Ton des Mönchs von Salzburg und Herrn Marteins*, op.34 (1978)
- *Irdische Klänge* Cycle (1980--1992), comprising:
- *Irdische Klänge*, Symphony in 2 movements, op.37 (1980)
- *Fünf Naturstücke*, Der Irdischen Klänge 2. Teil, op.45 (1983--84)
- *Mit den Riesenstiefeln*, op.60 (1991)
- *Uluru*, op.64 (1992)
- *Baumgesänge*, op.65 (1992)
- *Sinfonia-Sinfonietta*, op.73 (1996)
- *\'Mond-Lichtung* for string orchestra, op.75 (1997)
- *Unter Messing Baumen* for 4 natural horns and orchestra, op.77 (1998)
- *Nachtmusiken*
**Music for solo instrument and orchestra**
- Alphorn Concerto '\'In Keltischer Manier'', op.27 (1975)
- *Violin Concerto No. 1*, op.31 (1977)
- *Guitar Concerto*, op.35 (1979)
- *Instant Music* for flute and wind orchestra, op.40 (1981)
- Timpani Concerto, op.54 (1987--88)
- Double-Bass Concerto, op.56 (1989)
- *Violin Concerto No. 2*
- *Flute Concerto*
- *Trombone Concerto*
### Stage music {#stage_music}
- *Der lange Weg zur großen Mauer* -- Opera based on a novel by Richard Bletschacher, op.24 (1974)
- *Wiener Chronik 1848*, ballet op.28 (1976--77, originally performed as *Walzerträume*; written for the Cologne City Opera)
- *Katzelmacher* -- Opera based on a text by Rainer Werner Fassbinder
- *Fanferlieschen Schönefüßchen* -- Fairy-tale opera after Clemens Brentano, based on a text by Karin and Thomas Körner, op.42 (1982)
- *Das verlorene Wut*, Singspiel for TV based on a text by Christine Nöstlinger, op.57 (1989)
- *Der ewige Frieden*, operetta on a text by Thomas Korner, op.58 (1990)
- *Frida Kahlo*, dance-theatre work (1991)
- *Café-Museum -- Die Erleuchtung*, chamber opera, op.67 (1993)
- *Die Welt der Mongolen*, opera based on a text by Michael Köhlmeier, op.72 (1996)
- *Schlaf der Gerechten*, operella based on a text by Kristine Tornquist (sirene Operntheater, 2004)
- *Chalifa und die Affen*, chamber opera based on a text by Kristine Tornquist from Arabian Nights (sirene Operntheater, 2011)
- *Alice*, phantastic revue based on Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll, text editor Kristine Tornquist (sirene Operntheater, 2023)
### Vocal music {#vocal_music}
- *shâl-i-mâr* for baritone and orchestra, op.17 (1962--72) to texts by H.C. Artmann
- *Starckdeutsche Lieder und Tänze* for baritone and orchestra, op.44 (1982) to texts by Matthias Koeppel
- *Human existence* for voice and chamber ensemble (1992), texts by Flann O\'Brien
- *Die Furie des Verschwindens* for mixed choir
- *Roald Dahl's Goldilocks* for narrator and orchestra, op.74 (1996), text by Donald Sturrock after Roald Dahl
- a huge number of songs
### Chamber music {#chamber_music}
- *Liebesträume* for 7 instruments, op.7 (1962)
- *Eichendorff-Quintett* for wind quintet, op.9 (1964)
- 5 Nocturnes for cello and piano, op.10c (1966)
- *Music vom Mutterland Mu* for 11 instruments, op.22 (1974)
- *Skizzen und Entwürfe* for string quartet, op.25 (1974)
- *Twilight Music,* A Celtic Serenade for Octet, op. 30 (1976)
- *Blechpartie im neuesten Geschmack* for brass quintet, op.43 (1982)
- *Am Ende Steht ein Marsch* for wind octet, op. 59 (1991)
- *Drei späte Liebeslieder* for cello and piano, op.66 (1992)
- *Mobelmusik-Klassisch* for 2 violins, viola and double bass, op.68 (1994; also version for string orchestra)
- *Wake* for string quartet, op.70 (1994)
- *Adieu Satie* for bandoneon and string quartet
- *Ganesha Walkabout* for string quartet, op.76 (1998)
- *Sotto Voce* for 4 instruments, Op. 39 (Flute, Violin, \'cello & Guitar) (1980)
### Solo instrumental {#solo_instrumental}
- 5 Nocturnes for piano, op.10a
- Ein Kleines Requiem, op
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# Erdeven
**Erdeven** (`{{IPA|fr|ɛʁdəvɛn}}`{=mediawiki}; *An Ardeven*) is a commune in the Morbihan department in the region of Brittany in north-western France.
Its main industry is tourism. Attractions include a seven kilometre-long beach beside the Atlantic and many prehistoric sites featuring megaliths. The Mané-Croch, Mané-Bras and Crucuno dolmens and the Kerzérho alignments lie just outside the commune.
## Population
Inhabitants of Erdeven are called *Erdevenois* in French. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
## Twin towns {#twin_towns}
It is twinned with St. Märgen in the Black Forest region of Germany.
## Gallery
<File:Erdeven> Roche Seche plage blockhaus.jpg\|Kerouriec beach in Erdeven <File:Kerzerho> Geants
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# Ingram Barge Company
The **Ingram Barge Company** is a barge company based in Nashville, Tennessee, United States.
According to the company website, Ingram operates nearly 4,000 barges with a fleet of over 80 linehaul vessels and over 30 tug boats. The company operates on the Mississippi River, Ohio River, Cumberland River, Tennessee River, Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, Kanawha River, Illinois River, and the Monongahela River. In 1994 *Forbes* magazine listed Ingram as the 14th largest privately held company in the United States. Ingram Barge is part of the Ingram Marine Group, in turn part of Ingram Industries.
## History
**Ingram Barge Company** (IBCO) was founded in 1946 by Orrin Henry Ingram, Sr., also known as Hank. The company started out as Ingram Products Company, transporting primarily petroleum and running terminals in St. Paul and Louisville. Over time, Hank expanded the barging side of the business and reorganized his fleet under a new subsidiary -- Ingram Barge Company. He brought on his sons, Frederic B. Ingram and E. Bronson Ingram II, to be integral members of the company.
In the 1960s, IBCO acquired a sand and gravel yard, which would later become known as Ingram Materials Company, and officially put IBCO into the dry cargo transportation business. During this time of expansion, the family was hit with the unexpected: Hank Ingram died in April 1963.
After Hank's death, Bronson and Fritz continued their father's vision of growing their barging business. They expanded into off-shore marine construction and started moving other types of cargo, among them coal and crushed stone. In 1978, the brothers split up Ingram Corporation. Bronson began his leadership of Ingram Industries Inc., which encompassed IBCO.
In 1984, Ingram purchased Ohio Barge Line, formerly owned by U.S. Steel. **Neil N. Diehl** came on board as Chairman Emeritus of IBCO to oversee the acquisition. During the 1980s, Ingram bought many boats and barges from several different transportation companies, allowing IBCO to become the third largest for-hire river carrier in the U.S.
On June 15, 1995, E. Bronson Ingram died. Ingram Industries was then organized, naming two of Bronson's sons, Orrin H. Ingram II and John R. Ingram, as Co-Presidents. In 1998, Orrin was appointed Chairman of IBCO and in 1999, became President and CEO of Ingram Industries. John became Vice Chairman of Ingram Industries and Craig E. Philip was named President and CEO of Ingram Barge Co. Following Craig\'s retirement in 2014, Orrin was named CEO of Ingram Barge Co.
In 2002, IBCO acquired Midland Enterprises LLC, which included The Ohio River Company LLC and Orgulf Transport LLC. In 2005, Ingram acquired Riverway Company. These strategic acquisitions allowed Ingram to become what it is today -- the largest carrier on the inland waterway system.
## Ingram Barge and Hurricane Katrina {#ingram_barge_and_hurricane_katrina}
Perhaps the most famous Ingram barge was ING 4727, which broke free of its moorings during Hurricane Katrina and landed in what had been a residential neighborhood of the Lower 9th Ward of New Orleans, Louisiana. It was suggested that the ING 4727 was responsible for the major breach in the Industrial Canal, although several major studies concluded otherwise. The ING 4727 was in the custody of Lafarge North America at the time of the hurricane. In 2008, a federal district court in New Orleans found that Ingram Barge was not responsible or liable for the breakaway of the ING 4727. In 2009, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit dismissed an appeal of the district court's ruling, thereby officially ending Ingram Barge's involvement in the ING 4727 litigation.
## Competition
Competition includes Kirby, American Commercial Lines, Higman Barge, SCF Marine and ARTCO.
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# Ingram Barge Company
## Gallery
Image:River towboat DBQ IA.jpg\|M/V *Bill Berry* of the Ingram Barge Company pushing cargo barges up the Mississippi River at Dubuque, Iowa Image:James E. Anderson Ingram Barge Ohio River.JPG\|*James E
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# Touro, Spain
**Touro** is a municipality of northwestern Spain in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia. It has a population of 3,382 inhabitants as of 2024. Touro has an area of 115.34 km^2^
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# Freestyle football
**Freestyle football** is the art of juggling a football using any part of the body, excluding the elbows to the hands. It combines football tricks, dance, acrobatics and music to entertain onlookers and compete with opponents. The official governing body for this sport is known as the World Freestyle Football Association (WFFA).
## History
The art of freestyle football can be traced to games of Southeast Asia such as chinlone, jianzi and sepak takraw, which have been practised for 2,000 years. Fundamental freestyle tricks such as the \'Neck Stall\' and \'Around The World\' were first popularly performed in the West by circus performers, notably including Enrico Rastelli and Francis Brunn.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Argentine footballer Diego Maradona famously brought his freestyle \'Life is Life\' warm-up to international attention while playing for SSC Napoli. The ability to freestyle, however, was widely criticized at the time as not having direct relevance to playing the game of football.
At the beginning of the 21st century, several significant events helped elevate freestyle football with broader recognition. Brazilian footballer Ronaldinho starred in Nike advertising campaigns such as \"Joga Bonito\" (English: Play Beautifully), which popularized the ability to practice alone with a ball and develop new moves and tricks.
Inspired by Maradona, South Korean footballer Mr Woo sought to become a football entertainer. He established Guinness world records and performed at the 1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, and the FIFA World Cups in 1990 and 1994. Soufiane Touzani from the Netherlands introduced a new style of lower tricks, which were popularized through viral videos.`{{better source needed|date=September 2019}}`{=mediawiki}
Footballer Sandy Levittas (`{{a.k.a.}}`{=mediawiki} Bambiball) was among the first women to share videos of her freestyle skills, which inspired more girls to take up the sport. Different styles were then developed such as lowers, uppers, sit-downs, grounds and blocking.
In 2015, Ronaldinho was recognized by the World Freestyle Football Association (WFFA) as ambassador for the sport.`{{clarify timeframe|date=September 2019|According to the WFFA article, it was only founded in 2017. Need to have the founding of the WWFA in this history section, with independent source.}}`{=mediawiki} Competitions have been organized across the globe and videos have been shared by over 80 million of people on a monthly basis.`{{failed verification|date=September 2019}}`{=mediawiki}
In recent years, some of the top football players in the world have credited freestyle and street football cultures for helping to develop their talents. These athletes have included Neymar Jr, Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi and Zlatan Ibrahimović.
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# Freestyle football
## Tricks
Tricks or moves in freestyle football are categorized into different disciplines or styles:
- Lower body or air move tricks are performed while standing, and use the feet or legs. (lowers)
- Upper body tricks are performed with the head, chest and shoulders. (uppers)
- Sitting tricks are performed while seated, often with the legs elevated. (sit-downs)
- Ground move tricks are performed while standing with the ball on the floor.`{{explain|date=September 2019|What's the trick in standing next to a ball?}}`{=mediawiki} Skillful players can make the performance of ground moves seem like a choreographed dance.
- Blocking tricks are performed by holding the ball with various parts of the lower body. It is a style inspired by breakdancing.
- Acrobatic tricks are inspired by circus skills, breakdancing and gymnastics.
- Transitions are intermediate moves used to bridge tricks in different styles, ideally in a fluid motion.
Within the above disciplines, the following individual moves are among the most popular:
- Around the World (ATW), a move in which the freestyler plays the ball off of one foot, which then circles up and over the ball before returning underneath to play the ball again. An inside ATW makes the initial movement toward the opposite leg, while an outside ATW makes the initial movement away from the opposite leg.
- Crossover, a move in which the ball is kicked into the air with one leg, and the opposite leg goes around the ball while it is in the air.
- Toe Bounce (TB) a move like a crossover but with the ball bouncing on the foot.`{{explain|date=September 2019|which foot? unclear}}`{=mediawiki}
- Hop the World (HTW), a move in which the ball is kicked up with one foot and circled with the opposite foot.`{{clarify|date=September 2019|reason=How does this differ from a Crossover?}}`{=mediawiki}
- Touzani around the World (TATW), a variation of an outside ATW and a crossover.`{{explain|date=September 2019}}`{=mediawiki} Created by Soufiane Touzani from the Netherlands.
- Mitchy around the World (MATW), as with the TATW except with an inside ATW. Created by Mitchell James Penn from the UK.
- Lemmens Around the World (LATW), a double ATW, circling the foot twice around the airborne ball without a middle touch between revolutions.
- Palle Around the World (PATW), a triple ATW. Created by Rickard \"Palle\" Sjolander of Sweden.
- Stalls, moves which involve catching the ball in a stationary position. This is commonly on the back of the neck but also includes balancing on the forehead or wedged between the heel and thigh.
- Clipper, a move that originated from freestyle footbag in which the freestyler catches the ball midair with the inside of the foot on the side of the body.
- Combos, moves which directly connect tricks without juggling the ball.
- No-touch combos, tricks performed in one motion without any intermediate ball touch. For example, the LATW is a two ATW no-touch combo.
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# Freestyle football
## Competitive freestyle {#competitive_freestyle}
The first major competition for freestyle football was Red Bull Street Style (RBSS) in 2008, which was hosted in São Paulo, Brazil. Séan Garnier won this competition with a style that had not been seen in the public eye before.
Super Ball, the first open world championship (where anyone could compete) catered to freestylers with ranging styles, recognizing the many ways to judge a freestyler. Hosted in the Czech Republic, Super Ball became the premiere annual international event for freestylers.
### Tournaments
The following tournaments are recognized by the official governing body of the World Freestyle Football Association:`{{failed verification|date=September 2019}}`{=mediawiki}
- Red Bull Street Style (RBSS) World Finals
- World Freestyle Masters
- Super Ball World Open Championships
- Panther Ball World Open Championships
- European Freestyle Football Championships (EFFC)
- Asia-Pacific Freestyle Football Championships (APFFC)
- African Freestyle Football Championships (AFFC)
- Latin American Freestyle Football Championships (LAFFC)
- North American Freestyle Football Championships (NAFFC)
- National Championships (all countries)
### Events
Typical events in competitive freestyle football include:`{{explain|date=September 2019|What's the point of listing esoteric names without explaining what they are? If it has encyclopedic value, explain it with references. If not, remove it.}}`{=mediawiki}
- Battles
- Doubles (team battles)
- Routines
- Doubles routines
- Sick 3
- Challenge
- Iron man
- Show flow
- Kill the beat
- Max 1
- 3vs3
### Ranked freestylers {#ranked_freestylers}
The WFFA uses results from the official national championships, continental championships, international opens and world open competitions to assign a point ranking to competitors.`{{failed verification|date=September 2019}}`{=mediawiki}`{{update inline|date=September 2019}}`{=mediawiki}
- Ricardo Chahini (Brazil)
- Andrew Henderson (UK)
- Melody Donchet (France)
- Lisa Zimouche (France)
- Michal \"Michryc\" Rycaj (Poland)
- Kitti Szász, (Hungary) freestyle football four times world champion
- Erlend Fagerli (Norway)
- Muhammad Riswan - (India)
- Aguska Mnich (Poland)
- Lia Lewis
## WFFA Committee {#wffa_committee}
Other key names that brought their own touch to the art of freestyle football over the years include:
- Aarish Ansari (India)
- Nam the Man (Ireland/Vietnam)
- Palle (Sweden)
- Steve Elias (Canada)
- Daniel Rooseboom de Vries (The Netherlands)
- John Farnworth (UK)
- Jeon Kwon (South Korea)
- Iya Traore (France)
- Abbas Farid (UK)
- Yosuke Yokota (Japan)
- Ash Randall (UK)
## Media
In January 2019, freestyle football has received over 80 million video views per month on social media channels. There are over 70 related events every year, the largest being the Red Bull Street Style World Final. The sport is enjoyed mainly by a demographic of 12--25 year-olds, with 85% male.`{{failed verification|date=September 2019}}`{=mediawiki}
Major markets in terms of consumption of freestyle football content include the United States, Mexico, Brazil, UK, Spain, Poland, France, the Middle East, China, Japan and South East Asia, with a direct audience of 1.47 billion football fans around the globe.`{{relevance inline|date=September 2019|You can't just glom onto football fans. That's like saying "car soccer" has a potential audience of 3 billion drivers and football fans
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# Behold the Lamb of God
***Behold the Lamb of God*** (subtitled \"The True Tall Tale of the Coming of Christ\") is the fifth album by the American singer/songwriter Andrew Peterson. Released in 2004, it is a concept album that traces the Biblical story of the advent of Jesus.
Each December, Peterson travels the country with fellow musicians to present ***Behold the Lamb of God***. The first half of the concert features individual performances of songs written by the guest artists on the tour. The second half is spent performing the complete album. The tour culminates in an annual performance in the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville. Guests who have participated in past shows include Nickel Creek, Ron Block, Garett Buell, Caleb Chapman of Colony House, Thad Cockrell, Cason Cooley, Jason Gray, Sara Groves, Andy Gullahorn, Brandon Heath, Ellie Holcomb, Jenny & Tyler, Matthew Perryman Jones, Phil Keaggy, Alison Krauss, Phil Madeira, Sandra McCracken, Buddy Miller, Cindy Morgan, [Jonathan & Amanda Noël](https://www.jonathanandamandanoel.com/), Bebo Norman, Fernando Ortega, Andrew Osenga, Eric Peters, Pierce Pettis, Jill Phillips, Gabe Scott, Ben Shive, Derek Webb, David Wilcox, The Arcadian Wild, and Jess Ray.
A new edition of the album was released on October 25, 2019.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs by Andrew Peterson unless otherwise noted.
1. \"Gather \'Round, Ye Children, Come\" -- 3:18
2. \"Passover Us\" -- 4:33
3. \"So Long, Moses\" -- 6:13
4. \"Deliver Us\" -- 3:50
5. \"O Come, O Come Emmanuel\" -- 2:31
6. \"Matthew\'s Begats\" -- 2:17
7. \"It Came to Pass\" -- 2:50
8. \"Labor of Love\" (featuring Jill Phillips) -- 4:32
9. \"The Holly and the Ivy\" (Ben Shive) -- 1:53
10. \"While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks\" (Nahum Tate) -- 3:23
11. \"Behold the Lamb of God\" (Andrew Peterson, Laura Story) -- 4:02
12
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# Mladen Josić
**Mladen Josić** (15 July 1897, Bečej - 1 October 1972, Paris) was a Serbian painter. He had his own *atelier* in Belgrade where art students came to hone their skills, many becoming renowned academic painters and sculptors.
## Biography
Mladen Josić was born in Bečej on 15 July 1897. His family were from Opovo in Banat. In 1920. he studied in Académie de la Grande Chaumière under Antoine Bourdelle. On return to Yugoslavia architect Dragiša Brašovan builds an atelier for him. Josić paints portraits of king Peter I of Serbia and king Alexander I of Yugoslavia. In 1937. Josić opened his own art school within Ilija M. Kolarac Endowment, from which many artists have emerged, including Mladen Srbinović, Matija Vuković, Stojan Ćelić, Majda Kurnik, Miodrag B. Protić, Zora Petrović and many others. School was closed by Tito\'s government in 1950. In early 1950s Josić emigrated to France. He lived in Paris until he died in 1972. He is buried with his wife Asja Josić in the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris.
His son, Aljoša Josić, was an architect and a painter.
## Style
Josić was influenced originally by Cubism, and later by Realism. Many of his works were inspired by those of the French painters Cézanne and Gauguin.
## Works
- King Peter I of Serbia, portrait, oil on canvas
- King Alexander I of Yugoslavia, portrait, oil on canvas
- 1953 Dubrovnik Cathedral, oil on canvas, 60 x 80 cm
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# Marco Coleman
--2021)\
Defensive ends coach
- Michigan State (`{{Year|2022}}`{=mediawiki})\
Defensive line coach & run game coordinator
- Georgia Tech ({{ Year\|2023}}--present)\
Defensive ends coach
\| highlights =
- Pro Bowl (2000)
- PFWA All-Rookie Team (1992)
- National champion (1990)
- First-team All-American (1991)
- 2× First-team All-ACC (1990, 1991)
\| statlabel1 = Tackles \| statvalue1 = 614 \| statlabel2 = Sacks \| statvalue2 = 65.5 \| statlabel3 = Forced fumbles \| statvalue3 = 18 \| pfr = ColeMa00 }}
**Marco Darnell Coleman** (born December 18, 1969) is an American football coach and former player who is the defensive line coach for Georgia Tech and former assistant defensive line coach for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). A former American football defensive end, the fourteen-year veteran originally was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the 1992 NFL draft as a first round pick (12th overall). He played at Georgia Tech and won the 1990 college football national championship and went to one Pro Bowl before retiring from professional football after the 2005 season.
## Early life {#early_life}
Coleman attended Patterson Cooperative High School in Dayton, Ohio, where he was an all-area linebacker. As a senior, he totaled 84 tackles, 31 sacks, three forced fumbles, six fumble recoveries and blocked an extra point. He lettered three times in football and once in track.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### College
Coleman finished his career at Georgia Tech with the all-time leader with 28 sacks record, despite playing just three years. He earned All-Atlantic Coast Conference honors for his junior year, playing 11 games to record 67 tackles, 10 sacks, and one fumble recovery. He helped lead the school to a share of the national championship as a sophomore in 1990 by posting 81 tackles and 13 sacks. Coleman was named second-team All-American by The Sporting News and was named the ACC Defensive Player of the Week after a 12-tackle, five-sack performance vs. Maryland. As a redshirt freshman, he started all season at outside linebacker and totaled 63 tackles and five sacks. While playing at Georgia Tech Coleman wore the number #95.
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# Marco Coleman
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### National Football League {#national_football_league}
#### Miami Dolphins {#miami_dolphins}
Selected by the Miami Dolphins in the first round (12th pick) of the 1992 NFL draft, Coleman was named the NFL Rookie of the Year by Sports Illustrated and Defensive Rookie of the Year by Football News after finishing his first season with 84 tackles (61 solo), six sacks. and one forced fumble. His six sacks were the third-highest single-season total ever recorded by a Dolphins rookie. He started 15 out of 16 games and started the season at outside linebacker before moving to right defensive end for the last 12 games. He remained a member of the Dolphins for three more seasons. Coleman performed a cameo role opposite actor Jim Carrey in the 1994 movie *Ace Ventura: Pet Detective*.
#### San Diego Chargers {#san_diego_chargers}
Coleman signed as an unrestricted free agent with the San Diego Chargers, on March 8, 1996. He played with the Chargers for three seasons from 1996 to 1998.
#### Washington Redskins {#washington_redskins}
Coleman signed with the Washington Redskins as an unrestricted free agent June 3, 1999 and started all 16 regular season games at right end in his first season as a Redskin. He played with the Redskins from 1999 to 2001.
#### Jacksonville Jaguars {#jacksonville_jaguars}
Coleman signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars on June 20, 2002, and started all 16 games at left defensive end in his first season as a member of the Jaguars. He only played one season as member of the Jaguars and was cut by the team after the 2002 season.
#### Philadelphia Eagles {#philadelphia_eagles}
Coleman signed with the Philadelphia Eagles on September 6, 2003, replacing defensive end Derrick Burgess, who was placed on injured reserve. He played as a reserve in 13 regular-season games without a start. He only played the 2003 season as a member of the Eagles.
#### Denver Broncos {#denver_broncos}
Coleman signed with the Denver Broncos as an unrestricted free agent on March 11, 2004, and played as a member of the Broncos for two seasons (2004--2005). He announced his retirement from professional football after the 2005 season.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### Oakland Raiders {#oakland_raiders}
On April 5, 2018, the Raiders announced Coleman would be making his coaching debut as an assistant defensive line coach in Jon Gruden\'s new staff.
### Georgia Tech {#georgia_tech}
In January 2019, Coleman was announced as the Defensive Line Coach for Georgia Tech in Geoff Collins\' new staff.
### Michigan State {#michigan_state}
On February 9, 2022, Michigan State University announced that they hired Coleman as the defensive line coach under head coach Mel Tucker.
### Georgia Tech (second stint) {#georgia_tech_second_stint}
On January 4, 2023, it was announced that Coleman was hired to be the defensive line coach for the Georgia Tech under head coach Brent Key.
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# Marco Coleman
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Coleman is married to Katrina and has three children, Kabrione, Kennedy, and Kenneth. Coleman completed his college degree at Flagler College in St. Augustine, FL where he earned a B.A. in Business Administration
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# Demetrin Veal
**Demetrin Leandro Veal** (born August 11, 1981) is an American former professional football defensive tackle who played four seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the seventh round of the 2003 NFL draft. He played college football at Tennessee.
In addition, Veal was a member of the Baltimore Ravens, Denver Broncos, Tennessee Titans, Florida Tuskers and Omaha Nighthawks.
## Early life and college {#early_life_and_college}
Sources conflict on whether Veal was born in Brazil or California. He attended Paramount High School in Paramount, California. He played college football at Cerritos College from 1999 to 2000 and at Tennessee from 2001 to 2002.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Veal was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the seventh round, with the 238th overall pick, of the 2003 NFL draft. He officially signed with the team on June 18, 2003. He played in three games for the Falcons in 2003, recording one solo tackle and two assisted tackles. Veal was waived by the Falcons on September 5, 2004.
He was signed to the practice squad of the Baltimore Ravens on September 21, 2004.
The Denver Broncos signed Veal off of the Raven\'s practice squad on December 18, 2004. He played in 15 games for the Broncos during the 2005 season, totaling 19 solo tackles, six assisted tackles, one sack, one fumble recovery and one safety. He re-signed with The Broncos on April 3, 2006. He appeared in 16 games, starting one, in 2006, recording 20 solo tackles, 12 assisted tackles, 1.5 sacks, one forced fumble and two pass breakups. Veal was released by the Broncos on August 28, 2007.
Veal signed with the Tennessee Titans on November 6, 2007. He played in three games for the Falcons, accumulating three solo tackles and three assisted tackles, before being waived on November 27, 2007.
He spent time on the practice squad of the Florida Tuskers of the United Football League (UFL) in 2009.
Veal played in seven games for the Omaha Nighthawks of the UFL in 2010, recording five solo tackles, four assisted tackles and 1.5 sacks.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Veal has spent time coaching the Tyresö Royal Crowns, Team Sweden, and Team Netherlands.
## MMA career {#mma_career}
Veal made his mixed martial arts debut on June 2, 2012, at Ring of Fire 43: Bad Blood, defeating former WWE wrestler Chad Wicks
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# Fengyun
**Fēngyún** (**FY**, `{{zh|t=風雲|s=风云|l=wind cloud}}`{=mediawiki}) are China\'s meteorological satellites. Launched since 1988 into polar Sun-synchronous and geosynchronous orbit, each three-axis stabilized Fengyun satellite is built by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST) and operated by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA). To date, China has launched twenty-one Fengyun satellites in four classes (FY-1 through FY-4). Fengyun 1 and Fengyun 3 satellites are in polar, Sun-synchronous orbit and Low Earth orbit while Fengyun 2 and 4 are geosynchronous orbit.
On 11 January 2007, China destroyed one of these satellites (FY-1C, COSPAR 1999-025A) in a test of an anti-satellite missile. According to NASA, the intentional destruction of FY-1C created more than 3,000 high-velocity debris items, a larger amount of dangerous space debris than any other space mission in history.
## Classes
### Fengyun 1 {#fengyun_1}
The four satellites of the Fengyun 1 (or FY-1) class were China\'s first meteorological satellites placed in polar, Sun-synchronous orbit. In this orbit, FY-1 satellites orbited the Earth at both a low altitude (approximate 900 km above the Earth\'s surface), and at a high inclination between 98.8° and 99.2° traversing the North Pole every 14 minutes, giving FY-1-class satellites global meteorological coverage with a rapid revisit time and closer proximity to the clouds they image. FY-1A, launched in September 1988, lasted 39 days until it suffered attitude control problems. FY-1B, launched in September 1990 along with the first two QQW (Qi Qui Weixing) balloon satellites, lasted until late 1992 when its attitude control system also failed. FY-1C, launched in May 1999 along with Shijian-5, also completed its two-year design life operating until January 2004. The last satellite of the class, FY-1D, was launched in May 2002 and operated continuously for nine years until in May 2011 operations were temporarily lost. Despite resuscitation, FY-1D failed on 1 April 2012.
All Fengyun 1 satellites were launched from Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center (TSLC) in Shanxi Province on Long March 4A and 4B rockets and weighed 750 kg, 880 kg, 954 kg, and 954 kg respectively. Aboard each satellite were two multichannel visible and infrared scanning radiometers (MVISR) built by the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics (SITP) bearing an optical scanner, image processor, radiant cooler, and controller for the radiant cooler. FY-1C and FY-1D satellites also carried on board a high-energy particle detector (HEPD) for study of the space environment, contributing to their increased mass. FY-1 satellites are powered by two deployable solar arrays and internal batteries.
#### Destruction of FY-1C {#destruction_of_fy_1c}
On 11 January 2007, China conducted its first anti-satellite (ASAT) missile test, destroying FY-1C with a kinetic kill vehicle, identified by the United States Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) as the SC-19, a modified DF-21 ballistic missile with mounted kill vehicle. The shootdown, and the subsequent creation of a record-setting amount of in-orbit debris, drew serious international criticism.
### Fengyun 2 {#fengyun_2}
Satellites of the Fengyun 2 class are based on the spin-stabilized Dong Fang Hong 2 platform and are China\'s first class of meteorological satellites in geostationary orbit. Unlike meteorological satellites in polar orbit (like the FY-1 and FY-3 classes), FY-2 satellites in geostationary orbit remain in a fixed position relative to the Earth 35,000 km above its surface and maintain a constant watch over an assigned area. Unlike polar orbiting satellites which view the same area about twice a day, geostationary satellites can image a location as fast as once a minute and show long term meteorological trends - at the cost of resolution.
Built by the Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering and operated by the Chinese Meteorological Administration, FY-2 satellites are 4.5 m tall and are spin-stabilized rotating at 100 rotations per minute. FY-2-class satellites have been marketed for their openly available data whereby any user with a receiver could view FY-2 derived sensory data. Satellites of the Fengyun 2 class have a mass of 1,380 kilograms, use solar cells and batteries for power, and a FG-36 apogee motor jettisoned after attaining orbit.
On 2 April 1994, China attempted to launch the Fengyun 2 from Xichang Satellite Launch Center (XSLC) when, prior to its mating with the Long March 3, a fire caused an explosion destroying the satellite, killing a technician, and injuring 20 others. Officials of the Chinese space agency described the \$75 million USD loss of the satellite as a \"major setback\" to the Chinese space program. Despite this, China launched eight successive Fengyun 2 satellites without incident.
### Fengyun 3 {#fengyun_3}
Chinese participation in the monitoring of auroras for scientific and space weather investigation was initiated with the launch of the Fengyun-3D satellite, which carries a wide-field auroral imager.
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# Fengyun
## Classes
### Fengyun 4 {#fengyun_4}
As of 2021, China has launched two Fengyun 4 class satellites.
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# Fengyun
## List of satellites {#list_of_satellites}
Satellite Launch Orbit Orbital apsis Inclination Period (min) SCN COSPAR Launch site Vehicle Status
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------------- --------------------------- ------------- -------------- ------- -------- ------------- --------------- -------------------------
Fenyun 1A 6 September 1988 Sun-synchronous 880.0 km × 899.9 km 99.2° 102.6 19467 TSLC Long March 4A
Fengyun 1B 3 September 1990 Sun-synchronous 880.2 km × 902.5 km 98.8° 102.6 20788 TSLC Long March 4A
Fengyun 2-01 4 April 1994 *Exploded before launch* XSLC Long March 3 Destroyed before launch
Fengyun 2A 10 June 1997 Geostationary 36,588.1 km × 37,451.4 km 15.0° 1499.1 24834 XSLC Long March 3
Fengyun 1C 10 May 1999 Sun-synchronous 832.3 km × 851.7 km 99.0° 101.4 25730 TSLC Long March 4B
Fengyun 2B 25 June 2000 Geostationary 35,830.7 km × 35,848.3 km 11.9° 1438.7 26382 XSLC Long March 3
Fengyun 1D 15 May 2002 Sun-synchronous 855.7 km × 878.8 km 99.1° 102.1 27431 TSLC Long March 4B
Fengyun 2C 19 October 2004 Geostationary 36,393.0 km × 36,443.3 km 10.2° 1468.1 28451 XSLC Long March 3A
Fengyun 2D 8 December 2006 Geostationary 36,330.7 km × 36,442.4 km 8.3° 1466.5 29640 XSLC Long March 3A
Fengyun 3A 27 May 2008 Sun-synchronous 830.0 km × 843.5 km 98.5° 101.4 32958 TSLC Long March 4C
Fengyun 2E 23 December 2008 Geostationary 35,785.9 km × 35,805.9 km 6.1° 1436.1 33463 XSLC Long March 3A
Fengyun 3B 4 November 2010 Sun-synchronous 835.3 km × 868.6 km 99.1° 101.8 37214 TSLC Long March 4C
Fengyun 2F 13 January 2012 Geostationary 35,794.2 km × 35,799.5 km 4.0° 1436.2 38049 XSLC Long March 3A
Fengyun 3C 23 September 2013 Sun-synchronous 837.7 km × 854.8 km 98.5° 101.6 39260 TSLC Long March 4C
Fengyun 2G 31 December 2014 Geostationary 35,782.4 km × 35,798.7 km 2.1° 1435.9 40367 XSLC Long March 3A
Fengyun 4A 10 December 2016 Geostationary 35,784.0 km × 35,802.9 km 0.2° 1436.2 41882 XSLC Long March 3B
Fengyun 3D 14 November 2017 Sun-synchronous 833.4 km × 836.9 km 98.8° 101.4 43010 TSLC Long March 4C
Fengyun 2H 5 June 2018 Geostationary 35,776.6 km × 35,814.1 km 1.3° 1436.0 43491 XSLC Long March 3A
Fengyun 4B 2 June 2021 Geostationary 35,786.6 km × 35,802.2 km 0.2° 1436.1 48808 XSLC Long March 3B
Fengyun 3E 4 July 2021 Sun-synchronous 831.3 km × 835.4 km 98.7° 101.4 49008 JSLC Long March 4C
Fengyun 3G 16 April 2023 Low Earth 410.0 km × 416.0km 50.0° 92.7 56232 JSLC Long March 4B
Fengyun 3F 3 August 2023 Sun-synchronous 832.9 km × 834.1km 98.8° 101.4 57490 JSLC Long March 4C
Sources: USSPACECOM, NASA, WMO, [CelesTrak](https://celestrak
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# Hermann von Keyserling
**Hermann Alexander Graf von Keyserling** (`{{OldStyleDate|20 July|1880|8}}`{=mediawiki} -- 26 April 1946) was a Baltic German philosopher from the Keyserlingk family. His grandfather, Alexander von Keyserling, was a notable geologist of Imperial Russia.
## Life
Keyserling was born to a wealthy aristocratic family in the Könno Manor, Kreis Pernau in Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire, now in Estonia. After his education at the universities of Dorpat (Tartu), Heidelberg, and Vienna, he took a trip around the world. He married Countess Maria Goedela von Bismarck-Schönhausen, granddaughter of Otto von Bismarck. His son Arnold von Keyserling followed his fathers footsteps and became a renowned philosopher.
Hermann Keyserling interested himself in natural science and in philosophy, and before World War I he was known both as a student of geology and as a popular essayist. The Russian Revolution deprived him of his estate in Livonia, and with the remains of his fortune he founded the *Gesellschaft für Freie Philosophie* (Society for Free Philosophy) at Darmstadt. The mission of this school was to bring about the intellectual reorientation of Germany.
He was the first to use the term Führerprinzip. One of Keyserling\'s central claims was that certain \"gifted individuals\" were \"born to rule\" on the basis of Social Darwinism.
Although not a doctrinaire pacifist, Keyserling believed that the old German policy of militarism was dead for all time and that Germany\'s only hope lay in the adoption of international, democratic principles. His best-known work is the *Reisetagebuch eines Philosophen* (\"Travel-journal of a Philosopher\"). The book also describes his travels in Asia, America and Southern Europe.
He died at Innsbruck, Austria.
## Works
- *Reisetagebuch eines Philosophen* \[Travel Journal of a Philosopher\] (in German).
- *Das Buch vom Ursprung* \[The Book of the Origin\] (in German).
- *Schöpferische Erkenntnis* \[Creative Knowledge\] (in German).
- *Südamerikanische Meditationen* \[South American Meditations\] (in German).
- *Einführung in die Schule der Weisheit* \[An Introduction to the School of Wisdom\] (in German).
- *Philosophie als Kunst* \[Philosophy as Art\] (in German).
- *La Révolution mondiale et la responsabilité de l\'esprit* \[The Global Revolution and the Responsibility of the Spirit\] (in French).
- *Das Buch vom persönlichen Leben* \[The Book of Personal Life\] (in German).
- *Betrachtungen der Stille und Besinnlichkeit* \[Reflections of Silence and Contemplation\] (in German).
- *Reise durch die Zeit* (Memoiren) \[Journey Through Time: A Memoir\] (in German). (1958).
- *Das Spektrum Europas* \[The Spectrum of Europe\] (in German).
- *Das Gefüge der Welt: Versuch einer kritischen Philosophie* \[The Fabric of the World: Attempt at a Critical Philosophy\] (in German)
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# TSR Records
**TSR Records** is an independent record label based in Tarzana, California, that produced many hit songs in the 1980s, especially dance music. Founded by Tom Hayden (no relation to Jane Fonda\'s ex) and his wife Suzanne. The name TSR is made up of the initials of Tom, Suzanne, and their son, Ryan.
## Profile
Some famous songs released by TSR Records in the 1980s (while TSR was based in the former RSO building at 8335 Sunset Boulevard), include \"Coming Out of Hiding\" by Pamala Stanley, \"Searchin\' (Looking For Love)\" by Hazell Dean, \"So Many Men, So Little Time\" by Miquel Brown and \"High Energy\" by Evelyn Thomas. Additionally, the release of techno dance music by the techno dance act Lime, in 1985, helped to establish TSR Records. Some of the techno dance songs produced include \"Babe, We\'re Gonna Love Tonight\" and \"Angel Eyes\".
Since its hey-day, TSR moved on from dance music to releasing mostly new age and smooth jazz music in the 1990s under the name Baja/TSR Records, including several Billboard chart-ranked albums of Nuevo Flamenco guitar music by Armik, Young & Rollins, Behzad, and Luis Villegas.
TSR has experienced most of its success in the 2000s with the indie band, Get Set Go. Releases include 2003\'s \"So You\'ve Ruined Your Life\", 2006\'s \"Ordinary World, and 2007\'s \"Selling Out & Going Home\". Get Set Go songs have been featured on ten episodes of the hit ABC TV show \"Grey\'s Anatomy\" and on both soundtrack albums from the show.
The label has also experienced success at the Smooth Jazz format with the artist, Nils. His track \"Pacific Coast Highway\" was named most performed song of the year at Smooth Jazz radio for 2005 by Radio & Records magazine. His album produced two #1 singles, the title track \"Pacific Coast Highway\" and \"Summer Nights\". Nils second album, \"Ready to Play\" was released in 2007.
In October 2005, TSR filed a lawsuit against Sony BMG Music Entertainment claiming the company\'s pay-for-play actions made it nearly impossible for independent labels to get airplay. The lawsuit centers its case on Sony BMG\'s payola settlement and the subsequent \$10-million fine reached with New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer in July 2005. The TSR lawsuit did not specify damages sought
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# Donovan Blake
**Donovan Livingston Blake** (born 4 December 1961 in Jamaica) is a Jamaican-born American cricketer.
Blake was born in Jamaica and emigrated to the United States in the late 1970s.
Blake first represented the United States in the 2001 ICC Trophy and he went on to represent the States in a first-class game in the 2004 ICC Intercontinental Cup and then in their second ever One Day International, when they lost to Australia at the Rose Bowl, Southampton, England in 2004. This was his only ODI he played for United States he scored 0 runs and bowled one over conceding 7 runs and no wicket
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# The Far Country (album)
***The Far Country*** is the sixth album by the American singer-songwriter Andrew Peterson, released in 2005. The title is from a quote by Meister Eckhart, a 16th-century German spiritual teacher that says, \"God is at home. We are in the far country.\"
## Background
Peterson worked with Ben Shive, in the production of this album. Fervent Records released the album on August 30, 2005.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Awarding the album four and a half stars at AllMusic, Jared Johnson states, \"The Far Country saw Andrew Peterson going to great lengths to create a thought-provoking acoustic concept album, a sparkling feat indeed considering how dry the CCM-folk well had run by 2005.\" David Mackle, rating the album an A for *CCM Magazine*, writes, \"*The Far Country*, exudes a pride swallowing intimacy that begs you to bend your ear its way and then pushes you toward hope\...Peterson is writing his own legacy, and you need to hear it.\" Giving the album four and a half stars from *Christianity Today*, Russ Breimeier says, \"Peterson excels with relatable lyrics grounded in both Scripture and everyday life, thus communicating timeless truths, rather than merely reciting them.\" Jennifer E. Jones, indicating in a four spins review by Christian Broadcasting Network, replies, \"His signature sound of quiet folk has barely changed a note, which works for Peterson because it allows his stellar lyric-writing skills to shine.\" Signaling in a four and a half star review at Jesus Freak Hideout, Laura Nunnery describes, \"Peterson\'s songs may have a folk sound, but they are anything but boring.\" Michael Dalton, rating the album a four and a half from *The Phantom Tollbooth*, responds, \"Andrew Peterson directs us toward home in a way that makes it a little easier to live in the far country\...This is a look to heaven that alternates between hope, yearning and joy.\" Giving the album a seven out of ten for Cross Rhythms, Mike Rimmer recognizes, \"Elsewhere the acoustic sounds, poppy melodies and sensitive arrangements make this a winner if not a little derivative of Mullins\' oeuvre
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# Nick Harper (American football)
**Nicholas Necosi Harper** (born September 10, 1974) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He was signed by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats as a street free agent in 2000. He played college football for the Fort Valley State Wildcats.
Harper played for the Indianapolis Colts and Tennessee Titans. He earned a Super Bowl ring while with the Colts in Super Bowl XLI against the Chicago Bears.
## Early life {#early_life}
Harper attended Baldwin High School and was a letterman in football, wrestling, baseball, and track & field. In football, as a senior, he won first-team All-Conference honors and was named the team MVP.
## College career {#college_career}
Harper played college football at Fort Valley State University in Fort Valley, Georgia.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Hamilton Tiger-Cats {#hamilton_tiger_cats}
After being declared ineligible for his senior season at Fort Valley State in 2000, Harper signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League and appeared in 18 games for the team.
### Indianapolis Colts {#indianapolis_colts}
Harper signed with the Indianapolis Colts on January 16, 2001.
In 2005, the Colts finished first in the AFC with a 14--2 record, the team faced the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round of the playoffs. With under two minutes remaining in the game and trailing 21--18, Harper picked up a Jerome Bettis fumble near the Indianapolis goal line and returned it to their 43-yard line before getting tackled by Steelers\' quarterback Ben Roethlisberger. Colts\' commentators, as well as teammates such as Gary Brackett, said had Harper returned the football along the sideline instead of in the middle of the field, or had his leg been 100% healthy, the Colts would have won the game. Indianapolis would end up missing the potential game-tying field goal, and Pittsburgh went on to win Super Bowl XL.
The following season the Colts won Super Bowl XLI, giving Harper his first Super Bowl ring.
### Tennessee Titans {#tennessee_titans}
Before the 2007 season, Harper signed a 3-year deal with the Tennessee Titans as a free agent. Harper played in and started 14 games and registered 80 tackles, three interceptions, 14 passes defensed, a forced fumble and a fumble recovery in his first season with the Titans.
In 2008, Harper finished second on the team with 17 passes defensed
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# Roc Alexander
**Narond Adrian** \"**Roc**\" **Alexander** (born September 23, 1981) is a former American football safety. He was originally signed by the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent in 2004. He played college football at the University of Washington.
## Early life {#early_life}
Playing running back on offense and cornerback on defense, Roc Alexander helped lead Roy J. Wasson High School of Colorado Springs to a 7-4 finish and the Metro North championship as a senior. He rushed for 1,620 yards on 162 carries (10.0 avg.) with 18 touchdowns while catching 11 passes for 274 yards (24.9 avg.). Defensively, he recorded 110 tackles and returned two interceptions for scores. In 1999, Alexander was a *Denver Post* \"Blue Chip\" selection, named to the *Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph* \'s All-Area team, selected to the *Rocky Mountain News* \' all-state squad and was an honorable mention pick on *USA Today* \'s All-USA team. Alexander was Colorado\'s state champion in the 100 meter dash (10.5 seconds) at Wasson.
## College career {#college_career}
Alexander started 14-of-35 career games at the University of Washington, recording 86 tackles (58 solo), four interceptions, 18 passes defensed and three forced fumbles. He also added 34 kick returns for 868 yards (25.5 avg.) and a touchdown. The 25.5-yard career kick-return average ranked third all-time in UW annals, and his kick-return career yardage total ranked fourth in school annals. As a senior, he led the Huskies in kickoff returns with 268 yards on 13 returns (20.6 avg.) while contributing 25 tackles and a forced fumble on defense. He started the first five games of the season and the Apple Cup (vs. Washington State) before missing four games in the middle of the year with the same shoulder injury that forced him to miss the final seven games of 2002. Alexander netted three of the 25 longest kickoff returns in Washington history during the 2001 season, leading the Pac-10 Conference (6th among all NCAA players) with a 29.2 kickoff return average. Additionally, he tied for sixth in the conference with four interceptions and broke up 11 passes to tie Chico Fraley (1990) for the third-best single-season mark in UW history. Alexander became just the eighth player in Washington annals to score multiple special teams touchdowns in the same year (2001), returning a fourth-quarter blocked field goal 77 yards for the go-ahead score against Michigan and returning a kick 95 yards for a touchdown against Idaho.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Alexander signed with the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent on April 26, 2004, following the 2004 NFL draft. As a rookie, he was assigned to cover Reggie Wayne during a playoff game against the Indianapolis Colts, who won the game as Wayne caught 10 passes.
## Rape allegations {#rape_allegations}
Roc Alexander has been accused by at least two different individuals of sexually assaulting them. The lawsuits filed against him claim that the University of Washington athletics department pressured the complainants to withdraw their allegations, in order to avoid negative publicity and the possibility of Roc Alexander leaving UW for another university if suspended. Roc Alexander also pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor assault charge in Chelan, Washington in 2003
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# Preston, Brighton
**Preston** or **Preston Village** is a suburb of Brighton and Hove, in the ceremonial county of East Sussex, England. It is to the north of the centre. Originally a village in its own right, it was eventually absorbed into Brighton with the development of the farmland owned by the local Stanford family, officially becoming a parish of the town in 1928. Stanford-owned land to the south of Preston Manor was given to the town and now makes up Preston Park, one of the largest parks in the now conjoined city of Brighton and Hove. The park hosts some of the city\'s major public events such as Brighton Pride.
Preston, the suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia was named after the village in 1856.
## History
The name \"Preston\" means \'Priests\' farm/settlement\'. Preston was recorded in the Domesday Book as *Prestetone*. Preston is a former civil parish; In 1921, it had a population of 31,161. On 1 April 1928 the parish was abolished and merged with Brighton.
## Gallery
<File:Preston> Church, Sussex, R. H. Nibbs.jpg\|Interior of the Preston parish church, etching by R. H. Nibbs dated 1851 showing wall paintings Image:Preston_Village.jpg\|Middle Road was one of the original lanes in the village. It now sits between the Brighton Main Line to the west and the A23 London Road to the east. <File:St> John the Evangelist\'s Church, junction of London Road and Knoyle Road, Preston Park, Brighton (NHLE Code 1380756) (August 2013) (2).JPG\|St John the Evangelist\'s Church is the parish church of Preston. A bowling green lies to the south. Image:Preston_Manor.jpg\|Preston Manor, built in its present form in 1738 and bequeathed to the council by the Stanford family in 1933. It is now a museum. Image:Preston_Crossroads.jpg\|The major crossroads in the village, with the A23 London Road running north to south, Preston Drove (forming the northern boundary of Preston Park) to the east and North Road to the west. This view looks westwards from outside Preston Manor
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# Patrick Chukwurah
**Patrick C. Chukwurah** (born March 1, 1979) is a Nigerian former professional American football defensive end. He was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the fifth round of the 2001 NFL draft. He played college football at Wyoming.
Chukwurah has also been a member of the Houston Texans, Denver Broncos, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Florida Tuskers, and Seattle Seahawks.
## College career {#college_career}
Chukwurah went to the University of Wyoming. He was a three-year starter there and played in 45 career games while racking up 245 tackles and 27 sacks. As a senior, he earned first team All-Mountain West Conference honors, recording 100 tackles and seven sacks. He was UW\'s defensive captain his senior year. As a junior, he was a second team all-conference selection and earned defensive MVP honors. He ranks 11th on UW\'s tackles list.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Minnesota Vikings {#minnesota_vikings}
He was drafted with the 26th pick of the 5th round in the 2001 NFL draft by the Minnesota Vikings. On June 18, he signed a 3-year contract with the Minnesota Vikings. During the 2001 season, he played in all 16 games, starting 3 of them, while recording 9 tackles and 2½ sacks. He made his NFL debut on September 9, 2001, against the Carolina Panthers, recording 4 tackles and becoming the first Viking rookie linebacker to start a game since Dwayne Rudd did it in 1997 and the first to start the opener since Roy Winston did it back in 1962. On November 19, he started his second career game against the New York Giants recording his first career sack, sacking quarterback Kerry Collins for a 14-yard loss. That game, he started at defensive end. On December 16, Chukwurah recorded a career high 1½ sacks against the Detroit Lions. In 2002, Patrick Chukwurah played in 11 games, starting two of them. He recorded a career high 14 tackles, recording 12 of them on special teams. At the Chicago Bears on September 8, 2002, he recorded 4 tackles, and on October 13, he recorded a career high 7 tackles against the Detroit Lions. On February 27, 2003, he was cut by the Vikings.
### Houston Texans {#houston_texans}
On March 1, 2003, Chukwurah was acquired from waivers. During the training camp prior to the 2003 season, Patrick Chukwurah tried out for the Houston Texans, however got cut at the final cutdown on September 1.
### Denver Broncos {#denver_broncos}
On December 24, 2003, he signed with the Denver Broncos, but was only on the 53-man roster for 2 days, and was released on December 26. He re-signed with the Broncos on January 13, 2004, after the season ended. During the 2004 season, he played in 14 games recording only 4 tackles appearing primarily as a defensive end on passing downs. In 2005, he once again played in 14 games recording 9 tackles, two on defense and seven on special teams. He played in both postseason games that year, recording a special teams tackle against the New England Patriots on January 14, and played against the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game on January 22. On April 3, 2006, he re-signed with the Denver Broncos. During the 2006 season, Chukwurah converted to defensive end. He made his first career start at defensive end in week 1 against the St. Louis Rams.
### Tampa Bay Buccaneers {#tampa_bay_buccaneers}
On March 2, 2007, the first day of free agency, the Bucs signed Chukwurah to a five-year, \$5.5 million contract. They released him after only one season with the Bucs on June 19, 2008. He later re-signed with them on August 27, 2008, but was released again on August 30. He was re-signed to the Bucs roster on December 17, 2008.
### Florida Tuskers {#florida_tuskers}
Chukwurah was signed by the Florida Tuskers of the United Football League on August 25, 2009. In the league\'s first season, Chukwurah led the league in sacks.
### Seattle Seahawks {#seattle_seahawks}
Chukwurah was signed by the Seattle Seahawks on January 8, 2013.
### Career statistics {#career_statistics}
Season Team GP Tckl Ast Total SCK INT Fum Rec
-------- ---------------------- ---- ------ ----- ------- ----- ----- ---------
2001 Minnesota Vikings 16 8.0 5 13 2.5 0 0
2002 Minnesota Vikings 11 11.0 3 14 0 0 0
2003 Denver Broncos 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2004 Denver Broncos 14 6.0 3 9 1 0 0
2005 Denver Broncos 14 6.0 2 8 0 0 0
2006 Denver Broncos 14 18.0 7 25 4.5 0 0
2007 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 9 11 1 12 1.0 0 0
2008 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
Totals 78 60.0 21 81 9
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# Louis Green
**Louis Edward Green** (born September 23, 1979) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). Green attended Jefferson County High School in Fayette, Mississippi and lettered in football. He played college football for the Alcorn State Braves.
On February 19, 2007, the Broncos resigned Green to a 3-year, \$2.5 million contract with a \$300,000 signing bonus. In 2006 he won the Ed Block award from the Broncos.
On June 16, 2009, he was released
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# Dysan
**Dysan Corporation** was an American storage media manufacturing corporation, formed in 1973 in San Jose, California, by CEO and former president C. Norman Dion. It was instrumental in the development of the 5.25\" floppy disk, which appeared in 1976.
## History
In 1983, Jerry Pournelle reported in *BYTE* that a software-publisher friend of his \"distributes all his software on Dysan disks. It costs more to begin with, but saves \[the cost of replacing defective media\] in the long run, or so he says\". By that year Dysan was a Fortune 500 company, had over 1200 employees, and was ranked as among the top ten private sector employers within Silicon Valley by the *San Jose Mercury News*, in terms of number of employees. In addition, some of Dysan\'s administrative and disk production facilities, located within the company\'s Santa Clara, manufacturing campus, were regarded as architecturally remarkable. For example, some of Dysan\'s Santa Clara campus magnetic media manufacturing facilities included architectural features such as large indoor employee lounge atriums, incorporating glass encased ceilings and walls, live indoor lush landscaping, waterfalls, running water creeks, and ponds with live fish.
In addition to manufacturing floppies, tape drives and hard disk drives, Dysan also produced hardware and storage containers for the disks.
Dysan merged with Xidex Magnetics in the spring of 1984. In 1997, under the direction of Jerry Ticerelli, Xidex declared bankruptcy. Xidex was absorbed by Anacomp and later spun off as a wholly owned subsidiary as Dysan.
After a brief re-opening in 2003, the company closed six months later under the direction of Dylan Campbell.
## Recycling service {#recycling_service}
It is possible that Dysan was one of the first tech-based companies to offer a service for recycling used products. Some Dysan packaging included the following label: `{{quotation|
Flexible media should be disposed of in an environmentally sound manner.<br>
Consumers may send used diskettes (regardless of brand) to:<br>
Dysan Enviro-Center<br>
P.O. Box 361510<br>
Milpitas, CA 95036-1510
}}`{=mediawiki}
<File:Dysan> 3.25\" Flex Diskette.jpg\|Dysan 3-1/4\" floppy disk used in Tabor Drivette drives <File:DysanRemovableDiskPack.agr
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# Echoes (Livingston Taylor album)
***Echoes*** is singer-songwriter Livingston Taylor\'s fifth album, released in 1979. The album is a \"greatest hits\" sampler of songs from Taylor\'s first three albums.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks composed by Livingston Taylor; except where indicated
1. \"Get Out of Bed\" -- 2:49
2. \"On Broadway\" (Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil, Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller) -- 3:37
3. \"Carolina Day\" -- 3:08
4. \"Lady Tomorrow\" -- 2:41
5. \"Caroline\" -- 2:16
6. \"Lost in the Love of You\" -- 3:00
7. \"Loving Be My New Horizon\" -- 1:45
8. \"Can\'t Get Back Home\" -- 2:25
9. \"Gentleman\" -- 3:14
10. \"Over the Rainbow\" (Harold Arlen, E.Y. Harburg) -- 2:41
11. \"If I Needed Someone\" (George Harrison) -- 2:56
12
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# Rent-to-own
**Rent-to-own**, also known as **rental purchase** or **rent-to-buy**, is a type of legally documented transaction under which tangible property, such as furniture, consumer electronics, motor vehicles, home appliances, engagement rings, and real property, is leased in exchange for a weekly or monthly payment, with the option to purchase at some point during the agreement.
A rent-to-own transaction differs from a traditional lease, in that the lessee can purchase the leased item at any time during the agreement (in a traditional lease the lessee has no such right), and from a hire purchase/installment plan, in that the lessee can terminate the agreement by simply returning the property (in a hire purchase the buyer has a limited time, if any, to cancel the agreement).
The usage of rent-to-own transactions began in the United Kingdom and Europe,`{{when|reason=When did it begin?|date=December 2021}}`{=mediawiki} and first appeared in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s. While rent-to-own terminology is most commonly associated with consumer goods transactions, the term is sometimes used in connection with real estate transactions.
## Furniture, electronics, and appliances {#furniture_electronics_and_appliances}
### History
The concept of the rent-to-own transactions first emerged in the United Kingdom and continental European countries under the hire purchase model. One of the first rent-to-own retail stores established in the U.K. was Lotus Radio, which began operating as a radio rental business in 1933. Within the United States, the practice of retail-based rent-to-own businesses began to develop in the 1950s and 1960s. Individuals cited as key figures in the history of the rent-to-own transaction and application as a business model include Charles Loudermilk Sr., who in 1955 began renting out Army surplus chairs and later founded Aaron Rents, and J. Ernest Talley, who started Mr. T's Rental in Wichita, Kansas in 1963, and later helped establish Rent-A-Center.
In response to a growing desire to share information, develop uniform practices and procedures, and cultivate a positive public image within the growing rent-to-own industry in the United States, rent-to-own dealers established a trade association, the Association of Progressive Rental Organizations (APRO), in 1980. APRO began with approximately 40 original member companies and elected an initial board of 16. Today the association has approximately 350 member companies representing approximately 10,400 stores in all 50 states, Mexico and Canada. Rent-to-own serves 4.8 million customers at any given time in the year. In South Africa, one of the fastest growing rent-to-own markets in the world, sales are projected to reach US\$357.36 million in revenue by 2025, with an estimated 3.79 million users.
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# Rent-to-own
## Furniture, electronics, and appliances {#furniture_electronics_and_appliances}
### Transaction structure {#transaction_structure}
Rent-to-own agreements are based on a weekly or monthly rental term. In the structure of this type of transaction, the consumer (lessee)---at the end of each week or month---can choose either to renew the lease on a weekly or monthly basis by making renewal payments, or to terminate the agreement with no further obligation by returning the tangible property. Though not obligated to do so, the consumer can choose to continue making interval payments on the merchandise for a pre-specified period of time, at which point they would own the good outright. An alternative purchase option is commonly provisioned for, allowing the consumer to pay off the remaining balance on the agreement at any point in time in order to obtain permanent ownership.
According to a Federal Trade Commission (FTC) survey on the rent-to-own industry in the United States conducted in 2000, consumers reported that they chose to engage in rent-to-own transactions for a variety of reasons, including: \"the lack of a credit check\", \"the ability to obtain merchandise they otherwise could not\", and, \"the convenience and flexibility of the transaction\". The most common reason cited for dissatisfaction within the survey was high prices. In addition, some survey respondents reported poor treatment by employees in connection with late rental payments, problems with repair services, and hidden or added costs.
The cost incurred by consumers in rent-to-own transactions has been the subject of long-term debate and differing opinion. Historically, consumer advocates, some U.S. state attorneys general and some academic researchers have expressed concern that consumers entering into rent-to-own agreements may be unaware of the potentially high long-term costs of rent-to-own in comparison to traditional installment or layaway plans. Often mentioned alongside most critiques is the question of whether prices paid for services of this type are adequate for lower-income individuals who can least afford additional financial outlays. At the same time, other academic researchers and representatives of industry associations have contended that rent-to-own transactions are not comparable to traditional methods of purchasing or financing consumer goods, in that they include services such as delivery, assembly, service and repair, all of which are factored into the higher assessed value and corresponding price charged. Also frequently noted by proponents of the unique nature of rent-to-own transactions is the point that they are not obligations to purchase, since the agreement can be terminated by the lessee at any point in time with the return of the property.
### Lease vis-à-vis sale {#lease_vis_à_vis_sale}
The legal controversy surrounding rent-to-own transactions has centered primarily on the question of whether the transaction should be treated as a lease or a credit sale. The industry has contended that the transaction is a lease; while consumer advocacy groups have advocated for the transaction to be treated as a credit sale. As of 2011, forty-seven U.S. states, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia have passed laws characterizing the transaction as a lease. Of the five U.S. state supreme courts that have addressed the question, three (Massachusetts, Arkansas and Maine) concluded that the transaction was a lease. New Jersey and Minnesota concluded it was a credit sale based upon those states' credit laws. A federal district court in Wisconsin also found the transaction to be a credit sale under Wisconsin state law.
As of 2011, no U.S. federal consumer protection law specifically addresses rent-to-own transactions, but through litigation, efforts have been made in attempt to bring rent-to-own agreements under the definition of \"credit sale\" in the Truth in Lending Act. However, courts have not, as of 2011, ruled in favor of making this change at a federal level. In 2006, the United States Department of Defense labeled rent-to-own a predatory lending practice, defining it as an, \"unfair or abusive loan or credit sale transaction or collection practice\", along with payday loans, title loans, refund anticipation loans and other similar practices. In 2007, the United States Government Accountability Office raised concerns with the methodology and structure of this research. Later in the same year, the Department of Defense ultimately concluded that rent-to-own was not a form of credit and excluded it from its regulation on predatory lending practices.
### Collection practices {#collection_practices}
Consumer advocates and plaintiffs testifying in legal proceedings have at times alleged that rent-to-own stores routinely repossess merchandise when a consumer is close to acquiring ownership. At the time of a 2000 FTC survey, individuals who engaged in rent-to-own transactions reported a \"low incidence of late-term repossessions\", which the FTC suggested might be due to the reinstatement rights mandated in most states, as these rights allow consumers to reinstate this type of contract after repossession.
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# Rent-to-own
## Real estate {#real_estate}
While rent-to-own transactions are most commonly conducted for purchasing consumer goods at a retail store, this term also describes a specialized real estate agreement. The rent-to-own housing option is typically exercised more often during housing market downturns, such as the 2008 financial crisis. Because the most recent housing market downturn was accompanied by protective regulatory scrutiny of lending practices and consumer credit agencies, acquiring a loan has become more difficult for Subprime borrowers.
### Imperfect credit scores {#imperfect_credit_scores}
Tenant/buyers who have imperfect credit scores are typically drawn to rent-to-own properties since the lease terms allow them to live in the home while they take the steps necessary to fix their credit and secure a mortgage. Most lease purchase agreements allow them to lock in a market rate when they sign the contract. People with poor credit find the leasing period a crucial opportunity to repair their financial profile to secure a loan. A common complaint tenant/buyers have with rent-to-own agreements, however, stems from their inability to secure a loan in time to purchase the property, whether due to insufficient downpayment or credit, at which point they are left to restructure the agreement or forced to walk away.
### Transaction structure {#transaction_structure_1}
In a rent-to-own transaction, the tenant lives on the real property and pay towards purchasing the property at a fixed price within a specific period of time, usually one to three years. As part of the contract, the renter may be required to make a nonrefundable deposit often included as part of a down payment at the end of the lease term. In addition to monthly rent, often an additional amount called a rent credit is paid into an escrow account during the lease period. This amount is added to the deposit and used as part of the down payment at the end of the lease term. This pushes the rent above the market rate but helps build savings for purchase if the buy option is taken. At the end of the lease term, the tenant is offered right of first refusal to purchase the property at the agreed upon sale price, or walk away and forfeit the deposit. If the tenant is unable or unwilling to exercise the option to buy, the owner is then free to rent or sell the property to another buyer, or to restructure the contract.
### Scams
Because rent-to-own real estate contracts are flexible open-source documents, there is room for scammers to take advantage of unprepared tenants
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# Digital integration
**Digital integration** is the idea that data or information on any given electronic device can be read or manipulated by another device using a standard format. From the digital culture perspective, on the other hand, it is defined as an organization drive to leverage the broad capabilities and vast efficiencies of digital technology and media in order to provide consumers relevance and value. It is also employed in digital governance and could refer to the inter-agency cooperation and intergovernmental collaboration across units at multiple levels of government. The phenomenon is considered a basic megatrend in the so-called knowledge civilization.
## Applications
### Cell phone calendar to public digital calendar (online calendar) {#cell_phone_calendar_to_public_digital_calendar_online_calendar}
In this example, a user has a cell phone with a calendar, as well as a calendar on the Internet. Digital Integration would allow the user to synchronize the two, and the following features could result:
- The user could plan events and have other users notified.
- If the Public Digital Calendar is integral with a Blog, then the user could write about the event in it.
### Product development {#product_development}
Digital integration is now considered a part of product development. For instance, modeling systems aims for the digital integration of the product development chain. It is also entailed in the digital automation of product design and credited for the 30 to 45 percent increase in productivity as part of the range of digital tools employed to augment project performance.
### Building services integration for energy management and building control {#building_services_integration_for_energy_management_and_building_control}
A home owner or commercial building manager could utilize digital integration products to connect intelligent services within a built environment.
- An intruder detection or access control system could be used in conjunction with light level sensors to turn lights on and off. So when you walk into a dark room the lights turn on (if you are allowed to be there) and when you leave they turn off behind you, thus making energy savings by preventing lights from being left on.
- The same techniques could be used to control HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning) systems.
- Home owners and commercial building managers can use Web based digital integration to control and manage services within their buildings via a web browser interface. The intelligent controllers in Air Conditioning units for example may be \"Web Enabled\" using digital integration solutions and products.
There is a growing market for these products. Many of the control systems used for security, lighting, HVAC and Fire detection do not conform to any communications protocol standard, so often interface software is used to convert the different languages into a common standard for the building or wide area network.
Some control systems are now being supplied with communications ports that conform to recognized standards such as BACnet, LonTalk or Ethernet many more provide interfaces to and from their own specialised control networks.
## Projects/organizations working toward digital integration {#projectsorganizations_working_toward_digital_integration}
- World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
- BACnet
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# The Last Bounty Hunter
***The Last Bounty Hunter*** is a live-action laserdisc video game released by American Laser Games in 1994. Like almost all of the games produced by the now-defunct company, it is a rail shooter and, like the two installments in the *Mad Dog McCree* series before it, is set in the Old West. However, it takes a more comedic approach than the *Mad Dog McCree* games in both its story sequences and the characters\' comically exaggerated reactions to being shot. Filmed at Old Tucson Studios in Tucson, Arizona, it was one of the company\'s last releases before it was forced to close down. It was re-released by Digital Leisure in 2002 and was eventually packaged with *Fast Draw Showdown* by Global VR as an arcade cabinet under the name Six Gun Select.
Originally, home versions of the game were released to the MS-DOS, 3DO and CD-i. It has since been bundled with both *Mad Dog McCree* and *Mad Dog II: The Lost Gold* as part of 2009\'s *Mad Dog McCree Gunslinger Pack*, a compilation for the Wii.
## Plot
The player steps into the shoes of an anonymous bounty hunter who rides into a busy town in order to track down and bring to justice four outlaws whose control over the territory is widespread: Handsome Harry, Nasty Dan, El Loco, and The Cactus Kid.
The bounty hunter first fights against a group of bandits attacking a fort commanded by a United States Army general, Clinton Briggs. With each scenario, the bounty hunter fights his way to the final enemy, one of the four outlaws, each of whom can either be wounded and apprehended or shot dead. The ending sequence depends on the way in which the criminals were brought to justice.
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# The Last Bounty Hunter
## Gameplay
The player receives an amount of money for each neutralized outlaw; this money translates into points. Throughout the game, three different weapons can be used: the standard six-shooter, the seemingly more powerful shotgun, and a gun that holds more bullets than the normal six-shooter, which can be found as a bonus at times by shooting oxen skulls, hanging lanterns, and wooden wheels. Showdowns take place at random, though more frequently and with greater diversity than in *Mad Dog McCree*; one of the gunfighters is Wes Flowers, the star of another American Laser Games release, *Fast Draw Showdown*.
As in related games, the 3DO and CD-i versions are compatible with both mouse and light gun as well as the console\'s standard control pad. Getting hit or firing upon a civilian results in the loss of one of three lives and an appropriate sequence involving a gravedigger. There is one load/save slot and a second player can be introduced at the start of the game.
The point, or \"cash\", bonus for completing a stage is higher if the boss is taken alive, by means of shooting the gun out of his hand before he can fire. Depending on who was captured alive, spared bosses may come back and try to either bribe or shoot the player character. Once in a while, the action will take a break to a setting which involves a duel with one enemy or a group of men standing in which only one actually takes part in the duel. The player must shoot only after the shooter goes for his gun and not shoot any of the other men.
## Reception
*RePlay* reported *The Last Bounty Hunter* to be the eight most-popular deluxe arcade game at the time. *Play Meter* also listed the title to be the thirty-fourth most-popular arcade game at the time.
Reviewing the DOS version, a *Next Generation* critic criticized that the gameplay is boringly simplistic. He concluded, \"As full-motion video shooting games go, this is the best of the bunch, but that\'s not saying much.\", and scored it two out of five stars. The magazine\'s review of the 3DO version focused on how the game was overly similar to previous American Laser Games releases, particularly in that it is impossible to respond in time to certain enemies without the foresight of having been shot by them before, and that the cursor moves too slowly for the game to be playable without a light gun. The reviewer scored it two out of five stars.
*Entertainment Weekly* gave the game a C− and wrote that people might take offense at the African-American grave digger character
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# Daryl Haney
**Daryl Haney** (born June 21, 1963 in Charlottesville, Virginia), also known by the pen names **Duke Haney** and **D. R. Haney**, is an American actor, screenwriter, novelist, and essayist.
## Film career {#film_career}
Born to a Virginia farming family, Haney relocated to New York City at age eighteen and studied acting with Mira Rostova and Frank Corsaro. He made his film debut in a NYU student short directed by Joseph Minion, who would later write the Golden Globe-nominated Martin Scorsese film *After Hours* (1985).
Soon after moving to New York, Haney was cast in his first starring role in a feature film, the Canadian thriller *Self Defense* (1983). A few years later, Haney was hired by Joseph Minion to write and star in the Roger Corman production *Daddy\'s Boys*, a period crime drama directed by Minion and made in order to utilize leftover sets from *Big Bad Mama 2* (1987). For Haney, this began a six-year association with Corman\'s Concorde Pictures.
Immediately after completing *Daddy\'s Boys*, Haney was asked to write *Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood* for Paramount Pictures. As Haney recalls in Peter M. Bracke\'s book *Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th* (2005): \"Barbara \[Sachs, Associate Producer\] was the first person I had contact with. I pitched her a few ideas and she shot them all down. I only had one more. I said, \'I notice that at the end of these movies, there\'s always a teenage girl who\'s left to battle Jason by herself. What if this girl had telekinetic powers?\' Barbara immediately said, \'Jason vs. Carrie. Huh. That\'s an interesting idea.\' Then we talked once or twice before I had to go back to New York. The next day I had literally just flown in and walked up the stairs of my old apartment, and the phone rang. It was Barbara saying: \'You got the job.\'\"
Haney relocated to Los Angeles, working often for Roger Corman, who continued his tradition of Edgar Allan Poe adaptations by asking Haney to write a new film version of *Masque of the Red Death* in 1989, in which Haney appeared as an actor. He also had acting roles in Corman\'s *Lords of the Deep* (1989) and *The Unborn* (1991), and wrote the film *Dance with Death* (1992) for Corman, which was based on a story by *Poison Ivy* creators Andy Ruben and his then-wife Katt Shea, and included an early performance by Lisa Kudrow. Around the same time, Haney landed a role in *Sketch Artist* (1992), which starred Drew Barrymore, Sean Young, and Jeff Fahey. In 1994, he wrote the story for the film *Stranger by Night*.
After Haney left Concorde, he was approached by British director-producer Harry Bromley Davenport to write the third installment of his Xtro franchise, *Xtro 3: Watch the Skies* (1995). This began a working relationship that resulted in *Life Among the Cannibals* (1996), a black comedy that garnered a cult following upon its release. *Cannibals* stars Kieran Mulroney, Juliet Landau, Mason Adams, Bette Ford, Wings Hauser, and Haney as Troy, a hypersensitive serial killer. The film was well received on the festival circuit, getting a Special Mention at the 1998 Málaga International Week of Fantastic Cinema, and nominated for Best Film at Fantasporto 1999 and a Grand Jury Prize at the Florida Film Festival 1997.
Haney and Bromley-Davenport followed *Life Among the Cannibals* with *Erasable You* (1998), another black comedy, this one starring Timothy Busfield, Melora Hardin from NBC\'s *The Office (2005)*, and veteran actor M. Emmet Walsh. Next was *Mockingbird Don\'t Sing* (2001), based on the true story of Genie, a feral child who was confined to her bedroom by her mentally unstable father until California authorities discovered her, mute and uncivilized, at the age of thirteen.
In 2000, Haney temporarily relocated to Belgrade, Serbia, where he had a starring role in the Serbian film *Rat uživo* and became a recognizable actor in Belgrade. Back in the U.S., Haney appeared as a drug dealer in Jennifer Lynch\'s *Surveillance* (2008), which stars Bill Pullman and Julia Ormond. Haney also played a small part in Bromley-Davenport\'s *Frozen Kiss* (2008).
## Literary career {#literary_career}
While living in Belgrade, Haney began work on a novel, *Banned for Life*, which would take him nine years to complete, and for which he adopted the pen name D. R. Haney. Haney has explained the pen name by saying that he was embarrassed by some of the films on his resume: \"I didn't feel I could put my name on \[*Banned for Life*\]. I'd destroyed my name, or so I thought. At the same time, it would've killed me to use a pseudonym. How could I use a false name on a work so close to my heart?\"
*Banned for Life* is about the search for a mysteriously vanished punk-rock icon, and the book, published by Vancouver\'s And/Or Press in May 2009, was praised by underground-music journals such as Maximum RocknRoll, Razorcake, and Big Wheel. The Big Wheel review referred to the book as a \"thinly disguised memoir,\" about which Haney later said, \"It's not. I tried to make it read like one, but despite some biographical overlap, the narrator and I have led very different lives.\"
Following the publication of *Banned for Life*, Haney began to contribute essays to Brad Listi\'s literary website The Nervous Breakdown, quickly becoming one of the site\'s most popular writers. In October 2010, *Subversia*, a collection of Haney\'s essays for The Nervous Breakdown, was published as the inaugural title of the site\'s imprint, TNB Books.
*Death Valley Superstars: Occasionally Fatal Adventures in Filmland*, Haney\'s second collection of essays, was published in December 2018
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# Peyman Yazdanian
**Peyman Yazdanian** (*پیمان یزدانیان*, born in 1968) is an Iranian pianist and music composer. He has written over forty pieces for solo piano and has composed for both national and foreign feature films. He wrote original soundtracks for plays and multimedia.
## Early life {#early_life}
He was trained by pianist Farman Behboud. He attended the courses of Gerhard Geretschlaeger in Vienna and Ginette Gaubert in Marseille. In conducting, he studied under Iradj Sahbai in Strasbourg.
## Career
As a pianist-interpreter, he won first prize in the competition of excellence at the Musical Confederation of France in 2000. He is recognized for his interpretations of works by Rachmaninov, Liszt, Beethoven, and Chopin.
In 1998, he began writing film music for the Iranian director Abbas Kiarostami\'s *The Wind Will Carry Us*.
Peyman Yazdanian composed the music for *Summer Palace* by Chinese filmmaker Lou Ye, a film selected for the Cannes Film Festival in 2006. He composes for Iranian film makers, such as *One Night* for Niki Karimi (2005) or *Fire Party* for Asghar Farhadi (2006), but also contributes to French-Italian productions (*The Forbidden Chapter* in 2006), German productions (*Full Metal Village*, best documentary at the Guild of German Art House Cinemas in 2007) or American productions such as *Man Push Cart* (selected at the Sundance Film Festival).
Peyman Yazdanian writes music for the theater as well as solo piano works. He is the creator of a new form of expressionism based on Persian motifs and oriental accents. He is currently preparing the recording of his work *A Tea Collection* for String Ensemble, dedicated to the benefits of tea, by the London Symphonic Orchestra.
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