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# Peyman Yazdanian
## Soundtracks
Films for which he has composed music include:
- 1998 - *Birth of Light*, by Abbas Kiarostami (Iran)
- 1998 - *The Turtle* (*Lakposht*), by Ali Shah-Hatami (Iran)
- 2000 - *The Strangers* (*Biganegan*), by Ramin Bahrani (Iran - US)
- 2000 - *The Wind Will Carry Us* (*Bad ma ra khahad bord*), by Abbas Kiarostami (Iran - France)
- 2001 - *Going By* (*Az Kenar-e Ham Migozarim*), by Iraj Karimi (Iran)
- 2001 - *Water and Fire* (*Ab o Atash*), by Fereydoun Jayrani (Iran)
- 2002 - *Bright Nights* (*Shabhaye Roshan*), by Farzad Motamen (Iran)
- 2002 - *And Along Came a Spider*, by Maziar Bahari (Iran)
- 2002 - *The Little Bird Boy* (*Parandebaze Koochak*), by Rahbar Ghanbari (Iran)
- 2002 - *The Deserted Station* (*Istgahe Matrook*), by Alireza Raisain (Iran)
- 2003 - *Sometimes Look at the Sky* (*Gahi be asman negah kon*), by Kamal Tabrizi (Iran)
- 2003 - *The Wind Carpet* (*Farshe Baad*), by Kamal Tabrizi (Iran - Japan)
- 2003 - *Crimson Gold* (*Talaye sorkh*), by Jafar Panahi (Iran)
- 2004 - *The Tradition of Lover Killing* (*Rasme Ashegh Koshi*), by Khosro Masumi (Iran)
- 2004 - *The Soldiers of Friday* (*Sarbazane Jom\'e*), by Massoud Kimiai (Iran)
- 2004 - *The Fatherhood Field* (*Mazra\'aye Pedari*), by Rasool Mollagholipour (Iran)
- 2004 - *The Picture of a Lady From Faraway* (*Simaye zani dar door dast*), by Ali Mosaffa (Iran)
- 2005 - *One Night* (*Yek shab*), by Niki Karimi (Iran - France)
- 2005 - *La Fine Del Mare*, by Nora Hoppe (Germany - France)
- 2005 - *The Forbidden Chapter*, by Fariborz Kamkari (France - Italy)
- 2005 - *Man Push Cart*, by Ramin Bahrani (USA)
- 2005 - *A Piece of Bread* (*Yek Tekke Nan*), by Kamal Tabrizi (Iran)
- 2006 - *Full Metal Village*, by Sung Hyung Cho (Germany)
- 2006 - *Few Days Later* (*Chand rooze ba\'ad*), by Niki Karimi (Iran)
- 2006 - *A Place in Far Distance* (*Djayee dar door dast*), by Khosro Masumi (Iran)
- 2006 - *The Fire Festival* (*Charshanbeh suri*), by Asghar Farhadi (Iran)
- 2006 - *Summer Palace* (*Une Jeunesse Chinoise*), by Lou Ye (China - France)
- 2007 - *Awards for Silence* (Padash-e sokut), by Maziar Miri (Iran)
- 2007 - *Lost in Beijing* (苹果), by Li Yu (China)
- 2008 - *Yousef the Prophet* (yousef-e piambar), by Farajollah Salahshour (Iran)
- 2009 - *Awards* (*Padash*), by Kamal Tabrizi (Iran)
- 2009 - *Spring Fever*, by Lou Ye (China)
- 2010 - *Alchemy and Dust* (Kimia va Khak), by Abbass Rafeyee (Iran)
- 2010 - *Buddha Mountain*, by Li Yu (China)
- 2017 - *A Man of Integrity* (*Lerd*), by Mohammad Rasoulof (Iran)
- 2018 - *Tale of the Sea*
- 2018 - *Frontline*
- 2019 - *Labyrinth*
- 2019 - *Single Cycle*
- 2019 - *Just 6.5* (متری شیش و نیم), by Saeed Roustayi (Iran)
- 2019 - *Balloon* (气球), by Pema Tseden (China)
- 2020 - *Radiography of a Family*, \[archive\] by Firouzeh Khosrovani \[archive\]
- 2022 - *Return to Dust* (隐入尘烟) by Li Ruijun
Yazdanian wrote music for *Prophet Joseph*, an Iranian TV Show directed by Farajollah Salahshoor.
## Discography
- 2001 -- *Themes*, Hermes Records \[archive\]
- 2003 -- *Iradj Sahbai, Igor Stravinsky*, Kargah-e Musiqi \[archive\]
- 2003 -- *Goosh 1*, Mahriz-e Mehr
- 2004 -- *Second Take*, Hermes Records \[archive\]
- 2005 -- *La Muerte del Angel*, Ahange Parsian
- 2005 -- *Crossing*, Hermes Records \[archive\]
- 2008 -- *Clouds*,
- 2008 -- *On the Wind*, Hermes Records \[archive\]
- 2010 -- *Suites*, Hermes Records \[archive\]
- 2016 - Tame, Hermes Records \[archive\]
- 2020 - Pulse, Hermes Records \[archive\]
- از انعکاس شهرهای دور = Echoes From Distant Lands (CD, Album) \[archive\]
- ? -- *Morceaux choisis*, Ohrwurm
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# Peyman Yazdanian
## Works
***Piano Compositions*** More than 40 pieces for solo piano including 4 preludes, 2 fantasies, 1 ballad, 1 barcarolle, 5 suites and a few pieces in free style.
***Orchestral Compositions*** A Tea Collection for A String Ensemble in six movements. (2007)
***Piano Recordings*** Played and recorded 3 Inventions, Un homage de Ravel and 15 traditional voices for piano by Irajd Sahbai in a CD published by Kargah Musiqi. (2003)
Played and recorded a piece named \"Eghbal\" by Mohammad Reza Darvishi published in the \"Goosh\" series by Mahriz publishing company
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# Homerton College Boat Club
**Homerton College Boat Club** (HCBC) is the rowing club for members of Homerton College, University of Cambridge. HCBC colours are navy blue with white trim, and HCBC boats can be identified by white blades with a single navy blue stripe towards the tip of the spoon. (Homerton Blue Hex Code: #213367)
The Club exists to provide the opportunity for members of Homerton College to row, cox, coach and compete in various rowing events within and outside of Cambridge. The Club is open to all members of the College, and most members of HCBC have no prior rowing experience before joining. Further, many have rowed for the first time with HCBC and later gone on to row for the University. The competitive focus each year is to maintain and improve the Club\'s positions in May, and Lent, Bumps. Wider aims are to increase participation in rowing, to allow members to challenge themselves, test their physical and mental limits, to learn how to develop and improve a team, rowing as crew to the maximum of the collective potential, harnessing those gold-dust experiences of synergy, and above all to have fun and build friendships whilst doing so.
## History
### 1978-1992: The Beginnings of HCBC and Consistently High Quality W1 Crews {#the_beginnings_of_hcbc_and_consistently_high_quality_w1_crews}
Homerton College Boat Club first competed in the women\'s Lent and May Bumps in 1978, four years after the women\'s bumps divisions commenced in the Mays, and two years after women\'s racing began in the Lents. The first club blades were awarded to W1 and W3 in 1980. The highest position attained to date by either HCBC a Women\'s or Men\'s crew was achieved by HCBC Women\'s 1st VIII (W1) reaching second in the Lents Women\'s First Division in 1986. In the May Bumps, the highest position attained by either a Women\'s or Men\'s crew was 5th, achieved by W1 in the Women\'s First Division in 1985. Throughout this period of sustained success many Homerton College Boat Club women won University colours in rowing for CUWBC, under the guidance of veteran GB coaches Roger Silk and Ron Needs. During this period no men\'s crew entered the Lent Bumps, and the men of Homerton competed just twice, in 1981 and 1984, earning the first M1 blades in 1984.
### 1992-2002: The M1 Surge and Oxbridge Record {#the_m1_surge_and_oxbridge_record}
The Men\'s crew was truly established in 1992 and started working their way through the lower divisions of both Lent and May bumps. In the space of 10 years, the Men\'s 1st VIII (M1) boat rose over 3 whole divisions to the top of Division 3 in 2002. This included going up an astonishing 21 places between 2000 and 2001, moving from P10 in Division 4 to P6 in Division 3 with a run that included 6 bumps (including one as the sandwich boat), an overbump, a double overbump and a triple overbump. As mentioned below, rising 13 places in a single set of bumps racing in 2001 remains an Oxbridge record.
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# Homerton College Boat Club
## History
### 2002-2019: M1 Steadily Climbing to Division 1, and a Resurgent W1 {#m1_steadily_climbing_to_division_1_and_a_resurgent_w1}
After a few years battling around the top of Division 3, the Men\'s 1st VIII crew raced twice on the final day of May Bumps 2007, first bumping up in the Division 3 race to move to the head of the Division, and again 90 minutes later, this time starting at the bottom of Division 2 (aka rowing as the \'sandwich boat\', a gruelling ask at the best of times). Their second race of the day ended by bumping on Plough Reach in front of the most crowded section of the course, finally bursting through into Division 2 and away from the sandwich boat position for the first time.
Despite the increased level of competition, now racing against mainly other 1st VIIIs, guided by the long-term planning and expert coaching of Sergej Using (also captain of Cambridge 99\'s Boat Club, Henley Masters medal-winner and ex-pro basketball player) the Men\'s 1st VIII progressed smoothly through Division 2 over the following few years, winning blades again in 2008 and 2010, and narrowly missing out in 2011 (only going up 3 places). On the final race of the final day May Bumps 2012, again rowing twice in 90 minutes as the sandwich boat and at the end of a grueling week, HCBC M1 bumped Churchill M1 to win their fourth set of blades in 6 years, and with it breaking through into the May Bumps Men\'s First Division for the first time in the Club\'s history.
After consistently building the Women\'s 1st VIII and squad from the end of the 2000s, and a number of hard-fought but unsuccessful battles on the water, W1 results took a significant upswing after the establishment of long term coach Mike Edey and his process-driven approach. Without Lent or May blades since 1981, the W1 earnt May blades in 2015, the first for the crew in 34 years. Lightning often strikes twice, and in 2017, HCBC\'s Women\'s 1st VIII, rowing in a brand new Janousek boat named \'Edey\' in honour of their coach, W1 went up four places, obtaining blades again and securing their spot in the Women\'s Mays First Division, the first time that Homerton Women\'s 1st VIII had been in that position since 2000.
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# Homerton College Boat Club
## History
### 2019-Present: The New Boathouse and Bigger Goals {#present_the_new_boathouse_and_bigger_goals}
In 2019, HCBC moved into a new boathouse, co-funded by and shared with City of Cambridge Rowing Club, and St Mary\'s School, Cambridge. The new boathouse is home to 4 dynamic RP3 rowers, 12 C2 rowers and a full weights section and clubroom. The first bumps races with the new boathouse were successful, with M1 going +2 and W1 going +1 in Lents 2020. The new facilities bought about a new mindset for the club, with an aim to enter more external races, and compete nationally with HCBC at Head of the River Race (HoRR) each year. Unfortunately, the 2020 COVID pandemic led to the cancellation of HoRR and Mays 2020. The Lent Bumps 2021 were replaced by a \'virtual\' race in which members of each crew had to run 800m and log their times. In the \'virtual Lent Bumps\', Homerton M1 won superblades. Mays 2021 was replaced by the June Eights Regatta.
In the first set of bumps races after the pandemic, M1 had a cracking performance, going +6 and earning true \'superblades\', with three bumps and an overbump. Homerton M1 was the only first men's boat to obtain blades in Lents 2022. The 2022 M1 Crew also took Homerton to HoRR for the first time since 2013, and set a precedent such that each year since a Homerton M1 has returned to HoRR. The early 2020s have also seen great success from the lower boats, with M2 earning especially convincing blades in 2023, bumping within 400m each day, and W3 going +9 in 2024, the highest ever climb for a HCBC women\'s crew. This success from W3 was a key contributor to HCBC\'s first Pegasus Cup win in 2024 - awarded annually to the most successful college boat club competing in the Cambridge May Bumping Races.
2024 also saw the first ever international trip for Homerton College Boat Club in its history. HCBC combined with St Peter\'s College Boat Club, Oxford (SPCBC) for form a combined \'Oxbridge\' crew to compete in the 8th annual Nanchang International Regatta in China. The event, held on the 15th-19th of August, attracted crews from institutions including the University of Sydney, Yale University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the University of Tokyo, alongside teams from across China. The crews competed in two disciplines: 1000m side-by-side racing as well as a 6000m head race. In boat races the combined crew finished a very respectable 4th out of around a dozen crews.
## Blade Winning 1st VIIIs {#blade_winning_1st_viiis}
### Men\'s VIIIs {#mens_viiis}
- M1 Mays 1984
- M1 Mays 1992
- M1 Mays 1997
- M1 Mays 1998
- M1 Mays 2000
- M1 Mays 2001
- M1 Lents 2004
- M1 Mays 2008
- M1 Lents 2009
- M1 Mays 2010
- M1 Lents 2013
- M1 Lents 2022
### Women\'s VIIIs {#womens_viiis}
- W1 Mays 1980
- W1 Mays 1981
- W1 Lents 1985
- W1 Mays 2005
- W1 Mays 2015
- W1 Mays 2017
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# Homerton College Boat Club
## Record Breakers - Oxbridge Record (2001) and World Record (2017) {#record_breakers___oxbridge_record_2001_and_world_record_2017}
### Oxbridge Record - Most Places Advanced during one Series of Bumps Races (Mays/Lents/Torpids/Eights) {#oxbridge_record___most_places_advanced_during_one_series_of_bumps_races_mayslentstorpidseights}
The Homerton College Boat Club Men\'s 1st VIII hold the Oxbridge record for the most places advanced during one series of bumps (either Mays, Lents, or Torpids/Eights for Oxford), advancing 13 places in the May Bumps 2001 by bumping LMBC IV on day one, and sandwiching up to division 3 by bumping Corpus II, overbumping Sidney II and triple-overbumping 1st & 3rd III the following two days and bumping Selwyn II on the final day to take blades.
### World Record - Longest Continuous Row on a Concept2 Rowing Machine {#world_record___longest_continuous_row_on_a_concept2_rowing_machine}
In May 2017, the Club broke the world record for longest continuous row on a Concept2 rowing machine. Members of the club took shifts rowing on the same machine for 4 days 12 hours and 10 minutes, keeping the flywheel spinning constantly through day and night, and supported by friends and fellow Homertonians in full view in the college\'s Buttery (bar/cafeteria).
## University colours {#university_colours}
List of known members of University Boat Clubs:
### CUBC
- 2019: Dave Bell (Blue Boat)
- 2014: Mike Thorp (Blue Boat)
- 2013: Henry Fieldman (Blue Boat)
- 2013: Mike Thorp (Goldie)
- 2012: Mike Thorp (Blue Boat - won)
- 2011: Mike Thorp (Blue Boat)
- 2010: Mike Thorp (Goldie - won)
- 2002: Andreas MacFarlane (triallist)
- 1999-2000: Dan McSherry (Goldie)
- 1998-1999: Dan McSherry (spare)
- 1996-97: Suzie K. Ellis (cox, Goldie - won)
### CUWBC
- 2024: Belle Stevens (Blondie)
- 2023: Beth Merrifield (Lightweight)
- 2020: Morgan Morrison (Lightweight - won)
- 2018: Stephanie Payne (Lightweight - won)
- 2015: Daphne Martschenko (NB - first Women\'s Tideway Boat Race)
- 2013: Alex Courage (Lightweight)
- 2011: Anna Beare (Lightweight - won)
- 2004: Rachael Hanley (Blondie), Catherine Sutherland (Blondie)
- 2002: Ulrike Münch-Klever (Spare)
- 2001: Hannah Cadman (Lightweights), Ruth Pidgeon (cox - Trial 8s)
- 1999: Adrienne Ferguson, Emma Wylie (Lightweight)
- 1998: Emma Wylie (Lightweight)
- 1996: J Harkins, Anne Rowland, Emma Wilkinson (Blondie)
- 1995: Siobhan Cassidy (née McKenna)
- 1994: Anne Rowland
- 1993: Rachel Crew, Emma Wright (Blondie)
- 1992: Jenny Wagstaff, Rachel Crew, Francesca Chalmers (Blondie)
- 1991: Francesca Chalmers
### CULRC
- 2024: Gianluca Vartan, Emile Czernuszka
- 2023: Gianluca Vartan
- 2011: Chris Bellamy (Pres)
- 2009-10: Chris Bellamy (won)
- 2005-06: Che Meakins (Granta), Richard Harrington (Spare)
- 2002-03: Dave Pearce (Spare)
- 1992: Fiona Pritchard (Cox)
### CUCBC Hon. Sec {#cucbc_hon._sec}
- 2005-06: Sam Farmer
- 2002-03: Devin-Paul O\'Brien
- 1994-95: Pippa Taylor
## Club Kit {#club_kit}
HCBC Club kit is based on the colours of the Club, blue with white trim. However (in most years) the colours of the Club Zephyr (garment) are reversed, and are white with blue trim.
It is traditional to wear a sock of each of the boat club\'s colours when racing with a blue sock on the foot opposite the rigger
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# Linda McKnight
**Linda McKnight** is a double bassist particularly known for her teaching and solo performances. She is part of the music faculties at Manhattan School of Music, Columbia University, New York University, Columbia Teachers College, and Montclair State University.
## Career
McKnight earned her bachelor of music degree from The Juilliard School under Frederick Zimmermann and pursued additional studies with Stuart Sankey, Joseph Cascelli, Warren Benfield, Henry Portnoi, and Homer Mensch. She is a member of the Colonial Symphony of New Jersey and has appeared in chamber groups in Michigan, Iowa, and Indiana during conventions of the International Society of Bassists. Her summer teaching has included the New Jersey Summer Conference for String Education and Chamber Music (formerly NJ-ASTA Summer Conference), Manhattan School of Music Summer Music Camp, and the Oklahoma Summer Arts Institute.
McKnight has been a featured guest artist at workshops and clinics from Maine to Texas, addressing groups of parents, educators, and students on the contrabass and music education. In 1986 she was honored with the NJ-ASTA (American String Teachers Association) Distinguished Service Award for her seven-year term as NJ-ASTA president from 1979 through 1986. Her writings have appeared in *String Tones, Tempo, American String Teacher*, and *International Society of Bassists* magazines, and she is the editor of Paul Ramsier's Pieces for Friends, published by Boosey & Hawkes. McKnight has recorded for the Swedish record label BIS. She is currently on the board of directors for the International Society of Bassists
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# Alive '95
***Alive \'95*** was the first live album by Kai Hansen\'s Gamma Ray. It was released in May 1996, following the live concerts in Milano, Paris, Madrid, Pamplona and Erlangen, during the band\'s \"Men on a Tour\" European tour.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All music and lyrics by Kai Hansen except where noted:
### Disc 1 {#disc_1}
1. \"Land of the Free\" -- 5:29
2. \"Man on a Mission\" -- 5:54
3. \"Rebellion in Dreamland\" -- 8:24
4. \"Space Eater\" -- 4:45
5. \"Fairytale\" -- 0:44
6. \"Tribute to the Past\" (music: Kai Hansen & Jan Erik Rubach, words: Hansen) -- 4:48
7. \"Heal Me\" (music: Dirk Schlächter, words: Schlächter, Hansen) -- 7:27
8. \"The Saviour\" -- 1:30
9. \"Abyss of the Void\" -- 5:54
10. \"Ride the Sky\" *(Helloween cover)* -- 5:57
11. \"Future World\" *(Helloween cover)* -- 7:28
12. \"Heavy Metal Mania\" *(Holocaust cover)* (music & words: Edmund Ryczard Trevor Arthur Dudley & John Grant Mortimer) -- 6:27
13. \"Lust for Life\" (Non-European Bonus) -- 6:14
### Disc 2 - Reissue Bonus (Live in 1993) {#disc_2___reissue_bonus_live_in_1993}
1. \"No Return\" -- 4:03
2. \"Changes\" (music: Hansen, Ralf Scheepers, Schlächter, Uwe Wessel; words: Hansen & Wessel) -- 5:23
3. \"Insanity and Genius\" (music: Rubach, words: Thomas Nack) -- 4:09
4. \"Last Before the Storm\" -- 4:11
5. \"Future Madhouse\" (music: Hansen, words: Hansen & Scheepers) -- 4:10
6
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# Ingram Content Group
**Ingram Content Group** is an American service provider to the book publishing industry, based in La Vergne, Tennessee. It is a subsidiary of Ingram Industries.
Shawn Morin is CEO, and John R. Ingram is chairman of Ingram Industries.
## History
The Ingram Content Group was formed in 2009 when Ingram Lightning Group merged with Ingram Digital Group. Ingram Content Group\'s operating units are Ingram Book Company, Ingram International Inc., Ingram Library Services Inc., Ingram Publisher Services Inc., Ingram Periodicals Inc., Ingram Digital, Lightning Source Inc., Spring Arbor Distributors Inc., and Tennessee Book Company LLC.
During 1999 and 2000, Ingram Industries negotiated a sale to Barnes & Noble which was ultimately withdrawn after pressure from independent bookstores and the American Booksellers Association.
In July 2006, Ingram Industries acquired VitalSource Technologies, Inc, which it later sold to Francisco Partners in April 2021.
In June 2014, the company, in conjunction with Hachette Book Group USA and Perseus Books Group, announced that Hachette would buy Perseus, and then sell that company\'s client services businesses to Ingram, with financial details undisclosed.
On April 4, 2016, John Ingram stepped down as CEO, and was succeeded by Shawn Morin.
In December 2018, it was reported that Ingram Content extended an offer to purchase book distributor Baker & Taylor\'s retail and wholesale business from their parent company, Follett. As a result, Ingram informed the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) of the proposed deal, and a preliminary investigation was started. The FTC contacted leading book retailers, Amazon, and major and independent book publishers to help determine the impact, if any, from the sale. This deal fell through and Baker & Taylor left the retail book wholesale market after divesting some of its entertainment product distribution to Ingram Entertainment in January 2019. Baker & Taylor\'s departure left Ingram Book Company as the only major book wholesaler to retail stores in the United States.
## Services
The company has the industry\'s largest active book inventory with access to 7.5 million titles. The markets they serve include booksellers, librarians, educators and specialty retailers. Ingram employs approximately 3,000 people worldwide.
Ingram Content Group distributes to independent book stores throughout the United States, from warehouses in Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Indiana. It also operates a print-on-demand business, under the Lightning Source brand, with facilities in Tennessee, Pennsylvania, Ohio, California, United Kingdom, France and Australia. The company also provides full service distribution, including sales and marketing services via its Ingram Publisher Services division.
In addition to print distribution, Ingram also provides digital content services and distribution through CoreSource, VitalSource, and MyiLibrary.
In 2015, Ingram purchased Aer.io which allows websites, based in the US to sell books from the Ingram catalog.
In June 2017, Ingram purchased Book Network International Limited, a book distributor based in Plymouth, U.K., from Rowman & Littlefield. Ingram subsequently formed Ingram Publisher Services UK (IPS UK) from these operations. Initially utilising the Plymouth facility, IPS UK relocated its primary UK warehousing and distribution operations to Milton Keynes, completing the move in 2020.
In June 2022, Ingram entered into a partnership with bookseller/social media site, Tertulia, to sell its library of books
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# Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg
**Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg** (10 January 1760 -- 27 January 1802) was a German composer and conductor from the Classical period.
Zumsteeg championed the operas of Mozart in Stuttgart, staging the first performances there of *Die Zauberflöte*, *Don Giovanni,* and *Così fan tutte*. He also was a prolific composer of *Lieder* and ballads. His ballads had a great influence on the young Franz Schubert, who imitated a number of Zumsteeg\'s as studies (some even in exactly the same keys) while he was a teenager.
## Life and early career {#life_and_early_career}
Zumsteeg was born in Sachsenflur, Lauda-Königshofen, in a military camp to his father Rudolph Zum Steeg. He received an education at the Karlsschule Stuttgart after the death of both parents. Zumsteeg was initially admitted as a stucco worker, however his musical aptitude soon allowed him transfer to the music department. There Zumsteeg became intimate friends with Friedrich Schiller. A setting for Schiller\'s drama, *Die Räuber* (1782) is an example of the type of close collaboration that Zumsteeg undertook with prominent poets.
Zumsteeg showed promise as a virtuoso cellist, and in 1778 claimed the highest award in the performance division of the Karlsschule for the sixth time. Needless to say, when Zumsteeg began to try his hand at composing, his first works were for cello. Zumsteeg composed many smaller chamber works for cello and other instruments, but he held them in no high regard later in life. Zumsteeg studied cello with Eberhard Malterre and Agostino Poli, the later also instructed Zumsteeg in composition.
Zumsteeg\'s seven-volume composition *Kleine Lieder und Balladen* was published by Breitkopf & Härtel between 1800 and 1805. The volumes were highly popular in Germany, remaining well-known until the 1830s. According to Schubert\'s friend Joseph von Spaun, Schubert discovered them while at seminary. \"He had several of Zumsteeg\'s songs in front of him and told me that these songs moved him profoundly\...He said he could revel in these songs for days on end. And to this youthful predilection of his we probably owe the direction Schubert took.\"
In 1783, Zumsteeg married Luise Andreae with whom he had seven children. His daughter Emilie Zumsteeg became a composer too. Luise Andreae remained supportive of her husband in his tumultuous life as a musician.
## Musical style {#musical_style}
Zumsteeg\'s ballads and lieders were creative. As a composer he was able to make the melodic line of his music follow the overarching mood that he was trying to portray through the lyrics. One of the ways he accomplished this was by not adjusting or manipulating the tempo of the piece. On the other hand, when the lyrics consisted of long poems, Zumsteeg experimented with changing the character and moods throughout his music to create drama and contrast. He often wandered in his music by going to relative and mediant keys as well as using enharmonic progressions. Zumsteeg was willing to explore new avenues of harmony in order to depict the mood he was trying to portray.
### Musical influence {#musical_influence}
Franz Schubert admired Zumsteeg\'s lieder and ballads. Zumsteeg greatly influenced the early writings of Schubert. According to Schubert\'s friend Josef von Spaun, Schubert spent most of his days studying and analyzing Zumsteeg\'s works. In the years 1811 to 1816, Schubert\'s ballads closely resembled those of Zumsteeg. The similarities between Zumsteeg and Schubert\'s writings included: having a rhapsodic form, clear depiction of mood, and the utilization of recitative in their works. Six of Schubert\'s songs are closely based on Zumsteeg\'s settings of the same exact texts: \"Hagars Klage\" (D5), \"Lied der Liebe\" (D109), \"Nachtgesang\" (D314), \"Ritter Toggenburg\" (D397), \"Die Erwartung\" (D159), and \"Skolie\" (D507). In addition, there are close similarities between Zumsteeg and Schubert\'s choice in melodic structure, form, and selection of key and meter in these pieces.
## Later career {#later_career}
During most of his career, Zumsteeg was closely connected to the Swabian court, and in 1791 he was appointed to fill the vacancy left by C. F. D. Schubart\'s death at the Mimik-Institut. In 1792 Zumsteeg became concert master and subsequently director of music at the Wurttemberg court.
In this capacity, Zumsteeg championed the works of German composers, countering the dominant Italian influence at the court. He premiered Mozart\'s *Die Zauberflöte* in 1794. Following their successes, he staged performances of *Don Giovanni* and *Così fan tutte*.
Zumsteeg never ventured from his home in Stuttgart, and in his later life seldom left his house for anything other than his duties, but he provided accommodations to intellectuals travelling through Stuttgart. He was also well known as a scholar and spent much of his time studying French, Italian, and German literature. Zumsteeg died of a stroke at age 42 in Stuttgart.
### Legacy
Zumsteeg had a profound effect on Franz Schubert, many of the latter\'s work took heavy inspiration from Zumsteeg. Zumsteeg\'s other works never brought him to celebrity, however some works continued to be performed after his death. His opera from Shakespeare\'s *The Tempest*, *Die Geisterinsel*, remained in the repertory for almost twenty years after its premiere in 1798 and has recently been recorded. After Johann\'s death, his wife Luise opened a music shop in his honour
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# Production coordinator
A **production coordinator** is a position in film, television or video production.
In Los Angeles, it is called **production office coordinator** and abbreviated **POC**, and is a unionized position under the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE) and is governed by Local 871. The IA bylaws state the POC\'s wage is \"subject to negotiation with the Producer\". Fringe benefits include inclusion with the (USA) industry\'s Motion Picture Industry Pension & Health Plans.
Production coordinators are in charge of organizing the production office, writing and distributing crew lists, handing out scripts to cast and crew members, and dealing with transport captains. They often work directly with the production manager
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# Kill Your Own
***Kill Your Own*** is the third studio album by English alternative rock band Hundred Reasons, released on 20 March 2006, on V2 Records. This is last album to feature guitarist Paul Townsend and the first to feature guitarist Larry Hibbitt as producer.
Guitarist and producer Larry Hibbitt stated that the album is:
> \"Quite an angry record. There are quite a few twisted moments and Colin\'s lyrics are a lot darker than before. At first the name seemed weird but after a while it just sort of made sense. It was the one that we just kept coming back to. It\'s a song about purposefully being a cunt to the people that you really love. It\'s when you really fuck people over, even when they\'re some of your closest mates.\"
Producer of band\'s previous two albums, Dave Sardy, mixed three tracks on the album, as well as b-side, \"Casual Friday\". According to bassist Andy Gilmour \"Casual Friday\" was omitted from the album because Hibbitt put an \"irritating keyboard\" on the song.
Many of the songs on *Kill Your Own* were debuted during their 2005 Winter tour of the UK\'s Barfly venues. Those who attended the shows were given a free CD, *Singles Club 3*, which included \"Feed the Fire\" alongside other tracks from support bands, Brigade and Orko.
In 2005, \"No Pretending\" was released in demo form from their official website. Demos of \"Kill Your Own\" and \"This Mess\" were also later made available before the album\'s release.
*Kill Your Own* entered the UK Albums Chart at #79, and entered the BBC Radio 1 Rock Chart at #3.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Broken Hands\" -- 3:37
2. \"Kill Your Own\" -- 3:45
3. \"Destroy\" -- 3:22
4. \"The Chance\" -- 3:32
5. \"The Perfect Gift\" -- 3:50
6. \"Live Fast, Die Ugly\" -- 2:32
7. \"Feed The Fire\" -- 3:49
8. \"This Mess\" -- 3:52
9. \"A Better Way?\" -- 2:04
10. \"No Pretending\" -- 4:33
11
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# History of Prague
## Prehistory
The land where Prague came to be built has been settled since the Paleolithic Age. Several thousand years ago, trade routes connecting southern and northern Europe passed through this area, following the course of the river Vltava. From around 500 BC the Celtic tribe known as the Boii were the first inhabitants of this region known by name. The Boii gave their name to the region of Bohemia. The Marcomanni, a Germanic tribe, migrated to Bohemia with their king, Maroboduus, in AD 9. Meanwhile, some of the Celts migrated southward while the remainder assimilated with the Marcomanni. In 568, most of the Marcomanni migrated southward with the Lombards, another Germanic tribe. This was during the Migration period which extended from the 4th century to the beginning of the 10th century. The rest of the Marcomanni assimilated with the invading West Slavs. The Byzantine historian Prokopios mentions the presence of the Slavs in these lands in AD 512.
## Medieval Prague {#medieval_prague}
From around 900 until 1306, Czech Přemyslid dynasty rulers had most of Bohemia under their control. The first Bohemian ruler acknowledged by historians was the Czech Prince Bořivoj Přemyslovec, who ruled in the second half of the 9th century. He and his wife Ludmila (who became a patron saint of Bohemia after her death) were baptised by St Methodius (*Metodej*), who together with his brother St Cyril brought orthodox Christianity and a new alphabet called Glagolitic script to Moravia in 863. Bořivoj moved his seat from the fortified settlement Levý Hradec to a place called Prague (*Praha*). Prague Castle was initially built by Bořivoj around 880, and it is now one of the largest castles in the world. Since Bořivoj\'s reign the castle has been the seat of many Czech rulers, and today, it is the seat of the Czech president.
Bořivoj\'s grandson, Prince Wenceslas, initiated friendly relations with the Saxon dynasty. Wenceslas wanted Bohemia to become an equal partner in the larger empire, similar to how Bohemia was part of Samo\'s empire in the 7th century and Great Moravia in the 9th century). Orientation towards the Saxons was not favoured by his brother Boleslav, and it was the main reason why Wenceslas was assassinated on 28 September 935. He was buried in St. Vitus\' Rotunda, the church which he founded; it stood on the ground where St Wenceslas\' Chapel in the St Vitus Cathedral is now. A few years later, Wenceslas was canonized and became Bohemia\'s beloved patron saint; he is \"Good King Wenceslas\" from the Christmas carol. In 950, after long war, Boleslav was forced to accept the supremacy of Otto I the Great from the Saxon dynasty, who later became the Holy Roman Emperor. From 1041 onward (and perhaps as early as 1002), Bohemian dukes and kings were vassals of the Holy Roman Emperors and the Czech lands were appertained to the empire as autonomous territory.
By the early 10th century, the area around and below Prague Castle had developed into an important trading centre, where merchants from all over Europe gathered. In 965, Ibrahim ibn Ya\'qub, an Arab merchant and traveler, wrote: \"Prague is built from stone and lime, and it has the biggest trade centre. Slavs are on the whole courageous and brave\... They occupy the lands which are the most fertile and abundant with a good food supply.\" The Duchy earned a significant income from the Prague slave trade, trafficking pagan Slavs, termed *saqaliba*, to slavery in al-Andalus in the 10th and 11th-centuries.
In 973, a bishopric was founded in Bohemia with the bishop\'s palace located on the Prague castle grounds. The first Czech bishop was Vojtěch (St Adalbert) from the Czech noble family of Slavník, who later evangelized Poles and Hungarians and became a patron saint to Czechs, Poles, and Hungarians after his canonization in 999.
In the 11th century, another Romanesque fortified settlement was established across the river from Prague at Vyšehrad. During the reign of Prince Vratislav II, who rose to the title of King of Bohemia in 1085 (as Vratislav I), Vyšehrad became the temporary seat of Czech rulers.
In 1158, Prince Vladislav II also rose to the title of King of Bohemia (as Vladislav I). Many monasteries and churches were built during his rule. In Prague, the Strahov Monastery, built in the Romanesque style, was founded in 1142. The first stone bridge over the river Vltava, the Judith Bridge, was built in 1170.
In 1212, Bohemia became a hereditary kingdom when Vladislav I\'s son, Prince Přemysl Otakar I, rose to the title of king by inheritance per Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor from 1215, a political development that was legalised in the \"Golden Bull of Sicily\". The king\'s daughter, Agnes, became another Bohemian saint. Agnes preferred to enter a convent rather than marry Emperor Frederick II. During the reign of King Přemysl Otakar I, peaceful colonisation started as German colonists were invited to both Bohemia and Moravia. This immigration of Germans caused the Bohemian towns to increase in population, as did the institution of German town law. Three settlements around the Prague Castle gained the privilege of a town: across the river Vltava, the Old Town of Prague (*Staré Město*) gained the privilege of a town in 1230; the settlement below Prague Castle became the New Town of Prague in 1257 under King Otakar II - it was later renamed *Malá Strana* or the \"Lesser Side\" of Prague; and *Hradčany*, the \"Castle District\" built just outside Prague Castle, dates from 1320.
In the 13th century, King Přemysl Otakar II, known as the \"Iron and Golden King\", was the most powerful king in the Holy Roman Empire during his reign. He ruled in Bohemia, Moravia, Austria, Styria, Carniola, Carinthia, Egerland, and Friuli. His domain stretched from the Sudetes to the Adriatic Sea. Otakar II had hoped that the other six prince-electors would choose him as the King of Romans, but at the imperial election in 1273 the other electors thought that Otakar II was too risky and so they chose Rudolf I Habsburg as the emperor. Rudolf I was a weak ruler, which was the primary reason the electors chose him, as they would more easily keep the power and land that they acquired during the Great Interregnum (1250--73). Otakar II was outraged and so he refrained from attending Rudolf\'s coronation. When Rudolf requested that Otakar II be present at the imperial diet in Nuremberg, Otakar II refused. As a result Rudolf placed an imperial ban on him which caused him to lose all the territory he had acquired during the interregnum. Otakar II\'s plan was to challenge Rudolf and he assembled an army, but unfortunately he lost and died against Rudolf I in the Battle of Marchfeld on 26 August 1278. His son Wenceslaus II was still very young and would have to burden the great turmoil that has arisen in Bohemia.
The Přemyslid dynasty ruled until 1306 when the male line died out with the assassination of Wenceslaus III. The inheriting dynasty was the House of Luxembourg as emperor Henry VII, to prevent Henry of Carinthia from obtaining the Bohemian throne, offered it to his own son, John of Luxembourg, if he would marry Wenceslaus III\'s sister Elizabeth of Bohemia. Young John married Elizabeth on 7 September 1310 and headed to Prague to be crowned, but Henry of Carinthia had claimed the throne before he could arrive. John mustered a large army with the help of his father and when he arrived to Prague, Henry of Carinthia fled, allowing John to claim the Bohemian throne and be crowned on 7 February 1311.
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# History of Prague
## Renaissance
The city flourished during the 14th century during the reign of Charles IV of the Luxembourg dynasty. Charles was the eldest son of Czech Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia and John of Luxembourg. He was born in Prague on 14 May 1316 and became King of Bohemia upon the death of his father in 1346. Due to Charles\' efforts, the bishopric of Prague was raised to an archbishopric in 1344 and the first archbishop was Arnošt z Pardubic, a close advisor to Charles. On 7 April 1348 Charles IV founded the University of Prague, the first university in central, northern, and eastern Europe, now known as Charles University (*Univerzita Karlova*). In the same year, using the inspiration of Paris, he also founded the New Town (*Nové Město*) of Prague immediately adjacent to the Old Town. Charles rebuilt Prague Castle and Vyšehrad, and in 1357 a new bridge over the Vltava, now known as the Charles Bridge, was erected to replace the Judith Bridge which had collapsed in 1342. Construction of the St Vitus\' Cathedral had also begun and many other new churches were founded. In 1355, Charles was crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and Prague became the capital of the empire. Charles wanted Prague to become one of the most beautiful cities in the world and to make it a new center of art, science, and prestige. He also wanted Prague to be the dominant city of the whole empire, with Prague Castle as the dominant site in the city and the stately Gothic cathedral to be even more dominant than the castle. Everything was built in a grandiose Gothic style and decorated in an independent art style, called the Bohemian school. During the reign of Emperor Charles IV, the Czech lands were among the most powerful in Europe.
Unfortunately, all that changed during the reign of Charles IV\'s son, Wenceslas IV (*Václav IV*). During his reign (1378--1419), Master Jan Hus, a preacher and the university\'s rector, gave sermons in Prague in the Bethlehem Chapel, speaking in Czech in order to widely disseminate his ideas about the reformation of the church. Hus was accused of heresy and executed in Constance, Germany (*Konstanz*) in 1415. This led to the first Defenestration of Prague (1419), when the people rebelled under the command of Prague priest Jan Želivský and threw the city\'s councilors from the New Town Hall. This led to further violent dissent and the conflicts known as the Hussite Wars.
King Wenceslas IV died 16 days after the defenestration. His younger half-brother Sigismund (*Zikmund*) was now the legitimate heir to the throne. However the Hussites opposed Sigismund\'s coronation and so he came to Prague with an army of 30,000 crusaders. He planned to make Prague capitulate and take the crown. In 1420, peasant rebels and Hussite troops, led by general Jan Žižka, defeated Sigismund\'s army at the Battle of Vítkov Mountain. This was followed by more crusades, all of which ended in failure. But after Žižka died, the Hussites lost their focus and split into factions. The most radical Hussites were finally defeated at the Battle of Lipany in 1434 after the moderate Hussites sided with the Czech Catholics.
In 1458, the Utraquist Hussite nobleman George of Poděbrady was chosen as the Bohemian king by both the Catholics and the Utraquist Hussites. He was called \"The King of Two Peoples\" for his continual efforts to maintain peace between the Catholics and the Hussites. During his reign, however, Pope Paul II excommunicated George, declared him deposed as King of Bohemia, and called for a crusade against the Czech heretics. The crusade was led by the King of Hungary Matthias Corvinus who, after the crusade, also became the King of Bohemia (as supported by the Papacy). George, however, did not abdicate, and so Bohemia had two kings. George, before his death, made an arrangement with the Polish King Casimir IV that the next Bohemian king would come from the Jagiellon dynasty. This is because Elizabeth of Austria, the wife of Casimir IV, was the sister of former Bohemian king Ladislaus the Posthumous and thus her son Vladislaus was related to the Luxembourg dynasty and also to the original Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty. The Jagiellonian dynasty ruled only until 1526 when it died out with Ludwig Jagiellon, son of Vladislaus II Jagiellon.
The next Bohemian king was Ferdinand Habsburg, husband of Ann Jagiellon, the sister of Ludwig Jagiellon. This was the beginning of the Habsburg dynasty. After Ferdinand\'s brother Charles V resigned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1556, Ferdinand was elected Emperor two years later. After he died, his son Maximilian II inherited all of his titles, and then upon his death, his son Rudolf II inherited them in turn. The reign of Emperor Rudolf II (1576-1612) was another glorious time for Prague as it became the cultural centre of the Holy Roman Empire again. Rudolf was related to the Jagiellon dynasty, the Luxembourg dynasty, and the Přemyslid dynasty. However he was also related to the Spanish queen Joanna the Mad, the daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon; Joanna was Rudolf\'s great-grandmother. Although Rudolf II was very talented, he was eccentric and he suffered from depression. Emperor Rudolf II lived in Prague Castle, where he held his bizarre courts of astrologers, magicians, and other strange figures. But it was a prosperous period for the city of Prague; famous people living there included the astronomers Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler, the painters Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Bartholomeus Spranger, Hans von Aachen, and Joseph Heintz the Elder. In 1609, under the influence of the Protestant Estates, Rudolf II (a devout Catholic), issued an \"Imperial Charter of the Emperor\" in which he legalised extensive religious freedoms unparalleled in the Europe of that period. Many German Protestants (both Lutherans and Calvinists) immigrated to Bohemia.
Next in line for Bohemian crown was Rudolf\'s brother Matthias, but since Matthias was childless, his cousin, the archduke Ferdinand of Styria (also related to Jagiellon, Luxembourg, and Přemyslid Dynasties) was initially accepted by the Bohemian Diet as heir presumptive when Matthias became ill. The Protestant Estates of Bohemia did not like this decision, however, as Ferdinand was not as amenable to the dual religious nature of the kingdom as his cousins were. Tension between the Protestants and the pro-Habsburg Catholics led to the Third Defenestration of Prague, when the Catholic governors were thrown from the windows of Prague Castle on 23 May 1618. They survived, but the Protestants replaced the Catholic governors. This incident led to the Thirty Years\' War.
When Matthias died, Ferdinand was elected as Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, but he was not accepted as King of Bohemia by the Protestant directors. Instead the Calvinist Frederick V of the Palatinate was elected King of Bohemia in 1619. Frederick was chosen because he was a leader of the Protestant Union, a military alliance founded by his father, and it was hoped that he had the support of his father-in-law, James VI of Scotland and I of England. However, Frederick\'s allies in the Protestant Union failed to support him militarily by pledging neutrality in the Treaty of Ulm, and James opposed his son-in-law\'s takeover of Bohemia from the Habsburgs. The Battle of White Mountain (*Bílá Hora*) followed on 8 November 1620; it was essentially a battle between Catholics and Protestants. Emperor Ferdinand II was helped not only by Catholic Spain, Poland, and Bavaria, but also by Lutheran Saxony (which disliked the Calvinists). The Protestant army, led by the warrior Count Jindřich Matyáš Thurn, was formed mostly from Lutheran Silesia, Lusatia, and Moravia. The Catholics won, Frederick fled, and Emperor Ferdinand II became King of Bohemia and proclaimed the re-Catholicisation of the Czech lands. Twenty-seven Protestant leaders were executed in Prague\'s Old Town Square on 21 June 1621: 3 noblemen, 7 knights, and 17 burghers, including Dr. Jan Jesenius, the Rector of Prague University. Most of the Protestant leaders were exiled or fled from Prague, including Count Thurn. Under Ferdinand II\'s rule, no faith other than Catholicism was permitted, the upper classes had the option to either convert to Catholicism or emigrate, Protestants had to return all seized Catholic property to the Church, and the German language was given equal status with the Czech language. After the Peace of Westphalia, Ferdinand II moved the court of the empire to Vienna, and Prague began a steady decline which reduced the population to 20,000 from the 60,000 it had had before the war.
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# History of Prague
## Jewish quarter {#jewish_quarter}
The 17th century is considered the Golden Age of Jewish Prague. The Jewish community of Prague numbered some 15,000 people (approximately 30% of the entire population), making it the largest Ashkenazic community in the world and the second largest Jewish community in Europe after Thessaloniki. From 1597 to 1609, the Maharal (Judah Loew ben Bezalel) served as Prague\'s chief rabbi. He is considered the greatest Jewish scholar in Prague\'s history, and his tomb in the Old Jewish Cemetery is a pilgrimage site.
The expulsion of Jews from Prague by Maria Theresa of Austria in 1745 based on their alleged collaboration with the Prussian army was a severe blow to the flourishing Jewish community. The Queen allowed the Jews to return to the city in 1748. In 1848 the gates of the Prague ghetto were opened. The former Jewish quarter, renamed Josefov and officially incorporated into the city in 1850, was demolished during the \"ghetto clearance\" (Czech: *asanace*) around the start of the 20th century.
## 18th century {#th_century}
In 1689 a great fire devastated Prague, but this spurred a renovation and a rebuilding of the city. The economic rise continued through the following century, and in 1771 the city had 80,000 inhabitants. Many of these were rich merchants who, together with noblemen, enriched the city with a host of palaces, churches, and gardens, creating a Baroque style renowned throughout the world. In 1784, under Joseph II, the four municipalities of Hradčany, Malá Strana, Staré Město, and Nové Město were merged into a single entity. The Industrial Revolution had a strong effect in Prague, as factories could take advantage of the coal mines and ironworks in the nearby regions.
## 19th century {#th_century_1}
In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire ended when Napoleon dictated its dissolution. Holy Roman Emperor Francis II abdicated his title. He became Francis I, Emperor of Austria.
At the same time as the Industrial Revolution was developing, the Czechs were also going through the Czech National Revival movement: political and cultural changes demanded greater autonomy. Since the late 18th century, Czech literature occupied an important position in the Czech culture.
A first suburb, Karlín, was created in 1817, and twenty years later the population exceeded 100,000. The first railway connection was built in 1842.
The revolutions that shocked all of Europe around 1848 touched Prague too, but they were fiercely suppressed. In the following years the Czech nationalist movement (opposed to another nationalist party, the German one) began its rise, until it gained the majority in the Town Council in 1861.
In 1867, Emperor Francis Joseph I established the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy of the Austrian Empire and Kingdom of Hungary.
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# History of Prague
## 20th century {#th_century_2}
The next in succession to the Austro-Hungarian throne was Francis Ferdinand d\'Este after Crown Prince Rudolf (son of the emperor Francis Joseph I) had committed suicide and after the Emperor\'s brother (Ferdinand\'s father) had died. Ferdinand (related also to Jagellon, Luxemburg and Premyslovec Dynasties) was married to Sophie von Chotek from a Czech aristocratic family. They lived in Bohemia at the Konopiste Castle, not far from Prague. He was in favour of a Triple Monarchy, expanding an Austro-Hungary Dualism into Austro-Hungary-Czech Triple Monarchy, but on June 28, 1914 he and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo. This assassination led to World War I.
World War I ended with the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and, with the help of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk who was going around the world trying to find political support, the creation of Czechoslovakia. Apart from just having Czechia and Slovakia during the war in 1919 in Austry-Hungary Czechoslovakia was granted Carpathian Ruthenia. Prague was chosen as its capital. At this time Prague was a European city with developed industrial background. In 1930 the population had risen to 850,000.
For most of its history Prague had been an ethnically mixed city with important Czech, German, and Jewish populations. Prague had German-speaking near-majority in 1848, but by 1880 the German population decreased to 13.52 percent, and by 1910 to 5.97 percent, due to a massive increase of the city\'s overall population caused by the influx of Czechs from the rest of Bohemia and Moravia and also due to the assimilation of some Germans. As a result, the German minority along with the German-speaking Jewish community remained mainly in the central, ancient parts of city, while the Czechs had a near-absolute majority in the fast-growing suburbs of Prague. As late as 1880, Germans speakers still formed 22 percent of the population of Stare Mesto (the Old Town), 16 percent in Nove Mesto (the New Town), 20 percent in Mala strana (the Little Quarter), 9 percent in Hradcany, and 39 percent in the former Jewish Ghetto of Josefov.
When Czechoslovakia gained independence, the Prague Germans experienced discrimination. Prague Mayor Karel Baxa banned the posting of notices in German and the inscription of burial urns in German.
As in Germany and Austria nationalistic and fascist movements gained ground in the first half of the 20th. century, Prague German underwent a revival as German speaking emigrants settled in the town. Famous German speaking writers such as Max Brod, Egon Erwin Kisch, Joseph Roth, Alfred Döblin, Egon Friedell, Franz Kafka, and Leo Perutz wrote for the liberal German language newspaper Prager Tagblatt.
From 1939, when the country was occupied by Nazi Germany, and during World War II, most Jews either fled the city or were killed in the Holocaust. Most of the Jews living in Prague after the war emigrated during the years of Communism, particularly after the communist coup, the establishment of Israel in 1948, and the Soviet invasion in 1968. In the early 1990s, the Jewish Community in Prague numbered only 800 people compared to nearly 50,000 before World War II. In 2006, some 1,600 people were registered in the Jewish Community.
During the Nazi German occupation of Czechoslovakia Prague citizens were oppressed and persecuted by the Nazis. Politicians (e.g. prime minister Alois Eliáš), university professors and students and many others were murdered, imprisoned or sent to concentration camps. Prague was a target of several allied bombings, the deadliest one occurring on February 14, 1945, when large parts of the city centre were destroyed, leaving over 700 people dead and nearly 1200 injured. The Prague uprising started on May 5, 1945 when Prague\'s Czech citizens, assisted by the defecting 1st Infantry Division of the Russian Liberation Army, revolted against the Nazi German occupiers. That same day, General Patton\'s American Third Army (with 150,000 soldiers) arrived in Pilsen (only a few hours away from Prague) while Marshal Konev\'s Soviet Army was on the borders of Moravia. General Patton was in favour of liberating Prague, but he had to comply with the instructions from General D. Eisenhower. General Eisenhower requested the Soviet Chief of Staff to permit them to press forward, but was informed that American help was not needed (a prior agreement from the Yalta Conference was that Bohemia would be liberated by the Red Army). Finally, on May 9, 1945 (the day after Germany officially capitulated) Soviet tanks reached Prague. It was not until May 12, 1945 that all fighting ceased in the Czech Lands. German occupation caused the death of 77,297 Czechoslovak Jews, whose names are inscribed on walls of the Pinkas Synagogue in Prague.
The German army left Prague in the morning of May 8. German-speaking Prague citizens were gathered brutally and expelled from their home city, similar to the expulsions carried out all over Czechoslovakia and Eastern Europe. During this, a number of local massacres occurred resulting in an unknown number of fatalities.
After the war, Prague again became the capital of Czechoslovakia, now without significant Germans and Jews left in the city. Many Czechs genuinely felt gratitude towards the Soviet soldiers. Soviet troops left Czechoslovakia a couple of months after the war but the country remained under strong Soviet political influence. In February 1948, Prague became the centre of a communist coup.
The intellectual community of Prague, however, suffered under the totalitarian regime, in spite of the rather careful programme of rebuilding and caring for the damaged monuments after World War II. At the 4th Czechoslovakian Writers\' Congress held in the city in 1967 a strong position against the regime was taken. This spurred the new secretary of the Communist Party, Alexander Dubček to proclaim a new phase in the city\'s and country\'s life, beginning the short-lived season of \"socialism with a human face\". This was the Prague Spring, which aimed at a democratic reform of institutions. The Soviet Union and the rest of the Warsaw Pact, except for Romania, reacted, occupying Czechoslovakia and the capital in August 1968, suppressing any attempt at innovation under the treads of their tanks.
During the communist period little was actively done to maintain the beauty of the city\'s buildings. Due to the poor incentives offered by the regime, workers would put up scaffolding and then disappear to moonlighting jobs. Vaclavske Namesti (Wenceslas Square) was covered in such scaffolds for over a decade, with little repair ever being accomplished. True renovation began after the collapse of communism. The durability of renovations was aided by the fact that Prague converted almost entirely from coal heating in homes to electric heating. The coal burnt during the communist period was a major source of air pollution that corroded and spotted building façades, giving Prague the look of a dark, dirty city.
In 1989, after the Berlin Wall had fallen, and the Velvet Revolution crowded the streets of Prague, Czechoslovakia freed itself from communism and Soviet influence, and Prague benefited deeply from the new mood. In 1993, after the split of Czechoslovakia, Prague became the capital city of the new Czech Republic. Prague is capital of two administrative units of Czech Republic -- Prague region (*hlavní město Praha*) and Central Bohemian Region (*Středočeský kraj*). As Prague is not geographically part of Central Bohemian Region it is a capital outside of the territory it serves.
## Timeline of important moments in Prague history {#timeline_of_important_moments_in_prague_history}
The four independent boroughs that had formerly constituted Prague were eventually proclaimed a single city in 1784. Those four cities were Hradčany (the Castle District, west and north of the Castle), Little Quarter (Malá Strana, south of the Castle), Old Town (Staré Město, on the east bank opposite the Castle) and New Town (Nové Město, further south and east). The city underwent further expansion with the annexation of Josefov in 1850 and Vyšehrad in 1883, and at the beginning of 1922, another 37 municipalities were incorporated, raising the city\'s population to 676,000. In 1938 population reached 1,000,000.
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# History of Prague
## Historical population {#historical_population}
- The record of 1230 includes Staré Město only.
- The records of 1370 and 1600 includes Staré město, Nové město, Malá Strana and Hradčany quarters.
- Numbers beside other years denote the population of Prague within the administrative border of the city at that time
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# Athanase-Charles-Marie Charette de la Contrie
**Athanase Charles Marie de Charette, 2nd Baron de La Contrie** (`{{IPA|fr|atanaz ʃaʁlə maʁi ʃaʁɛt}}`{=mediawiki}; 18 September 1832 in Nantes - 9 October 1911 in Saint-Père-Marc-en-Poulet), was a 19th-century French général who distinguished himself in the defense of the Papal States and subsequently during the Franco-German war of 1870. He was a grandson of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, the third child and younger son of Charles X, and Amy Brown, the Duke's English mistress.
## Early life {#early_life}
Athanase Charles Marie Charette de La Contrie was born on 3 September 1832, in Nantes, France. His great-grandfather was Charles X, the penultimate king of France, and his great-uncle, General de Charette, was shot in Nantes on 29 March 1795, during the War in the Vendée. His mother, Louise, Countess de Vierzon, was the daughter of the Duke of Berry and Amy Brown. As the Duchesse de Berry was at that time in hiding at Nantes, and Charette\'s father was being sought by the police, the child\'s birth was concealed; he was secretly taken from Nantes on 17 September and was registered in the commune of Sainte-Reine as born on 18 September.
Unwilling, because of his Legitimist antecedents, to serve in France under Louis Philippe, young Charette, in 1846, entered the Military Academy of Turin; he left in 1848 to avoid serving Piedmont-Sardinia, the revolutionary policy of that kingdom being evident to him.
## Military career {#military_career}
In 1852, the Duke of Modena, the brother-in-law of Henri, Count of Chambord, appointed Charette sub-lieutenant in an Austrian regiment stationed in the duchy. Duke Francis V was not only ruler of Modena but was also an Austrian archduke and the Jacobite successor to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland. Duke Francis was a most exemplary ruler who, with his own hands, tended to and served the victims of cholera that broke out in his duchy when the Piedmontese revolutionary army invaded. The Piedmontese annexed and incorporated Modena into the new, anti-Catholic Italy.
Charette was thereby, compelled to relinquish regimental service as, once again, he did not wish to serve in a revolutionary army.
In May 1860, when two of his brothers, like him eager to fight the Italian revolutionaries, offered their services to the King of Naples, he went to Rome and placed himself at the service of Pope Pius IX, who had commissioned Lamoricière to organize an army for the defence of the Papal States. Charette was appointed captain of the first company of the Franco-Belgian Volunteers, known after 1861 as the Papal Zouaves, and was wounded at the Battle of Castelfidardo (September 1860).
After the capture of Rome by the Kingdom of Italy, Charette negotiated with Gambetta for the employment of the French Zouaves in the service of France in the Franco-Prussian War; he was permitted to organize them as \"Volunteers of the West\". Wounded at Loigny, Charette was made prisoner; but he escaped, and on 14 January 1871, the Provisional Government of France made him a general. He was elected to the National Assembly by the department of Bouches-du-Rhône but resigned without taking his seat. Thiers proposed his entering the French army with his Zouaves, but Charette declared his intention of remaining at the Pope\'s disposal. On 15 August 1871, his Zouaves were mustered out of the French army. Retiring into private life, Charette passed his last thirty years serving the cause of religion and hoping for the restoration of the monarchy.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In Italy, Charette met his future (second) wife Antoinette Van Leer Polk in the Gilded Age. She was an American Southern belle, who was the great-niece of the 11th President of the United States James K. Polk and the \"Mad\" General Anthony Wayne of the American Revolutionary War. She was also a direct descendant of Samuel Van Leer, a patriarch of a wealthy family in Pennsylvania noted in the anti-slavery cause.
Charette was the father of two children with his first wife and of two other children with the second. His direct descendant Susan Charette de la Contrie would marry General Ronald R. Van Stockum.
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# Athanase-Charles-Marie Charette de la Contrie
## Death
He died on 9 October 1911
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| 1 |
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# Cecina (meat)
In Spanish, ***cecina*** `{{IPA|es|θeˈθina|}}`{=mediawiki} is meat that has been salted and dried by means of air, sun or smoke. The word comes from the Latin *siccus* (dry), via Vulgar Latin *(caro) \*siccīna*, \"dry (meat)\".
## Spain
Cecina is similar to ham and is made by curing cow, horse or rabbit meat. The best known *cecina* is *Cecina de León*, which is made of the hind legs of a cow, salted, smoked and air-dried in the provinces of León and Palencia in northwestern Spain, and has PGI status.
## Latin America {#latin_america}
The word *cecina* is also used to name other kinds of dried or cured meat in Latin America.
### Mexico
In Mexico, most *cecina* is of two kinds: sheets of marinated beef, and a pork cut that is sliced or butterflied thin and coated with chili pepper (this type is called *cecina enchilada* or *carne enchilada*). The beef version is salted and marinated and laid to dry somewhat in the sun. The marinated beef version can be consumed uncooked, similar to prosciutto. The pork \"cecina enchilada\" must be cooked before consumption. The town of Yecapixtla is well known for its version of the dish, which varies from region to region
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# E. Bronson Ingram II
**E. Bronson Ingram II** (1931--1995) was an American billionaire heir and business executive. He served as the Chairman of Ingram Industries from 1963 to 1995. He was a director and large shareholder of Weyerhaeuser. He was tried and acquitted of corruption regarding a Chicago sewage deal in the 1970s.
## Early life {#early_life}
Erskine Bronson Ingram II was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota on November 27, 1931, the son of millionaire businessman Orrin Henry Ingram, Sr. and Hortense Bigelow Ingram. He was named after his grandfather. His family moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1948.
E. Bronson Ingram was educated at the Phillips Academy and Montgomery Bell Academy. He attended college at Vanderbilt University and transferred to Princeton University, graduating in 1953. At Princeton, he majored in English, and belonged to the Republican Club.
## Career
E.B. Ingram joined the United States Navy as a naval officer, when he sailed to Panama on a destroyer until 1955, when he resigned. He then started working for his father\'s company, the Ingram Oil & Refining Co., later known as the Ingram Corporation. In particular, he managed the company-owned service stations and helped build truck stops where Ingram truckers could sleep, shower, or eat.
After the death of his father in 1963, E.B. Ingram became President and his brother, Frederic B. Ingram, became Chairman of the Ingram Corporation. In 1976, E. Bronson and his brother Frederic were indicted for bribing officials in Illinois for a \"\$48 million Chicago sewage contract\". E.B. Ingram was acquitted but his brother Frederic was convicted. By 1978, they split the company. Frederic kept the Ingram Corporation, which consisted of oil refineries and pipeline system, headquartered in New Orleans.
E.B. Ingram took over the Tennessee Book Company, Ingram Materials Company, Ingram Barge Company, and Bluewater Insurance Company. He called it Ingram Industries. By 1995, the Ingram Barge Company became the Inland Marine Transportation Group, the third-largest inland waterway carrier in the United States. In 1970, the Tennessee Book Company became known as the Ingram Book Company, and by 1995 it controlled 52 percent of the wholesale book distribution market to American retail bookstores. He also founded Ingram Software; in 1985 it acquired Micro D and morphed into Ingram Micro Incorporated. It quickly became the largest distributor of microcomputer hardware and software in the world.
E.B. Ingram Ingram also founded Ingram Entertainment, the largest wholesale distributor of pre-recorded videocassettes.
He served on the Board of Directors of Weyerhaeuser. In 1988, he owned 222,380 shares. He served as the President of the Nashville Area Chamber of Commerce in 1987, and later as Vice-Chairman of the Tennessee Industrial and Agricultural Development Commission.
## Philanthropy
E. Bronson Ingram held leadership positions in the Tennessee Performing Arts Center in the late 1970s and the state Bicentennial Celebration of 1996.
He joined the Vanderbilt Board of Trust in 1967, and served as its Chairman from 1991 to 1995. He donated US\$25 million to Vanderbilt. Additionally, he helped fundraise US\$500 million for the university.
In 1993, he nominated the first African-American accepted for membership in the Belle Meade Country Club. He also supported Inroads and the Nashville Symphony. He was a member and former Chair of the PENCIL Foundation, a non-profit organization whose aim is to improve public education in Nashville. He served as the Chairman of the steering committee of Nashville\'s Agenda.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1958, E. Bronson Ingram met Martha Robinson Rivers in New York City, and they got married the same year. They moved to New Orleans, where the Ingram Corporation was headquartered, but moved back to Nashville in 1961. They had three sons, David Bronson Ingram, Orrin H. Ingram II, and John R. Ingram, and one daughter, Robin Ingram Patton.
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# E. Bronson Ingram II
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
E.B. Ingram died of cancer on June 15, 1995. At the time of his death, he was Tennessee\'s only billionaire and 56th richest person in the United States. Golfer Arnold Palmer was a pallbearer at his funeral. He is buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery. The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center and the Ingram Studio Arts Center are named for him
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# Charles D. Neff
**Charles Daniel Neff** (March 24, 1922 -- July 16, 1991) was an American missionary who had a great impact on the mission and theology of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now the Community of Christ). He also founded the humanitarian agency Outreach International and the Community One Resources Development Inc. also known as CORD.
As an Apostle, a leadership position in the RLDS Church, from 1958 to 1984, he was responsible for helping start the church in Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, India, Nigeria, Liberia and Kenya.
His missionary work in these countries challenged him to rethink the church\'s theology -- opening it to the voices of other cultures -- and confronted him with the horrific realities of massive poverty.
## Early life and family {#early_life_and_family}
Born in Hardin, Missouri, USA in 1922, Neff grew up in a poor but not destitute rural family during the Great Depression. He was the first in his family to attend college, starting at Ottawa University in Ottawa, Kansas, eventually finishing with a BS in Economics from Central Missouri State Teachers College.
He served as an officer in the United States Navy during World War II in the Pacific theater from 1943 to 1945. He saw heavy combat at the battles of Tarawa, Guam, the Philippines and Okinawa. When the war ended, he was sent to Japan as part of the occupation force and was in Hiroshima three weeks after the atomic bomb was dropped.
\"There were hideous sights, like people whose flesh had been torn from bone and muscle so it hung down just like bundles of rags,\" said Neff. This made an indelible mark on his heart, and he vowed to commit his life and work to helping the suffering.
He first encountered the Community of Christ (at that time, called the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) through Frances Dillon, whom he later married. They had four children: Robert, Nancy, Susan and John.
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# Charles D. Neff
## Philosophy and theology {#philosophy_and_theology}
Neff believed that the entire gospel, and church doctrine, could be boiled down into two essential and non-negotiable principles \"*the reality of a personal God and the worth of humans*.\" He felt it was the church\'s mission to incarnate these principles through social development, religious witness and political activism.
Neff particularly emphasized the importance of:
1. **Community**. He felt the church should help people \"understand that they are fundamentally not individuals but a collective social being that finds fulfilment and satisfaction in interaction with all persons within that society.\"
2. **Indigenization and Cultural Sensitivity**. Neff believed that \"Once the gospel is brought to a nation the interpretation, expression, application, and communication of it should reflect a local, contemporary, and national color\....\" He objected to the term \'missions abroad\' as \"though they are a kind of \'white man\'s burden.\'\" Neff argued mission ought to be a \"two-way street\" with all cultures able to \"be both senders and receivers\" of missionaries.
3. **Liberation for the Poor and Dispossessed**. Drawing on liberation theology, Neff believed God ultimately favored the poor and oppressed, and worked for their liberation. He thus believed the church must also do so. He said, \"When I think of the mission of the Church, I am frequently compelled to recall the face of the poorest and most helpless person I have ever seen and ask myself if the program we are undertaking will be of any use to that person. Will it restore him the dignity that every man should enjoy? Will it set him free? Will it heal his broken heart?\"
4. **Human Equality**. In the late 1970s and through the 1980s, he worked hard to advocate for women\'s rights within the church. He even suggested that the system of priesthood itself should be abolished because he felt it was an inherently hierarchical system.
5. **Anti-Militarism**. As a result of his experiences in World War II, and having observed the results of conflicts in Nigeria and the Philippines, he became quite distrustful of the use of military force. In an address to some 5000 people at the Community of Christ World Conference in 1982 he declared, \"The fashioning of nuclear weapons and threatening to use them is a sin\....\" He helped found the Kansas City Interfaith Peace Alliance and was involved in the campaign against US-sponsored counterinsurgencies in Central America
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# Galusha Pennypacker
**Uriah Galusha Pennypacker** (June 1, 1841/1842/1844 -- October 1, 1916) was a Union general during the American Civil War. He may be the youngest person to hold the rank of brigadier general in the US Army and remains the only general too young to vote for the president who appointed him. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his leadership at the Second Battle of Fort Fisher during the Civil War.
## Early life {#early_life}
Galusha Pennypacker was born supposedly June 1, 1844, but the year is uncertain. Census and other records indicate an earlier year of birth, perhaps 1840--41; his death record cites June 1, 1842. Ages in this article are based on the 1844 date. He was born in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, to a family with a long history of military service. He was raised without having any memory of his parents, Joseph Judson Pennypacker (1814--1880?) and Tamson A. Workheiser. His mother died when he was still a baby, and his father, who had taken part in the Mexican--American War, later became an adventurer in California, where he founded the *Petaluma Argus* newspaper in 1859 and sold it in December 1860. His grandfather also served in the military, fighting in the American Revolutionary War. Galusha and George Armstrong Custer, two of the youngest generals in the Civil War, were fifth cousins, both being descendants of Paulus Kuster (1643--1707). He was a cousin of General Benjamin Prentiss through the Pennypacker family. His great-grandfather was Matthias Pennypacker, Pennsylvania state representative.
## Military career {#military_career}
At the age of 16, Pennypacker enlisted as a quartermaster sergeant in the 9th Pennsylvania Infantry from West Chester, Pennsylvania. In August 1861, he helped recruit a company of men for the 97th Pennsylvania Infantry, and was appointed as their Captain. He was promoted to major the following October. Pennypacker and his regiment saw action in Georgia at Fort Pulaski and in the battles around Charleston. In 1864, his regiment was transferred to Virginia, where he was engaged in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign under Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler, in which he was wounded at the Battle of Ware Bottom Church. After the Battle of Cold Harbor and during the siege of Petersburg, he was appointed Colonel of his regiment, August 15, 1864. He assumed command of the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps of the Army of the James. He led his brigade into action at the Battle of New Market Heights and was wounded near Fort Gilmer. His brigade was attached to the Fort Fisher Expedition under Alfred Terry. thumb\|upright=1.2\|General Galusha Pennypacker Memorial, Logan Square, Philadelphia, Charles Grafly and Albert Laessle, sculptors. Pennypacker\'s greatest moment of the war came at the Second Battle of Fort Fisher, January 15, 1865, where he was again severely wounded. His wound was considered fatal and General Terry promised the young officer that he would receive a brevet promotion for his conduct that day. Terry called Pennypacker \"the real hero of Fort Fisher\" and remarked that without his bravery the fort would not have been taken. He was much later awarded the Medal of Honor, with a citation reading, \"Gallantly led the charge over a traverse and planted the colors of one of his regiments thereon, was severely wounded.\"
He received a brevet promotion to brigadier general dated January 15, 1865. He survived his wounds after 10 months in the hospital and on April 28, 1865, he received a full promotion to brigadier general of volunteers at age 20 (backdated to February 18), making him the youngest officer to hold the rank of general to this day in the United States Army (though Marquis de LaFayette was just 19 when he received his commission as major general in the Continental Army on 31 July 1777). He was appointed a brevet major general of volunteers on March 13, 1865.
Pennypacker stayed in the Army after the Civil War, being commissioned as Colonel of the 34th U.S. Infantry in July 1866. He received a brevet promotion to major general in the regular army on March 2, 1867. His regiment merged with the 11th U.S. Infantry in 1869 to become the 16th U.S. Infantry, which he commanded until his retirement in July 1883 at the age of 39.
In 1889, Pennypacker became an honorary member of the Pennsylvania Society of the Cincinnati. He also was a first class companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. In 1904, Pennypacker, having retired with the regular rank of colonel, was promoted to brigadier general on the retired list.
## Death
Nearly fifty-two years after the Civil War, Pennypacker died from complications of his Civil War injuries. He died in Philadelphia, on October 1, 1916. He is buried in Philadelphia National Cemetery. He died less than a month after the death of his noted cousin, former Pennsylvania Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker
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# Football in Denmark
Association football (*fodbold*) is the most popular sport in Denmark, with 331,693 players and 1,647 clubs registered (`{{as of|2016|lc=y}}`{=mediawiki}) under the Danish FA. The game was introduced into Denmark by British sailors. Kjøbenhavns Boldklub is the oldest club outside of the United Kingdom, having been founded on 26 April 1876.
Denmark hosted the 1984 European Competition for Women\'s Football, the 1991 UEFA Women\'s Euro, the 1994 European Cup Winners\' Cup final, the 2000 UEFA Cup Final, the 2003 UEFA Women\'s Cup Final, as well as three group stage matches and a round of 16 match of the UEFA Euro 2020.
## Men\'s league system {#mens_league_system}
The Copenhagen Football Championship, known as Fodboldturneringen, was established in 1889 as the first domestic league by the Danish Football Association (DBU). Since its founding, many other regional leagues was founded in Denmark. A national league championship was first established in 1927 with the first season being held as 1927--28 Danmarksmesterskabsturneringen. The different leagues was linked together to create a pyramidal structure allowing promotion and relegation between different levels.
The top four levels in Denmark are governed by the Danish Football Association and, the first three divisions by its professional body Divisionsforeningen. The top 3 are collectively called *Danmarksturneringen i fodbold* (literally: the Denmark Tournament in Football), and share a common set of rules more geared towards professional football. Reserve teams are allowed in the league structure, but can only reach the Denmark Series. The Danish Superliga clubs\' reserve teams, primarily, have their own reserve competition.
The lower divisions are controlled by the six regional associations. The number of divisions in the lower series under the auspices of the local football association vary greatly depending on the association\'s size.
## Competition records {#competition_records}
### UEFA Champions League {#uefa_champions_league}
The following team has advanced to the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League.
- **Round of 16**: FC Copenhagen (2010--11, 2023--24)
The following teams have advanced to the group stage of the UEFA Champions League.
- **Group stage**: Aalborg BK (1995--96, 2008--09), Brøndby IF (1998--99), FC Copenhagen (2006--07, 2013--14, 2016--17), FC Nordsjælland (2012--13), FC Midtjylland (2020--21)
### UEFA Cup/Europa League {#uefa_cupeuropa_league}
The following teams have advanced to the knockout phase of the UEFA Cup (now Europa League).
- **Semi-finals**: Brøndby IF (1990--91)
- **Quarter-finals**: Boldklubben 1903 (1991--92), Odense BK (1994--95), Brøndby IF (1996--97), FC Copenhagen (2019--20)
- **Round of 16**: Aalborg BK (2008--09)
- **Round of 32**: Esbjerg fB (2013--14)
### UEFA Europa Conference League {#uefa_europa_conference_league}
The following teams have advanced to the knockout phase of the UEFA Europa Conference League.
- **Round of 16**: FC Copenhagen (2021--22)
- **Knockout round play-offs**: FC Midtjylland (2021--22), Randers (2021--22)
### Defunct
#### European Cup {#european_cup}
The following teams have advanced to the knockout phase of the European Cup.
- **Quarter-finals**: AGF Aarhus (1960--61), Brøndby IF (1986--87)
#### UEFA Cup Winners\' Cup {#uefa_cup_winners_cup}
The following teams have advanced to the knockout phase of the UEFA Cup Winners\' Cup
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# Nasir Javed
**Nasir Javed** (born 21 June 1966) is a Pakistani-born American cricket coach and former cricketer. Javed was a right-handed batsman who bowled leg break googly. He was born in Kabootarpura neighborhood of Lahore, Punjab.
## Career
Javed began his cricket career in his native Pakistan, playing first-class cricket for Lahore City in 1984--85, Lahore City Whites in 1984--85 and Servis Industries in 1986--87 as a bowler. Later he emigrated to the United States of America and played for his adopted country in the 1998--99 Red Stripe Bowl in Jamaica, the 2001 ICC Trophy in Canada, and the 2002 ICC Americas Championship in Argentina. Javed also played in the 2004 ICC Six Nations Challenge, which the Americans won to qualify for the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy in England. Javed competed in the second-ever One Day International played by the United States, a heavy defeat to Australia at the Rose Bowl. Javed later played for the United States in the 2005 ICC Trophy
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3,744,213 |
# Namaacha
**Namaacha** or **Naamacha** is a town in southern Mozambique, lying 80 kilometers west of Maputo on the border with Eswatini. It is located in the Lebombos area. It is known for its colonial church and for its waterfall.
The town of Namaacha lies in Namaacha District, of Maputo Province.
## History
In the 1960s, Danúbio Nunes, a Portuguese citizen living in Namaacha, publicised the slogan *Faça da Namaacha a Sintra de Moçambique* (\"Make Namaacha Mozambique\'s Sintra\"), due to some local features, namely the climate, the altitude and the proximity to the capital city, that could make it comparable to the picturesque and historical town of Sintra, in the proximity of Portugal\'s capital city
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# Bilene
**Bilene**, also known as **Praia do Bilene**, is a town in southern Mozambique, lying 140 kilometres northeast of Maputo in the province of Gaza. It is known as a beach resort, lying on the Mozambique Channel. Noted for its calm and clear lagoon, the Uembje Lagoon, giving way to the pounding Indian Ocean beyond tall dunes, it is reported to be the closest beach destination to the city of Johannesburg in neighboring South Africa.
## Transportation
The town has an airport called Bilene Airport, currently disused.
## Tourism
Popular tourist activities in Bilene include sailing, canoeing, windsurfing, snorkelling, paragliding and kite surfing
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# Ponta do Ouro
**Ponta do Ouro** (also **Ponta d\'Ouro**) is a town in the extreme south of Mozambique, lying on the Mozambique Channel, south of Maputo and just north of the border with South Africa. The name is Portuguese for \"tip of gold\", referring to a cape at the southern part of the beach. It is known for its beach, dolphins, offshore diving and deep-sea fishing.
The currency is the metical, but the South African rand and the US dollar are also accepted. Shopping is very limited in Ponta. There is a petrol station, bank, pharmacy, hardware stores, bottle stores and other small shops in town. Fresh bread can be purchased at the local market. Basic food items like vegetables, fruits can be purchased at this market. No luxurious items are available anywhere in Ponta do Ouro. Holiday accommodation is readily available. There are 3 to 4 modern and comfortable resorts in Ponta on the beachfront and surrounding areas. Other resorts date from pre-war and -- although quite primitive with limited facilities -- are very popular with tourists due to reasonable pricing and excellent location on the beachfront. It is commonly referred to as \'Ponta\' by visiting South Africans.
Ponta do Ouro is about 15 km away from the South African border and about 130 km south of Maputo. With the new`{{as of?|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki} road connecting Maputo to Ponta do Ouro, the travel lasts about one hour
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3,744,255 |
# Vilankulo
**Vilankulo** (or **Vilanculos**) is a coastal town in Mozambique, lying in the Vilanculos District of Inhambane Province. Vilankulo is named after local tribal chief **Gamela Vilankulo Mukoke**, and some of the \"bairros\" (suburbs) are named after his sons. Known as *Vilanculos* during colonial times, the name was changed to *Vilankulo* at independence. Today the district is called *Vilanculos* and the town *Vilankulo*.
Vilankulo has been growing extensively over the last decade, and has been the recipient of considerable inward investment into its tourism infrastructure. The town of Vilankulo is the gateway to the archipelago. Dhows and helicopters travel between the town and the Bazaruto Archipelago. The town itself is only about 5 km long. The airport is based on the outside of the town with flights arriving and departing on a daily basis.
It is home to a new international airport, which serves daily flights to several regional destinations, including Johannesburg and Maputo.
## Sports
The local football club is called Vilankulo F.C. (VFC). This is the first official club from Vilankulo that is recognized by the Mozambican Football Federation. In November 2009 Vilankulo FC was promoted to the Moçambola.
Vilankulo is the gateway to the Bazaruto Archipelago, ocean safaris and Padi dive and boat charter centre.
## Demographics
Year Population
--------------- ------------
2010 estimate 24,433
## Climate
## Gallery
<File:Vilaculos> beach Mozambique.jpg\|Vilanculos beach Mozambique <File:Vilaculos> beach Mozambique 2.jpg\|Scene at Vilanculos beach Mozambique <File:Vilanculos> Beach 1.jpg <File:Vilanculos> from air 4.jpg <File:Vilanculos> from the air 5.jpg <File:Vilanculos> from the air 6.jpg <File:Vilanculos> from the air 7.jpg <File:Vilanculos> from the air 8.jpg <File:Vilanculos> from the air.jpg <File:Vilanculos> from the air3.jpg <File:Vilanculos> from the air2.jpg <File:Vilankulos> airport.jpg <File:Red> Dunes Vilanculos2.jpg\|The red dunes <File:Red> Dunes Vilanculos
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| 0 |
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# Aníbal Machado
**Aníbal Machado** (9 December 1894, in Sabará -- 20 January 1964, in Rio de Janeiro) was a Brazilian writer born in Sabará, Minas Gerais. He was the president of the Brazilian Association of Writers and received numerous awards for his novels. He was also honored by the Academia Brasileira de Letras. He was the father of playwright Maria Clara Machado. Machado was also a pro-football player for Clube Atlético Mineiro and scored the very first goal for the team in 1909
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| 0 |
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# Tax consolidation
**Tax consolidation**, or **combined reporting**, is a regime adopted in the tax or revenue legislation of a number of countries which treats a group of wholly owned or majority-owned companies and other entities (such as trusts and partnerships) as a single entity for tax purposes. This generally means that the head entity of the group is responsible for all or most of the group\'s tax obligations (such as paying tax and lodging tax returns). Consolidation is usually an all-or-nothing event: once the decision to consolidate has been made, companies are irrevocably bound. Only by having less than a 100% interest in a subsidiary can that subsidiary be left out of the consolidation.
The aim of a tax consolidation regime is to reduce administrative costs for government revenue departments and reduce compliance costs for corporate taxpayers. For companies, consolidating can help understate profits by having losses in one group company reduce profits for another. Assets can be transferred between group companies without triggering a tax on gain for the company receiving assets, dividends can be paid between group companies without incurring tax liabilities, and tax attributes of one group company such as imputation credits can be used by other companies in the group. In some jurisdictions there may be other benefits, such as the ability to look through the acquisition of shares of acquired companies to depreciate the underlying assets.
Countries which have adopted a tax consolidation regime include the United States, France, Australia and New Zealand. Countries which do not permit tax consolidation often have rules which provide some of the benefits. For example, the United Kingdom has a system of group relief, which permits profits of one group company to be reduced by losses of another group company.
Consolidation regimes can include onerous rules and regulations. There are typically complex rules to deal with the acquisition of companies with tax losses or other tax attributes. Both the United States and Australia have rules which restrict the use of such losses in the wider group. In Australia, fixed trusts and 100% partnerships can be members of a consolidated group, but the head company must be a company and cannot be a trust or partnership.
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| 0 |
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# Tax consolidation
## United States consolidated returns {#united_states_consolidated_returns}
United States federal income tax rules permit commonly controlled corporations to file a consolidated return. The income tax and credits of the consolidated group are computed as if the group were a single taxpayer. Intercorporate dividends are eliminated. Once a group has elected to file a consolidated return, all members joining the group must participate in the filing. The common parent corporation files returns, and is entitled to make all elections related to tax matters. The common parent acts as agent for the members, and it and the members remain jointly and severally liable for all federal income taxes. Many U.S. states permit or require consolidated returns for corporations filing federal consolidated returns.
### Requirements for filing {#requirements_for_filing}
Only entities organized in the United States and treated as corporations may file a consolidated Federal income tax return. The return is filed by a "common parent" and only those subsidiaries in which the common parent owns 80% or more of the vote AND value. The parent and all subsidiaries must file [Form 1122](https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1122.pdf) to elect to file a consolidated return in the first year of election. Every 80% subsidiary must make the election or it is not valid. Thereafter, all corporations that begin to meet the 80% vote and value test must join in the consolidated return. If a subsidiary ceases to meet the 80% vote and value test, it is removed from the group. Adjustments to basis and other tax attributes apply upon a subsidiary joining or leaving a group.
### Consolidated taxable income {#consolidated_taxable_income}
Taxable income of each member is computed as if no consolidated return were filed, with the exception of certain items computed on a consolidated basis. Then adjustments are made for certain transactions between group members. Dividends between group members are eliminated. Sales of property between members give rise to a deferred intercompany transaction. The effect on the selling member is deferred and recognized as the corresponding effects are recognized by the buying member. For example, Member A sells Member B some goods at a profit. This profit is not recognized until Member B sells the goods or recognizes depreciation expense on the goods. These complex rules require adjustments related to intra-group sales of property (including depreciable assets and inventory), transactions in stock or other obligations of members, performance of services, entry and exit of members, and certain back-to-back and avoidance transactions.
Certain deductions and most credits are computed on a consolidated rather than separate company basis. These include the deductions for [net operating loss](https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021102/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=5c22597067f74f0e71611e9f9c8430f6&rgn=div8&view=text&node=26:12.0.1.1.1.0.13.111&idno=26), [charitable contributions](https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021108/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=5c22597067f74f0e71611e9f9c8430f6&rgn=div8&view=text&node=26:12.0.1.1.1.0.13.115&idno=26), [domestic production activities deduction](https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021119/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=08a8618a48e3fcb6d697fa5896ea4533&rgn=div8&view=text&node=26:3.0.1.1.1.0.2.107&idno=26), [dividends received deduction](https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=5c22597067f74f0e71611e9f9c8430f6&rgn=div8&view=text&node=26:12.0.1.1.1.0.13.116&idno=26) and others.
### Basis and related items {#basis_and_related_items}
Each member of a group must recognize gain or loss on disposition of its shares of other members. Such gain or loss is affected by the member\'s basis in such shares. Basis must be adjusted for several items, including taxable income or loss recognized by the other member, distributions, and certain other items. To the extent a member recognizes losses in excess of the owner\'s basis, such excess loss is treated as negative basis for all U.S. Federal income tax purposes. Additional adjustments apply in the case of intra-group reorganizations or acquisition of the common parent, and upon entry to or exit from the group by a member. The adjustments "tier up" to consolidated return members who own shares of the entity making the adjustment. Numerous other adjustments apply.
### Filing periods {#filing_periods}
All members of the group must use the same tax year as the common parent. This may be adopted or changed by the common parent. If one group acquires another group, the acquiring common parent\'s tax year must be adopted by all acquired subsidiaries then meeting the 80% vote and value test. Short periods may be required upon joining or leaving a group. In addition, if a member enters or leaves the group, certain adjustments to earnings and profits, basis, and other tax attributes apply.
## Fiscal unity {#fiscal_unity}
Several countries allow related groups of corporations to compute income tax on a consolidated basis, in a manner similar to consolidation for financial reporting purposes. This is referred to in the Netherlands and Luxembourg as a Fiscal Unity, and in France as Intégration Fiscale. A similar consolidated return regime applies in Spain. In such systems, consolidating eliminations of income and expense are taken into account.
The Netherlands system allows a group of Netherlands resident corporations and branches of foreign corporations to elect to be taxed as a Fiscal Unity. Such election is permitted only for a parent corporation and its 95% or greater owned subsidiaries. Upon election, the parent is taxed on the combined income of the members of the group. The parent and subsidiaries retain joint and several liability for the tax of the group.
Netherlands fiscal unity functions much like financial statement consolidation. Intra-group transactions, including property transfers, are generally eliminated. Most intra-group reorganizations do not trigger taxable events.
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# Tax consolidation
## Group relief {#group_relief}
Some countries allow losses of one commonly controlled company to offset the profits of another commonly controlled company. The United Kingdom permits group relief, and Germany permits an Organschaft. Neither of these systems involve combined reporting or combined tax return filing, though certain additional reporting may be required.
Under the UK scheme, a company\'s losses may be surrendered to a related company if several conditions are met. The companies must be 75% owned companies. For this purpose, a parent company and its subsidiaries qualify if the parent company owns at least 75% of the ordinary share capital of the subsidiary(ies) and have a beneficial interest in at least 75% of any distributions of earnings or upon winding up. Alternative similar rules apply for certain consortia and branches. Under European Court of Justice rulings incorporated into UK law, the parent company need not be resident in the UK.
The UK scheme allows losses of one group member to be relieved (deducted) by members using a different accounting period, with certain adjustments. Trading (business) losses, capital losses, certain excess (disallowed) management expenses from non-UK affiliates, and certain excess charges may be relieved, subject to limitations. The surrender of these items is done by one company for the benefit of one other company.
## Unitary groups {#unitary_groups}
Some states in the United States require related corporations to file a consolidated return if such corporations constitute a unitary business or unitary group. Such consolidated returns tend to follow the pattern of United States Federal consolidated returns, though differences exist in the particular rules. Generally, a group of corporations in the same, similar, or integrated businesses that are under common management and operational control may be treated as a unitary group.
In a late June, 1983 decision, the US Supreme Court first sanctioned worldwide combined reporting in Container Corp. v. Franchise Tax Board (CA). The years in question were 1963-1965 and the California corporate income tax rate was 5.5%. The additional amount of tax due applying the worldwide combined reporting method was less than \$72,000. The vote was 5--3, Justice John Paul Stevens did not participate.
The court\'s majority decision was written by Justice Brennan, joined by White, Marshall, Blackmun, and Rehnquist. Justice Powell wrote the dissenting opinion, joined by Burger and O\'Connor. Friend-of-the-court amicus curiae briefs were filed in support of California by the Attorneys General of Idaho, Utah, Illinois, Montana, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Hawaii, and Vermont. Also, in support of California, briefs were filed by the National Governors\' Association, the National Farmers Union, and the Citizens for Tax Justice.
In support of the Container Corporation, amicus briefs were filed by Allied Lyons, Coca-Cola, Colgate-Palmolive, EMI Limited, Firestone Tire & Rubber, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, Caterpillar Tractor, Gulf Oil, Phillips Petroleum, Shell Oil, and Sony. Also, in support of Container, were briefs filed by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce\'s Committee on State Taxation, the Financial Executives Institute, the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Confederation of British Industry, the International Bankers Association in California, and the Union of Industries of the European Union.
The Working Group agreed on three principles that should guide state taxation of the income of multinational corporations:
- Principle One: Water\'s edge unitary combination for both U.S. and foreign based companies.
- Principle Two: Increased federal administrative assistance and cooperation with the states to promote full taxpayer disclosure and accountability.
- Principle Three: Competitive balance for U.S. multinationals, foreign multinationals, and purely domestic businesses.
California adopted a requirement that both United States and foreign corporations be included in a worldwide unitary group filing, absent a "water\'s edge" election and fee. This requirement was limited somewhat by the U.S. Supreme Court in Barclays Bank PLC v. Franchise Tax Board. The vote in that case was 7--2 in favor of California and 9--0 in the companion Colgate-Palmolive case. California subsequently repealed the "water\'s edge" fee. Illinois requires unitary group filings for United States corporations only.
Under the unitary concept, all commonly controlled corporations within the unitary management and control group are required to join in a consolidated return filing for the state. An example of why a state would adopt unitary combined reporting is in the Statement of Intent in section 152 of Vermont\'s 2004 Act:
The State of New Hampshire adopted worldwide combined reporting in 1981 but restricted it to water\'s edge five years later in 1986. In 1999, in Caterpillar Inc. v. New Hampshire Department of Revenue, the court stated \"We point out that the water\'s edge method was adopted for the benefit of foreign businesses.\"
Approaching 30 years since the 1984 principals of the Worldwide Unitary Tax Working Group, it is questionable whether or not a competitive balance for U.S. multinationals, foreign multinationals, and purely domestic businesses has been attained. Bloomberg reporter Jesse Drucker demonstrates that separate accounting/arm\'s length pricing favors the multinationals in an October 2010 article titled \"Google 2.4% Rate Shows How \$60 Billion Lost to Loopholes\" with tax strategies known as the \"Double Irish\" and the \"Dutch Sandwich.\" In a New York Times October 2012 Dealbook column, Victor Fleischer wrote about \"Overseas Cash And The Tax Games Multinationals Play.\" Although billions in corporate profits are reported to be on the books of foreign subsidiaries located in tax havens, a New York Times article by David Kocieniewski titled \"For U.S. Companies, Money Offshore Mean Manhattan\" dated May 2013, indicates that those corporate profits are being utilized in the U.S. This is supported by a more recent report by Kitty Richards and John Craig at the Center for American Progress titled \"Offshore Corporate Profits - The Only Thing \'Trapped\' is Tax Revenue\" An article by Floyd Norris in the May 23, 2013 New York Times, \"The Corrosive Effect of Apple\'s Tax Avoidance\", points out how these tax avoidance strategies will most likely be followed by many other multinational corporations. And, an article by David Gelles titled \"New Corporate Shelter: A Merger Abroad\" dated October 8, 2013 makes a case that the best tax strategy for a U.S. based corporation is to become a foreign based corporation.
The apportionment factors for state income tax are computed on a consolidated basis and applied to the income of members doing business in the state. Illinois taxes only United States corporations in this manner. California, following the *Barclays* case, modified its rules to include in the combined reporting only the taxable income of United States corporations. California\'s computation of apportionment factors is still based on worldwide group amounts unless a "water\'s edge" election is made
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# Stade Chaban-Delmas
**Stade Chaban-Delmas** is a sporting stadium located in the city of Bordeaux, France. It was the home ground of FC Girondins de Bordeaux. Since 2011, it has also hosted matches of Top 14 rugby team Union Bordeaux Bègles.
Until 2001, the stadium\'s name was the **Stade du Parc Lescure**, so called after the fallow lands on which it was built (Lescure is from earlier d\'Escure, a transformation of \"des Cures,\" part of the name of the chapelle Saint-Laurent-des-Cures-lès-Bourdeaus, formerly a prominent feature of the area). That year it was renamed after Resistance fighter and politician Jacques Chaban-Delmas, who was the mayor of Bordeaux from 1947 to 1995.
First built in 1924 as a cycle-racing track, in 1935 it was reconfigured to accommodate the upcoming 1938 FIFA World Cup. Rebuilt by the architects Jacques d\'Welles and Raoul Jourde in an Art déco style, it opened on 12 June 1938 and was the first stadium in the world to have stands entirely covered without any pillars obstructing visibility of the playing area. Classified as a historic building, its restoration has been difficult, as its roof does not cover seats built after 1984 on the old cycle track.
The current seating capacity of the stadium is 34,462, following a series of expansions of the stands, in particular for the 1998 FIFA World Cup. A record 40,211 spectators were in attendance on 24 April 1985 to watch a match between Girondins de Bordeaux and Juventus. In preparation for several matches that were held here for the 2007 Rugby World Cup, two giant television screens measuring 37 m^2^ were installed.
The tunnel connecting the locker rooms of the players to the ground is the longest in Europe (close to 120 meters).
On 19 July 2011, FC Girondins de Bordeaux announced plans to construct a new stadium, located in Bordeaux-Lac, with seating capacity of 42,115 for sporting events. Construction of the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux began in 2013 and ended in April 2015.
## 1938 FIFA World Cup {#fifa_world_cup}
The \"Council Stadium\" at the time accommodated two matches for the 1938 FIFA World Cup: a quarter final and the match for third place. At the time the stadium\'s capacity was 25,000 people.
Date Time Team #1 Res. Team #2 Round Attendance
-------------- ------- --------- --------------- --------- ------------------------- ------------
12 June 1938 17:00 1--1 (a.e.t.) Quarter-finals 22,021
14 June 1938 18:00 2--1 Quarter-finals (Replay) 18,141
19 June 1938 17:00 4--2 Third place match 12,000
## 1998 FIFA World Cup {#fifa_world_cup_1}
The stadium accommodated five pool matches and a match for the finals in the 1998 FIFA World Cup.
Date Time Team #1 Res. Team #2 Round Attendance
-------------- ------- --------- ------ --------- ------------- ------------
11 June 1998 17:30 2--2 Group B 31,800
16 June 1998 17:30 1--1 Group A 31,800
20 June 1998 17:30 2--2 Group E 31,800
24 June 1998 16:00 2--2 Group C 31,800
26 June 1998 16:00 1--0 Group H 31,800
30 June 1998 16:30 0--1 Round of 16 31,800
## 2007 Rugby World Cup {#rugby_world_cup}
The Stade Chaban-Delmas hosted four matches during the 2007 Rugby World Cup.
**Pool B**
- Canada 12 -- 12 `{{Flagicon|Japan}}`{=mediawiki} Japan : 25 September 2007
- Canada 6 -- **37** `{{Flagicon|Australia}}`{=mediawiki} Australia : 29 September 2007
**Pool D**
- Ireland **32** -- 17 `{{Flagicon|Namibia}}`{=mediawiki} Namibia : 9 September 2007
- Ireland **14** -- 10 `{{Flagicon|Georgia}}`{=mediawiki} Georgia : 15 September 2007
## Top 14 and Rugby Pro D2 {#top_14_and_rugby_pro_d2}
The Stade Chaban-Delmas has held many semi-finals for the Top 14 rugby competition and has staged several finals until the 1970s. It also hosted the 2013 promotion playoff final in Rugby Pro D2.
Since 2011, it has also hosted matches of Top 14 rugby team Union Bordeaux Bègles.
On 2 February 2018, it hosted a Six Nations Under 20s Championship match between France and Ireland with France winning 34 - 24.
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# Stade Chaban-Delmas
## Public transport {#public_transport}
- The stadium is served by the Bordeaux Tramway Line A station, Stade Chaban-Delmas, and bus No. 9.
## Gallery
<File:Le> Stade municipal de Bordeaux en 1938.jpg\|Stade Chaban-Delmas after its opening in 1938 <File:France>, bordeaux, stade chaban delmas.jpg\|Stadium entrance <File:Bordeaux> Stade Lescure 1938 Vases du céramiste René Buthaud.JPG\|Vases by René Buthaud <File:Stade> Chaban-Delmas
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# Banco (novel)
***Banco*** is a 1972 autobiography by French writer Henri Charrière, it is a sequel to his previous novel *Papillon*. It documents Charrière\'s life in Venezuela, where he arrived after his escape from the penal colony on Devil\'s Island.
## Synopsis
Continuing on from *Papillon*, *Banco* relates Henri\'s life in Venezuela attempting to raise funds to seek revenge for his false imprisonment and to see his father. After many failed enterprises, including diamond mining, a bank robbery and a jewellery heist, he found success in Venezuela running various restaurants. The book provides more detail about the crime he was falsely accused and convicted of committing in France, his arrest, trial and views on French justice. Towards the end of the book, he returns to France as a free man.
## Reception
In *The Pittsburgh Press*, critic John Murphy noted that the story was \"told with frankness, humor and feeling\" and stated that \"*Banco* shows dramatically how a man can maintain his dignity through a most humiliating personal experience and emerge from it to say with more conviction than ever, \'I am a man
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# Brunswick and Western Railroad
The **Brunswick and Western Railroad** (known earlier as the **Brunswick and Florida Railroad** and the **Brunswick and Albany Railroad**) is a historic railroad in southern Georgia that at its greatest extent ran from Brunswick near the coast to Albany. Segments of the line still exist today. The Brunswick and Florida Railroad ran from Brunswick west to Glenmore (located about 10 miles west of present-day Waycross), where it would connect with the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad.
## History
In the 1830s, a railroad route from North Florida through South Georgia and onwards to the Atlantic coast was the goal of several different competing companies. The route was desired due to the growth of cotton production in the area and the lack of navigable rivers through the area. The head of navigation on the Flint River was at Albany, Georgia, the center of cotton trade in the region; however, the Flint River was relatively small and Apalachicola Bay lacked a decent harbor. There were two major ports on Georgia\'s Atlantic coast at the time: Brunswick and Savannah.
The Brunswick and Florida Railroad received its charter from the Georgia General Assembly on December 22, 1835. Their charter allowed them to select a route between Brunswick, Georgia and the Florida line, and forbade another route from existing with 20 miles (32 km) of their own.
Before any rails were laid by the company, they were already planning on branch routes. In November 1836, a bill was introduced to the Georgia legislature to authorize the Brunswick and Florida Railroad to construct a branch to the Flint or Chattahoochee Rivers. That bill became law on December 24, 1836. By July 1837, an initial survey of the route has been completed. The end of the route was going to be near the confluence of the Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers on the Florida-Georgia line.
The company spent the late 1830s attempting to raise funding for the railroad. In the summer of 1838, Thomas Butler King, then the president of the company, toured South Georgia and was able to raise \$80,000 in stock subscriptions from the citizens of Lowndes County, Georgia and \$220,000 from the citizens of Thomas County, Georgia.
No progress was made for over a decade, but by 1852 efforts were once again being made to get the railroad started. As part of the renewed effort, a line from Troupville, Georgia to Albany, Georgia was being planned. Construction was finally set to start on November 1, 1852. By June 1853, 12 miles of the route had been graded with 5.5 miles of rail laid.
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# Brunswick and Western Railroad
## History
### Brunswick versus Savannah {#brunswick_versus_savannah}
In February 1854, the Savannah and Albany Railroad Company rebranded themselves the Savannah, Albany, and Gulf Railroad through a new charter from the state and began plans for a Florida route, a route that was forbidden by the Brunswick and Florida Railroad\'s charter. By April 1854, citizens in South Georgia were hoping that the two companies would avoid competition with one another and construct a \"main trunk\" line together. In February 1855, Col. Charles L. Schlatter arrived in Georgia to take over the role as chief engineer for the construction of the railroad. Col. Schlatter was an accomplished and eminent civil engineer, who in early life was chief engineer of the state of Pennsylvania and of the Ogdensburg Railroad of New York. Col. Schlatter is the namesake of Schlatterville, Georgia which is located just west of Hoboken. The directors\' report from May 1855, detailed the conditions of the company. 20 miles of the route had then been graded and 5 miles of rail laid. The company owned one locomotive and six freight cars.
In November 1855, a bill was introduced to the Georgia General Assembly by Alexander Lawton to give the Savannah, Albany, and Gulf\'s southern branch line the right to cross the line of the Brunswick and Florida, but it did not pass. In early 1856, a compromise was reached between the two competing companies was passed by the Georgia General Assembly. They would both build to a certain point in south Georgia, and then a main trunk line was to be built. The company chartered to build that line was incorporated as the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad Company in February 1856. Construction of the Atlantic and Gulf was forbidden until the junction of the Brunswick and Florida Railroad and the Savannah, Albany, and Gulf Railroad. At that time the Brunswick and Florida had only completed the first 32 miles (51 km) of its line.
Members of the Brunswick and Florida Railroad Company also met in December 1856 to discuss the changes to the charter made by the Georgia legislature. They recommended that their company refuse to junction with or surrender charter privileges to the Atlantic and Gulf Company unless it was beneficial to the development of the city of Brunswick. They also wanted the junction, if it was to take place, to be located east of the Satilla River. The Brunswick and Florida Railroad Company was still busy in April 1857 trying to get the citizen of Lowndes and Berrien counties on their side and claimed that \$40,000 in stock had been raised in Lowndes County alone.
By October 1857, the route had been graded to Big Creek in modern Brantley County, but the company lacked the iron to complete the line to that point. By November 1858, additional rails were purchased to complete the railroad to its junction with the Atlantic and Gulf and extension of the road to Albany was being called for.
A route from Albany to railroad\'s junction with the Atlantic and Gulf was surveyed in April 1859 by chief engineer Charles L. Schlatter. The company\'s intention to build a route to Albany was announced a few weeks later. Grading of the route from the junction with the Atlantic and Gulf to Waresboro, Georgia began in August 1860.
### Civil War {#civil_war}
Construction of the railroad continued during the American Civil War. The route from Brunswick to Teabeauville was complete by late August 1861. By that point in time the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad had already been completed to Thomasville, Georgia. The Brunswick and Florida original route called for it to go through Thomasville on its way to Florida. In September 1861, Charles Lyon Schlatter Sr was elected president of the railroad company. At the same meeting, it was decided to change the name of the railroad to the **Brunswick and Albany Railroad**. The name change was made official by the legislature during that December.
On June 10, 1863, two Union gunboats went up the Turtle River and attempted to burn the Brunswick and Albany Railroad\'s trestle of Buffalo Swamp. The fire was put out by some carpenters after the gunboats left.
In late 1863, the government of the Confederate States of America took much of the Brunswick and Florida\'s track and used it to complete the connection between the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad\'s main route to the Florida, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad. The new route from Du Pont, Georgia to Live Oak, Florida was the first railroad to connect the states of Florida and Georgia.
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# Brunswick and Western Railroad
## History
### Brunswick and Albany Railroad {#brunswick_and_albany_railroad}
The name change was reaffirmed in 1866 by the new government after the end of the Civil War. After the war in 1869, the State of Georgia provided about \$6 million in bonds for the railroad to rebuild.
Rebuilding of the railroad commenced in August 1869, with track being laid all the way to Waynesville, Georgia by 24 November 1869. On January 25, 1870, the rails were complete to the east bank of the Satilla River, and by March 10, 1870, the track was once again complete to Big Creek at the 47.5 mile post. The westernmost segment of the original line from Schlatterville to Glenmore was never rebuilt, instead, the line from Schlatterville to Albany became the only online line.
In May 1870, rails had once again been laid up the junction with the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad at Tebeauville.
By January 1871, the construction crew had laid rails all the way to Alapaha River near modern Alapaha, Georgia. Before the road had even reached Albany, the company was thinking of extending the route to Eufaula, Alabama. Surveys for the route west from Albany began in March 1871. Track laying reached the Little River near what would soon become Tifton in April of that same year. Only 30 miles were left between Albany and the completed line by July 1871. Work on grading the line from Albany to Cuthbert and on to Eufaula was set to begin in June 1871, when many plantation owners along the line began demanding damage payments for allowing the railroad a right of way through their land. The railroad refused to pay any damages to the owners and permanently suspended construction of the line west of Cuthbert. The first train reached Albany from Brunswick on October 2, 1871.
Shortly after the railroad\'s completion to Albany, the railroad fail upon hard financial times and was unable to pay the contractors and workers involved with the construction of the railroad. This led to the governor of Georgia intervening due to state bonds that had been used to fund the construction of the railroad. The Atlantic and Gulf began running thrice-weekly trains from to Albany from the Brunswick and Albany\'s junction with its own line in late November.
While the lawsuits regarding the finances of the companies were being contested, new communities began to grow along the route of the railroad. In April 1872, Col. Nelson Tift established a sawmill settlement at the crossroads of the Brunswick and Florida Railroad and the Union Road. The next month a post office was established near the Alapaha River along the line called Allapaha. In October 1873, in order to settle the debts of the railroad it was sold to German investors.
In 1882, the line\'s name would change again to the **Brunswick and Western Railroad**.
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# Brunswick and Western Railroad
## History
### Atlantic Coast Line and later years {#atlantic_coast_line_and_later_years}
The Atlantic and Gulf Railroad was bought by Henry B. Plant in 1879. It was renamed the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway and would become the main line of the Plant System. The Brunswick and Western Railroad was purchased by the Plant System in 1888 and was fully integrated into the system by 1901. In 1902, the entire Plant System was bought by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. The Atlantic Coast Line continued to operate the Brunswick and Western as line as their **Albany--Waycross Line** (P Line) west of Waycross and as their **Waycross--Brunswick Line** (O Line) east of Waycross.
The Albany--Waycross Line was the busier segment of the line under the Atlantic Coast Line\'s ownership. Passenger trains including the *City of Miami*, *Dixie Flyer*, *Flamingo*, *Seminole*, and *South Wind* ran the line from Albany to Waycross on their way from the Midwest to Florida. By 1949, the Albany--Waycross Line had three passenger trains and two through freight trains round-trip daily with an additional local freight train running six days a week. At the same time, the Waycross--Brunswick Line had only one local freight train from Waycross to Brunswick six days a week. The Southern Railway also had trackage rights from Southern Junction to Brunswick.
The Atlantic Coast Line became the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad in 1967 after merging with their former rival, the Seaboard Air Line Railroad. The Seaboard Coast Line adopted the Seaboard Air Line\'s method of naming their lines as subdivisions. As a result, the line was named the **Albany Subdivision** west of Waycross to Albany and the **Brunswick Subdivision** east of Waycross. The *City of Miami* and the *Seminole* continued to operate on the Albany Subdivision after the merger. Though passenger service was discontinued in 1971 after the Seaboard Coast Line\'s passenger services were taken over by Amtrak.
In 1980, the Seaboard Coast Line\'s parent company merged with the Chessie System, creating the CSX Corporation. The CSX Corporation initially operated the Chessie and Seaboard Systems separately until 1986, when they were merged into CSX Transportation. Within the decade, the company abandoned the Albany Subdivision between Sylvester and Pearson.
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# Brunswick and Western Railroad
## Current conditions {#current_conditions}
Today, the Brunswick and Western Railroad still exists today in segments.
### Brunswick Subdivision {#brunswick_subdivision}
The most notable segment of the line still in service is from Waycross to Brunswick which is still operating as CSX\'s Brunswick Subdivision. At its northwest end it connects to the Jesup Subdivision in Waycross just east of Rice Yard. Though, track in Brunswick from Southern Junction to CSX\'s current Brunswick Yard was part of the former Brunswick and Birmingham Railroad. The Brunswick Subdivision was still not heavily used into the 2000s and only saw about two trains a day. As of early 2023, CSX completed a new connection from the Brunswick Subdivision to the A Line at Nahunta. This was done to take pressure off of the Jesup Subdivision by providing an additional route for trains from Waycross to access the Nahunta Subdivision. Continuous welded rail and a centralized traffic control signal system were also installed from Waycross to Nahunta to manage the additional traffic from this new connection.
### West of Waycross {#west_of_waycross}
The short section of Brunswick and Western Railroad track between the Jesup Subdivision and the Fitzgerald Subdivision has been abandoned.
The remaining line from Waycross west to Pearson is now operating as CSX\'s **Pearson Spur**.
In 1991, CSX sold the remaining line from Sylvester to Albany to Gulf and Ohio Railways subsidiary Atlantic and Gulf Railroad (not to be confused with the original Atlantic and Gulf Railroad that preceded the Plant System). In 1999, the Sylvester to Albany segment was sold again to the short line Georgia and Florida Railway who operates it today.
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# Brunswick and Western Railroad
## Historic stations {#historic_stations}
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Milepost | City/Location | Station | Connections and notes |
+===========+==========================+===================+===========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| AP 699.4 | ! rowspan=\"2\" \|Albany | Albany | junction with:`{{bulleted list|[[Atlantic and Gulf Railroad (1856–1879)|Atlantic and Gulf Railroad]] [[Albany—Thomasville Line|Albany Division]] ([[Plant System|SF&W]]/[[Atlantic Coast Line Railroad|ACL]])|[[Columbus Southern Railway]] ([[Seaboard Air Line Railroad|SAL]])|[[Georgia Northern Railway]] ([[Southern Railway (U.S.)|SOU]])|[[Georgia Southwestern and Gulf Railroad]]}}`{=mediawiki} |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 698.1 | East Albany | | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 696.6 | | Darrow | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 689.4 | Acree | Acree | also known as Davis |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 683.9 | | Willingham | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 679.7 | Sylvester | Sylvester | junction with Georgia, Ashburn, Sylvester and Camilla Railway (SOU) |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 676.4 | Poulan | Poulan | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 673.1 | Sumner | Sumner | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 667.5 | Ty Ty | Ty Ty | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 661.1 | | Hillsdale | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 658.4 | Tifton | Tifton | junction with:`{{bulleted list|[[Georgia Southern and Florida Railway]] ([[Southern Railway (U.S.)|SOU]])|[[Tifton and Northeastern Railroad]] ([[Atlanta, Birmingham and Atlantic Railway|AB&A]]/[[Atlantic Coast Line Railroad|ACL]])|[[Tifton, Thomasville and Gulf Railway]] ([[Atlanta, Birmingham and Atlantic Railway|AB&A]]/[[Atlantic Coast Line Railroad|ACL]])}}`{=mediawiki} |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 651.3 | Brookfield | Brookfield | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 647.1 | Enigma | Enigma | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 641.1 | Alapaha | Alapaha | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 635.2 | Glory | Glory | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 629.0 | Willacoochee | Willacoochee | junction with Augusta and Florida Railway (G&F) |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 627.9 | | Pine Bloom | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 626.2 | | Leliaton | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 620.9 | Kirkland | Kirkland | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 617.5 | Pearson | Pearson | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 610.7 | Axson | Axson | once known as McDonald\'s Mill |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 606.7 | Millwood | Millwood | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 603.7 | Fairfax | Fairfax | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 601.1 | | Hasty | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 599.4 | | Sappville | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 595.7 | Waresboro | Waresboro | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AP 587.1\ | Waycross | Waycross | junction with:\ |
| AO 587.1 | | | {{bulleted list |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AO 593.4 | | Colgan's Still | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AO 597.2 | | Schlatterville | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AO 601.1 | Hoboken | Hoboken | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AO 609.9 | Nahunta | Nahunta | junction with the Folkston Cutoff (SF&W/ACL) |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AO 614.8 | | Lulaton | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AO 618.2 | | Atkinson | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AO 621.7 | Waynesville | Waynesville | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AO 627.1 | Bladen | Bladen | junction with Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad Northern Division (SAL) |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AO 630.6 | Jamaica | Jamaica | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AO 633.1 | Anguilla | Anguilla | junction with Colonel\'s Island Railroad |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AO 636.0 | | Pyles Marsh | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AO 639.0 | Brunswick | Southern Junction | junction with:`{{bulleted list|[[Macon and Brunswick Railroad]] ([[Southern Railway (US)|SOU]])|[[Brunswick and Birmingham Railroad]] ([[Atlanta, Birmingham and Coast Railroad|AB&C]]/[[Atlantic Coast Line Railroad|ACL]])}}`{=mediawiki} |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AO 641.5 | Dock Junction | Dock Junction | originally Arco |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AO 647.1 | Brunswick | Brunswick | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
## Company presidents {#company_presidents}
### Brunswick and Florida Railroad {#brunswick_and_florida_railroad}
- Thomas Butler King (1836-1840s)
- Solomon Foote (1851-)
- Henry S. Welles (1855)
- C. F. Welles Jr (1856,
- Stephen Clay King (1856)
- C. F. Welles Jr (1857)
- Samuel J. Beales (1857)
- Henry S. Welles (1857)
- H. G
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# Paul Ramsier
**Paul Ramsier** (September 23, 1937 -- January 31, 2021) was an American classical composer most noted for his contributions to the bass literature.
Ramsier, born in Louisville, Kentucky, showed promise as a pianist at the age of five, and began composing at nine. At sixteen, he entered the University of Louisville School of Music. His graduate studies included piano with Beveridge Webster at the Juilliard School and composition with Ernst von Dohnányi at Florida State University. In his early career in New York City, he was a staff pianist with the New York City Ballet where he was influenced by Balanchine and Stravinsky. During that period he studied composition with Alexei Haieff.
Ramsier\'s output includes orchestral, opera, choral, instrumental and chamber works, but his best known contribution to contemporary music is his body of work for the double bass, which has established him as a major figure in the development of the instrument. His renowned double bass compositions include four works with orchestra beginning with the landmark *Divertimento Concertante on a Theme of Couperin*. The *Divertimento Concertante* and three subsequent works---*Road to Hamelin*, *Eusebius Revisited*, and *Silent Movie*---have since become bass standards, and are regarded as the most performed compositions for bass and orchestra since 1965. His one-act opera, *The Man on the Bearskin Rug*, is also well-known and frequently performed.
There have been well over 150 performances of Ramsier\'s bass works with orchestral ensembles including the: Chicago Symphony, Toronto Symphony, London Symphony Orchestra, Hong Kong Philharmonic, Melbourne (Australia) Symphony, Rotterdam Philharmonic, Puerto Rico Symphony, Montevideo Symphony, Minnesota Orchestra, Indianapolis Symphony, Kansas City Symphony, Columbus Symphony, Atlanta Symphony, Israel Sinfonia, Louisville Orchestra, Istanbul State Symphony, Florida Symphony, Atlantic Symphony, Basel Symphony, Zurich Chamber Orchestra, McGill Chamber Orchestra, and I Musici de Montreal.
Ramsier taught composition at New York University and the Ohio State University. After earning a Ph.D., he turned his attention to the study of psychoanalysis, and pursued a double career: psychotherapy and musical composition. Dr. Ramsier composed and practiced psychotherapy in Sarasota, Florida. After moving to Sarasota, the Florida West Coast Symphony presented five of his compositions, including one commissioned by the orchestra. Ramisier died on January 31, 2021, at the age of 83
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# Siding Spring Survey
Siding Spring}} `{{Use Australian English|date=June 2020}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox observatory
|name = Siding Spring Survey
|background =
|image =
|caption =
|organization = [[University of Arizona]], [[Australian National University]]
|location = [[Siding Spring Observatory]], [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
|coords = {{coord|31.3|S|149.1|E|type:landmark_region:AU|display=inline,title}}
|altitude = 1,150 m
|weather =
|established = 2004
|closed = 2013
|website = {{Official|msowww.anu.edu.au/~rmn}}
|telescope1_name = [[Uppsala Southern Schmidt Telescope]]
|telescope1_type = [[Schmidt telescope]]
}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------ ----------------------------------------
\'\'see {{section link List of discovered minor planets}}\'\'
------------------------ ----------------------------------------
: Minor planets discovered: 2758
The **Siding Spring Survey** (**SSS**) was a near-Earth object search program that used the 0.5-metre Uppsala Southern Schmidt Telescope at Siding Spring Observatory, New South Wales, Australia. It was the southern hemisphere counterpart of the Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) located in the Santa Catalina Mountains on Mount Bigelow, near Tucson, Arizona, USA. The survey was the only professional search for dangerous asteroids being made in the Southern Hemisphere.
SSS was jointly operated by the University of Arizona and the Australian National University, with funding from NASA. SSS (IAU observatory code E12) was located at Siding Spring Observatory (IAU observatory code 413) at 31.3 S 149.1 E type:landmark_region:AU, approximately 400 km north-west of Sydney at an altitude of about 1150 m.
Images of 30 seconds\' exposure time were collected using a 4×4K charge-coupled device at intervals and then compared with software.
The survey ended in July 2013 after funding was discontinued.
## Discoveries
Since 2004 the survey has discovered 400 potentially hazardous objects with a diameter greater than 100 m. In early January 2013, Robert H. McNaught discovered a new comet named C/2013 A1 using data collected while searching for asteroids
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# Dread perming
**Dread perming** is a chemical treatment that is used both by beauty salons and do-it-yourselfers to create or maintain dreadlocks. The hair is exposed to chemicals that render the hair frizzy. The frizzy hair is bound together and treated again to form the dreadlocks.
Dread perms usually cost in the range of \$300--\$400 at a salon, and although pricey, often prove to be the easiest and most professional way of creating dreadlocks. Another option is to buy a home-perm kit, as these will only cost \$10--\$20, with a similar, if not better result. The process can take upwards of six hours to complete, with maintenance appointments being around two hours long and pricey at upwards of \$200 if done at a salon. The process works especially well on hair that is more difficult to dread, especially white people\'s hair or Asian hair. This method requires no use of waxes or palm rolling the hair. A regular six month appointment is all the maintenance required, although tightening sprays are beneficial in the meantime.
The dread perming technique begins with at least 6 inches of hair. The hair is then separated into appropriately sized dreadlock sections. Each individual section is then backcombed, or teased, to knot the hair and create a dreadlock shape. Depending on the method used, the dreads will either be tightly back combed, or more loosely formed. The new dreadlocks are either permed in as is, twisted, or wrapped around curlers to achieve form.
Once the chemicals are applied to the hair, each strand of hair begins to swell. This swelling causes the hair to forget its original form. The hair then begins to shrink back to its normal size, permanently taking on the shape the hair is currently in.
Dreadlocks created with a dread perm can take on the shape of the method used to set them- curled if they were wrapped around curlers, twisted or kinky. The perm also serves to \'rough up\' Asian or white people\'s hair so that it will more easily tangle. A natural look begins to occur a few months later when the hair loosens somewhat. Within the time-span of several weeks to months, depending on the setting method, dread-permed dreadlocks will look nearly indistinguishable from naturally grown dreadlocks
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# Grotenburg-Stadion
The **Grotenburg-Stadion** (`{{IPA|de|ˈɡʁoːtn̩bʊʁkˌʃtaːdi̯ɔn|-|De-Grotenburg-Stadion.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a multi-use stadium in Krefeld, Germany.
It is used mostly for football matches and hosts the home matches for former DFB-Pokal winner KFC Uerdingen 05.
The stadium has a capacity of 34,500 and was built in 1927.
The 1970s brought significant renovations, including new seating and a floodlight system.
In the 1980s, further expansions and modernizations took place, transforming it into a modern stadium.
Despite periods of decline and closure, recent renovations and community efforts have revitalized the stadium, allowing it to continue hosting events
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# Electro-pneumatic action
The **electro-pneumatic action** is a control system by the mean of air pressure for pipe organs, whereby air pressure, controlled by an electric current and operated by the keys of an organ console, opens and closes valves within wind chests, allowing the pipes to speak. This system also allows the console to be physically detached from the organ itself. The only connection was via an electrical cable from the console to the relay, with some early organ consoles utilizing a separate wind supply to operate combination pistons.
## Invention
Although early experiments with Barker lever, tubular-pneumatic and electro-pneumatic actions date as far back as the 1850s, credit for a feasible design is generally given to the English organist and inventor, Robert Hope-Jones. He overcame the difficulties inherent in earlier designs by including a rotating centrifugal air blower and replacing banks of batteries with a DC generator, which provided electrical power to the organ. This allowed the construction of new pipe organs without any physical linkages whatsoever. Previous organs used tracker action, which requires a mechanical linkage between the console and the organ windchests, or tubular-pneumatic action, which linked the console and windchests with a large bundle of lead tubing.
## Operation
When an organ key is depressed, an electric circuit is completed by means of a switch connected to that key. This causes a low-voltage current to flow through a cable to the windchest, upon which a rank, or multiple ranks of pipes are set. Within the chest, a small electro-magnet associated with the key that is pressed becomes energized. This causes a very small valve to open. This, in turn, allows wind pressure to activate a bellows or \"pneumatic\" which operates a larger valve. This valve causes a change of air pressure within a channel that leads to all pipes of that note. A separate \"stop action\" system is used to control the admittance of air or \"wind\" into the pipes of the rank or ranks selected by the organist\'s selection of stops, while other ranks are \"stopped\" from playing. The stop action can also be an electro-pneumatic action, or may be another type of action
This pneumatically assisted valve action is in contrast to a direct electric action in which each pipe\'s valve is opened directly by an electric solenoid which is attached to the valve.
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# Electro-pneumatic action
## Advantages and disadvantages {#advantages_and_disadvantages}
The console of an organ which uses either type of electric action is connected to the other mechanisms by an electrical cable. This makes it possible for the console to be placed in any desirable location. It also permits the console to be movable, or to be installed on a \"lift\", as was the practice with theater organs.
While many consider tracker action organs to be more sensitive to the player\'s control, others find some tracker organs heavy to play and tubular-pneumatic organs to be sluggish, and so prefer electro-pneumatic or direct electric actions.
An electro-pneumatic action requires less current to operate than a direct electric action. This causes less demand on switch contacts. An organ using electro-pneumatic action was more reliable in operation than early direct electric organs until improvements were made in direct electric components.
A disadvantage of an electro-pneumatic organ is its use of large quantities of thin perishable leather, usually lambskin. This requires an extensive \"re-leathering\" of the windchests every twenty-five to forty years depending upon the quality of the material used, the atmospheric conditions and the use of the organ.
Like tracker and tubular action, electro-pneumatic action---when employing the commonly used pitman-style windchests---is less flexible in operation than direct electric action . When electro-pneumatic action uses unit windchests (as does the electro-pneumatic action constructed by organ builder Schoenstein & Co.), then it works similarly to direct electric action, in which each rank operates independently, allowing \"unification\", where each individual rank on a windchest can be played at various octave ranges.
A drawback to older electric action organs was the large amount of wiring required for operation. With each stop tab and key being wired, the transmission cable could easily contain several hundred wires. The great number of wires required between the keyboards, the banks of relays and the organ itself, with each solenoid requiring its own signal wire, made the situation worse, especially if a wire was broken (this was particularly true with consoles located on lifts and/or turntables), which made tracing the break very difficult.
These problems increased with the size of the instrument, and it would not be unusual for a particular organ to contain over a hundred miles of wiring. The largest pipe organ in the world, the Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ, is said to contain more than 137500 mi of wire. Modern electronic switching has largely overcome these physical problems.
## Modern methods {#modern_methods}
In the years after the advent of the transistor, and later, integrated circuits and microprocessors, miles of wiring and electro-pneumatic relays have given way to electronic and computerized control and relay systems, which have made the control of pipe organs much more efficient. But for its time, the electro-pneumatic action was considered a great success, and even today modernized versions of this action are used in many new pipe organs, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom
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# Nomorhamphus
***Nomorhamphus*** is a southeast Asian genus of viviparous halfbeaks from streams, rivers and lakes in Sulawesi (Indonesia) and the Philippines. They are all viviparous, producing small clutches of around a dozen fry about 10 to 15 mm long at birth. Females are generally larger than the males. In the largest species, such as *Nomorhamphus liemi*, the females typically reach about 10 cm in length, whereas the males reach about 6 - in length. Males are also more brightly coloured than the females (often having red, black, or blue patches on their fins). Compared with many other halfbeaks, the lower mandible, or beak, is relatively short, on females in particular barely protruding beyond the length of the upper mandible. The males of some species (e.g., *N. ebrardtii*) have short, straight beaks, but those of others (e.g., *N. liemi*) have short beaks that curve downwards forming a shape often compared to a goatee beard by aquarists. *N. aenigma* is unique within *Nomorhamphus* because of its lack of lower jaw elongation.
*Nomorhamphus* feed extensively on small insects, either in the form of aquatic larvae or as flying insects that have fallen onto the surface of the water. They are important predators on insects such as mosquitoes, so play a role in controlling malaria. *Nomorhamphus* are too small to be of value as food, but they do have some value as aquarium fish.
## Reproduction
*Nomorhamphus* species are livebearing fish that practise internal fertilisation. The male is equipped with a gonopodium-like anal fin known as a gonopodium that delivers sperm into the female. The gestation period is about six weeks. The exact mode of reproduction ranges from ovoviviparity through to viviparity, and in some species, oophagy is known, as well. Only around ten to twenty embryos are developed at a time, but at birth these are fairly large (around 13 mm) and well developed, able to take small prey, such as *Daphnia*, immediately after birth
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# Transfer of learning
**Transfer of learning** occurs when people apply information, strategies, and skills they have learned to a new situation or context. Transfer is not a discrete activity, but is rather an integral part of the learning process. Researchers attempt to identify when and how transfer occurs and to offer strategies to improve transfer.
## Overview
The *formal discipline* (or *mental discipline*) approach to learning believed that specific mental faculties could be strengthened by particular courses of training and that these strengthened faculties transferred to other situations, based on faculty psychology which viewed the mind as a collection of separate modules or faculties assigned to various mental tasks. This approach resulted in school curricula that required students to study subjects such as mathematics and Latin in order to strengthen reasoning and memory faculties.
Disputing formal discipline, Edward Thorndike and Robert S. Woodworth in 1901 postulated that the transfer of learning was restricted or assisted by the elements in common between the original context and the next context. The notion was originally introduced as *transfer of practice*. They explored how individuals would transfer learning in one context to another similar context and how \"improvement in one mental function\" could influence a related one. Their theory implied that transfer of learning depends on how similar the learning task and transfer tasks are, or where \"identical elements are concerned in the influencing and influenced function\", now known as the *identical element theory*. Thorndike urged schools to design curricula with tasks similar to those students would encounter outside of school to facilitate the transfer of learning.
In contrast to Thorndike, Edwin Ray Guthrie\'s law of contiguity expected little transfer of learning. Guthrie recommended studying in the exact conditions in which one would be tested, because of his view that \"we learn what we do in the presence of specific stimuli\". The expectation is that training in conditions as similar as possible to those in which learners will have to perform will facilitate transfer.
The argument is also made that transfer is not distinct from learning, as people do not encounter situations as blank slates. Perkins and Salomon considered it more a continuum, with no bright line between learning and transfer.
Transfer may also be referred to as *generalization*, B. F. Skinner\'s concept of a response to a stimulus occurring to other stimuli.
Today, transfer of learning is usually described as the process and the effective extent to which past experiences (also referred to as the *transfer source*) affect learning and performance in a new situation (the *transfer target*). However, there remains controversy as to how transfer of learning should be conceptualized and explained, what its prevalence is, what its relation is to learning in general, and whether it exists at all.
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# Transfer of learning
## Transfer and learning {#transfer_and_learning}
People store *propositions*, or basic units of knowledge, in long-term memory. When new information enters the working memory, long-term memory is searched for associations which combine with the new information in working memory. The associations reinforce the new information and help assign meaning to it. Learning that takes place in varying contexts can create more links and encourage generalization of the skill or knowledge. Connections between past learning and new learning can provide a context or framework for the new information, helping students to determine sense and meaning, and encouraging retention of the new information. These connections can build up a framework of associative networks that students can call upon for future problem-solving. Information stored in memory is \"flexible, interpretive, generically altered, and its recall and transfer are largely context-dependent\".
When Thorndike refers to similarity of elements between learning and transfer, the elements can be conditions or procedures. Conditions can be environmental, physical, mental, or emotional, and the possible combinations of conditions are countless. Procedures include sequences of events or information. Although the theory is that the similarity of elements facilitates transfer, there is a challenge in identifying which specific elements had an effect on the learner at the time of learning.
Factors that can affect transfer include:
- Context and degree of original learning: how well the learner acquired the knowledge.
- Similarity: commonalities between original learning and new, such as environment and other memory cues.
- Critical attributes: characteristics that make something unique.
- Association: connections between multiple events, actions, bits of information, and so on; as well as the conditions and emotions connected to it by the learner.
Learners can increase transfer through effective practice and by mindfully abstracting knowledge. Abstraction is the process of examining our experiences for similarities. Methods for abstracting knowledge include seeking the underlying principles in what is learned, creating models, and identifying analogies and metaphors, all of which assist with creating associations and encouraging transfer.
## Transfer taxonomies {#transfer_taxonomies}
Transfer of learning can be cognitive, socio-emotional, or motor. The following table presents different types of transfer.
Type Characteristics
------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Positive Positive transfer occurs when prior learning assists new learning.
Negative Negative transfer occurs when prior learning hinders or interferes with new learning.
Zero Zero transfer occurs when prior learning has no influence on new learning.
Near Near transfer occurs when many elements overlap between the conditions in which the learner obtained the knowledge or skill and the new situation.
Far Far transfer occurs when the new situation is very different from that in which learning occurred.
Literal Literal transfer occurs when performing the skill exactly as learned but in a new situation.
Figural Figural transfer occurs when applying general knowledge to a new situation, often making use of analogies or metaphors.
Low road Low-road transfer occurs when well-established skills transfer spontaneously, even automatically.
High road High-road transfer occurs when the learner consciously and deliberately (\"mindfully\") evaluates the new situation and applies previous learning to it.
Forward reaching High-road transfer that is forward reaching occurs when learners think about possible other uses while learning.
Backward reaching High-road transfer that is backward reaching occurs when learners in a new situation think about previous situations that might apply.
## Teaching for transfer {#teaching_for_transfer}
Transfer is less a deliberate activity by the learner than it is a result of the environment at the time of learning. Teachers, being part of the learning environment, can be an instrument of transfer (both positive and negative). Recommendations for teaching for transfer include the *hugging* and *bridging* strategies; providing authentic environment and activities within a conceptual framework; encouraging problem-based learning; community of practice; cognitive apprenticeship; and game-based learning.
### Hugging and bridging {#hugging_and_bridging}
Hugging and bridging as techniques for positive transfer were suggested by the research of Perkins and Salomon.
Hugging is when the teacher encourages transfer by incorporating similarities between the learning situation and the future situations in which the learning might be used. Some methods for hugging include simulation games, mental practice, and contingency learning.
Bridging is when the teacher encourages transfer by helping students to find connections between learning and to abstract their existing knowledge to new concepts. Some methods for bridging include brainstorming, developing analogies, and metacognition
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# Backcombing
**Backcombing**, also known as **teasing** or **ratting**, is a way of styling hair to create volume. It is done by repeatedly combing the hair towards the scalp, causing the hair to tangle and knot.
## Notable wearers {#notable_wearers}
- Russell Brand, English podcaster and former comedian
- Helena Bonham Carter, English actress
- The Crystals, American girl group
- Noel Fielding, English comedian
- Brandon Jacobs, English musician
- Cyndi Lauper, American singer
- Tim Minchin, Australian musical comedian
- The Ronettes, American girl group
- Faris Rotter, English singer
- Robert Smith, English singer and musician
- Joshua Third, English musician
- Harry Wade, English musician
- Amy Winehouse, English singer
## Overview
Backcombing is a part of big hair styles such as beehives, bouffants, and dreadlocks. Because it rubs against the scales of the hair\'s cuticle, it can cause serious and progressive damage to the hair\'s integrity; this leads to weakening and breakage over time, and frequent backcombing is not recommended for people who want to maintain long hair. It can also cause tangles near the root that are very difficult to remove
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# Carolyn Bivens
**Carolyn Bivens** (born December 29, 1952, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) was the commissioner of the LPGA from 2005 until her resignation on July 13, 2009. She was the seventh person and the first woman to hold the position of commissioner since the LPGA was founded in 1950.
Bivens was previously president and chief operating officer of Initiative Media North America, the largest media services agency in the United States and part of the Interpublic Group of Companies. She also worked at *USA Today*, where she led the worldwide advertising operations for *USA Today* and *USA Today*'s international edition. In 2002, *Electronic Media* magazine named Bivens one of the most powerful women in television.
## LPGA Commissioner {#lpga_commissioner}
Bivens served as commissioner of the LPGA from late 2005 until her resignation in July 2009. The LPGA commissioner serves as chief executive and administrative officer of the LPGA and is responsible for its day-to-day operations. The LPGA search committee selected Bivens to serve in that capacity on the basis of her media and sales experience, with the intention of capitalizing on the brand value of the LPGA\'s deepening talent pool. At the time of her hire, the LPGA was experiencing an unprecedented influx of new potential superstars, many of whom fell into demographics new to the traditional LPGA audience. Bivens\'s strategy has been described by several writers as an attempt to re-align the business model of the LPGA with that of other professional sports organizations. Primary objectives of the plan included increasing tournament purse sizes, establishing greater control over event venues and LPGA-associated media rights, and the provision of viable pension and health care plans.
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# Carolyn Bivens
## Changes instituted at LPGA during Bivens\' tenure {#changes_instituted_at_lpga_during_bivens_tenure}
### Introduction of drug testing {#introduction_of_drug_testing}
In 2006, Bivens announced the first formal drug testing program in professional golf. The program was introduced in the 2008 season.
### Media credential policy change {#media_credential_policy_change}
At the second tournament of 2006, The Fields Open in Hawaii, the LPGA reached a stalemate with certain members of the press while negotiating media rights. Two Honolulu newspapers, the Associated Press, *Sports Illustrated*, *Golf World* and other unnamed publications refused to cover the first round of the tournament. *Golf World* continued to withhold coverage of the event for two subsequent rounds, before returning after reaching an agreement with the LPGA. Details of the dispute were never released by either side, despite frequent references to the dispute by the press. A year later, the LPGA made its media rights credential available to the public at LPGAMediaCredential.com.
### Acquisition of Duramed Futures Tour {#acquisition_of_duramed_futures_tour}
In July 2007, the LPGA acquired the Duramed Futures Tour, incorporating it more closely with the LPGA and formally making it the official development tour of the LPGA.
### International player on LPGA Board of Directors {#international_player_on_lpga_board_of_directors}
In 2008, the LPGA constitution was amended to require the inclusion of an international player on the board of directors.
### Television programming {#television_programming}
In February 2009, Bivens unveiled two major television rights deals. On the domestic front, the LPGA agreed to a 10-year partnership with cable network Golf Channel, making it the exclusive home of the LPGA Tour. Internationally, the LPGA and JoongAng Broadcasting Corporation (JBC) agreed to a five-year partnership that names J Golf the LPGA\'s official Korean media rights partner starting in 2010. JBC also will underwrite an event in the greater Los Angeles area on the 2010-2014 LPGA Tour schedules. J Golf\'s overall media rights investment in the LPGA over five years is the largest in LPGA history.
### Proposed use of Twitter {#proposed_use_of_twitter}
On May 28, 2009, Bivens is purported to have said in an interview that she would, \"love it if players Twittered during the middle of a round.\" *Bloomberg* removed the original interview without explanation, making it impossible to contextualize the remark, or to objectively evaluate the merits of the criticisms which followed. The article put in the place of the original interview focuses upon the reactions of two highly ranked players, Paula Creamer and Morgan Pressel, who used Twitter itself to inform their fans that they would not be tweeting while on the green. On June 5, 2009, eight days after Bivens\'s original statement in the media, Bivens commented on the LPGA website that her remarks had been taken out of context, emphasizing that players would not be tweeting during rounds.
## Resignation as Commissioner of LPGA {#resignation_as_commissioner_of_lpga}
In early July 2009, the Board of Directors of the LPGA received a letter from a group of top players on the Tour calling for Bivens\' resignation with two years remaining in her contract. The overriding cause of the complaint had been Bivens\' insistence that all Tour players become English-proficient. Bivens had proposed the change as being out of a concern for the foreign-speaking players\' welfare: \"If these players don\'t take this step \[and learn English\], their ability to earn a living is reduced. They will be cut out of corporate and endorsement opportunities. I can\'t imagine that someone who has thought this through does not realize that in opposing this measure they are penalizing the very people they are trying to help.\" (ESPN Golf, Sep 1, 2008). This insistence drew a strong public backlash from foreign and domestic Tour players alike. The letter followed the announcement that several long-time tournaments would not be returning in 2010 and amidst complaints from tournament directors that Bivens\'s management style and approach was counterproductive. In the letter it was stated that \"the majority\" of LPGA members supported the request for resignation. On July 13, 2009, Bivens officially resigned and an acting commissioner was named while a search for a new commissioner was undertaken
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# Wendell Fields
**Wendell Fields** (August 26, 1957 -- March 1, 2017) was a Canadian veteran anti-poverty activist in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He was director of Hamilton Against Poverty, and twice campaigned for the House of Commons of Canada as a candidate of the Communist Party of Canada - Marxist-Leninist (CPC-ML). He died on March 1, 2017, following a short battle with cancer.
## Activist
In 1984, Fields, while demonstrating in sympathy with a trust company workers\' strike in Waterloo, was charged with assaulting three police officers. He counter-charged the two officers that had assaulted him. The counter-charges went to trial, and Fields (who was not one of the strikers) was asked in court to explain why he was on the picket line. He refused to answer whether or not he was a Marxist-Leninist, and he was sentenced to thirty days in jail for contempt of court. The Canadian People\'s Defence Committee who described him as a political prisoner retained a lawyer on his behalf. Available media reports do not indicate if the appeal was successful or if either assault charge resulted in a conviction.
Fields worked as a dishwasher, busboy and labourer, and was laid off from his job as a plastics molder in about 1990. He subsequently moved from Cambridge, Ontario to Hamilton. According to The Hamilton Spectator, Fields became a part-time student to upgrade his skills, He joined Hamilton Against Poverty (HAP), a group consisting of social assistance recipients, helpful social agencies, Single mothers and the working poor. HAP was created in 1987. Wendell worked with anti poverty activist and HAP member, Julie Gordon. Gordon and Fields spoke against the Social Assistance Reform Act and the Prevention of Unionization Act at Queen\'s Park when Mike Harris was Premier of Ontario. Wendell, Julie and Herb Joseph made submissions together at Queen\'s Park concerning the Safe Streets Act. Herb Joseph, an aboriginal human rights activist wrote about the Jay Treaty for Mayday Magazine.
Fields testified before a federal House of Commons committee in 1992 as a HAP representative, speaking in opposition to a proposed child benefits bill introduced by the government of Brian Mulroney. His position was that the bill did nothing to benefit single mothers and low-income women, and should be rewritten. He and the HAP were also involved in lobbying about issues of homelessness.
Fields was arrested in 1995 following a demonstration by McMaster University students against tuition fee hikes. The following year, he spoke out in opposition to the provincial government\'s workfare policies, stating that \"\"We must fight (workfare) with dignity, pride and fearlessness.\"
He was charged with trespassing in 1999, after a peaceful demonstration protesting a display of fighter aircraft and what he and other protesters described as the militarism of an airshow at Hamilton International John C. Munro Airport. He pleaded not guilty. The following year, he was charged with failing to leave a premise after joining other protesters in occupying the office of Progressive Conservative Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) Brad Clark to oppose the policies of Clark\'s government.
## Candidate for office {#candidate_for_office}
Fields ran for public office until the 1997 federal election when he campaigned in Hamilton West for the CPC-ML. He also campaigned for municipal and provincial office in the late 1990s, making a bid for Mayor of Hamilton in 1997. He campaigned more local involvement in government, including people\'s councils, and a constituent assembly to develop appropriate government structure for the city. He also argued that the economic decisions must be made to benefit citizens rather than corporate interests. He also suggested the creation of neighbourhood groups to make surprise inspections of polluting industries. In 1999, he stood as an independent candidate for the provincial government in the riding of Hamilton West. Fields campaigned for the Canadian House of Commons a second time in the 2000 federal election for the Marxist-Leninist party. He received 61 votes. In the 2011 federal election, he also ran for the MLPC in the riding of Hamilton East-Stoney Creek and received 95 votes. Wendell Fields ran in the federal election in 2015 as a Marxist-Leninist candidate.
He remained active in the Hamilton activist community as of 2005
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# Estadio Panamericano, Havana
**Estadio Panamericano** (*Havana\'s Pan--American Stadium*) is a multi-use stadium located near Cojimar, a city ward of Havana, Cuba. It is used mostly for athletics.
## History
It was first used as the main stadium for the 1991 Pan American Games. The stadium opened August 1, 1991 and is able to hold 34,000.
It served as the site of an episode of the American version of Top Gear in 2016. The episode showed the stadium in disrepair and mostly abandoned.
### Renovations
The stadium was renovated in 2008 with an artificial turf replacing the original grass turf.
## Structure
The stadium is surrounded by a park and faces nearby Boca de Cojimar (Havana Bay).
Seating is mainly open air with a partially covered grandstand to the east side.
Surrounding the football field is an oval track
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# Anne Kursinski
**Anne Kindig Kursinski** (born April 16, 1959) is an American showjumper and two-time Olympic silver medalist in team jumping, at Seoul 1988 and Atlanta 1996. Representing the United States, she was a member of five Olympic teams, forty-seven Nations Cup teams, and three World Equestrian Games teams. In 2017, she was inducted into the Showjumping Hall of Fame.
Kursinski rode in the Seoul 1988, Barcelona 1992, and Atlanta 1996 Olympics; she was an alternate for the Los Angeles 1984 and Beijing/Hong Kong 2008 Olympics. At Seoul 1988, she placed fourth individually with her horse Starman.
## Career
### Early years (1963-1983) {#early_years_1963_1983}
Kursinski starting riding when she was four and began her international career while she was in high school. She started competing for the United States Equestrian Team in 1978. She won individual and team gold medals at the 1983 Pan American Games in Venezuela, riding Livius. She became the first American to win the Grand Prix of Rome, Italy in 1983. In Rome, she also contributed to an American win in the Nations\' Cup competition.
### Olympic success (1984-2008) {#olympic_success_1984_2008}
In 1984, Kursinski was named to the United States Olympic team as an alternate. She was also recognized with the \"Up and Coming Athlete\" award from the Women\'s Sports Foundation. In 1986, she placed first with Team USA at CSIO Washington. In 1987, she was ranked as the number five female rider by L\'Anne Hippique, and placed first with Team USA at CSIO Spruce Meadows.
In 1988, Kursinski was ranked as the number three female rider in the world by L\'Anne Hippique. She competed with Team USA at CSIO New York, CSIO Hickstead and CSIO Aachen. Kursinski was named to the United States Olympic team and competed at the 1988 Olympics, finishing fourth individually with her horse Starman, and winning a team silver. In 1988 Kursinski was named AHSA Horsewoman of the Year. In 1990, she competed at the World Equestrian Games in Stockholm, finishing fourth with Team USA. In 1991, she won the Leading Lady Rider award at the FEI World Cup Finals in Gothenburg, the U.S. Olympic Committee named her Female Equestrian Athlete of the Year, and L\'Annee Hippique ranked her as the number one American and number one female rider in the world. Kursinski, riding Starman, won the CHIO Grand Prix of Aachen, becoming the second woman and first American to win that event. She placed seventh at the Volvo World Cup Final in Gotheburg, Sweden, again riding Starman.
In 1992, Kursinski competed at the Olympics in Barcelona for Team USA, finishing fifth with the team. She was named AHSA Horsewoman of the Year for a second time. In 1993, she won the Cadillac American Gold Cup and the Tucker Anthony Grand Prix. In 1994, she won the American Gold Cup riding Eros. That same year, she placed first at CSIO Spruce Meadows with Team USA. In 1995, she won the American Gold Cup for the fourth time, and also won the Devon Grand Prix. She was named AHSA Equestrian of the Year and ranked number three female rider in the world by L\'Anne Hippique.
In 1996, Kursinski competed with Team USA at CSIO Monterey, CSIO New York and CSIO Spruce Meadows. She was honored with the USET Whitney Stone Cup and the Girl Scouts of Greater New York Woman of Distinction Award. She placed first at the USET Olympic Games Selection Trial and was named to the Olympic team. Riding Eros, she won a team silver. In 1997, she placed first with Team USA at the CSIO St Gallen Nations\' Cup and the CSIO Rome Nations\' Cup. Individually, she was fourth in the Grand Prix of Rome and fifth in the Volvo World Cup Final---the highest-placed American at the World Cup. She was ranked number two female rider in the world by L\'Anne Hippique. In 1998, Kursinski won the Sally Hansen Grand Prix, the Columbia Classic Grand Prix and the Budweiser Upperville Jumper Classic. She won the Pulsar Crown Grand Prix, becoming the first American and first woman to win that event. With Team USA, Kursinski placed second at CSIO Spruce Meadows and ninth at the World Equestrian Games. She was named Horseperson of the Year by *Chronicle of the Horse.* In 1999, she won the Ellenville Grand Prix, the Cosequin Grand Prix and the America Vs. Europe Bohemia Challenge; she finished second at the Grand Prix of Aachen. With Team USA, she was fifth at CSIO Aachen.
In 2000, Kursinski placed third at the American Grand Prix Association Championship in Wellington, Florida. In 2001, she was third at the HITS Grand Prix and the Nevele Grand Prix. Additionally, she was fourth at the USGPL Final. In 2002, she won the Old Salem Farm Grand Prix and the Garden State Grand Prix. In 2003, she competed at the HITS Grand Prix, placed second at the US Open Jumper Championships, and came in third at the American Invitational and the Beacon Hill Grand Prix. In 2004, Kursinski won the PA Big Jump in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; was third at the World Cup of Palm Beach in Wellington, Florida; and was second at the Wellington Grand Prix, again in Wellington, Florida.
In 2005, Kursinski won the World Cup of Palm Beach and was second at the Grand Prix of Wellington, Las Vegas Grand Prix and World Cup Hampton Classic. She competed as a member of the US Super League Team at CSIO La Baule, CSIO Rome and CSIO St Gallen. She also competed at the Budweiser World Cup Finals as a member of Team USA. In 2006, she won the Old Salem Farm Grand Prix, the Beacon Hill Grand Prix and the Hampton Classic Grand Prix. She was second at the HITS Saugerties Grand Prix and the Upperville Classic. Kursinski was again a member of the US Super League Team, competing at CSIO Falsterbo, CSIO Hickstead and CSIO Dublin. In 2007, Kursinski won the HITS Saugerties Grand Prix and the Sussex Grand Prix. She was second at the American Gold Cup and fourth at the Hampton Classic Grand Prix, the Upperville Classic and the USGPL Final. In 2008, Kursinski won the Princeton Classic; came third at the Saturday Grand Prix in Aachen, Germany; placed fourth at Grand Prix Longines in La Baule, France; and was eleventh at the Rolex Grand Prix in Aachen. As part of the US Super League Team, she competed at CSIO La Baule, CSIO Rome, CSIO St Gallen, CSIO Rotterdam and CSIO Aachen. She was named to the 2008 Olympic team as an alternate.
### Later years (2009-present) {#later_years_2009_present}
Kursinski is a USHJA clinician, member of the USHJA and USET Executive Committees and of the USEF Board of Directors. In 2011, Kursinski was voted America\'s Favorite Show Jumping Equestrian. In 2012, she served as USEF chef d\'equipe at the CSIOYJ in Belgium. That same year, she released the second edition of her book *Anne Kursinski\'s Riding and Jumping Clinic.* She was a team selector for the 2014 U.S. WEG bronze medal team and the 2016 U.S. Olympic silver medal team. In 2015, Kursinski launched an instructional website about showjumping. She coaches riders at her Market Street Farm facility in Frenchtown, New Jersey. Anne teaches an Equestrian Masterclass on \"Bringing Out the Best in Your Horse\" at Noëllefloyd.com.
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# Anne Kursinski
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kursinski lives in Frenchtown, New Jersey, where she keeps Australian shepherds, German shepherds and housecats as pets. Her life partner is Carol Hoffman. She has a brother, Robert Kursinski. Her younger sister Lisa passed away in 2012.
In 2018 Kursinski --- along with three other women --- spoke out about being molested by Jimmy Williams, a famed horseman who died in 1993, when they were children in his riding program at Flintridge. Kursinski felt compelled to speak out in part because of the USA gymnastics scandal. She spoke about the reaction from the equestrian community: `{{blockquote|"Another trainer came to me and said, 'I don't agree. Jimmy's dead.' I just said, 'I'm telling you it happened. I'm not making anything up.' When they said, 'I know, I know, but he's not here to defend himself,' I said, 'I get it if that's the way you feel about it.' It did happen, and I got an apology from [Williams]. I know it's true. I heard later that the person who confronted me was really surprised I didn't yell or get really upset." ... "This happened to me. I'm sharing this so that I might save another kid's life. What I don't understand is when some old friends say that we should not have opened this ugly door for fear it will make things worse. Worse for whom? What about the next young girl or boy who is groomed and then molested? These children are whom it will be worse for. No, they seem to think that it will be bad for business and bad for the sport. I believe this discussion, no matter how hard, is good for the equestrian business and the sport."<ref name=":2" />}}`{=mediawiki}A *New York Times* article alleged that Williams sexually abused girls and young women from the mid-1950s to the early 1990s, relying on interviews with 38 witnesses. As a result of the allegations, mementos of Williams were removed from Flintridge Riding Club
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# Huécar
**Huécar** is one of the rivers that surrounds the city of Cuenca, Spain. It flows from there into the river Jucar
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# Estadio Don León Kolbowski
**Estadio Don León Kolbowski** is a football stadium located in Villa Crespo, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Owned and operated by Club Atlético Atlanta, it is currently used mostly for football matches. Built in 1960, the stadium is able to hold 18,000 people.
The stadium was named in 2000 to honor León Kolbowski, president of Club Atlanta from 1959 to 1969. The stadium was built under his administration.
In February 2005, the stadium was closed by the Government of Buenos Aires due to its poor safety conditions. As a result, the club committed to build concrete grandstands to replace the wooden-built seats. By the end of 2009, the stadium was reopened although it was only allowed to host 14,000 spectators, less than half of its real capacity.
## History
Prior to the stadium, Club Atlanta had fields on the Parque Chacabuco (in the homonymous neighborhood) between 1909 and 1918. When the club left that field, the football team played their home games at Ferro Carril Oeste Stadium. From 1920 to 1921 Atlanta moved to Club Banco Nación stadium on Carrasco street in Floresta, field previously used by Asociación Atlética Eureka (then merged to Sportivo Palermo).
In 1922, Atlanta bought a field on Humboldt street in Villa Crespo, where the club built a stadium with an official grandstand. That stadium was later renovated, expanding its capacity with the construction of three grandstands else. Because of its dimensions and shape, the stadium was nicknamed *El Cajoncito* (the small box). In 1932, arch-rival club Chacarita Juniors built a stadium just behind the Atlanta\'s one. Chacariereta played there until 1944, when the club was evicted and the stadium structure dismantled.
After the Chacarita stadium was dismantled, the \"Compañía de Tierras de Villa Crespo\" acquired the vacate land to give it to Club Atlanta with the purpose of building a new stadium there. Atlanta signed a contract with the Land Company while the team continued playing at *El Cajoncito* during that period. Construction of the new venue started in August 1958. In June 1959 the Municipality of Buenos Aires closed the old stadium due to structural and hygiene deficiences, alleging it was not able to host matches. The last match hosted there was Atlanta 1--0 Ferro C. Oeste on June 21, 1959.
As Club Atlanta was not capable of raising the stadium closure, members of the club voted to move all the materials from the old venue to the new land acquired by Compañía de Tierras to build a new venue there, with concrete-built stands. The new stadium was inaugurated on June 5, 1960, with a capacity for 34,000 spectators. Due to its location and modern structure, the Atlanta stadium was a regular venue for several AFA competitions, such as the 1970 Copa Argentina Final. In 1963, a lighting system was placed, then replaced by a more modern one, of six towers.
The stadium was re-opened after 3 years of both an AFA suspension and renovations, on 29 March 2009, after the Buenos Aires Justice department had ordered the stadium to close, due to an altercation between Atlanta and All Boys supporters in a match during 2006. A condition was made that saw the club replace the old wooden terracing before being allowed back. Atlanta had played their home games at various stadiums, including Estadio Ciudad de Vicente López (home of Club Atlético Platense) and Ferro Carril Oeste Stadium, during this lapse
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# Ohmic contact
An **ohmic contact** is a non-rectifying electrical junction: a junction between two conductors that has a linear current--voltage (I--V) curve as with Ohm\'s law. Low-resistance ohmic contacts are used to allow charge to flow easily in both directions between the two conductors, without blocking due to rectification or excess power dissipation due to voltage thresholds.
By contrast, a junction or contact that does not demonstrate a linear I--V curve is called non-ohmic. Non-ohmic contacts come in a number of forms, such as p--n junction, Schottky barrier, rectifying heterojunction, or breakdown junction.
Generally the term \"ohmic contact\" implicitly refers to an ohmic contact of a metal to a semiconductor, where achieving ohmic contact resistance is possible but requires careful technique. Metal--metal ohmic contacts are relatively simpler to make, by ensuring direct contact between the metals without intervening layers of insulating contamination, excessive roughness or oxidation; various techniques are used to create ohmic metal--metal junctions (soldering, welding, crimping, deposition, electroplating, etc.). This article focuses on metal--semiconductor ohmic contacts.
Stable contacts at semiconductor interfaces, with low contact resistance and linear I--V behavior, are critical for the performance and reliability of semiconductor devices, and their preparation and characterization are major efforts in circuit fabrication. Poorly prepared junctions to semiconductors can easily show rectifying behaviour by causing depletion of the semiconductor near the junction, rendering the device useless by blocking the flow of charge between those devices and the external circuitry. Ohmic contacts to semiconductors are typically constructed by depositing thin metal films of a carefully chosen composition, possibly followed by annealing to alter the semiconductor--metal bond.
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# Ohmic contact
## Physics of formation of metal--semiconductor ohmic contacts {#physics_of_formation_of_metalsemiconductor_ohmic_contacts}
Both ohmic contacts and Schottky barriers are dependent on the Schottky barrier height, which sets the threshold for the excess energy an electron requires to pass from the semiconductor to the metal. For the junction to admit electrons easily in both directions (ohmic contact), the barrier height must be small in at least some parts of the junction surface. To form an excellent ohmic contact (low resistance), the barrier height should be small everywhere and furthermore the interface should not reflect electrons.
The Schottky barrier height between a metal and semiconductor is naively predicted by the Schottky--Mott rule to be proportional to the difference of the metal-vacuum work function and the semiconductor-vacuum electron affinity. In practice, most metal--semiconductor interfaces do not follow this rule to the predicted degree. Instead, the chemical termination of the semiconductor crystal against a metal creates electron states within its band gap. The nature of these metal-induced gap states and their occupation by electrons tends to pin the center of the band gap to the Fermi level, an effect known as Fermi level pinning. Thus, the heights of the Schottky barriers in metal--semiconductor contacts often show little dependence on the value of the semiconductor or metal work functions, in stark contrast to the Schottky--Mott rule. Different semiconductors exhibit this Fermi level pinning to different degrees, but a technological consequence is that high quality (low resistance) ohmic contacts are usually difficult to form in important semiconductors such as silicon and gallium arsenide.
The Schottky--Mott rule is not entirely incorrect since, in practice, metals with high work functions form the best contacts to p-type semiconductors, while those with low work functions form the best contacts to n-type semiconductors. Unfortunately experiments have shown that the predictive power of the model doesn\'t extend much beyond this statement. Under realistic conditions, contact metals may react with semiconductor surfaces to form a compound with new electronic properties. A contamination layer at the interface may effectively widen the barrier. The surface of the semiconductor may reconstruct leading to a new electronic state. The dependence of contact resistance on the details of the interfacial chemistry is what makes the reproducible fabrication of ohmic contacts such a manufacturing challenge.
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# Ohmic contact
## Preparation and characterization of ohmic contacts {#preparation_and_characterization_of_ohmic_contacts}
The fabrication of the ohmic contacts is a much-studied part of materials engineering that nonetheless remains something of an art. The reproducible, reliable fabrication of contacts relies on extreme cleanliness of the semiconductor surface. Since a *native oxide* rapidly forms on the surface of silicon, for example, the performance of a contact can depend sensitively on the details of preparation. Often the contact region is heavily doped to ensure the type of contact wanted. As a rule, ohmic contacts on semiconductors form more easily when the semiconductor is highly doped near the junction; a high doping narrows the depletion region at the interface and allow electrons to flow in both directions easily at any bias by tunneling through the barrier.
The fundamental steps in contact fabrication are semiconductor surface cleaning, contact metal deposition, patterning and annealing. Surface cleaning may be performed by sputter-etching, chemical etching, reactive gas etching or ion milling. For example, the native oxide of silicon may be removed with a hydrofluoric acid dip, while GaAs is more typically cleaned by a bromine-methanol dip. After cleaning, metals are deposited via sputter deposition, evaporation or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Sputtering is a faster and more convenient method of metal deposition than evaporation but the ion bombardment from the plasma may induce surface states or even invert the charge carrier type at the surface. For this reason the gentler but still rapid CVD may be used. Post-deposition annealing of contacts is useful for relieving stress as well as for inducing any desirable reactions between the metal and the semiconductor.
Because deposited metals can themselves react in ambient conditions, to the detriment of the contacts\' electrical properties, it is common to form ohmic contacts with layered structures, with the bottom layer, in contact with the semiconductor, chosen for its ability to induce ohmic behaviour. A diffusion barrier-layer may be used to prevent the layers from mixing during any annealing process.
The measurement of contact resistance is most simply performed using a four-point probe although for more accurate determination, use of the transmission line method is typical.
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# Ohmic contact
## Technologically important kinds of contacts {#technologically_important_kinds_of_contacts}
Aluminum was originally the most important contact metal for silicon which was used with either the n-type or p-type semiconductor. As with other reactive metals, Al contributes to contact formation by consuming oxygen from native silicon-dioxide residue. Pure aluminum did react with the silicon, so it was replaced by silicon-doped aluminum and eventually by silicides less prone to diffuse during subsequent high-temperature processing.
Modern ohmic contacts to silicon such as titanium-tungsten disilicide are usually silicides made by CVD. Contacts are often made by depositing the transition metal and forming the silicide by annealing with the result that the silicide may be non-stoichiometric. Silicide contacts can also be deposited by direct sputtering of the compound or by ion implantation of the transition metal followed by annealing.
Formation of contacts to compound semiconductors is considerably more difficult than with silicon. For example, GaAs surfaces tend to lose arsenic and the trend towards As loss can be considerably exacerbated by the deposition of metal. In addition, the volatility of As limits the amount of post-deposition annealing that GaAs devices will tolerate. One solution for GaAs and other compound semiconductors is to deposit a low-bandgap alloy contact layer as opposed to a heavily doped layer. For example, GaAs itself has a smaller bandgap than AlGaAs and so a layer of GaAs near its surface can promote ohmic behavior. In general the technology of ohmic contacts for III-V and II-VI semiconductors is much less developed than for Si.
Material Contact materials
--------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Si Al, Al-Si, TiSi~2~, TiN, W, MoSi~2~, PtSi, CoSi~2~, WSi~2~
Ge In, AuGa, AuSb
GaAs [AuGe](http://www.siliconfareast.com/ohmic_table.htm), PdGe, PdSi, Ti/Pt/Au
GaN Ti/Al/Ni/Au, Pd/Au
InSb In
ZnO InSnO~2~, Al
CuIn~1−x~Ga~x~Se~2~ Mo, InSnO~2~
HgCdTe In
C (diamond) Ti/Au,Mo/Au
Transparent or semi-transparent contacts are necessary for active matrix LCD displays, optoelectronic devices such as laser diodes and photovoltaics. The most popular choice is indium tin oxide, a metal that is formed by reactive sputtering of an In-Sn target in an oxide atmosphere.
## Significance
The RC time constant associated with contact resistance can limit the frequency response of devices. The charging and discharging of the leads resistance is a major cause of power dissipation in high-clock-rate digital electronics. Contact resistance causes power dissipation by Joule heating in low-frequency and analog circuits (for example, solar cells) made from less common semiconductors. The establishment of a contact fabrication methodology is a critical part of the technological development of any new semiconductor. Electromigration and delamination at contacts are also a limitation on the lifetime of electronic devices
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# Dave Sinclair
**David Sinclair** (born 24 November 1947) is a British keyboardist (organ, piano, harpsichord, electric piano, Mellotron, Davolisint, etc.) associated with the psychedelic/progressive rock Canterbury Scene since the late 1960s. He became famous with the band Caravan and was responsible as a songwriter for creating some of their best-known tracks: \"For Richard\", \"Nine Feet Underground\", \"The Dabsong Conshirtoe\", \"Proper Job/Back to Front\".
## Biography
Sinclair was born in Herne Bay, Kent, England. Having started his musical career 1966--67 with the Wilde Flowers, he founded Caravan in 1968 with his cousin Richard Sinclair (bass/vocals), Pye Hastings (guitar/vocals), and Richard Coughlan (drums) and was in and out of the band for 35 years (so far 1968--71, 1973--75, 1979--82, 1990--2002). Over the course of Caravan\'s first three albums he developed his playing enormously on his favoured model of Hammond organ, the A-100 (similar in configuration and features to the B3 and C3 models, but slightly smaller in overall bulk), culminating in his soaring work on what is perhaps their most celebrated album, *In the Land of Grey and Pink* (1971).
*Calyx, The Canterbury Website*, compiled by the French music expert Aymeric Leroy, refers to him as \"master of the typical Canterbury organ sound/playing\". However, from the second album onwards, he also added other keyboards to his palette, including piano, harpsichord and Mellotron. On his return to Caravan for their fifth album, *For Girls Who Grow Plump in the Night*, he pioneered the Davolisint.
In between his stints with Caravan, he was a member of Matching Mole (1971--72), Hatfield and the North (1972--73), Polite Force (1976--77) and Camel (1978--1979).
In the early 2000s he released two solo albums, *Full Circle* and *Into the Sun* (both 2003). Since then, he has been engaged in a solo career, including concert appearances in Japan and England. A 30th anniversary re-release of his *Moon Over Man* album (originally issued on CD by Voiceprint in 1993) appeared in 2006. Like the earlier Voiceprint release, this consisted of demos for an unreleased solo album recorded 1976--77, featuring contributions from vocalists Tim Lynk and Gay Perez; however, the sound quality of the old analogue tapes was greatly improved and bonus tracks from the same sessions were added.
He moved to Kyoto, Japan in 2005. Since 2016, he lives in Yuge Island of Kamijima in the Seto Inland Sea.
Two solo albums, *PianoWorks1 -- Frozen in Time* and *Stream* (the latter featuring several distinguished guest artists) were released in 2010 and 2011 respectively; licensing problems initially prevented *Stream* from being officially issued outside Japan until 2015.
*The Little Things*, intended as a follow-up to *Stream*, was released in 2013, the Japanese version being slightly different in packaging and content from the international version.
In May 2015 a series of well-received concert dates with saxophonist Jimmy Hastings took place in Japan.
Dave Sinclair\'s most recent solo album, *Out of Sinc*, was released in June 2018. In 2021, he released a compilation album *Hook, Line & Sinclair*, containing unreleased demos, alternate versions and new material.
In October 2022, Dave released an episodic documentary mini-series, *Dave Sinclair \... The Lost Interview*, talking about his music career with Caravan, Matching Mole, Hatfield and the North and Camel. Made for non-profit media, the first completed episodes are exclusively available via his YouTube channel.
52 years after the release of *In the Land of Grey and Pink* (1971), on April 8th 2023, Dave\'s son Nic Sinclair, launched a crowdfunding campaign via Indiegogo. The campaign revealed that the original Hammond A-100 organ that Dave used with Caravan, Matching Mole and Hatfield and the North, was in need of immediate rescue and with a restoration project to follow. As of 2025, the organ restoration is ongoing with ambition to revive the original Caravan sound for new projects and live performance.
In May 2023, Dave listed his solo catalog on Bandcamp
In February 2025, Dave released a new album via his Bandcamp store. *Tears In His Eyes*, is a digital only album containing a collection of previously unreleased reworked versions of classic Caravan and solo tracks.
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# Dave Sinclair
## Discography
**Solo**
- 1993 -- Moon Over Man (Voiceprint VP119CD)
- 2003 -- Full Circle (DSincs-Music 001)
- 2003 -- Into The Sun (DSincs-Music 002)
- 2006 -- Moon Over Man \[30th Anniversary Edition\] (Eclectic Discs)
- 2009 -- Treasure Chest (DSincs-Music)
- 2010 -- Pianoworks I -- Frozen in Time (CRSCNT 001)
- 2011 -- Stream (CRSCNT 002)
- 2011 -- Makino \[Single\] (DSincs-Music)
- 2012 -- Blue Bread Song \[Single\] (DSincs-Music)
- 2013 -- The Little Things (DSincs-Music)
- 2018 -- Out Of Sinc (DSincs-Music)
- 2018 -- Island Of Dreams \[Single\] (DSincs-Music)
- 2021 -- Hook, Line & Sinclair (DSincs-Music)
- 2025 -- Tears In His Eyes (DSincs-Music)
**Caravan**
- 1969 -- Caravan (Verve VLP 6011 now released on HTD Records as HTDCD 65)
- 1970 -- If I Could Do It All Over Again I\'d Do It All Over You (Decca SKL-R 5052)
- 1971 -- In the Land of Grey and Pink (Deram SDL-R 1)
- 1973 -- For Girls Who Grow Plump in the Night (Deram SKL-R 12)
- 1974 -- Caravan and the New Symphonia (Decca SKL-R 1110)
- 1974 -- This Is Caravan (Metronome 2001 -- 200.164 / Brain -- 200.164)
- 1975 -- Cunning Stunts (Deram SKL-R 5210)
- 1980 -- The Album (Kingdom KVL 9003)
- 1980 -- The Best of Caravan Live (Kingdom 426002)
- 1982 -- Back to Front (Kingdom KVL 5011)
- 1984 -- The Collection (Kingdom KVL 6003)
- 1985 -- And I Wish I Were Stoned / Don't Worry (See For Miles 46)
- 1986 -- The Canterbury Collection (Kingdom 9028)
- 1991 -- BBC Radio 1 Live In Concert (Windsong International / Wind CD 003)
- 1991 -- With An Ear To The Ground (Alex 2341)
- 1991 -- Songs And Signs (Elite/ Pickwick/ Elite 002CDP)
- 1993 -- Live (Demon Code90 NINETY 2)
- 1994 -- Canterbury Tales (Decca / Deram 314 515 522-2)
- 1995 -- The Battle of Hastings (HTD Records HTDCD 41)
- 1996 -- All Over You (HTD Records HTDCD 57)
- 1997 -- Live from the Astoria (HTD Records HTDCD 79)
- 1997 -- The Best Of Caravan (See For Miles / 505)
- 1998 -- Songs For Oblivion Fishermen (HUX / HUX 002)
- 1998 -- Back On The Tracks (CoCaCamp ACT001)
- 1998 -- Ether Way (HUX / HUX 013)
- 1998 -- Show Of Our Lives (Mooncrest / Crest 036Z)
- 1999 -- All Over You Too (HTD Records HTDCD 102)
- 1999 -- Headloss (Delta / 47 007)
- 2000 -- Where But For Caravan Would I: An Anthology (Decca / 524 755-2)
- 2001 -- Travelling Ways (Sanctuary / Cmddd 276)
- 2002 -- Live At The Fairfield Halls, 1974 (Universal International / 882902)
- 2002 -- Green Bottles For Majorie (BBC)
- 1998 -- Back on the Tracks (CoCaCamp act001)
- 1999 -- All Over You Too (HTD Records HTDCD 102)
- 2003 -- The Unauthorized Breakfast Item (on 2 tracks) (Eclectic Discs ECL 1001)
- 2003 -- A Night's Tale -- Live In The USA (Classic Rock Legends)
- 2003 -- With Strings Attached (Classic Rock Legends) *\*unauthorised*
- 2003 -- Nowhere To Hide (Classic Rock Legends) *\*unauthorised*
- 2004 -- Grey, Pink & Gold (Retro R2CD 42-73) *\*unauthorised*
- 2006 -- The Show Of Our Lives -- Live at the BBC (Decca Deram 5301443)
- 2007 -- Rare Broadcasts \[Storming\] *\*unauthorised*
- 2008 -- A Hunting We Shall Go -- Live 1974 (The Store for Music) *\*unauthorised*
- 2010 -- The World Is Yours: The Anthology 1968-1976 \[Boxset\] (Decca)
- 2010 -- Live On Air (Southworld) *\*unauthorised*
- 2011 -- In The Land Of Grey And Pink (40th Anniversary Deluxe Edition) (Decca)
- 2012 -- All Over You And You Too (Talking Elephant)
- 2013 -- In The Land Of Grey And Pink -- Live (B13) *\*unauthorised*
- 2014 -- Place Of My Own: The Collection (Spectrum Audio)
- 2014 -- A Nights Tale -- Live At The Patriots Theater (The Store for Music) *\*unauthorised*
- 2015 -- All Access Pass (Demon)
- 2020 -- The Decca/Deram Years (An Anthology) 1970-1975 \[Boxset\] (Universal 7722812)
- 2021 -- Who Do You Think We Are? \[Boxset\] (Snapper Music)
**Camel/Mirage**
- 1978 -- Breathless (Deram 820 726-2)
- 1978 -- A Live Record \[Decca / DBCR 7/8\]
- 1995 -- Live 14th December 1994 \[Mirage Music\]
**Robert Wyatt**
- 1970 -- The End of an Ear (CBS 64189)
**Matching Mole**
- 1972 -- Matching Mole (CBS 64850)
- 2002 -- Matching Mole On The Radio (HUX HUX083)
**Richard Sinclair\'s Caravan of Dreams**
- 1992 -- Richard Sinclair\'s Caravan of Dreams (HTD CD7)
- 1993 -- An Evening of Magic (HTD CD 17)
**Polite Force**
- 1997 -- Canterbury Knights (Voiceprint VP187)
| 802 |
Dave Sinclair
| 1 |
3,744,392 |
# Dave Sinclair
## Filmography
- 1970: *Amougies: European Music Revolution*
- 2000: *Where But For Caravan Would I?: An Affectionate Tribute* (VHS)
- 2001: *Classic Rock Legends* (DVD)
- 2002: *A Night\'s Tale - Live In The USA* (DVD)
- 2004: *The Ultimate Anthology* (DVD) *\*unauthorised*
- 2007: *The Ultimate Collection* (DVD) *\*unauthorised*
- 2008: *The Story Of Beat-Club Volume 2 1968-1970* (DVD)
- 2008: *The Story Of Beat-Club Volume 3 1970-1972* (DVD)
- 2011: *In The Land Of Grey And Pink (40th Anniversary Deluxe Edition)* (DVD)
- 2014: *Access All Areas (DVD)*
- 2015: *Romantic Warriors III: Canterbury Tales* (DVD)
- 2016: *Got Canterbury?* (DVD)
- 2021: *Who Do You Think We Are?* (DVD)
- 2022: *Dave Sinclair \..
| 121 |
Dave Sinclair
| 2 |
3,744,399 |
# Estádio Olímpico Regional Jacy Miguel Scanagatta
**Estádio Olímpico Regional Jacy Miguel Scanagatta**, sometimes nicknamed **Olímpico** is a multi-use stadium in Cascavel, Brazil. It is currently used mostly for football matches and hosts the home games of Cascavel Clube Recreativo and Futebol Clube Cascavel, and hosted the home games of Cascavel Esporte Clube. The stadium is able to hold 28,125 people, and was built in 1982.
The stadium is owned by the Cascavel City Hall. The stadium is named after Arnaldo Busatto, who was an alderman (*vereador*, in Portuguese language), state deputy and federal deputy. But in 2023, the official name was changed to Jacy Miguel Scanagatta, the mayor who built it.
## History
In 1982, the works on the stadium were completed. The inaugural match was played on November 10 of that year, when São Paulo beat Cascavel 1-0. The first goal of the stadium was scored by São Paulo\'s Paulo César. The stadium\'s attendance record currently stands at 35,000, set in the inaugural match
| 166 |
Estádio Olímpico Regional Jacy Miguel Scanagatta
| 0 |
3,744,401 |
# Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union
**Autonomous oblasts of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics** were administrative units created for a number of smaller nations, which were given autonomy within the fifteen republics of the USSR.
According to the constitution of the USSR, in case of a union republic voting on leaving the Soviet Union, autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and autonomous okrugs had the right, by means of a referendum, to independently resolve whether they will stay in the USSR or leave with the seceding union republic, as well as to raise the issue of their state-legal status.
## Russian SFSR {#russian_sfsr}
While the 1978 Constitution of the RSFSR specified that the autonomous oblasts are subordinated to the krais, this clause was removed in the December 15, 1990, revision, when it was specified that the autonomous oblasts were to be directly subordinated to the Russian SFSR. In June 1991, five autonomous oblasts existed within the RSFSR, four of which were elevated to the status of republic on July 3, 1991:
Name Capital Established Krai `{{Nowrap|[[federal subjects of Russia]]}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------- ------------- ------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
Adyghe Autonomous Oblast Maykop 1922 Krasnodar Krai
Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast 1922 Altai Krai
Jewish Autonomous Oblast Birobidzhan 1934 Khabarovsk Krai
Cherkessk 1922 Stavropol Krai
Khakas Autonomous Oblast Abakan 1930
Other autonomous oblasts also existed at earlier points of the Soviet history. They were either merged together or promoted to autonomous republics:
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Name | Capital | Years of membership | Soviet successor |
+=======================================+=================+=====================+=====================================+
| Chechen Autonomous Oblast | Grozny | 1922--1934 | Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Ingush Autonomous Oblast | Vladikavkaz | 1924--1934 | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Cherkess Autonomous Oblast | Cherkessk | 1926--1957 | Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Karachay Autonomous Oblast | Karachayevsk | 1926--1943 | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast | Grozny | 1934--1936 | Chechen-Ingush ASSR |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Chuvash Autonomous Oblast | Cheboksary | 1920--1925 | Chuvash ASSR |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Oblast | Nalchik | 1921--1936 | Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast | Astrakhan\ | 1920--1935\ | Kalmyk ASSR |
| | Elista | 1957--1958 | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast | Pishpek | 1924--1926 | Kyrgyz ASSR |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Komi (Zyryan) Autonomous Oblast | Ust-Sysolsk | 1922--1936 | Komi ASSR |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Mari Autonomous Oblast | Krasnokokshaysk | 1920--1936 | Mari ASSR |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast | Vladikavkaz | 1924--1936 | North Ossetian ASSR |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Tuvan Autonomous Oblast | Kyzyl | 1944--1961 | Tuvan ASSR |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Udmurt Autonomous Oblast | Glazov\ | 1920--1934 | Udmurt ASSR |
| | Izhevsk | | |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast | Turtkul | 1925--1932 | Karakalpak ASSR |
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
## Other union republics {#other_union_republics}
The two autonomous oblasts in the South Caucasus region both became self-declared break-away states during the dissolution of the Soviet Union:
+------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------------------+--------------------+
| Name | Capital | Established | Soviet Socialist Republic | subject |
+====================================+=============+=============+===========================+====================+
| Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast | Khorog | 1925 | | \ |
| | | | | (Gorno-Badakhshan) |
+------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------------------+--------------------+
| Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast | Stepanakert | 1923 | | |
+------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------------------+--------------------+
| South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast | Tskhinvali | 1922 | | |
+------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------------------+--------------------+
Moldavian Autonomous Oblast was established in 1924 under Ukrainian SSR and became an autonomous republic (Moldavian ASSR) only months after its formation, a union republic (Moldavian SSR) in 1940, and now the independent Moldova. However, de facto, almost all original areas are controlled by Transnistria
| 589 |
Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union
| 0 |
3,744,413 |
# Kanamara Matsuri
The Shinto `{{nihongo3|"Festival of the Steel [[Phallus]]"|かなまら祭り|'''Kanamara Matsuri'''}}`{=mediawiki} is an annual Japanese festival held each spring at the `{{nihongo|'''Kanayama Shrine'''|金山神社|Kanayama-jinja}}`{=mediawiki} in Kawasaki, Japan. The exact dates vary: the main festivities fall on the first Sunday in April. The phallus, as the central theme of the event, is reflected in illustrations, candy, carved vegetables, decorations, and a *mikoshi* parade. The shrine is part of the Wakamiya Hachimangu Shrine and located near Kawasaki-Daishi Station.
The Kanamara Matsuri is centered on the Kanayama Shrine where the god Kanayama-hiko and the goddess Kanayama-hime are venerated. They are both gods of blacksmithing, metalsmithing, and metal works, and are also prayed to for easy childbirth, marital harmony, and protection from sexually transmitted infections.
The festival started in 1969. Today, it has become something of a tourist attraction and is used to raise money for HIV research.
## Mikoshi
At the Kanamara Festival, three portable shrines, \"Kanamara Mikoshi,\" \"Kanayama Boat Mikoshi,\" and \"Elizabeth Mikoshi,\" are patrolled.
Kanamara Mikoshi
: A portable shrine with a square base and a roof. A wooden phallus is housed inside. The oldest of the three portable shrines.
Kanamara Boat Mikoshi
: A portable shrine with a boat-shaped base and a roof. Inside, a glowing black iron phallus is housed upwards. It was donated by Hitachi Zosen.
Elizabeth Mikoshi
: A portable shrine with a huge pink dildo on the base. There is no roof. This portable shrine was donated by the crossdressing club (女装クラブ) \"Elizabeth Kaikan\" in Asakusabashi. The other two portable shrines are mainly carried by local parishioners, while the bearers are mainly women, who chant \"Kanamara\". In 2016 this shrine switched to being displayed on a wheeled trolley. In 2017, the cruising on the road was revived, but it was a one-way trip to Daishi Park, and after being covered with a white cloth in the park, it was pushed back to the shrine.
## Gallery
<File:Kanayama-shrine.jpg%7CKanayama> Shrine <File:Kanamara-mikoshi2.jpg%7CKanamara> mikoshi <File:Peniscandy
| 324 |
Kanamara Matsuri
| 0 |
3,744,417 |
# Henley's Additional Continental Regiment
**Henley\'s Additional Continental Regiment** was raised on January 12, 1777, with troops from Massachusetts and New Hampshire at Boston, Massachusetts for service with the Continental Army. The regiment saw action at the Battle of Monmouth and the Battle of Rhode Island. The Regiment was merged into the 16th Massachusetts Regiment on April 9, 1779
| 59 |
Henley's Additional Continental Regiment
| 0 |
3,744,423 |
# Coelho Neto
**Henrique Maximiano Coelho Neto** (February 20, 1864 -- November 28, 1934) was a Brazilian writer and politician. He founded and occupied the second chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, from 1897 until his death in 1934. He was also the president of the aforementioned Academy in 1926.
## Life
Coelho Neto was born in the city of Caxias, Maranhão, on February 20, 1864. His father was Portuguese, and his mother was an indigenous woman, Ana Silvestre Coelho. At six years of age, his parents moved to Rio de Janeiro. He began his education at the Externato of the Colégio Pedro II. He attempted medical school but soon gave up. In 1883 he enrolled at the University of São Paulo School of Law, living in the boarding house where also lived Raul Pompeia, who attended the Academy of São Paulo at that time. He soon found himself involved in a student movement against a professor. In anticipation of reprisals, he moved to the Law Faculty of Recife, where he completed the first year of law, having been a student of the jurist and poet Tobias Barreto. Returning to São Paulo, he devoted himself passionately to the abolitionist and Republican campaign, an attitude that led to new frictions with the University of São Paulo School of Law. In 1885 he finally abandoned his legal studies and moved to Rio de Janeiro.
He became part of a group of bohemians that included figures such as Olavo Bilac, Luís Murat, Guimarães Passos and Francisco de Paula Ney. The history of this generation appears later in his novels *A Conquista and Fogo Fátuo*, dedicated to his friend Francisco de Paula Ney, a brilliant orator and journalist known for his bohemian life style and his famous anecdotes. He joined the newspaper *Gazeta da Tarde*, later moving to the sheet *Cidade do Rio*, where he held the position of secretary. From this period date his first published volumes.
He was also a practitioner of the Afro-Brazilian martial art of capoeira. On August 6, 1888, a speech by Quintino Bocaiuva was attacked by hitmen led by an infamous street capoeirista named Benjamim, but Neto, who was in attendance, disarmed and submitted him.
In 1890, he married Maria Gabriela Brandão, daughter of educator Alberto Olympio Brandão. They had 14 children. One of those was the famous football player João Coelho Neto (known as \"Preguinho\").
He was appointed to the post of secretary of the government of the state of Rio de Janeiro and the following year, director of State Affairs. In 1892 he was appointed professor of art history at the Escola Nacional de Belas Artes (National School of Fine Arts) and, later, professor of literature at the Colégio Pedro II. Author of numerous books, articles, stories and serials, he was appointed professor of history of theater and dramatic literature at the Escola de Arte Dramática (Drama School) in 1910, and soon after director of the same institution.
He was elected congressman for Maranhão in 1909 and was reelected in 1917. He was also secretary-general of the League of National Defense and a member of the Advisory Board of the Municipal Theater of Rio de Janeiro.
In addition to holding public office, Coelho Neto maintained and intensified his activities in magazines and newspapers of all sizes, in Rio and other cities. In addition to signing works with his own name, he wrote under numerous pseudonyms, including Anselmo Ribas, Caliban, Ariel, Amador Santelmo, Blanco Canabarro, Charles Rouget, Democ, N. Puck, Tartarin, Fur-Fur and Manés.
In 1923, he converted to Spiritism, delivering a speech about his adoption of the spiritual doctrine in the Salão da Velha Guarda (Hall of the Old Guard) in Rio de Janeiro.
He was active in virtually all literary genres and was for many years the most widely read writer in Brazil. He wrote what could have been the first Brazilian serial movie, *The Mysteries of Rio de Janeiro*. However, only the first episode was ever completed.
He was probably the most widely read Brazilian writer in the first decades of the twentieth century. However, he and his work were attacked by the Modernists during the Modern Art Week (or Semana de Arte Moderna, in Portuguese) in 1922 and this probably contributed to his later neglect by publishers and the Brazilian public.
## Works
- *Romance Bárbaro* (1914)
- *O Mistério* (1920)
- *Fogo fátuo*, romance, (1929)
- *Álbum de Caliban*, contos, (1897)
- *Contos da vida e da morte*, contos, (1927)
- *Mano, Livro da Saudade*, romance, (1924)
- *A cidade maravilhosa*, contos, (1928)
- *O polvo*, romance (1924)
- *A descoberta da Índia*, narrativa histórica, (1898)
- *O Fruto*, contos, (1895)
- *O rei fantasma*, romance, (1895)
- *O Rajá de Pendjab* (1898)
- *Rapsódias*, contos, (1891)
- *Sertão* (1897)
- *A Bico de Penna*
- *Água de Juventa*, contos,
- *Romanceiro* (1898)
- *Theatro, vol. I* -- Os Raios X (1897), O Relicário (1899), O Diabo no corpo(1899)
- *Theatro, vol. II* -- As Estações, Ao Luar, Ironia, A Mulher, Fim de Raça (1900)
- *Theatro, vol. IV* -- Quebranto (1908), comédia em 3 actos, e o sainete Nuvem
- *Theatro, vol
| 862 |
Coelho Neto
| 0 |
3,744,429 |
# Coordinating Minister for National Security (Singapore)
The **Coordinating Minister for National Security** is an appointment in the Cabinet of Singapore, initially introduced in 2003 to cover both the security and defence of Singapore. However, the security and defence portfolios were dropped when the role was redesignated in 2005.
## List of officeholders {#list_of_officeholders}
The Coordinating Minister for National Security is appointed as part of the Cabinet of Singapore.
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+-------+-------+
| Portrait | Name\ | Took office | Left office | Party | |
| | `{{small|(Birth–Death)}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+=============================================================+=======================================+==============+==============+=======+=======+
| Coordinating Minister for Security and Defence (2003--2005) | | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+-------+-------+
| | **Tony Tan**\ | 1 August\ | 1 September\ | | PAP |
| | MP for Sembawang GRC\ | 2003 | 2005 | | |
| | (born 1940) | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+-------+-------+
| | | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+-------+-------+
| Coordinating Minister for National Security (2005--present) | | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+-------+-------+
| | **S
| 170 |
Coordinating Minister for National Security (Singapore)
| 0 |
3,744,438 |
# Tsutsui Sadatsugu
was a cousin and adopted son of Tsutsui Junkei, a feudal lord of the Yamato province. At the death of Junkei in 1584, he was relocated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi to Iga Province, where he built the Iga Ueno Castle.
In 1585, he participated at Hideyoshi Invasion of Shikoku against Chōsokabe clan.
In 1600, he took sides with the Tokugawa Ieyasu Eastern army in the Battle of Sekigahara.
In 1608, however, he was removed from his position by the Tokugawa shogunate, in an accusation of sloppy governance. In addition, the Tsutsui clan was forcefully abolished. The castle of Iga Ueno was accordingly taken over by Tōdō Takatora. The initial pretext of Sadatsugu\'s domain confiscation was because Sadatsugu\'s sloppy governance of the domain. However, historians arguing that the reason were because Sadatsugu behaved suspiciously visiting Toyotomi Hideyori at Osaka Castle, without the Shogunate approval, while the land which Sadatsugu occupied was considered as important military strategic location. Furthermore, it was more though that in Ieyasu perspective to strip the land and give it to the Todo clan as political strategy against the Toyotomi clan, as despite his patronage to the Toyotomi family, Tōdō Takatora were considered as a close ally of Ieyasu. Thus by making him to control the portions of Iga province, it could pushed more strategic locations to the influence of Shogunate without directly provoking the Toyotomi faction in Osaka.
In 1615, Sadatsugu was ordered by the Shogunate to commit suicide on charge of his secret communication with the people of Osaka Castle during Winter Siege of Osaka. However, his son, Tsutsui Juntei was killed in action during Summer Siege of Osaka. Later, the Tsutsui clan disappeared
| 280 |
Tsutsui Sadatsugu
| 0 |
3,744,449 |
# Lew Schneider
**Lew Schneider** (born July 18, 1961) is an American television producer, writer, director, actor and comedian.
## Career
In the fall of 1989, Schneider landed his first regular TV job as the host of the Nickelodeon game show, *Make the Grade*. He hosted the show until 1990. His stand-up act was featured on HBO\'s *One Night Stand* in 1992 and in guest appearances on Comedy Central\'s *Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist*. He starred in two TV sitcoms, *Wish You Were Here* (1990) and *Down the Shore* (1992--93).
Schneider appeared as Marty in the 2004 film comedy *Seeing Other People*.
Schneider began writing for television in 1993. His credits include *The George Wendt Show*, *The John Larroquette Show*, and *The Naked Truth*. He began writing for *Everybody Loves Raymond* in its first season and also served as a supervising and executive producer on the series. As part of the production team for *Raymond*, he was the recipient of two Emmys for Outstanding Comedy Series (2003 and 2005). Since *Everybody Loves Raymond*, he has written for the television shows *American Dad!*, *The New Adventures of Old Christine* and the Peabody Award-winning *Men of a Certain Age*. He is currently an executive producer and director on ABC\'s *The Goldbergs*.
Schneider\'s essays have been published in the anthologies, *Afterbirth: Stories You Won\'t Read in a Parenting Magazine* (St. Martin\'s Press) and *Fathers and Sons and Sports* (ESPN Books). He has also taught a writing course at the University of Pennsylvania.
He can frequently be heard as a contributor on *The Madeleine Brand Show* on KPCC.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Schneider was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and grew up in Brookline, Massachusetts, graduating from Brookline High School in 1979. He graduated cum laude from the University of Pennsylvania in 1983. While at Penn he got his first taste of sketch comedy as a member of the all-male musical and comedy performing troupe The Mask and Wig Club.
Schneider married Elizabeth Abbe in 1986, and the couple have three sons
| 338 |
Lew Schneider
| 0 |
3,744,451 |
# Lee's Additional Continental Regiment
**Lee\'s Additional Continental Regiment** was raised on January 12, 1777, with troops from Massachusetts at Cambridge, Massachusetts for service with the Continental Army. The regiment was commanded by Colonel William R. Lee, and saw action at the Battle of Monmouth and the Battle of Rhode Island. The Regiment was merged into the 16th Massachusetts Regiment on April 9, 1779. Its lineage is perpetuated by the 101st Engineer Battalion
| 73 |
Lee's Additional Continental Regiment
| 0 |
3,744,491 |
# Tsutsui Junkei
son of Tsutsui Junshō, and a *daimyō* of the province of Yamato. On 1571, Junkei, through the offices of Akechi Mitsuhide, pledged to service of Oda Nobunaga.
## Military life {#military_life}
Early in his career, in 1565, Matsunaga Hisahide, one of the most powerful warriors of the region, defeated Junkei and took Tsutsui Castle, but one year later in 1566, Junkei\'s Tsutsui castle was reclaimed after the battle against Hisahide, but shortly afterward he had to abandon it, following an order by Nobunaga.
In 1575, he joint the attack against the Echizen Ikkō-ikki, he participated in a unit among the forces from Yamato led by Harada Naomasa.
In 1577, by joining the forces of Oda Nobutada, along with Akechi Mitsuhide and Hosokawa Fujitaka, Junkei defeated Hisahide in Siege of Shigisan at Mount Shigi.
In 1578, He was then appointed to the position of *daimyō* over Yamato, and was allowed to build a new castle, which was called Kōriyama Castle, now in Yamatokōriyama, Nara.
He participated in the Siege of Itami (1579) against Araki Murashige and Tenshō Iga War in the Siege of Hijiyama in (1581) against forces of Iga Sōkoku Ikki.
In 1582, during the Battle of Yamazaki, Junkei refused to take either side and remained neutral awaiting the results of the battle at \"Hora ga toge\". This is the origin of the expression, \"To sit on Hora ga toge\", when referring to indecision.
In 1584, Junkei fought in the Komaki Campaign against Tokugawa Ieyasu and after battle, his governance over Yamato was guaranteed by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
## Death
Later on September 15, 1584, he died of illness. After Junkei\'s death, the Tsutsui clan was succeeded by Tsutsui Sadatsugu, a cousin and adopted son of Junkei. The Tsutsui Clan subsequently lost governance of Yamato to Toyotomi Hidenaga, Hideyoshi\'s half-brother. Sadatsugu themselves were moved to the Iga Province by orders of Hideyoshi
| 314 |
Tsutsui Junkei
| 0 |
3,744,492 |
# HMS Spartan (95)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
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unexpected '{'
{{Infobox ship image
^
``
| 20 |
HMS Spartan (95)
| 0 |
3,744,518 |
# Norman Gimbel
**Norman Gimbel** (November 16, 1927 -- December 19, 2018) was an American lyricist and songwriter of popular songs and themes to television shows and films. He wrote the lyrics for songs including \"Ready to Take a Chance Again\" (with composer Charles Fox) and \"Canadian Sunset\". He also co-wrote \"Killing Me Softly With His Song\". He wrote English-language lyrics for many international hits, including \"Sway\", \"Summer Samba\", \"The Girl from Ipanema\", \"How Insensitive\", \"Drinking-Water\", \"Meditation\", \"I Will Wait for You\" and \"Watch What Happens\". Of the movie themes he co-wrote, five were nominated for Academy Awards or Golden Globe Awards or both, including \"It Goes Like It Goes\", from the film *Norma Rae*, which won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for 1979. Gimbel was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1984.
## Background
Gimbel was born on November 16, 1927, in Brooklyn, New York City, the son of Lottie (Nass) and businessman Morris Gimbel. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Austria. He studied English at Baruch College and Columbia University.
## Career
### Early successes {#early_successes}
Gimbel was self-taught in music and following initial employment with music publisher David Blum, progressed to become a contract songwriter with Edwin H. Morris Music. He wrote the lyrics for the song \"Tennessee Wig Walk\" (aka \"The Tennessee Wig-Walk\"), composed by Larry Coleman and recorded by Bonnie Lou in 1953. Small successes and moderate fame came as a result of lively novelty songs \"Ricochet\", which was popularized in a 1953 recording by Teresa Brewer from which was developed the 1954 Judy Canova film *Ricochet Romance*, and \"A Whale of a Tale\", sung by Kirk Douglas in another 1954 production, Disney\'s *20,000 Leagues Under the Sea*. Greater success was earned with Dean Martin\'s recording of \"Sway\", for which Gimbel wrote English lyrics for the song, which was originally in Spanish. It reached #6 on the UK Singles Chart, followed by his first big success, Andy Williams\' rendition of \"Canadian Sunset\", which scored a #1 in 1956.
### Two Broadway musicals {#two_broadway_musicals}
Top songwriter Frank Loesser became Gimbel\'s mentor and, through Loesser, he met composer Moose Charlap with whom he wrote the first of his numerous songs to appear in films, \"Past the Age of Innocence\", from the 1951 Monogram musical, *Rhythm Inn*.
At the end of the decade, he collaborated with Charlap on the only Broadway musicals for which he wrote lyrics, *Whoop-Up* and *The Conquering Hero*. *Whoop-Up* opened at the Shubert Theatre on December 22, 1958, and, despite some encouraging reviews, ended after a disappointing 56 performances on February 7, 1959.
The opening night of *Conquering Hero* was almost two years later, on January 16, 1961. Ultimately, *Hero* fared even worse than *Whoop-Up*, closing on January 21, after only 7 performances.
### English lyrics for foreign songs {#english_lyrics_for_foreign_songs}
In 1963, Gimbel was introduced by music publisher Lou Levy to a group of young Brazilian bossa nova composers, including Antônio Carlos Jobim, Luiz Bonfá and Baden Powell, for whose works he started writing English-language lyrics, the kind of work he had previously done for \"Sway\". Most notably, he created the lyrics for Marcos Valle\'s \"Summer Samba,\" also known as \"So Nice\", as well as Jobim\'s \"How Insensitive\", \"The Girl from Ipanema\" (turning it into a top hit for Astrud Gilberto) and \"Meditation\", which has gained the status of a \"classic\" in the jazz and bossa nova genres. He also provided the lyrics for French composers Michel Legrand (two themes from *The Umbrellas of Cherbourg*---\"Watch What Happens\" and the Oscar-nominated \"I Will Wait for You\"), Eddy Marnay and Emil Stern (\"Amazing\") and singer-composer Gilbert Bécaud (\"You\'ll See\" and other songs). He also provided the lyrics for Belgian jazz harmonica player Toots Thielemans (\"Bluesette\").\"Only Love\" sung by Nana Mouskouri -- No 2 United Kingdom (performed in a Command Performance for the Queen Mother).
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# Norman Gimbel
## Career
### Career as a lyricist of film songs and TV themes {#career_as_a_lyricist_of_film_songs_and_tv_themes}
In October 1968, Norman Gimbel moved to Los Angeles, where he became active in film and television. Among the Hollywood composers with whom he worked were Elmer Bernstein, Bill Conti, Jack Elliott, Charles Fox, Dave Grusin, Maurice Jarre, Quincy Jones, Fred Karlin, Francis Lai, Peter Matz, Lalo Schifrin, David Shire and Patrick Williams.
Gimbel received four Golden Globes nominations, the first of which was for the song \"Circles in the Water,\" with music by Francis Lai), written for the American distribution of the 1967 French film *Live for Life*, while the second honored \"Stay\" (with composer Ernest Gold), heard in the 1969 film *The Secret of Santa Vittoria.* The other two were for the songs \"Richard\'s Window,\" from 1975\'s *The Other Side of the Mountain,* and \"Ready to Take a Chance Again\", used in 1978\'s *Foul Play.* Both songs, whose lyrics Gimbel wrote to music that had been composed by Charles Fox, his most frequent collaborator, were also nominated for Oscars.
In 1971, Gimbel and Fox signed 19-year-old singer-songwriter Lori Lieberman to a management contract, taking 20% of her income---double the usual amount. Aged 44 years, Gimbel began an extra-marital affair with Lieberman which would last several years. Gimbel said that he relied on Lieberman to inspire his songwriting creativity since he had passed the most creative days of his youth: \"Now I need a reason to write, and Lori is one of the best reasons a lyricwriter could have.\" Lieberman was inspired by a performance of Don McLean to write some lyrics for a song; she shared these with Gimbel who fleshed out the lyrics while Fox wrote the music. Lieberman, Gimbel and Fox collaborated on the song\'s title, adapted from Gimbel\'s notebook of ideas. The song became \"Killing Me Softly with His Song\", which Lieberman recorded in 1972 in the folk style. Gimbel and Fox produced the song and took full writing credit, cutting Lieberman out of future profits. Roberta Flack heard this version and remade the song in her own style in 1973, creating a hit. The song was very profitable for Gimbel, and won him his second Grammy Award for Song of the Year.
Also in 1973, the Gimbel and Fox song \"I Got a Name\", recorded by Jim Croce and used in the 1973 film *The Last American Hero,* was voted Best Film Song by the Young New York Film Critics. In 1979, Gimbel had his only Emmy nomination for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for *The Paper Chase,* which he again shared with Fox. Los Angeles theater work with Fox included a rock/pop version of *A Midsummer Night\'s Dream* for the city\'s Shakespeare Festival, seen at the Ford Amphitheatre, and *The Eleventh*, which played the Sunset Theater. The year 1980 was a banner year at the Oscars for Norman Gimbel with a win for Best Original Song, (\"It Goes Like It Goes\"), written with David Shire for the film *Norma Rae.*
Continuing his working relationship with Charles Fox, Gimbel wrote lyrics for the theme songs of many TV series, including *The Bugaloos,* *Happy Days,* *Laverne & Shirley,* *Angie,* *Wonder Woman,* the Emmy-winning theme for *The Paper Chase,* and the song score for *Pufnstuf,* the 1970 film version of the 1969--71 Saturday-morning children\'s series *H.R. Pufnstuf.*
In 1984, Gimbel was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame, and continued to be active in film into 2009. He wrote all the songs, including \"A World Without Fences\", for Disney\'s 2001 direct-to-video animated feature *Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp\'s Adventure*, receiving a nomination for the Video Premiere Award, in addition to having provided song scores for *The Phantom Tollbooth* (1969), *Where\'s Poppa?* (1970), *A Troll in Central Park* (1994) and *The Thief and the Cobbler* (a/k/a *Arabian Knight*) (1995 U.S. version). Over the years, his songs were used in over ninety films, with some of the most popular titles, such as \"The Girl from Ipanema\", heard in 1997\'s *Deconstructing Harry,* 2002\'s *Catch Me If You Can,* 2005\'s *V for Vendetta* and *Mr. & Mrs. Smith* and 2007\'s *The Invasion,* and \"Sway\" heard in 2004\'s *Shall We Dance?* and *2046*, 2006\'s *Bella*, 2007\'s *No Reservations* and 2008\'s *Paris.* Additional films which used his songs include 1980\'s *Cloud Dancer* (with composer Fred Karlin), 1984\'s *Johnny Dangerously* (with composer John Morris), 2006\'s *Invincible* (\"I Got a Name\") and *Click* (\"So Nice\") and the 2007 French film *Roman de Gare,* which featured his English-language lyrics to Gilbert Bécaud\'s \"You\'ll See\".
He had been a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts And Sciences since 1970.
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
Norman Gimbel was married twice, to model Elinor Rowley and then to lawyer Victoria Carver; both marriages ended in divorce. He had four children. Gimbel died on December 19, 2018, at his home in Montecito, California, aged 91
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# Janne Corax
**Janne Corax** (born 1967) is a Swedish cyclist, mountaineer and explorer. He has traveled in 110 countries and cycled more than 82,500 km. He lives in Målilla in southern Sweden.
In 2003 he and Nadine Saulnier made a cycle crossing of the uninhabited and trackless 5,000-metre-high Chang Tang plateau of Northern Tibet. The crossing resulted in a short film, *Too Tired*, which was part of the series \"Into The Unknown\" on National Geographic\'s international channel. Corax wrote an article about his crossing in the *Japanese Alpine News*.
During later trips in Tibet, Corax claimed the first ascents of several 6,000-metre Tibetan mountains
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# Plugtest
A **plugtest** or **plugfest** is an event based on a certain technical standard where the designers of electronic equipment or software test the interoperability of their products or designs with those of other manufacturers. It could be literally plugging company A\'s cable into company B\'s socket, or a more elaborate test resembling a realistic scenario.
The technical goal is twofold: check compliance to the standard, and test the effectiveness of the standard. The latter could be the case when the standard is ambiguous. A simplified example is: the width of a plug is prescribed but vendors use different lengths.
Plugtests can be formal and have public test scores or informal and private. Besides helping vendors improve their interoperability, plugtests help create awareness about the standard and can improve transparency on compliancy.
## Examples
- The CEA organizes PlugFests for interoperability testing between HDMI, sink, and repeater devices.
- VESA organizes PlugTests for DisplayPort device designers and vendors.
- PlugTests organized for USB device vendors, and cable operators testing DOCSIS interoperability.
- OpenDoc Society arranges OpenDocument ODF Plugfests in conjunction with industry associations including the OpenForum Europe, OpenUK and the UK Government Digital Service
- The SCSI Trade Association organizes regular Serial Attached SCSI plugfests to test for early device interoperability.
- The EEBUS Initiative e.V. organizes plugfests before releasing new use case specifications in order to test the practicability and robustness of device interoperability. The participants define in advance a set of cross-industry use cases, which they then implement and test for mutual interoperability (E.g. the electric vehicle communicates with the household energy management system in order to avoid load peaks)
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# Lost Coast Brewery
**Lost Coast Brewery** is an independent brewery located in Eureka, California. It produces year-round and seasonal beers and has received various awards from both local and national brewing organizations.
Between 1990 and 2011, the brewery expanded production to 60,000 barrels per year. A larger production facility built in 2014 permits 200,000 to 600,000 barrels annually.
## History
Lost Coast Brewery was founded by Wendy Pound and Barbara Groom in 1989. It is one of only two female-owned breweries in Humboldt County, along with Six Rivers Brewery in McKinleyville.
Pound and Groom developed the idea in 1986 and spent three years on research and development including visits to English and Welsh pubs, home experimentation and refining their techniques. In 1989, they bought the Fraternal Order of the Knights of Pythias Pythian Castle and opened the brewery and pub there in 1990. The brewery outgrew the original location and moved to a larger building in Eureka in 1994, where by 2011, they produced 60,000 barrels of beer, making it the 46th largest brewery in the U.S. despite distribution in only 19 states at the time.
In 2012, the U.S. Brewers Association named Lost Coast Brewery one of the top 50 (by volume) craft and overall breweries, and listed it as number 38 on their nationwide ranking. Following a decade of nearly 20 percent `{{linktext|per annum}}`{=mediawiki} growth, Lost Coast employed 80 people and announced a \$15 million new free-standing facility in Eureka, on a 9.3 acre site. The plan allowed them to open a facility producing between 200,000 and 600,000 barrels annually.
In 2013, Lost Coast Brewery distributed beer to 21 states of U.S and 11 nations.
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# Lost Coast Brewery
## Products
Lost Coast brews both year-round and seasonal beers.
- *Great White* is an unfiltered, Belgian Witbier. Its base is malted barley and unmalted wheat with citrus and Humboldt county herbs. In 2002 and 2003, Lost Coast\'s Great White Ale was a silver medalist at the California State Fair.
- *Tangerine Wheat* is a wheat beer flavored with lemon. The *Los Angeles Times* called it a \"charming outdoor sipper as the weather warms, and it has real potential as a food beer\".
- *Downtown Brown* was the first beer distributed by Lost Coast Brewery. It\'s a lightly hopped dark malt ale. In 1993, it won a bronze medal in the American Brown Ale category at the Great American Beer Festival. From 1997 through 2000, Downtown Brown was voted the number one beer in the Time Standard Reader\'s Choice Awards, and won first place at the 2000 West Coast Beer Fest. In 2002, Downtown Brown received a gold medal at the LA County Fair and another gold in 2003 at the California State Fair.
- *Alleycat Amber* is a burgundy-orange ale with a sweet aroma, a caramel flavor, and slight bitterness. At the 1997 California Brewer\'s Fest, the Alleycat Amber won both a gold medal and Best in Show. At the California State Fair in 1999 and 2002, Alleycat was the Bronze Medal beer.
- *8-Ball Stout* is an ale brewed with malts roasted like coffee beans to give the beer its color and flavor. This stout was a two-time gold medalist at the Los Angeles County Fair in 2004 and 2005. It also won silver medals at the California State Fair in 2002 and 2003.
- *Indica India Pale Ale* is an ale brewed with hops, herbs, and citrus flavors. Indica India Pale Ale was recognized as one of the World\'s \"Must Taste Beers\" in the 2003 \"All About Beer Magazine\". The label design caused religious controversy in 2004. A lawsuit on the design went to the California Supreme Court which decided the label was protected by free speech. The design was subsequently modified slightly. The controversy has been discussed by the Parliament of India and resulted in dozens of angry complaints since. The beer won a gold medal at the Los Angeles County Fair (2004), at the Humboldt County Fair (2001, 2003, 2006) and second place at the California State Fair (2012).
- *Fogcutter Double IPA*
- *Revenant IPA*
- *Hazy IPA*
- *Watermelon Wheat*
- *Raspberry Brown* is Lost Coast Brewery\'s Downtown Brown with an infusion of raspberry and chocolate malt flavor. In 2003, the Raspberry Brown was voted best in California by the United States Beer Tasting Championships.
- *Winterbraun* is a seasonal \"winter warmer.\" The ale uses Saaz hops, and chocolate and caramel malts that are added at the end of the brewing process. Winterbraun placed second in the 1998 World Beer Championship
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# 1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
The 1998--99 season was Manchester United\'s seventh season in the FA Premier League and their 24th consecutive season in the top division of English football. After finishing the previous season without winning any titles, United won the Treble of the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League in 1998--99, the first side in English football to do so. During the campaign, United lost only five times: in the Charity Shield against Arsenal; in the fifth round of the League Cup against eventual winners Tottenham Hotspur; and three times in the league, including their only home loss all season, against Middlesbrough in December 1998. A run of 33 games unbeaten in all competitions began on 26 December at home to Nottingham Forest, whom they also beat 8--1 away from home in February 1999, Manchester United\'s record away win in the Premier League. The season was characterised by comebacks, particularly in the FA Cup fourth round against Liverpool and the semi-finals of the Champions League against Juventus, but none more so than in the Champions League final, when Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored in injury time to overturn Bayern Munich\'s early lead.
Veteran players Gary Pallister and Brian McClair had left the club before the season began, but their replacements (Dutch defender Jaap Stam from PSV Eindhoven and Trinidadian striker Dwight Yorke from Aston Villa) were both signed for club record fees. In November 1998, goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel announced his intention to leave the club after eight years at Old Trafford, joining Sporting CP at the end of the season. The club was at the centre of a takeover bid of more than £600 million from BSkyB early in the season, but that was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission in March 1999.
Fans and writers regard the Treble as manager Alex Ferguson\'s greatest achievement. In recognition of his success, Ferguson was awarded a knighthood, and handed the Freedom of the City of Glasgow in November 1999. David Beckham was named UEFA Club Footballer of the Year for the 1998--99 season, and was runner-up to Rivaldo for 1999\'s Ballon d\'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards. Their achievement has only been matched once by an English club: by local rivals Manchester City in the 2022--23 season.
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# 1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
## Friendlies
Manchester United played four pre-season matches ahead of the 1998--99 campaign, starting with a 4--3 defeat away to Birmingham City. They then went on a three-match tour of Scandinavia, starting with a 2--2 draw against Vålerenga, before comprehensive wins over Brøndby (6--0) and Brann (4--0). After the season began, they also played a friendly against a Europe XI selected by former striker Eric Cantona as a belated memorial to the Munich air disaster, which happened 40 years earlier; Cantona played for both teams during the match, which Manchester United won 8--4. A testimonial for Teddy Scott was scheduled against Aberdeen at Pittodrie in January; United lost 7--6 on penalties after a 1--1 draw in 90 minutes.
+-----------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| Date | Opponents | H / A | Result\ | Scorers | Attendance |
| | | | F--A | | |
+=================+==========================+=======+=============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+===========================================================================+============+
| 25 July 1998 | Birmingham City | A | [3--4](https://web.archive.org/web/20111025182732/http://www.sportinglife.com/football/premiership/manu/reports/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer%2F98%2F07%2F25%2FSOCCER_Birmingham_Nightlead.html&TEAMHD=manu&DIV=prem&TEAM=MANCHESTER--UNITED&RH=Manchester--United&PREV_SEASON=1997&BID=) | Mulryne (3, 1 pen.) 21\', 38\', 56\' | 20,708 |
+-----------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 27 July 1998 | Vålerenga | A | [2--2](https://web.archive.org/web/20111025170620/http://www.sportinglife.com/football/premiership/manu/reports/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer%2F98%2F07%2F27%2Fmanual_211132.html&TEAMHD=manu&DIV=prem&TEAM=MANCHESTER--UNITED&RH=Manchester--United&PREV_SEASON=1997&BID=) | Scholes 12\', Solskjær 14\' | 19,700 |
+-----------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 31 July 1998 | Brøndby | A | [6--0](https://web.archive.org/web/20111025175807/http://www.sportinglife.com/football/premiership/manu/reports/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer%2F98%2F07%2F31%2FSOCCER_Man_Utd.html&TEAMHD=manu&DIV=prem&TEAM=MANCHESTER--UNITED&RH=Manchester--United&PREV_SEASON=1997&BID=) | Sheringham (2) 33\', 71\', Scholes 44\', Cole (2) 66\', 84\', Cruyff 90\' | 27,022 |
+-----------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 4 August 1998 | Brann | A | [4--0](https://web.archive.org/web/20111025180716/http://www.sportinglife.com/football/premiership/manu/reports/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer%2F98%2F08%2F04%2FSOCCER_Man_Utd.html&TEAMHD=manu&DIV=prem&TEAM=MANCHESTER--UNITED&RH=Manchester--United&PREV_SEASON=1997&BID=) | Irwin (3) 43\', 44\' (pen.), 55\' (pen.), Cole 82\' | 16,100 |
+-----------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 18 August 1998 | Eric Cantona European XI | H | [8--4](https://web.archive.org/web/20111025185511/http://www.sportinglife.com/football/premiership/manu/reports/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer%2F98%2F08%2F18%2FSOCCER_Cantona_Nightlead.html&TEAMHD=manu&DIV=prem&TEAM=MANCHESTER--UNITED&RH=Manchester--United&PREV_SEASON=1997&BID=) | P. Neville, Butt, Scholes, Giggs, Cantona, Cruyff, Notman (2) | 55,121 |
+-----------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
| 18 January 1999 | Aberdeen | A | [1--1](https://web.archive.org/web/20111025175646/http://www.sportinglife.com/football/premiership/manu/reports/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer%2F99%2F01%2F18%2FSOCCER_Aberdeen_Nightlead.html&TEAMHD=manu&DIV=prem&TEAM=MANCHESTER--UNITED&RH=Manchester--United&PREV_SEASON=1997&BID=)\ | Johnsen 51\' | 21,500 |
| | | | (6--7p) | | |
+-----------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+
**Colours:** Green = Manchester United win; Yellow = draw; Red = opponents win.
## FA Charity Shield {#fa_charity_shield}
The first competitive game of the season was the Charity Shield on 9 August 1998 at Wembley Stadium in front of a crowd of 67,342, which United lost 3--0 to the previous season\'s double winners Arsenal. Roy Keane made his comeback after almost a year out injured and Jaap Stam made his debut in central defence.
+---------------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+------------+
| Date | Opponents | H / A | Result\ | Scorers | Attendance |
| | | | F--A | | |
+===============+===========+=======+======================================================================================================+=========+============+
| 9 August 1998 | Arsenal | N | [0--3](https://web.archive.org/web/20001202163500/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=100048) | | 67,342 |
+---------------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+------------+
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# 1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
## FA Premier League {#fa_premier_league}
### August
On the opening weekend of the season, Manchester United faced Leicester City at Old Trafford, and went a goal down within seven minutes, when Emile Heskey turned in Muzzy Izzet\'s cross via the crossbar. Tony Cottee -- the scorer in the previous season\'s corresponding fixture -- added a second with 15 minutes remaining. A long-range shot from David Beckham deflected in off Teddy Sheringham three minutes later, before Beckham himself got on the scoresheet with a direct free kick to salvage a point for the home side, setting a precedent for things to come. The team\'s first away game followed at West Ham United, but despite the debut of striker Dwight Yorke, United were held to a goalless draw. Beckham, who had become a national hate figure after his dismissal at the World Cup, received a torrid reception by the home supporters, with every touch of the ball made by him jeered at. Bottles and stones were directed at the team bus prior to kick-off. After the game, Ferguson, his players, and the Manchester United staff refused to be interviewed by the press or television.
### September
Manchester United recorded their first win of the season on 9 September, beating newly promoted Charlton Athletic 4--1. Yorke and Ole Gunnar Solskjær each scored a brace to overturn the visitors\' early lead. The match was marred by demonstrations in and around Old Trafford against the proposed takeover of the club by BSkyB. Obscene chants were directed at chairman Martin Edwards, who had given his support to the merger. A 2--0 victory against Coventry City the following week, thanks to goals from Yorke and Ronny Johnsen, gave United confidence ahead of their UEFA Champions League opener against Barcelona, but a 3--0 defeat to champions Arsenal left the team in 10th place after five matches. This was Arsène Wenger\'s third straight league victory over Ferguson (four in all competitions); goals from Tony Adams, Nicolas Anelka and Freddie Ljungberg condemned Manchester United to their heaviest away defeat in more than two years. To compound the misery, midfielder Nicky Butt, who had been sent off in the Champions League match earlier in the week, was handed a second red card in the space of four days for a foul on French international Patrick Vieira. United ended the month with a win, beating rivals Liverpool 2--0 to move into fifth spot.
### October
A trip to face Southampton at The Dell on 3 October was taken with caution given United\'s return from Munich in the Champions League and winless record at the ground. United had lost to Southampton on each of their last three visits, including a 6--3 defeat in 1996. Andy Cole was paired with Yorke for only the second time in the season, a tactic that paid off as both got on the scoresheet. Substitute Jordi Cruyff added a third in the 75th minute to move United into second place in the table, four points behind leaders Aston Villa going into the international break. Raimond van der Gouw who deputised for injured goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel at Southampton featured again at home to Wimbledon, a match that Manchester United won 5--1, the biggest win of the season at Old Trafford. Ryan Giggs, Beckham, Yorke and Cole (twice) all scored; Ferguson in particular hailed the contribution of 19-year-old defender Wes Brown. United earned a point away at Derby County on 24 October, and beat Everton 4--1 at Goodison Park on Halloween to cut the gap at the top to just a point.
### November
Manchester United failed to score at home for the first and only time of the season against Newcastle United, but made amends with a 3--2 victory over bottom team Blackburn Rovers. Defensive frailties, most notably from Schmeichel, who had announced his intention to leave Manchester United at the end of the season, were on show away to Sheffield Wednesday as the team missed the chance to go top of the table, losing 3--1. A brace from winger Niclas Alexandersson and a debut goal scored by Wim Jonk consigned Ferguson to his second defeat in the league and extended a barren run at Hillsborough; United had won only a single game in their last eight visits. On 29 November, Manchester United hosted Leeds United; Leeds opened the scoring with just under half an hour played, but a goal either side of half-time gave United the lead. Leeds equalised in the 52nd minute, but a moment of brilliance from Butt secured the three points for the Red Devils and kept up the pressure on the challengers.
### December
Three straight draws followed in December, the first away to league leaders Aston Villa. United were fortunate to pick up a point given their opponents\' dominance in the second half, and were careless at Tottenham Hotspur, throwing away a 2--0 lead. Solskjær put United two goals ahead, but in the 39th minute Gary Neville received a red card for a second bookable offence, tugging on David Ginola\'s shirt. Spurs captain Sol Campbell brought his team back into the match with 20 minutes remaining and on the cusp of stoppage time powered a header in the top left-hand corner, sparking jubilant scenes at White Hart Lane; despite losing the lead, the result put United top of the league on goal difference ahead of Aston Villa, who faced Arsenal the following day. Chelsea grabbed a creditable draw at Old Trafford to stake their championship credentials four days later and United, who were without their manager Ferguson for the Middlesbrough game were beaten 3--2; it was their last defeat of the season. On Boxing Day, the team collected their only win in the month of December against Nottingham Forest followed by a goalless draw at Stamford Bridge in the last match of 1998 to solidify their position in the top four.
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# 1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
## FA Premier League {#fa_premier_league}
### January
A power cut at Old Trafford delayed proceedings against West Ham on 10 January, a match that ended 4--1 to Manchester United. The partnership of Yorke and Cole was starting to click, evident in the 6--2 win at Leicester City. Five goals were scored in the second half -- including a hat-trick for Yorke and Stam\'s only goal for the club -- cutting Chelsea\'s lead at the top to two points. On 31 January, Manchester United moved a point clear at the top of the league for the first time in the season. Yorke\'s late header in the 89th minute made the 1--0 victory at Charlton Athletic their third consecutive league win (fifth in the month). Ferguson praised the team\'s resolve, adding, \"It\'s a good result for us, because there are games where you have to dig in and find a result.\"
### February
That winning streak extended to five matches in February, starting with a 1--0 victory at home to Derby County on 3 February to move four points ahead of Chelsea, followed by an 8--1 win against Nottingham Forest at the City Ground; after Yorke and Cole had scored two goals each, Ole Gunnar Solskjaer came off the bench and scored four times in the space of ten minutes to record the biggest away win in Premier League history, a record that would stand for more than 20 years. Ron Atkinson, the manager of Nottingham Forest and Alex Ferguson\'s predecessor as Manchester United manager, declared Manchester United to be the best team in the league by \"a country mile\", and Ferguson was now handed a selection dilemma ahead of the clash against Arsenal on 17 February. The Gunners were without Dennis Bergkamp, Emmanuel Petit and Martin Keown, and conceded an early penalty when Ray Parlour brought down Johnsen. Yorke missed, shooting wide of the right-hand post, and was made to pay early in the second half as Nwankwo Kanu\'s through-ball found striker Anelka, who put his team into the lead. Given Arsenal\'s defensive record, another clean sheet looked to be on the cards until a header by Cole just after the hour mark drew the game level. From then on, United had several chances to win the game, but a point each left the title race finely balanced. Back-to-back wins, starting with a 1--0 victory at Coventry on 20 February, followed by a 2--1 win at home to Southampton a week later, maintained United\'s grip on top spot.
### March and April {#march_and_april}
Cup duties were the main priority in March as United played only two league fixtures: away to Newcastle and at home to Everton. Two wins out of two, including two goals by Cole against his former club, Newcastle, helped United become the first team to reach 60 points in the season.
Manchester United could only manage a 1--1 draw at Wimbledon on 3 April as Beckham\'s well-drilled shot cancelled out Jason Euell\'s opener in the fifth minute. Despite several of the first-team members being rested for the Juventus tie, United won 3--0 at Old Trafford against Sheffield Wednesday and battled well to earn a point against Leeds at Elland Road after the midweek tie at Juventus; however, the result allowed Arsenal to move to the top of the table for the first time in the season, albeit having played one game more, after scoring six against Middlesbrough at the Riverside.
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# 1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
## FA Premier League {#fa_premier_league}
### May
Another victory over Aston Villa on 1 May put United back on top of the league, but Arsenal\'s win at Derby the next day restored the champions\' slender advantage. Against Liverpool at Anfield, Ferguson restored the Cole--Yorke strike partnership, and within 23 minutes the latter scored the opener from a Beckham cross. In the second half, United were awarded a penalty for a challenge on Jesper Blomqvist by Jamie Carragher, which Denis Irwin successfully converted; however, Irwin was sent off in the 75th minute for a second bookable offence just after Jamie Redknapp scored through a penalty to give Liverpool hope. Former United midfielder Paul Ince scrambled the equaliser two minutes from time. The United manager did not hide his discomfort, adding that he thought \"the referee handed it to them\". On the same night, Arsenal convincingly beat rivals Tottenham to move three points clear, having still played a game more. Wenger was adamant that United were marginal favourites, but it was clear the title race would be decided on the final day, as it had been in 1995.
With three games remaining, Yorke scored his 29th goal of the season at Middlesbrough to help his team return to the top of the table. Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink\'s late winner against Arsenal two days later all but ended Wenger\'s chances of retaining the league championship. United now needed only four points, one of them gained at Ewood Park, in the process relegating Blackburn Rovers, who were now managed by former United assistant manager Brian Kidd. Manchester United eventually secured the championship, their fifth in seven seasons, on the final day; after Les Ferdinand had put Tottenham ahead, goals from Beckham and Cole either side of half-time gave United a 2--1 win that rendered Arsenal\'s victory over Aston Villa irrelevant.
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| Date | Opponents | H / A | Result\ | Scorers | Attendance | League\ |
| | | | F--A | | | position |
+===================+=====================+=======+=====================================================================================================+==============================================================================+============+==========+
| 15 August 1998 | Leicester City | H | [2--2](https://web.archive.org/web/20001217063800/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10002) | Sheringham 79\', Beckham 90\' | 55,052 | 7th |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 22 August 1998 | West Ham United | A | [0--0](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/156542.stm) | | 26,039 | 11th |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 9 September 1998 | Charlton Athletic | H | [4--1](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/167874.stm) | Solskjær (2) 39\', 63\', Yorke 45\', 48\' | 55,147 | 9th |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 12 September 1998 | Coventry City | H | [2--0](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/170238.stm) | Yorke 20\', Johnsen 48\' | 55,193 | 5th |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 20 September 1998 | Arsenal | A | [0--3](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/176034.stm) | | 38,142 | 10th |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 24 September 1998 | Liverpool | H | [2--0](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/179618.stm) | Irwin 19\' (pen.), Scholes 80\' | 55,181 | 5th |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 3 October 1998 | Southampton | A | [3--0](https://web.archive.org/web/20000519202333/http://manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10009) | Yorke 12\', Cole 60\', Cruyff 75\' | 15,251 | 2nd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 17 October 1998 | Wimbledon | H | [5--1](https://web.archive.org/web/20001217193300/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10010) | Cole (2) 19\', 88\', Giggs 45\', Beckham 47\', Yorke 52\' | 55,265 | 2nd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 24 October 1998 | Derby County | A | [1--1](https://web.archive.org/web/20001217204800/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10011) | Cruyff 86\' | 30,867 | 2nd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 31 October 1998 | Everton | A | [4--1](https://web.archive.org/web/20000615084053/http://manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10012) | Yorke 14\', Short 23\' (o.g.), Cole 59\', Blomqvist 64\' | 40,079 | 2nd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 8 November 1998 | Newcastle United | H | [0--0](https://web.archive.org/web/20001218012300/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10013) | | 55,174 | 3rd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 14 November 1998 | Blackburn Rovers | H | [3--2](https://web.archive.org/web/20001218023600/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10014) | Scholes (2) 31\', 59\', Yorke 43\' | 55,198 | 2nd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 21 November 1998 | Sheffield Wednesday | A | [1--3](https://web.archive.org/web/20001218071000/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10015) | Cole 29\' | 39,475 | 2nd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 29 November 1998 | Leeds United | H | [3--2](https://web.archive.org/web/20001209195700/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10016) | Solskjær 45\', Keane 46\', Butt 78\' | 55,172 | 2nd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 5 December 1998 | Aston Villa | A | [1--1](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/228489.stm) | Scholes 47\' | 39,241 | 2nd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 12 December 1998 | Tottenham Hotspur | A | [2--2](https://web.archive.org/web/20001209232600/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10018) | Solskjær (2) 11\', 18\' | 36,079 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 16 December 1998 | Chelsea | H | [1--1](https://web.archive.org/web/20001217133900/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10007) | Cole 45\' | 55,159 | 2nd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 19 December 1998 | Middlesbrough | H | [2--3](https://web.archive.org/web/20001210002100/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10019) | Butt 62\', Scholes 70\' | 55,152 | 3rd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 26 December 1998 | Nottingham Forest | H | [3--0](https://web.archive.org/web/20001210011400/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10020) | Johnsen (2) 28\', 60\', Giggs 62\' | 55,216 | 4th |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 29 December 1998 | Chelsea | A | [0--0](https://web.archive.org/web/20001210020400/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10021) | | 34,741 | 4th |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 10 January 1999 | West Ham United | H | [4--1](https://web.archive.org/web/20001202175300/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10022) | Yorke 10\', Cole (2) 40\', 68\', Solskjær 81\' | 55,180 | 3rd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 16 January 1999 | Leicester City | A | [6--2](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/256048.stm) | Yorke (3) 10\', 64\', 86\', Cole (2) 50\', 62\', Stam 90\' | 22,091 | 3rd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 31 January 1999 | Charlton Athletic | A | [1--0](https://web.archive.org/web/20001202160100/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10004) | Yorke 89\' | 20,043 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 3 February 1999 | Derby County | H | [1--0](https://web.archive.org/web/20001210144600/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10033) | Yorke 65\' | 55,174 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 6 February 1999 | Nottingham Forest | A | 8--1 | Yorke (2) 2\', 67\', Cole (2) 7\', 50\', Solskjær (4) 80\', 88\', 90\', 90\' | 30,025 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 17 February 1999 | Arsenal | H | [1--1](https://web.archive.org/web/20001202191400/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10026) | Cole 61\' | 55,171 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 20 February 1999 | Coventry City | A | [1--0](https://web.archive.org/web/20001209231500/http://manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10027) | Giggs 79\' | 22,596 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 27 February 1999 | Southampton | H | [2--1](https://web.archive.org/web/20001210000800/http://manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10028) | Keane 80\', Yorke 84\' | 55,316 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 13 March 1999 | Newcastle United | A | [2--1](https://web.archive.org/web/20001210042700/http://manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10030) | Cole 25\', 51\' | 36,776 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 21 March 1999 | Everton | H | [3--1](https://web.archive.org/web/20001210120200/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=10031) | Solskjær 55\', G. Neville 64\', Beckham 67\' | 55,182 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 3 April 1999 | Wimbledon | A | [1--1](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/310989.stm) | Beckham 44\' | 26,121 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 17 April 1999 | Sheffield Wednesday | H | [3--0](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/322185.stm) | Solskjær 34\', Sheringham 45\', Scholes 62\' | 55,270 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 25 April 1999 | Leeds United | A | [1--1](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/327904.stm) | Cole 55\' | 40,255 | 2nd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 1 May 1999 | Aston Villa | H | [2--1](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/333168.stm) | Watson 20\' (o.g.), Beckham 47\' | 55,189 | 2nd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 5 May 1999 | Liverpool | A | [2--2](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/336523.stm) | Yorke 22\', Irwin 57\' (pen.) | 44,702 | 2nd |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 9 May 1999 | Middlesbrough | A | [1--0](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/339491.stm) | Yorke 45\' | 34,665 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 12 May 1999 | Blackburn Rovers | A | [0--0](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/342408.stm) | | 30,436 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
| 16 May 1999 | Tottenham Hotspur | H | [2--1](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/345445.stm) | Beckham 43\', Cole 48\' | 55,189 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+
**Colours:** Green = Manchester United win; Yellow = draw; Red = opponents win. `{{:1998–99 FA Premier League|showteam=MUN}}`{=mediawiki}
| 1,189 |
1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
| 4 |
3,744,546 |
# 1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
## FA Cup {#fa_cup}
Despite receiving a home draw in each of their first four rounds (Third to Sixth), United were paired against difficult opponents throughout the competition. En route to the final they defeated four Premier League teams: Middlesbrough, Liverpool, Chelsea and Arsenal. The only team from outside the top flight that United played in the competition was Fulham, who at the time played in the Second Division, the third tier of English football, but even they were not considered pushovers, having claimed shock wins over Southampton and Aston Villa in the previous rounds.
In the third round, United were drawn against Middlesbrough, who had recently beaten them in the league. Andy Townsend gave Middlesbrough the lead early in the second half, but goals from Cole, Irwin and Giggs gave United a 3--1 victory.
United faced Liverpool at home in the following round, where the visitors took the lead from a Michael Owen header inside three minutes. In spite of creating plenty of goalscoring chances, the team failed to equalise until the 86th minute, when Yorke scored after a Beckham free kick was headed into his path by Cole inside the six-yard box. In the second minute of stoppage time, Solskjær hit a shot through the legs of Liverpool defender Jamie Carragher that beat goalkeeper David James at his near post to give United the win.
Cole scored the winner against Fulham on Valentine\'s Day to set up a quarter-final clash at home to Chelsea. Although there were no goals, Paul Scholes and Roberto Di Matteo were both sent off and missed the replay three days later at Stamford Bridge. Yorke kept up his ever-improving goalscoring record, scoring two goals against the Blues on 10 March.
United played cup holders Arsenal in the semi-final at Villa Park on 11 April. Neither team was able to score even after extra time had been played, although Keane had a goal ruled out in the first half for a controversial offside decision against Yorke in the build-up, and Nelson Vivas was sent off for Arsenal, so the match was decided in a replay four days later. Beckham opened the scoring for United with a long range effort, but Dennis Bergkamp drew Arsenal level with a shot that deflected off United\'s centre back Jaap Stam. Arsenal then thought they had taken the lead when Nicolas Anelka put the ball in the back of United\'s net, but the goal was ruled out for offside. United\'s captain Roy Keane was red-carded for two bookable offences and United played the last half-hour of normal time with 10 men. In injury time at the end of the second half, Phil Neville fouled Ray Parlour in the penalty area. Peter Schmeichel parried away Bergkamp\'s resultant spot kick and the game went into extra time.
Giggs scored partway through the second half of extra time. Picking up possession on the halfway line after a loose pass from Patrick Vieira, he dribbled past the entire Arsenal back line before shooting just under goalkeeper David Seaman\'s bar. Giggs ran celebrating towards the United fans, and United held on to beat the Gunners 2--1. The goal was the last ever scored in a FA Cup semi-final replay, as they were abolished the following season.
United met Newcastle United in the final at Wembley Stadium, the penultimate FA Cup final to be held there before it was closed for rebuilding. Less than 10 minutes into the match, Keane was injured and replaced by Sheringham. He and Scholes both finished with a goal apiece in the 2--0 win that sealed the double.
+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Result\ | Scorers | Attendance |
| | | | | F--A | | |
+==================+===================+==================+=======+===========================================================================================+==========================================+============+
| 3 January 1999 | Round 3 | Middlesbrough | H | [3--1](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/247413.stm) | Cole 68\', Irwin 82\' (pen.), Giggs 90\' | 52,232 |
+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
| 24 January 1999 | Round 4 | Liverpool | H | [2--1](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/261973.stm) | Yorke 88\', Solskjær 90\' | 54,591 |
+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
| 14 February 1999 | Round 5 | Fulham | H | [1--0](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_cup/279342.stm) | Cole 26\' | 54,798 |
+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
| 7 March 1999 | Round 6 | Chelsea | H | [0--0](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_cup/292213.stm) | | 54,587 |
+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
| 10 March 1999 | Round 6 replay | Chelsea | A | [2--0](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_cup/294465.stm) | Yorke (2) 4\', 59\' | 33,075 |
+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
| 11 April 1999 | Semi-final | Arsenal | N | [0--0](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_cup/316754.stm) `{{aet}}`{=mediawiki} | | 39,217 |
+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
| 14 April 1999 | Semi-final replay | Arsenal | N | [2--1](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_cup/319696.stm) `{{aet}}`{=mediawiki} | Beckham 17\', Giggs 109\' | 30,223 |
+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
| 22 May 1999 | Final | Newcastle United | N | [2--0](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_cup/350192.stm) | Sheringham 11\', Scholes 52\' | 79,101 |
+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
**Colours:** Green = Manchester United win; Yellow = draw; Red = opponents win.
| 816 |
1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
| 5 |
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# 1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
## League Cup {#league_cup}
As in the previous four seasons United rested many of their first-team players in the League Cup, instead using the competition to provide first team experience to their younger players and reserves. In the third round of the competition United required extra-time to defeat Bury, eventually winning 2--0 with goals from Erik Nevland and Ole Gunnar Solskjær. In the fourth round, two more goals from Solskjær gave United a 2--1 victory over Nottingham Forest, earning them a place in the quarter-finals for the first time since they reached the final in 1994. United were beaten in the quarter-finals by eventual winners Tottenham Hotspur; two goals from Chris Armstrong and one from David Ginola gave Spurs a 3--1 victory, with ex-Spurs striker Teddy Sheringham scoring the consolation for United on his return to White Hart Lane.
+------------------+---------+-------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------+
| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Result\ | Scorers | Attendance |
| | | | | F--A | | |
+==================+=========+===================+=======+=======================================================================================================+===============================+============+
| 28 October 1998 | Round 3 | Bury | H | [2--0](https://web.archive.org/web/20001204055500/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=200089)\ | Solskjær 106\', Nevland 115\' | 52,495 |
| | | | | `{{aet}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
+------------------+---------+-------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------+
| 11 November 1998 | Round 4 | Nottingham Forest | H | [2--1](https://web.archive.org/web/20001205165100/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=500326) | Solskjær (2) 57\', 60\' | 37,337 |
+------------------+---------+-------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------+
| 2 December 1998 | Round 5 | Tottenham Hotspur | A | [1--3](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/226531.stm) | Sheringham 70\' | 35,702 |
+------------------+---------+-------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------+
**Colours:** Green = Manchester United win; Yellow = draw; Red = opponents win.
## UEFA Champions League {#uefa_champions_league}
### Second qualifying round {#second_qualifying_round}
Manchester United began their UEFA Champions League campaign against Polish champions ŁKS Łódź in the second qualifying round. Goals from Giggs and Cole in the home leg gave them a 2--0 win, and a goalless second leg ensured their qualification for the group stage. This gave Łódź the distinction of being the only side to keep a clean sheet against the eventual champions as well as being the only opponents failing to score against them.
+----------------+--------------------------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+------------+
| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Result\ | Scorers | Attendance |
| | | | | F--A | | |
+================+==========================+===========+=======+======================================================================================================+=======================+============+
| 12 August 1998 | Second qualifying round\ | ŁKS Łódź | H | [2--0](https://web.archive.org/web/20001217230900/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=100128) | Giggs 16\', Cole 81\' | 50,906 |
| | First leg | | | | | |
+----------------+--------------------------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+------------+
| 26 August 1998 | Second qualifying round\ | ŁKS Łódź | A | [0--0](https://web.archive.org/web/20001218001400/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=100129) | | 8,000 |
| | Second leg | | | | | |
+----------------+--------------------------+-----------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+------------+
**Colours:** Green = Manchester United win; Yellow = draw; Red = opponents win.
| 451 |
1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
| 6 |
3,744,546 |
# 1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
## UEFA Champions League {#uefa_champions_league}
### Group stage {#group_stage}
United were drawn in Group D, quickly labelled the competition\'s \"group of death\", along with Spanish club Barcelona, German champions Bayern Munich and Danish side Brøndby.
Both games against Barcelona ended in draws. Despite Giggs, Scholes and Beckham putting the team into a 3--2 lead at Old Trafford, the visitors were awarded a late penalty after Butt was sent off for handling the ball. Luis Enrique converted the ball into the net to leave both teams with a point on Matchday One. In the return game on 25 November at the Camp Nou, a fixture that Barça needed to win to avoid elimination, Dwight Yorke\'s goals put United ahead 3--2, but Barça star Rivaldo equalized and nearly scored again but his effort hit the crossbar.
United were denied victory by Bayern Munich twice, home and away. In Munich, the home side equalised with two minutes to go with United leading 2--1, after Schmeichel uncharacteristically went for and missed Bixente Lizarazu\'s throw-in, allowing Giovane Élber to tap in from a few yards out and score his second of the match. The return leg ended in a stalemate; Roy Keane scored just before half-time via a low header before Hasan Salihamidžić equalised for the visitors.
United inflicted two heavy defeats on Brøndby, beating them 6--2 in Copenhagen and 5--0 at Old Trafford.
Results in the other groups meant that a second-place finish was enough for United to progress into the quarter-finals, joining group leaders Bayern Munich.
+-------------------+---------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| Date | Opponents | H / A | Result\ | Scorers | Attendance | Group position |
| | | | F--A | | | |
+===================+===============+=======+======================================================================================================+=======================================================================+============+================+
| 16 September 1998 | Barcelona | H | [3--3](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/172031.stm) | Giggs 17\', Scholes 25\', Beckham 64\' | 53,601 | 3rd |
+-------------------+---------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| 30 September 1998 | Bayern Munich | A | [2--2](https://web.archive.org/web/20010116214300/http://www.manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=100528) | Yorke 30\', Scholes 49\' | 53,000 | 3rd |
+-------------------+---------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| 21 October 1998 | Brøndby | A | [6--2](https://web.archive.org/web/20001210052300/http://manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=100530) | Giggs (2) 2\', 21\', Cole 28\', Keane 55\', Yorke 60\', Solskjær 62\' | 40,315 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| 4 November 1998 | Brøndby | H | [5--0](https://web.archive.org/web/20001210085400/http://manutd.com/matches/match.sps?id=100531) | Beckham 7\', Cole 13\', P. Neville 16\', Yorke 28\', Scholes 62\' | 53,250 | 1st |
+-------------------+---------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| 25 November 1998 | Barcelona | A | [3--3](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/221794.stm) | Yorke (2) 25\', 68\', Cole 53\' | 67,648 | 2nd |
+-------------------+---------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------------+
| 9 December 1998 | Bayern Munich | H | [1--1](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/231733.stm) | Keane 43\' | 54,434 | 2nd |
+-------------------+---------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------------+
**Colours:** Green = Manchester United win; Yellow = draw; Red = opponents win. `{{:1998–99 UEFA Champions League group stage|transcludesection=Group D|show_matches=n|showteam=MUN}}`{=mediawiki}
| 453 |
1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
| 7 |
3,744,546 |
# 1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
## UEFA Champions League {#uefa_champions_league}
### Knockout phase {#knockout_phase}
In the knockout stage United played two Italian sides in the quarter and semi-finals, Internazionale and Juventus respectively; United had never won on an Italian pitch.
In the quarter-finals, Beckham faced Diego Simeone for the first time since the 1998 World Cup. In the first leg at Old Trafford, United beat Inter 2--0 with two almost identical goals from Yorke, both from crosses by Beckham; Simeone\'s second-half goal was disallowed for pushing. At the San Siro, Scholes scored a late away goal to level the game at 1--1 as United advanced 3--1 on aggregate.
In the semi-finals, Juve\'s captain Antonio Conte met Edgar Davids\' pass to give Juventus an away goal. United equalised in injury-time through Giggs, who converted a Beckham cross: a Teddy Sheringham goal a few minutes earlier had been disallowed. A draw meant that United either needed to win in Italy, or get a score-draw of 2--2 or greater.
In the second leg at the Stadio delle Alpi, Filippo Inzaghi scored twice in the first 11 minutes to give Juve a 3--1 aggregate lead. Team captain Roy Keane, however, who was shown a yellow card preventing him from playing the final, headed in a Beckham cross. Dwight Yorke added a second to level the match just before the break. In the second half, Cole put United ahead for the first time in the match and the tie. Yorke was brought down by the Juve keeper Angelo Peruzzi in the area as he went round him, but the referee played the advantage and Cole tapped in from an acute angle. United held on for their first victory in Italy and booked their place in the Camp Nou for the final, against group opponents Bayern Munich.
+---------------+----------------+----------------+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+------------+
| Date | Round | Opponents | H / A | Result\ | Scorers | Attendance |
| | | | | F--A | | |
+===============+================+================+=======+==============================================================+====================================+============+
| 3 March 1999 | Quarter-final\ | Internazionale | H | [2--0](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/290132.stm) | Yorke (2) 6\', 45\' | 54,430 |
| | First leg | | | | | |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+------------+
| 17 March 1999 | Quarter-final\ | Internazionale | A | [1--1](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/298550.stm) | Scholes 88\' | 79,528 |
| | Second leg | | | | | |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+------------+
| 7 April 1999 | Semi-final\ | Juventus | H | [1--1](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/314016.stm) | Giggs 90+2\' | 54,487 |
| | First leg | | | | | |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+------------+
| 21 April 1999 | Semi-final\ | Juventus | A | [3--2](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/325389.stm) | Keane 24\', Yorke 34\', Cole 84\' | 60,806 |
| | Second leg | | | | | |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+------------+
| 26 May 1999 | Final | Bayern Munich | N | [2--1](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/353842.stm) | Sheringham 90+1\', Solskjær 90+3\' | 91,000 |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+------------+
**Colours:** Green = Manchester United win; Yellow = draw; Red = opponents win.
| 487 |
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# 1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
## UEFA Champions League {#uefa_champions_league}
### Final
United were without first-choice central midfielders Keane and Scholes, as both were suspended after receiving a second yellow card in the competition. Ferguson reorganised the team, with Blomqvist and Butt replacing Keane and Scholes, Beckham moving from right-wing to centre-midfield and Giggs moving from the left to the right wing. United lined up in their normal 4--4--2 formation. This was the final match for Peter Schmeichel, who captained the team.
Mario Basler\'s free kick after six minutes opened the scoring for Bayern Munich. Bayern then had the chance to extend their lead with Mehmet Scholl hitting the post and Carsten Jancker the crossbar, forcing Peter Schmeichel to make numerous saves. In reaction to going a goal down, Ferguson substituted in Solskjær and Sheringham. As the game went to injury time, referee Pierluigi Collina indicated that three minutes would be played. In almost the last attack of the game, United won a corner, which Beckham took and goalkeeper Schmeichel went up front for. The ball was partially cleared by the Bayern defence before being played back to Giggs, who sent a low volley into the path of Sheringham, whose scuffed shot squeezed low inside the post.
Almost immediately after the equaliser United won another corner, again taken by Beckham. He landed the ball on the head of Sheringham who nodded it to Solskjær who in turn toe-poked it into the roof of the net. Oliver Kahn, the Bayern goalkeeper, was motionless on the line. United had completed the come-back. Bayern barely had time to restart the game, which referee Collina brought to a close just a few seconds later.
Schmeichel and Ferguson were presented with the trophy by UEFA president Lennart Johansson. Despite their suspensions, both Keane and Scholes received winners\' medals on the rostrum. Keane claims that to date he has not looked at the medal, feeling that his absence had tainted the accomplishment to the extent that he \"didn\'t deserve the medal\". Substituted Bayern legend Lothar Matthäus removed his runner-up medal as soon as he received it, and later remarked that United were \"lucky\" to win the final.
Manchester United became the first English team to win the Champions League since it was rebranded in 1992, and the first to win the European Cup overall since Liverpool beat Roma in 1984. Coincidentally, the final was played on what would have been Sir Matt Busby\'s 90th birthday; he had died five years earlier.
| 416 |
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# 1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
## Legacy
`{{Quote box
|width=20%
|align=right
|quote=I can't believe it. I can't believe it. Football, bloody hell.
|source=–[[Alex Ferguson]], speaking moments after winning the Champions League<ref>{{cite news |title=The things they say: Sir Alex Ferguson |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1426152.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502214253/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1426152.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2011 |work=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |date=29 April 2011 |access-date=1 October 2011 }}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki} Less than 24 hours after the dramatics in Barcelona, a crowd of 500,000 people turned up on the streets of Manchester to greet the United players, who paraded through the city with their trophies in an open-top bus. As champions of Europe, Manchester United played against 1998--99 UEFA Cup Winners\' Cup winners Lazio in the 1999 UEFA Super Cup, but lost the match 1--0. On the eve of that game, David Beckham was named as the winner of the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year, as well as UEFA\'s Best Midfielder award. Beckham was also voted as the runner-up for the 1999 Ballon d\'Or and the 1999 FIFA World Player of the Year awards. Manchester United were also invited to play in the Intercontinental Cup against the winners of the 1999 Copa Libertadores, Brazilian side Palmeiras, in Tokyo. Roy Keane scored the winner, making the team the first and last British side to win the trophy before it was abolished in 2004. Having been led to believe it would help The Football Association with their bid to host the 2006 FIFA World Cup, United controversially withdrew from the 1999--2000 FA Cup, the first time the holders had done so, in order to play in the inaugural Club World Championship. They did not progress past the group stage, and Ferguson later regretted how they handled the situation.
Along with the Busby Babes, the 1999 Treble-winning team is regarded by supporters as the benchmark of Manchester United teams. In 2007 *The Daily Telegraph* in association with *World Soccer Magazine* published a list of the 20 greatest football teams of all time: United were ranked in last position, behind Liverpool\'s double winners of 1977. The extra-time winner scored by Ryan Giggs in the FA Cup semi-final replay against Arsenal topped a poll for the best goal in the competition and Channel 4 viewers rated the team\'s comeback in the Champions League final at number four on the list of 100 Greatest Sporting Moments.
Winning the Treble is also considered the greatest achievement in the career of manager Alex Ferguson, although he has disagreed with that assessment. In recognition of the team\'s success, Ferguson was made a Knight Bachelor and also received the Freedom of his home city of Glasgow.
On 26 May 2019, Manchester United and Bayern Munich legends sides played each other in a charity match at Old Trafford to commemorate the 20th anniversary of United completing the Treble. Manchester United won the match 5--0, with goals from Solskjær, Yorke, Butt and Beckham, as well as Louis Saha, who played for the club from 2004 to 2008.
| 495 |
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| 10 |
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# 1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
## Attempted takeover by BSkyB {#attempted_takeover_by_bskyb}
In September 1998 Manchester United were the target of a proposed takeover by BSkyB, a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch\'s News Corporation. Negotiations between both sides had begun during the summer, but had stalled after disagreements over the asking price. The satellite group\'s original bid of £575 million -- initially thought to be their final offer -- was deemed too low by two members of United\'s board (chairman Martin Edwards and Professor Sir Roland Smith), who pressed for a higher figure. Two days of talks followed and in an attempt to close the deal, BSkyB made a final bid of £623.4 million.
A year earlier, Murdoch\'s Fox Entertainment Group purchased the Los Angeles Dodgers for \$311m. Fox also held exclusive rights to Major League Baseball which meant from a strategic point of view, Murdoch\'s acquisition looked more appealing. He was now able to control both programming content on his network and distribution rights to the Dodgers. For the very same reason, BSkyB replicated Fox\'s formula and went ahead with a takeover of a Premier League club. Manchester United thus was the unanimous choice of Murdoch and board members. The club was the most valuable in English football, making £30.1 million from gate receipts and programmes in 1997 alone. At the same time, more than 200 supporters\' groups were established worldwide and the club\'s fanbase exceeded 100 million, despite only a million having been to Old Trafford to watch the first team play. As a means of capitalising on this growing market, MUTV, a television station operated by the club was launched in August 1998. In co-operation with Granada Media Group and BSkyB it was the world\'s first channel dedicated to a football club, funded entirely through subscriptions. On the pitch United\'s success was largely down to the nurturing talents of manager Ferguson, who assembled a team capable of dominating in the long haul.
### Formation of Shareholders United {#formation_of_shareholders_united}
When BSkyB publicised their intentions to take over Manchester United, supporters reacted angrily to the news. Many felt the club\'s traditions, built on a loyal fanbase and the attractive football played under Matt Busby and now Alex Ferguson would be tarnished. United were no longer an independent entity, and major decisions affecting the club looked increasingly likely to be taken on the other side of the globe.
As a means of rallying supporters to get behind their cause, awareness campaigns against the takeover were launched. Red Issue issued pamphlets to fans and demonstrations in and around Old Trafford took place before the match against Charlton Athletic on 9 September. Football fans across the United Kingdom also lent support by lobbying their local MPs into passing a legislation, preventing further sport takeovers in the future.
Perhaps the most significant consequence of the protests was the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch, more commonly known as Manchester United Supporters\' Trust today, by journalist Michael Crick. Working alongside IMUSA (Independent Manchester United Supporters Association), they sought for the merger to be referred by the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. Both groups therefore submitted papers to the Office of Fair Trading, arguing the merger should not be carried out. IMUSA in particular argued that BSkyB\'s main intention was to strengthen their already dominant position and not that of United. Sky Television\'s relevant market was premium subscription channels and by buying an established Premier League team when they already had rights to the division was purely for financial gain. Moreover, Manchester United\'s market was on the pitch and an acquisition by a media organisation -- particularly one run by Murdoch -- may damage the sport in the long term.
Bowing down to public pressure, the trade secretary Peter Mandelson referred the deal to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission in October 1998. The report, finalised in April 1999, found that BSkyB acted selfishly and blocked the broadcaster\'s bid.
Figures announced during the season named Manchester United as the richest in world football, with a turnover of £88 million for 1996--97, 50% more than Barcelona in second place at £59 million.
| 692 |
1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
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# 1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
## Squad statistics {#squad_statistics}
No. CL no.{{#tag:ref\|Some players were assigned a different squad number specifically for the Champions League.\|group=\"nb\"}} Pos. Name League FA Cup League Cup
------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------ ---------------------- -------- ------- -------- ------- ------------ -------
Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
1 1 GK Peter Schmeichel 34 0 8 0 0 0
2 2 DF Gary Neville 34 1 7 0 0 0
3 3 DF Denis Irwin 26(3) 2 6 1 0 0
4 4 DF David May 4(2) 0 1 0 2 0
5 5 DF Ronny Johnsen 19(3) 3 3(2) 0 1 0
6 6 DF Jaap Stam 30 1 6(1) 0 0 0
7 7 MF David Beckham 33(1) 6 7 1 0(1) 0
8 8 MF Nicky Butt 22(9) 2 5 0 2 0
9 9 FW Andy Cole 26(6) 17 6(1) 2 0 0
10 10 FW Teddy Sheringham 7(10) 2 1(3) 1 1 1
11 11 MF Ryan Giggs 20(4) 3 5(1) 2 1 0
12 12 DF Phil Neville 19(9) 0 4(3) 0 2 0
13 29 DF John Curtis 1(3) 0 0 0 3 0
14 14 MF Jordi Cruyff 0(5) 2 0 0 2 0
15 15 MF Jesper Blomqvist 20(5) 1 3(2) 0 0(1) 0
16 16 MF Roy Keane (c) 33(2) 2 7 0 0 0
17 17 GK Raimond van der Gouw 4(1) 0 0 0 3 0
18 18 MF Paul Scholes 24(7) 6 3(3) 1 0(1) 0
19 19 FW Dwight Yorke 32 18 5(3) 3 0 0
20 20 FW Ole Gunnar Solskjær 9(10) 12 4(4) 1 3 3
21 21 DF Henning Berg 10(6) 0 5 0 3 0
22 22 FW Erik Nevland 0 0 0 0 0(1) 1
23 23 DF Michael Clegg 0 0 0 0 3 0
24 30 DF Wes Brown 11(3) 0 2 0 0(1) 0
26 26 DF Chris Casper 0 0 0 0 0 0
28 28 MF Philip Mulryne 0 0 0 0 2 0
29 -- FW Alex Notman 0 0 0 0 0(1) 0
30 -- DF Ronnie Wallwork 0 0 0 0 0(1) 0
31 31 GK Nick Culkin 0 0 0 0 0 0
33 33 MF Mark Wilson 0 0 0 0 2 0
34 34 MF Jonathan Greening 0(3) 0 0(1) 0 3 0
38 -- DF Danny Higginbotham 0 0 0 0 0 0
| 408 |
1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
| 12 |
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# 1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
## Transfers
Manchester United\'s first departure of the 1998--99 season was Ben Thornley, who joined Huddersfield Town for £175,000 on 3 July 1998. A day later, Leon Mills signed for Wigan Athletic for an undisclosed fee, and Adam Sadler was released. Two of the club\'s longest-serving players, Brian McClair and Gary Pallister, also left. McClair had been at United since 1987, and opted for a return to Motherwell in the Scottish Premier League; he had played at Fir Park in the early 1980s. Pallister agreed to return to Middlesbrough in a £2.5 million deal, nine years after he had left them for a £2.3 million transfer to Old Trafford. On 4 November 1998, Chris Casper signed for Reading for a fee of £300,000.
Addressing the loss of Pallister, Ferguson signed Jaap Stam from PSV Eindhoven, becoming the world\'s most expensive defender in a £10 million deal. Swedish winger Jesper Blomqvist soon followed, completing a £4.4 million transfer in July before Dwight Yorke was controversially drafted in from Aston Villa to become the club\'s record signing. Dutch striker Patrick Kluivert, who impressed during the World Cup, was on the verge of finalising a £9 million move from Milan, only for talks to fall through. A £5.5 million offer for Ole Gunnar Solskjær from Tottenham Hotspur was accepted, but Solskjær himself turned down the transfer after a meeting with Alex Ferguson.
On 24 March, Michael Ryan signed for Wrexham for an undisclosed fee. A day later, Paul Gibson signed for Notts County, and on the same day, Philip Mulryne signed for Norwich City. On 16 April, Terry Cooke signed for United\'s cross-town rivals, Manchester City. On 30 June, United released Gerard Gaff and Jason Hickson, the same day that Peter Schmeichel signed for Sporting CP, John Thorrington joined Bayer Leverkusen, and Lee Whiteley departed for Salford City.
United\'s only winter arrival was Bojan Djordjic, who signed for an undisclosed fee on 17 February.
### In
Date Pos. Name From Fee
------------------ ------ ------------------ --------------------- -------------
1 July 1998 DF Jaap Stam PSV Eindhoven £10.75m
8 July 1998 DF Russell Best Notts County Free
21 July 1998 MF Jesper Blomqvist Parma £4.4m
3 August 1998 DF John O\'Shea Waterford Bohemians Undisclosed
20 August 1998 FW Dwight Yorke Aston Villa £12.6m
17 February 1999 MF Bojan Djordjic Brommapojkarna Undisclosed
### Out
Date Pos. Name To Fee
----------------- ------ ------------------ ------------------- -------------
3 July 1998 MF Ben Thornley Huddersfield Town £175k
4 July 1998 MF Leon Mills Wigan Athletic Undisclosed
4 July 1998 GK Adam Sadler Released
9 July 1998 DF Gary Pallister Middlesbrough £2
| 436 |
1998–99 Manchester United F.C. season
| 13 |
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