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# Nick Libett
**Lynn Nicholas Libett** (born December 9, 1945) is a Canadian retired ice hockey player. He played 12 years in the National Hockey League as a left winger for the Detroit Red Wings (1967--79) and Pittsburgh Penguins (1979--1981). In 982 career games, he scored 504 points, and was captain of the Red Wings on two occasions during the 1970s.
## Early years {#early_years}
Libett was born in 1945 at Stratford, Ontario. He played youth hockey with the Stratford Pee Wees and the Stratford Junior Braves.
## Professional hockey {#professional_hockey}
Libett played junior hockey with the Hamilton Red Wings from 1962 to 1966, and began his professional hockey career with the Memphis Wings (1965--67) and Fort Worth Wings (1967-68).
Libett made his NHL debut with the Detroit Red Wings during the 1967-68 season. He was a starter at left wing for Detroit for 11 consecutive seasons from 1968-69 through the 1978-79 season. He led the NHL in games played four times, scored at least 20 goals six times, averaged over 50 points a season from 1971 to 1975, represented Detroit in the 1977 NHL All-Star Game, and finished seventh in the voting for the Frank J. Selke Trophy during the 1978-79 season. He had a consecutive game streak of 389 games over five seasons, ending in March 1979. He played in the playoffs only twice in his twelve seasons with the Red Wings.
On August 3, 1979, Libett was traded by the Red Wings to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Pete Mahovlich. He played two season with the Penguins, retiring after the 1980-81 season at age 35.
## Family and later years {#family_and_later_years}
After retiring from hockey, Libett continued to live in metropolitan Detroit, working for Decoma, an automotive supplier and subsidiary of Magna International. He survived non-Hodgkins lymphoma in the late 1980s.
Libett and his wife, Jacqueline B. Libett, had three children: Stephanie, Christopher and Kathleen. Jacqueline died in 2019; they had been married for 53 years
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# Eugene M. Davis
**Eugene M. Davis** (born January 27, 1952) is an American actor known for playing the psychotic killer Warren Stacy in the 1983 film *10 to Midnight* with Charles Bronson; he also played a killer in another Bronson vehicle, 1988\'s *Messenger of Death*. Other credits include the psychological thriller *Fear X* (2003) and a role as a cross-dressing police informant in the Al Pacino movie *Cruising* (1980).
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He is the brother of actor Brad Davis and the son of Dr. Eugene Davis, DMD. He was raised in Titusville, Florida, attended and graduated from Titusville High School.
## Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
----------- ------------------------ ------------------------------ --------------
1974-1980 *The Rockford Files* Mickey Long 2 episodes
1979 *The Alien Encounters* \'Man In Black\' #1 TV movie
1980 *Cruising* DaVinci
1980 *Night Games* Timothy
1983 *10 to Midnight* Warren Stacy
1986 *The Hitcher* Trooper Dodge
1988 *Black Eagle* Steve Henderson
1988 *Messenger of Death* Junior Assassin
1988 *War and Remembrance* Telephone Talker (Devilfish) 1 episode
1988 *Honor Bound* Chester Wind River
1992 *Universal Soldier* Lieutenant
1992 *Stay Tuned* Frankensteinfeld
1997 *The Relic* Martini
2000 *Nostradamus* Bill MacNulty
2002 *Santa, Jr.* Digregorio TV movie
2003 *Fear X* Ed
2004 *Just Desserts* Wesley King TV movie
2005 *Annie\'s Point* Pawnshop Owner TV movie
2006 *Hidden Places* Tom Walker TV movie
2008 *Shark Swarm* Sheriff Dexter Murray TV movie
2009 *Meteor* Whitaker Episode #1
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# Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar
**Goruru Ramaswamy Iyengar** (1904--1991), popularly known as **Goruru**, was an Indian writer who wrote in Kannada. He was well known for his humour and satire.
## Early life {#early_life}
Goruru Ramaswami Iyengar was born at \"Goruru\" in Hassan district of Karnataka on 4 July 1904 to a Tamil brahmin family. His father was Srinivas and his mother Lakshamma.
## Career
Goruru Ramaswami Iyengar was influenced by Indian Independence Movement and became a staunch follower of Mahatma Gandhi. He was jailed by the British administration in 1942 for 2 months for his participation in the Quit India Movement. His son Ramachandra became a martyr for the same cause in 1947.
After Independence in 1947, Goruru worked in the industries. He began writing early in life with the celebrated books *Halliya Chitragalu* (1930) and *Namma Oorina Rasikaru* (1932). His \"Amerikadalli Goruru\" 1979, is a satirical travelogue of a true Indian in United States. It fetched him the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1981. His short story \"Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu\" (based on true events) was made into a Kannada movie of the same name by noted director S. Siddalingaiah in 1975 with leading actors as Vishnuvardhan (actor) & Lokesh. Novels *Hemavathi* and *Urvashi* were also made into movies. His travelogue was made into a television series. His other works include *Rasaphala*, *Namma Oorina Rasikaru*, *Putta mallige*, *Hemavathi* and *Garudagambada Dasayya*, *Meravanige*. His *Rajanartaki* was a translation of the Gujarathi novel *Amrapali* by Ramachandra Thakore. He was nominated to Karnataka Legislative Council in 1952 in recognition of his literary contributions. In 1971 he was a recipient of an Honorary doctorate from the University of Mysore.
A road in Rajajinagar, Bangalore is named after him.
## Death
Goruru Ramaswamy Iyengar died 28 September 1991 at the age of 87. His birth centenary was celebrated in 2005. His memoirs of his childhood days, *Goruru Avara Balyada Atma Kathe* was published posthumously
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# Someday (Flipsyde song)
**\"Someday\"** is a single by alternative hip-hop group Flipsyde, from their 2005 debut album *We the People*.
## Release
\"Someday\" was chosen by NBC as the theme song to advertise their coverage of the 2006 Winter Olympics, as the network felt its sound would attract younger viewers. Though the single did not chart in the United States, the resulting exposure led to an increase in album sales and Flipsyde performing at the 2006 Winter X Games.
Two music videos were produced, one by NBC featuring ice skaters Michelle Kwan and Apolo Anton Ohno, and the other as the official video. The track was additionally included in the soundtrack of the 2008 film *Never Back Down*.
## Reception
Patrick Ryan of *USA Today* praised the single in 2016 as one of the \"best Olympics theme songs\" for its \"unique combination of rap and Spanish guitar\". However, Troy Farah of the *Phoenix New Times* wrote that it was \"a transparent attempt by NBC to get the younger generation to pay attention to the Olympics\", while Travis Jones of *The Sydney Morning Herald* criticized its selection due to its lyrical content that he felt had no connection to the event.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Someday\" --- 4:00
2
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# Hanford High School
**Hanford High School** is a public high school located on the northern edge of Richland, Washington. It is part of the Richland School District. The school\'s mascot is the Falcon, and its school colors are purple and gold.
## History
The high school, built in 1972, was originally part of a K-12 complex, which included an elementary and junior high (later a middle school). The name of the school reflects the area\'s significant history as the location of the Hanford Site, a crucial facility during the Manhattan Project in World War II. Notably, a previous Hanford high School building existed in the area as early as 1916 and was utilized for offices related to the Manhattan Project during that era.
The elementary school was closed in the mid-1980s due to school district budget cuts, and the middle school was closed in 2005 when Enterprise Middle School was opened in West Richland in the same year. The latest remodel/rebuild of the high school building was completed in 2007.
## Sports
Hanford competes in WIAA Class 4A, and is a member of the Mid-Columbia Conference in District Eight
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# A. J. Sabath
**A.J. Sabath** is the former Commissioner of Labor and Workforce Development in New Jersey. He served in the position from October 2005 to January 2006.
Commissioner Sabath was a longtime political aide and labor policy advisor to Democrats in the New Jersey Senate. In November 2004, former Gov. Richard Codey named Sabath as the Deputy Commissioner of Labor and Workforce Development, before promoting him to commissioner.
After leaving the Governor\'s Office and returning to being the full-time President of the New Jersey Senate, Codey named Sabath as Chief of Staff to the Senate President. Sabath announced in February 2009 that he would leave the chief of staff job on March 1, 2009 to form his own government affairs firm.
Sabath serves as the Vice Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Ramapo College and as a member of the State Board of Examiners for Master Plumbers
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# Foxwarren
**Foxwarren** is a community in the Prairie View Municipality in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It is located along the concurrence of Provincial Trunk Highways 16 and 83.
The community was first noted on a map in 1888 as **Fox Warren**. The Post Office opened in 1889. The Canadian Pacific Railway established a railpoint and a school district were formed with the same name.
An Environment Canada Radar station is located in Foxwarren. It serves the Westman Region of the province.
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
A few residents of Foxwarren have played in the NHL over the years, with the community placing their names on their welcome sign
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# Empress Yan (Li Shou's wife)
**Empress Yan** (`{{zh|t=閻皇后}}`{=mediawiki}; personal name unknown) was an empress of the Di-led Cheng-Han dynasty of China. Her husband was Li Shou (Emperor Zhaowen). When Li Shou, after a coup, took over the throne from his cousin and the founding emperor Li Xiong (Emperor Wu)\'s son Li Qi, he created her empress in 338. They had at least one son---the crown prince Li Shi, who succeeded Li Shou after Li Shou\'s death in 343. Li Shi honored her as empress dowager. Nothing else is recorded about her, and it is not known whether she survived to the destruction of the empire by Eastern Jin forces in 347
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# Dative shift
In linguistics, **dative shift** refers to a pattern in which the subcategorization of a verb can take on two alternating forms, the oblique dative form or the double object construction form. In the oblique dative (OD) form, the verb takes a noun phrase (NP) and a dative prepositional phrase (PP), the second of which is not a core argument.
: \(1\) *John **gave*** \[~NP~ *a book* \] \[~PP.DATIVE~ *to Mary* \].
In the double object construction (DOC) form the verb takes two noun phrases, both of which are core arguments, with the dative argument preceding the other argument.
: \(2\) *John **gave*** \[~NP.DATIVE~ *Mary* \] \[~NP~ *a book* \].
## Synonyms used in the literature {#synonyms_used_in_the_literature}
Terms used in literature on dative shift can vary. The chart below provides terms used in this article along with common synonyms used elsewhere.
Pattern: *John **gave*** \[~NP.DATIVE~ *Mary*\] \[~NP~ *a book*\] *John **gave*** \[~NP~ *a book*\] \[~PP.DATIVE~ *to Mary*\]
--------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
term used in this article double object construction (DOC) oblique dative (OD) dative alternation
terms used elsewhere dative shift simple dative dative construction
verb phrase complementation structure dative complement structure dative transformation
## Distribution of dative shift in English {#distribution_of_dative_shift_in_english}
Traditional grammar suggests (as a \"rule of thumb\") that only single-syllable verbs can be in the double object construction (DOC).
: (3a) *John **bought*** \[ *Mary*\] \[ *a cake* \]
: (3b) *John **bought*** \[ *a cake* \] \[ *for Mary* \]
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: (4a) \**John **acquired*** \[ *Mary* \] \[ *a new car* \]
: (4b) *John **acquired*** \[ *a new car* \] \[ *for Mary* \]
One explanation for this lies with the origin of the verbs that allow the double object construction. Generally, native (Anglo-Saxon) verbs allow the DOC form, whereas Latinate verbs do not. This is thought to be primarily due to the stress associated with native verbs, rather than etymological conditions, as native verbs often have a single metrical foot as opposed to multiple metrical feet common of Latinate verbs. Therefore, a morphological constraint on the distribution of verbs participating in dative alternation is influenced by phonological properties. Pinker (1989) supports this observation with examples of Latinate verbs with one metrical foot (e.g. promise, offer, assign, award) that allow the DOC.
An additional semantic component constrains some native verbs further. These verbs must have the theta-role of thematic relation recipient/goal/beneficiary in their theta grid when in DOC form. A theta grid is where theta roles are stored for a particular verb (see Section 2 on the theta role page). In example (5), the DOC form is not permitted, despite the verb root being single syllable, because \[wash\] lacks the theta-role of recipient. One explanation for why the verb lacks this theta-role is that there is no possessive relationship between the direct object and the indirect object).
: (5a) \*\[John\] **washed** \[Mary\] \[the dishes\]
: (5b) \[John\] **washed** \[the dishes\]\[for Mary\]
The double object construction requires a possessor/possessed relationship. This means the indirect object in the oblique dative construction must have the theta-role of beneficiary (PP introduced by \[for\]) or recipient/goal (PP introduced by \[to\]) to be a candidate for the dative alternation. This theory suggests verbs chosen for the double object construction are done so before syntactic processes take place. The knowledge of the relationship of possession/possessed (the semantic constraint) is learned prior to the class constraint of the verbs (native vs. Latinate). The table below demonstrates verbs that do and do not allow the DOC form, verbs have been underlined for clarity.
Examples of verb that allow the DOC form Examples of verbs that do not allow the DOC form
------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------
Tell me your idea \*Expose them your answer
Toss me the ball \*Recount me a story
Make me a sandwich \*Donate her the money
Send me a letter ?Purchase her a birthday cake
Mail me a letter \*Explain me the solution
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# Dative shift
## Analyses of dative shift {#analyses_of_dative_shift}
### Chomsky 1955 {#chomsky_1955}
Noam Chomsky, in *The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory* (1955, 1975) provides a proposal about dative structure using transformational grammar.
Chomsky\'s argument suggests that an oblique dative example like \[John sent a letter to Mary\] derives from an underlying form.
In this oblique dative sentence \[John sent a letter to Mary\], the verb, \[sent\], and its indirect object, \[to Mary\], make up a constituent that excludes the direct object \[a letter\]. The OD form therefore involves an underlying verb phrase (VP) whose subject is \[a letter\] and whose object is \[(to) Mary\]. The VP \[sent to Mary\] is considered an inner constituent. This inner constituent is clear to see in the D-Structure, but is obscured in the S-Structure after V-Raising.
Examples (6) and (7) show the oblique dative form as it appears in its underlying representation before V-Raising (6) and in its surface representation after V-Raising (7):
: \(6\) John \[~VP~ a letter \[~V\'~ send to Mary\]\] (D-Structure)
: \(7\) John send \[~VP~ a letter \[~V\'~ to Mary\]\] (S-Structure)
### Kayne 1983 {#kayne_1983}
In his book, *Connectedness and Binary Branching*, Richard S. Kayne proposed that an empty preposition is the source of the double-object construction. In his analysis, English prepositions have the ability to assign objective grammatical case. Kayne argues that an empty preposition is responsible for allowing a double object construction.
: \(8\) John bought \[ ~pp~ P~e~ \[Mary\]\] a book.
Kayne continues with the notion that an empty preposition (P~e~) cannot be the source of case role. Instead the empty preposition transfers the case assigned by the verb. He further stipulates that case may only be transferred via prepositions that normally assign object case. Therefore, languages that do not assign object case via prepositions (such as French) cannot have the double-object form.
### Barss and Lasnik 1986 {#barss_and_lasnik_1986}
In their 1986 paper \"A Note on Anaphora and Double Objects\", Barss and Lasnik point out a number of asymmetries in the behaviour of the two NPs in double object construction. All of their findings point to the same conclusion: in constructions involving a verb phrase of the form V-NP1-NP2, the first NP c-commands the second NP, but not vice versa. The paper provides significant evidence for rejecting linear phrase structure trees.
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# Dative shift
## Analyses of dative shift {#analyses_of_dative_shift}
### Larson 1988 {#larson_1988}
Larson builds off of the original proposal made by Chomsky, stating that the Oblique Dative form is derived from an underlying structure. Larson suggests that both the oblique dative form and the double object construction are surface representations. He relates the oblique dative and double object structures derivationally.
#### Oblique datives {#oblique_datives}
To account for oblique datives, Larson adopts a proposal originally made by Chomsky (1955, 1975), where the verb in the deep structure is raised in the surface structure (S-structure) (see Figure 1).
Deep structure of VP:
----------------------------------------
Empty V: *e*
VP complement: *a letter send to Mary*
The specifier: *a letter*
Head: *send*
PP complement: *to Mary*
The correct ordering of the oblique dative surfaces through head to head movement. See Figure 2. The verb \[send\], which moves to the empty V position, has two thematic roles that are assigned to the internal arguments theme: \[a letter\] and goal \[to Mary\]. The movement leaves a trace at the original V and creates a sequence of co-indexed V positions. Raising is attributed to case and Inflectional Agreement.
Before raising After raising
---------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------
V is not the head of a projection governed by inflection The head of the topmost VP, (V) is governed by inflection
NP is not governed by the verb and cannot receive case The verb can assign objective case to the NP
Larson\'s motivations for V\' Raising are the same motivations used to derive the surface order of raising in VSO languages, such as Irish. Specifically, the subject NP can receive case from the V, when V governs the NP. Citing Chomsky (1975, 55) in the process, Larson provides an intuitive explanation of oblique datives. He argues that \[to send\] forms the small predicate \[send-to-Mary.\] It can be said of this small predicate that it has the inner subject \[a letter\]. This forms a clause-like VP \[a letter send to Mary\]
#### Double object construction {#double_object_construction}
Larson states that the double object construction can be explained under a derivational approach. He proposes an operation he names "passive derivation" defined as: NP movement that promotes an argument to the subject position of an inflectional phrase or verb phrase.
First, Larson strengthens the argument that the two NPs in Figure 1 above, relate to subject and object position. He states that the governed preposition *to* has the status of dative case case marking. This is similar to case marking appearing on indirect object in more highly inflected languages. Secondly, Larson extends operations that apply between subjects and objects to structures such as those shown in Figure 1. Specifically, he looks the two main effects of passive derivation occurring in the inner VP:
- Withdrawal of case from object position
- Suppression of thematic role assignment in subject position
Larson makes one amendment to the derivation of passives called *argument demotion* that states that a theta role must be assigned to a V\' adjunct.\
{\| class=\"wikitable\" \|- \| **Argument demotion**: If α is a ɵ-role assigned by X^i^, then α may be assigned (up to optionality) to an adjunct of X^i^ \|}
With this amended view of passive formation, Larson derives the double object construction surface representation. When the indirect object NP is moved to the VP subject position, the application of passive derivation results in the absorption of the case assigned to the indirect object, and hence the absorption of *to*. The theta role assigned to the subject of VP undergoes demotion, reducing the position to non-thematic status. The direct object is realized as a V\' adjunct and receives its theta-role from V\', consistent with *argument demotion*. The changes from the underlying form to derive the surface structure of the DOC are depicted in Figure 3 and summarized below.
Deep structure Surface structure
-------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------
Indirect object is caseless in its deep position Indirect object undergoes NP movement to VP subject position
VP subject position is nonthematic and empty Verb raises to V-head position, assigning Case to VP subject
### Contemporary theories {#contemporary_theories}
At present, there are two major classes of analyses for dative shift; these two classes have been called the Uniform Multiple Meaning Approach (Levin, 2008) and the Single Meaning Approach (Hovav & Levin, 2008), with the former being considered the dominant approach.
#### Uniform Multiple Meaning Approach {#uniform_multiple_meaning_approach}
In most variants of the Uniform Multiple Meaning Approach (Beck & Johnson 2004, Harley 2003, Pinker 1989), it is assumed that the relationship between the double object construction and the oblique dative forms is non-derivational. That is to say that the alternation arises not purely from syntactic factors, but from semantic ones as well; each variation is associated with its own meaning, and hence, each meaning has its own realization of arguments. This shows a clear departure from some of the main beliefs in Larson\'s 1988 analysis. In most realizations of this approach, dative verbs have both the *caused motion* meaning, expressed by the OD form and the *caused possession* meaning, expressed by the DOC form (Goldberg, 1995).
#### Single Meaning Approach {#single_meaning_approach}
Contemporary theories that take the Single Meaning Approach continue to consider dative shift with the assertion Larson\'s 1988 analysis makes: that the DOC and OD variants are associated with the same semantic meaning, but surface differently due to different argument realizations (Hovav & Levin, 2008). Variants of this approach include Jackendoff\'s (1990), in which he provides different analyses for verbs with different types of meaning (e.g. "give" and "sell" vs "throw" and "kick" shown in the table below). This approach, also taken by Hovav and Levin (2008), is known as the Verb-Sensitive Approach.
Give-type verbs Throw-type verbs
-------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------------------
**Oblique dative** caused possession caused motion or caused possession
**Double object construction** caused possession caused possession
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# Dative shift
## Psycholinguistics
### Child acquisition of dative shift {#child_acquisition_of_dative_shift}
#### General observations {#general_observations}
Findings have shown that by age three children demonstrate an understanding of dative shift alternation. When presented with both alternations using novel verbs, children are more likely to shift the DOC form into the oblique dative form. For example, children were presented with novel verbs in both the double object construction and oblique dative forms:
: \(9\) \"You pilked Petey the cup\" (DOC)
: \(10\) \"You gorped the keys to Toby\" (oblique dative)
After hearing these two forms and then being asked to produce a corresponding alternation for one of the two, children were more likely to produce the oblique dative (11) than the double object construction (12).
: \(11\) \"I pilked the cup to Petey\" (oblique dative)
: \(12\) \"I gorped Toby the keys\" (DOC).
#### Baker\'s Paradox and original hypotheses {#bakers_paradox_and_original_hypotheses}
Although DOC and oblique dative forms are common productions for children at age three, the dative shift poses a paradox for young children learning English. The paradox, termed \"Baker\'s Paradox\", can be summarized in the following examples.
When children hear both forms:
: (13a) Give money to him (OD)
: (13b) Give him money (DOC)
Children may formulate a lexical rule, deriving the double object construction from the oblique dative form. However, the rule would permit the following example of overgeneralization:
: (14a) Donate money to him. (OD)
: (14b) \*Donate him money. (DOC)
Example 14b is an overgeneralization because dative shift has been applied to the verb \"donate\", whereas in fact \"donate\" cannot undergo dative shift.
When children say ungrammatical sentences, they are not often corrected. How, then, do children avoid overgeneralizations such as the one above? There are two main hypotheses which try and explain how children avoid overgeneralizations, the \"conservatism\" hypothesis and the \"criteria\" hypothesis.
The \"conservatism\" hypothesis proposes that children do not overgeneralize the double object construction to verbs such as \[donate\] and \[whisper\] (ex. \[John whispers Mary the secret\]), because the child never hears ungrammatical double object constructions in their input. The child only recreates forms they hear in their input and therefore does not generalize the double object construction. This idea was first suggested by Baker (1979) who posited that children never make errors similar to those shown in (14b) and never receive information, about the ungrammaticality of (14b). Therefore, this hypothesis predicts that children acquire dative shift rules verb-by-verb, not by generalization.
The \"criteria\" hypothesis instead proposes that children learn to constrain their rule for dative shift and are able to apply it only to monosyllabic verbs (one-syllable verbs, ex. \[give\]), which indicate possession changes (ex. \[Mary gave John the ball\], where \[give\] denotes a possession change from Mary, to John). In other words, children are quite productive with their speech, applying dative shift to many verbs, but are constrained by morphophonological criteria (monosyllabic vs. polysyllabic verbs), and semantic criteria (possession change).
#### Forming a new hypothesis {#forming_a_new_hypothesis}
Gropen et al. (1989) investigated these two hypotheses. According to these theorists, a strict \"conservatism hypothesis\" is false because children in their studies did not only use the double-object construction with verbs they had previously heard in that alternation. However, the theorists proposed a \"weak conservatism hypothesis\" (a less strict version of the \"conservatism hypothesis\") on the basis that children used verbs more often than not in the alternation they had heard them used in. With regards to the \"criteria hypothesis\", evidence shows that children do indeed have criteria-governed productivity, but only in a very general way.
A new hypothesis was proposed to account for everything the original hypotheses could not by combining the \"weak conservatism hypothesis\", the \"criteria hypothesis\", and lexical information. The main idea presented is that speakers acquire a \"dative rule\" that operates on two levels: the \"broad range\" and the \"narrow range\" levels.
On the \"broad-range level\" the rule applies semantically and lexically, or \"lexicosemantically\". In this account, the syntactic change and semantic constraints of the dative rule are consequences of a single operation, namely the lexicosemantic shift.
That is, if a verb beginning in the \"X causes Y to go to Z\" structure can alternate with the \"X causes Z to have Y\" structure and the sentence remains well-formed, then the child realizes that this verb can undergo dative shift. Figure 4, to the right, illustrates the alternation process.
\
Verbs that undergo the \"dative shift\" rule must also be specified by a possessor-possession relationship. Verbs whose meanings are not cognitively compatible with the notion of a possession change will not produce a coherent semantic structure in the double object construction.
Example DOC Alternating form Reasons for DOC ill/well-formedness
----------------------------------- ------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
***\*** I drove Chicago the car.* *I drove the car to Chicago.* ill-formed: the verb *\"drive\"* requires a semantic structure corresponding to \'causing Chicago to possess the car\', which is nonsense if only people can be possessors.
***\*** I drove Mary the car.* *I drove the car for Mary.* ill-formed: the verb *\"drive\"* is not compatible with the notion of causing to possess
*I bought Mary the car.* *I bought the car for Mary.* well-formed: *\"buying\"* is a form of causing to possess.
The constraints characterized by this broad-range level form as a combination of children\'s lexical, semantic, and syntactic structural innate knowledge, in addition to the frequency of these forms in their input.
On the \"narrow-range level\" the dative rule constricts the broad-level rule, allowing it only to apply to subclasses of semantically and morphologically similar verbs. Narrow-range rules may be acquired by a procedure that is weakly conservative, in that the only verbs that the child allows to undergo dative shift freely are those verbs that they have actually heard undergo an alternation, or verbs that are semantically similar to them. The narrow subclasses of verbs are simply the set of verbs that are similar to a verb the child has heard to alternate. 'Semantic similarity\" would be defined as verbs that share most or all of their grammatically relevant semantic structure. For example, the notions of *go, be, have*, or *act*, as well as kinds of causal relations such as *cause, let, and prevent*, including the verbs *throw and kick*, all share the same general semantic structure of *cause*.
The final constraint of this proposed hypothesis is the morphophonological constraint. It is proposed that children will apply the morphophonological constraint to subclasses of alternating verbs that are *all* from the native class (monosyllabic). If the set of alternating verbs are not all from the native class, then the child will *not* apply the morphophonological constraint. This account correctly predicts that the morphophonological constraint could apply to some semantic subclasses, but not others. For example, children would apply the constraint to the following five subclasses of alternating verbs:
Verb class Grammatical example Ungrammatical example
------------------- ------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------
1\. giving *Lucy gave Mary the book*. \**Lucy donated/contributed Mary the book*.
2\. communicating *Lucy told Mary the news*. \**Lucy explained/announced/reported Mary the news.*
3\. creating *Lucy baked Mary a cake*. \**Lucy constructed/designed/created Mary a cake.*
4\. sending *Lucy shipped Mary a parcel*. \**Lucy transported Mary a parcel.*
5\. obtaining *Lucy bought Mary some food*. \**Lucy obtained/collected Mary some food.*
Children would not apply the constraint to the class of \"future having\" verbs because they are not all from the native (monosyllabic) class, thereby allowing the following DOC examples to be well-formed:
: \(15\) John *assigned/allotted/guaranteed/bequeathed* Mary four tickets.
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# Dative shift
## Examples
### Dutch
Similar to English, Dutch also displays the phenomenon of dative alternation: (17a) illustrates the double object construction which has an unmarked NP theme and recipient object; (17b) illustrates the oblique dative construction which has only the theme encoded as a bare NP object and the recipient is marked by a preposition. Dutch has two main approaches to the analysis of the preposition *aan.*
Double Object Construction: Dutch
----------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
(17a) NP
*Jan*
John
\'John has given his brother a book.\'
#### Caused-motion approach {#caused_motion_approach}
The Dutch prepositional phrase *aan* is typically analyzed in spatial terms. Van Belle and Van Langendonck (1996)`{{Page needed|date=July 2022}}`{=mediawiki} suggest that one of the major semantic determinants of the dative alternation in Dutch is +/- material transfer. When the DOC form is used it highlights the involvement of the recipient, whereas when the OD form is used it emphasizes the literal physical transfer of the book. This idea of material transfer is further demonstrated in the following sentences:
: (18a) Dutch: Vader bood oma zijn arm aan. (DOC)
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: English translation: Father offered Grandma his arm
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: (18b) Dutch: Vader bood zijn arm aan oma aan (OD)
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: English translation: Father offered his arm to grandma
In Dutch, sentence 18a, would be interpreted semantically as \[Vader\] offering \[oma\] his arm, presumably to help her walk. When the oblique dative form is used, as in sentence 18b, it would be semantically interpreted as \[Vader\] physically cutting off of his arm to give to \[Oma\] because it implies that a material transfer is involved. Supporters of the caused-motion analysis believe the +/- material transfer is only one of the major semantic determinants used in the analysis of the Dutch alternation, but nonetheless it still plays an important role.
#### Dative approach {#dative_approach}
De Schutter et al. (1974) argue against the caused motion analysis of the prepositional phrase *aan*. De Schutter uses example sentences, such as the ones in 19, to demonstrate that the semantic distinction between the Dutch DOC and the *aan* dative cannot be described in terms of 'caused possession' versus 'caused motion'. This is because the unmarked construction for these sentences is the Oblique Dative construction despite the sentence itself not involving a spatial transfer. According to this approach the *aan* phrase of the *aan* dative is a prepositional object which is able to encode a variety of semantic roles.
: (19a) Dutch: Ik bracht een laatste groet aan mijn geboortedorp. (OD)
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: English translation: 'I paid a last salute to the village of my birth.\'
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: (19b) Dutch: ?Ik bracht mijn geboortedorp een laatste groet. (DOC)
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: English translation: \'I paid the village of my birth a last salute\'
### Mandarin
Liu (2006) provides a classification of Mandarin verbs into categories and argues that the verb classes have intrinsic restrictions on which of the three dative constructions the verb can occur in. Chinese dative constructions involve *gei*, meaning \"give/to\". The *gei*-OD construction in (16a) is the equivalent of the English oblique dative form in which the dative prepositional phrase is \[~PP.DATIVE~ *gei* object\]. The Mandarin DOC construction in (16b) parallels the English double object construction. In addition, Mandarin has the V+*gei* DOC in (16c).
Mandarin *gei* object construction (*gel* Oblique Dative)
-----------------------------------------------------------
(16a)
Mandarin double object construction (DOC)
-------------------------------------------
(16b)
Mandarin V+*gei* double object construction (V+*gei* DOC) (*gei* forms compound with preceding verb)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(16c)
Liu shows that the 3-way dative alternation illustrated in (16-18) is very restricted in Mandarin, as it is only possible with verbs whose core meaning involves transfer of possession. Specifically, only verbs that select an argument with the role of recipient are licit in all three constructions, as they encode transfer of possession to the recipient. This means that while English allows the dative alternation --- that is, both the oblique dative and the double object construction --- with verbs that have an extended meaning of transfer such as verbs that select a goal or benefactive argument, Mandarin does not. This results in a more restricted distribution of verbs in dative alternations in Mandarin compared to English. Ai & Chen (2008) further show that Mandarin only allows the dative alternation with verbs that select a goal argument. This is shown by the ungrammaticality of sentences in Chinese with a verb that selects a benefactive argument such as *jian* \"build\". Ai & Chen argue that, in Mandarin, the benefactive argument attached as an adjunct to VP: because it is outside the local domain of the verb it is not subcategorized by the verb, and so cannot alternate with the theme argument.
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# Dative shift
## Examples
### Korean
Similar to English, Lee (1997) suggests that both oblique dative and double object construction occur in Korean.
In the OD, instead of using the verb to/for, a recipient is marked by the dative marker \[-ey/eykey\]. This marker denotes what Levin (2010) calls \"give-type verbs\" that demonstrate caused possession.
This differs from similar constructions using the dative marker \[-eyse/eykeyse\] that indicates a locative or source argument. This marks \"send-type verbs\" that denote caused motion.
Levin suggests that Korean adopts the Verb-Sensitive Approach which predicts that dative verbs are distinctly associated with event types. This approach was proposed as an extension of the contemporary Single Meaning Approach, mentioned above.
One of the differences between Korean and English is that verbs only appear in the final position of a sentence in Korean, adopting a subject-object-verb (SOV) word order, whereas the majority of English sentences are formed with the subject-verb-object (SVO) structure. Baek and Lee (2004) suggested that Korean also displays an asymmetrical relation between the theme phrase and goal phrase. Unlike English which demonstrates the goal phrase c-commanding the theme phrase, Korean shows an opposite order, in which the theme phrase is in fact c-commanding the goal phrase.
The example below, given in Larson\'s (1988) work, shows the theme phrase being c-commanded by the goal phrase in the double object construction in English.
: (23a) I showed John himself
: (23b) \*I showed himself John.
In order to further understand the theme--goal structure in Korean, Baek and Lee (2004) propose two explanations, \"backwards binding\" and \"quantifier scope\".
The backwards-binding approach helps demonstrate binding theory which requires an antecedent to c-command an anaphor.
The above example shows that it is possible to have backwards binding in the Korean double object construction, in which the theme can be backwardly bound to the goal. The goal phrase \[seolo\] is c-commanded by the theme phrase \[Ann-kwa Peter\], thus supporting the observation that Korean exhibits a Theme-Goal order.
Quantifier scope theory also supports the theme--goal structure introduced previously. When there is more than one quantifier involved in a DOC example in Korean, the dative--accusative (goal--theme) construction causes ambiguity while the opposite structure does not. An example provided by Baek and Lee (2004) is as follows:
Ambiguous case:
Unambiguous case:
In (25a), the example shows that the sentence appears to be ambiguous when the quantifier with the dative case precedes the quantifier with the accusative case, but not vice versa. In fact, (25b) helps to demonstrate that the goal phrase which is located at its base-generated position solves the ambiguity problem by participating in the scope interaction, which is consistent with the theme--goal analysis in Korean
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# WTIG
**WTIG** is an AM radio station in Massillon, Ohio operating on 990 kHz and featuring sports talk programming from ESPN Radio. The station is an affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds, Cincinnati Bengals, and the Columbus Blue Jackets radio networks.
## History
WTIG was granted its license from the FCC in 1957. The original studios were located on the second floor of a building just a half block south of the town square, which later suffered a fire. The studios were immediately moved to the Massillon Motel, located on Lincoln Way East in downtown Massillon.(then route 30). Due to space limitations the studios were then moved to occupy a portion of the 2nd floor of the Massillon Building on the square (intersection of N. Erie St. and Lincoln Way, now Route 172) in downtown Massillon. In the mid-1990s the station ownership eventually moved the studios to the station\'s transmitter facilities on Karen Avenue NW as a cost-saving measure.
In its heyday, WTIG was a Top 40 station as \"Tiger Radio,\" and was still playing blocks of music well into the 1990s. Because of its FCC Class D status and lower power and directional pattern south (to protect a Canadian licensee of the same frequency) WTIG does not cover areas north but concentrates on the Canton-Massillon area and surrounding townships. The programming for the past 20 years has been Sports, and affiliation with ESPN using the promotional name \"ESPN 990.\" In addition to local sports, they carry Cincinnati Bengals football and Cincinnati Reds baseball
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| 0 |
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# Step into My Office, Baby
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{{single chart|Dutch100|80|artist=Belle and Sebastian|song=Step Into My Office, Baby|rowheader=true|accessdate=10 December 2018}}
^
``
| 29 |
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# Philip Horne
**Philip Horne** (born 1957) is a teacher and literary critic specializing in 19th century literature, particularly Henry James and Charles Dickens. Educated at King\'s College School and Cambridge University, he is currently Professor of English at University College London.
Horne has authored or edited a number of book about Henry James. In 1990 he published *Henry James and Revision: The New York Edition*, a careful study of the extensive revisions James made in his novels and tales for the many-volumed but ill-fated *New York Edition* (1907-1909). He published a related article, *Henry James at Work: The Question of Our Texts*, as part of the 1998 collection of essays, *The Cambridge Companion to Henry James* edited by Jonathan Freedman. Horne generally favors the late revisions that James made in his fiction, and in his *Cambridge Companion* essay he emphasizes the importance for the critic of complete acquaintance with the various texts of a James novel or tale:
: The serious critic of a fiction by James not only needs to know about its main recent critics, I would argue, but also its early critical history, its critical reception, and James\' own remarks about it in the Prefaces and letters. As I have suggested, James\'s revisions and adaptations can be seen as part of the critical dossier.
Horne has edited two editions of James\' works: *A London Life* and *The Reverberator* (1989) and *The Tragic Muse* (1995). Not surprisingly he used the *New York Edition* texts for all these works, and he included extensive textual notes. Horne has also published an epistolary biography of James, *Henry James: A Life in Letters* (1999). The book used 296 of James\' letters as the framework for a biography that concentrated on the novelist\'s professional career. Approximately half the letters were previously unpublished. As usual, Horne wrote thorough textual notes on the letters.
Horne published an edition of *Oliver Twist* in 2003, and has written on such varied topics as telephones and literature, zombies and consumer culture, and the texts of Emily Dickinson. His research interests include the films of Alfred Hitchcock and Martin Scorsese, and publishing history
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| 0 |
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# I'm a Cuckoo
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{{single chart|Scotland|11|date=20040228|rowheader=true|accessdate=14 December 2018}}
^
``
| 21 |
I'm a Cuckoo
| 0 |
3,746,753 |
# Books (EP)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
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unexpected '{'
{{single chart|Ireland3|46|artist=Belle and Sebastian|rowheader=true|access-date=15 January 2020}}
^
``
| 22 |
Books (EP)
| 0 |
3,746,760 |
# Kennewick School District
**Kennewick School District \# 17** is the largest employer in the city of Kennewick, Washington. The school district runs 17 elementary schools, five middle schools, and seven high schools.
The school district\'s superintendent, Traci Pierce, has been serving since January 2020.
## Schools
### Elementary schools {#elementary_schools}
- Amistad
- Amon Creek
- Canyon View
- Cascade
- Cottonwood
- Eastgate
- Edison
- Fuerza
- Hawthorne
- Lincoln
- Ridge View
- Sage Crest
- Southgate
- Sunset View
- Vista
- Washington
- Westgate
### Middle schools {#middle_schools}
- Chinook
- Desert Hills
- Highlands
- Horse Heaven Hills
- Park
### High schools {#high_schools}
- Delta in Pasco (in partnership with the Pasco and Richland School Districts)
- Kamiakin in northwest Kennewick
- Kennewick in eastern Kennewick
- Southridge in southwest Kennewick
- Phoenix in eastern Kennewick.
- Legacy in western Kennewick
- Endeavor, an online school
### Technical schools {#technical_schools}
- Tri-Tech Skills Center
### Former schools {#former_schools}
- Fruitland Elementary School
Fruitland Elementary is currently used and has been used for several years to temporarily house district programs and as a temporary home for other district schools under remodel
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# Joseph Minion
**Joseph Minion** (born 1957) is an American screenwriter, producer and film director, best known for his screenplays filled with black comedy and surrealism. He is particularly known for his work in Martin Scorsese\'s 1985 film *After Hours* and the 1989 cult film *Vampire\'s Kiss*.
## Biography
Born in New Jersey in 1957, Minion briefly attended NYU Film School before finishing his studies at Columbia University for screenwriting. In 1984, Minion\'s script for *After Hours* was optioned by Griffin Dunne and Amy Robinson. Robinson sent Minion\'s screenplay to Scorsese, whose *Last Temptation of Christ* had recently fallen through; production on *After Hours* started shortly afterward.
As a director, Minion made his debut for producer Roger Corman with 1987\'s *Daddy\'s Boys*. His last outing as director was for another low-budget feature, *Trafficking* (1999).
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He lives in New York and his studio is in East Orange, N.J. Throughout his career he has taught film and screenwriting at the School of Visual Arts, USC, the North Carolina School of Arts, Long Island University and the New York University School of Continuing Education
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# Vesna Pešić
**Vesna Pešić** (`{{lang-sr-Cyrl|Весна Пешић}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|sh|ʋêsna pêʃit͜ɕ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; born May 6, 1940) is a Serbian politician and sociologist.
In February 2012, Vesna Pešić announced she would leave politics after parliamentary elections on 6 May 2012.
## Biography
In the early 1970s Pešić became the member of the *Intellectuals\' Movement for the Defense and Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms*, popularly known as the "Belgrade opposition". In 1982, she was arrested and imprisoned for organizing the protests against the arrest of a group of the University of Belgrade students.
Pešić was a founder member of the Yugoslav Helsinki Committee (1985), the Association for the Yugoslav Democratic Initiative (1989), the Yugoslav European Movement (1991) and the Centre for Antiwar Action (1991). From 1992 till 1999 she was the president of the Civic Alliance of Serbia, and from 1993 until 1997 she was one of the leaders of the Coalition Zajedno (Together), with Vuk Drašković\'s Serbian Renewal Movement and Zoran Đinđić\'s Democratic Party.
It is worth a mention that Centre for Antiwar Action is organization largely supported by the National Endowment for Democracy, United States government institution.
Her many honors include the Award for Democracy of the U.S. National Foundation for Democracy (1993), the W. Averell Harriman Award of the U.S. National Institute for Democracy (1997) from Washington, D.C., United States and the Andrei Sakharov Award from the Norwegian Helsinki Committee and the Sakharov Foundation for Freedom (1997). She is praised as \'\"contributor in developing democracy and civil society\"\' from Institute of Peace, founded by United States Congress.
Pešić served as national Ambassador to Mexico from 2001 to 2005, firstly for the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and then for its successor, Serbia and Montenegro.
After the merger of the Civic Alliance of Serbia into the Liberal Democratic Party in 2007, she became the president of the Political Council of the Liberal Democratic Party. Following the disagreement with party leader Čedomir Jovanović, Pešić left Liberal Democratic Party on 7 April 2011.
In May 2008, after parliamentary elections in Serbia, Pešić ironically stated that \"if pro-EU camp fails to form a government, elections should be nullified\". In addition, in her opinion, any future elections should be prevented.
Pešić was a Member of Serbian Parliament from 1993 to 1997 and from 2007 to 2012.
Pešić is a senior scientific associate of the Institute of Philosophy and Social Theory.
During the parliamentary- and presidential election campaign of 2012. Pešić was the most prominent face of the \'Blank Ballot\' campaign, which targeted corruption among the ruling party officials and promoted active boycott of election. Ultimately the campaign helped overthrow the democratic government and introduce an autocratic rule of now president Aleksandar Vucić. Since the 2012 election, civil freedoms and rule of law in Serbia have been gradually deteriorating, causing the Freedom House to label the country as \'Partially free\' in 2020.
In 2017, Pešić has signed the Declaration on the Common Language of the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins.
## Personal
Her sister Stanislava (1941 - 1997) was a famous actress in Yugoslavia. She was married to lawyer Srđa Popović, with whom she has a son named Boris
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# Baerenthal
**Baerenthal** (`{{IPA|fr|bɛʁəntal}}`{=mediawiki}; *Bärental*; Lorraine Franconian: *Bäredal*) is a commune in the Moselle department of the Grand Est administrative region in north-eastern France.
The village belongs to the Pays de Bitche and to the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park.
## Geography
The village is located in heavily wooded country, 15 kilometres from Bitche and 12 kilometres from Niederbronn, at the south-eastern border of the canton of Bitche. It has a population of 750 and is located at an altitude of 240 meters, in the lush green valley of the northern Zinsel river.
## History
When founded, during the age of the *franc compté* (feudalist Frankish counts) of the eighth to tenth centuries, Baerenthal was located in Nordgau, in Alsace. It was a part, during the Carolingian era, of the bishopric of Strasbourg, just at the border with the bishopric of Metz.
The medieval period of the village is very rich thanks to the presence of the châteaux of Château de Ramstein and Château de Grand-Arnsberg on its land. The nobles of Ramstein were cited for the first time in a document dated 22 October 1291. The village of Baerenthal was mentioned later in 1318, under the name *Berendal*, in the valley of *Bero*. Regarding secular power, Baerenthal was under the rule of Ramstein, and later, starting in 1355, under that of Falkenstein. After this began the sinister period of pillaging by robber-knights (*Raubritter*) for the \'*Berebdal unter Ramenstein*\' (the rock of the ravens).
By an act of sale dated 3 September 1467, Count Louis V of Lichtenberg became the owner of the southern half of the village as well as the chateau of Grand-Arnsberg and in 1569 the counts of Hanau-Lichtenberg became the owners of the whole village. The names of several regions of Baerenthal date back to this time:
- *Reinhardshof*, from the name of burgrave Johann-Reinhardt
- *Fischerhof*, where fishermen lived
- *Rosselhof*, where the noblemen\'s stables were located
- *Frohnacker* (field of labor), where a great farm near the nobles\' fields was located
Starting from 1480, Berendal passed through the hands of the counts of Hanau-Lichtenberg and followed their fate. In 1606 milestones were placed which separated the duchy of Lorraine and the county of Hanau-Lichtenberg from the hamlet of Melch to that of Bannstein. In 1648, Baerenthal was a part of the *baillage* of Lemberg, near the *Pirmasens dans le Palatinat*, in the landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt. Its landgrave, Louis VIII, was the son-in-law of count Johann-Reinhardt of Hanau-Lichtenberg and became his heir in 1786. In 1793, Baerenthal, as well as the neighboring territory of Philippsbourg in the canton of Bitche, were detached from Alsace and became part of the district of the Moselle. It was the Convention that made this decision during the French Revolution.
In the eighteenth century, the northern Zinsel river was used to supply the factories and ironworks that brought work and life in the valley. In 1745, the first factory was built in Baerenthal. It was an armament factory (producing side arms) and grew rapidly. A second factory was built to transform the ore coming from Franche-Comté into cast iron and steel. With the creation in 1807 of a steel mill, a cast-ironworks and sheetworks factories, industry grew along the length of the *Zinselbach*. This activity reached a peak in the middle of the nineteenth century, but slowed down at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1932 the last factory closed. The rest-stop in the village was taken by the *Chaiserie Lorraine* and destroyed during the Second World War. Reconstructed and again devoted to steel work, mechanics/mechanics workshops were replaced by a factory producing tableware.
Following the imperial ordinance of 2 September 1915, the name of the village was Germanized to *Bärenthal* and kept this name until the return of France in 1918. From 1940 to 1944, it was Germanized again, this time to *Bärental bei Bitsch*.
Classified as a *Station de Cure d\'air* (a place for people to rest and heal), Baerenthal is an important tourist center of the northern Vosges. The village has been classified as a *Station verte* since 1987.
## Economy
The Barenthal company designs and produces solid steel tableware and silver-coated metal. In 2005, it was the second greatest producer of French tableware.
| 708 |
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| 0 |
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# Baerenthal
## Religion
### Catholic
In the Middle Ages, Baerenthal was part of the parish of *Obersteinbach*, of the archbishopric of Haut-Haguenau in the diocese of Strasbourg. In 1570, count Philippe IV of Hanau-Lichtenberg brought the Reformation to the village and the Catholic religion was consequently suppressed. This explains the absence of crosses by the roads in and around Baerenthal, a characteristic of Catholic regions. For the few Catholics who joined this community, the territory became a part of the bishopric of Metz in 1802 and was annexed to the parish of *Mouterhouse*. The Chapel of the Immaculate Conception was constructed in 1885 in the northern part of the village.
### Protestant
After the village embraced the Reformation, the church changed to Protestantism. The Protestant church was restored in 1630. The village has been a Protestant district since 1739.
## Population
## Neighboring communes {#neighboring_communes}
Neighboring communes, which consist of only a few houses, are relatively numerous:
- Betteli from 1840
- Breitthal from 1841
The region at the beginning of the 20th century:
- Daxhof, bringing the nobility of Falkenstein, and constructed around 1740.
- Eulenkopf around 1845
- Fischerhof at the beginning of the 17th century
- Frohnacker probably after 1770
- Thalhäusen around the end of the 18th century
- Schmealenthal from the beginning of the 19th century
- Untermühlthal around 1720
In 1150, the landgrave Dietrich ceded the abbey of Neuweiler which gave its fief to the abbey of Neubourg. The village of *Mühlenbach*, which belonged to the nobility of Gross-Arnsburg, and then to that of Falkenstein, was finally reunited with the village of Lemberg in 1332. The assorted hamlets of *Leimenthalerhof*, *Rothenbronnerhof*, *Sasselbach*, *Scharfeneckerhof* and *Wiesenlagerhof* were mentioned in 1798. The unique house which was the basis of the small village of *Kroterwasen* was bought by the Administration of Waters and Forests and, in 1887, was transformed to a Forestry House, taking the name of *Schwarzenberg*.
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# Baerenthal
## Sights
- Château de Grand-Arnsberg, constructed at the beginning of the 12th century to protect the imperial city of Haguenau.
- Château de Ramstein, constructed in the 13th century by the Falkenstein nobility.
- the church of Saint Catherine, transformed into a Protestant church in 1571 and reconstructed in the 17th century.
- the marker/milestone near Schmalenthal, dated from 1605. Delimits the old borders of the county of Bitche.
- The calvary (in French, a small figurine of Christ on the cross) near Frohnacker, dated from 1790.
- The tomb of Philippe Hirtz, an ironworker from Mouterhouse, dated from 1868.
- the Chapel of the Immaculate Conception, built at the end of the 19th century, which is a place of pilgrimage every May.
- The bird observation post, the best place to discover the fauna of the Northern Vosges.
Situated on the main road, a farm is composed of two buildings: the home, gabled on the road, dated 1770 on the door of the cellar, and the farm itself, dated 1753, developed in breadth behind the courtyard. Exceptional in the Pays de Bitche, the farm resembles the Alsatian building style. One can see this by the separation between buildings and the farm and by the porch-roof superimposed on the main/front face of the building. The difference to the Alsatian style is that the pan-de-bois is relegated in the second part (that is, the foundations), while the house is constructed with stone and a mix of roughcast lime (pebbles were added in the mix and used to increase the surface area of the house, to increase the rate of evaporation).
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The arms of this village are: \"*a black bear, passant silver, chapé-ployé of gold to the star of dexter gules*\". These are the arms of the Ramstein family, the nobles of the village in the Middle Ages, who took their name from the old château of Ramstein. The bear on the arms is taken from the name of the community, namely, the valley of bears: *Bären-tal*, in German
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# Religious police
`{{Religious freedom}}`{=mediawiki} **Religious police** are any police force responsible for the enforcement of religious norms and associated religious laws. Nearly all religious police organizations in modern society are Islamic and can be found in countries with a large Muslim populace, such as Saudi Arabia or Iran. The responsibilities of religious police heavily vary by religion and culture. For example, the Islamic religious police prioritize the prevention of alcohol consumption, playing of music, public displays of affection, Western holidays, and prayer time absences. On the other hand, the religious police force in Vietnam are responsible for monitoring religious extremists, such as Dega Protestants or Ha Mon Catholics. As of 2012, at least 17 nations (9% worldwide) have police that enforce religious norms, according to a new Pew Research analysis of 2012 data. These actions are particularly common in the Middle East and North Africa, where roughly one-third of countries (35%) have police enforcing religious norms. As of 2012, religious police forces were not present in any country in Europe or the Americas.
## Evolution of religious police {#evolution_of_religious_police}
Religious police can be divided into two categories, those who are upholding the values of a certain religion and those who are responsible for extremist religious groups. Every major religion has a set of rules expected to be followed by their believers as a lifestyle and passages to support its enforcement.
In Islam, the doctrine of Hisbah dictates a duty for the Muslims to promote moral virtue and intervene when another believer is not acting accordingly. The passage holds a core value from the Quran of enjoining good and forbidding wrong. Throughout history, there is evidence that Islamic religious policing has existed for centuries. In the earliest form of religious policing, Muhtasib or "market inspector" is a public official entrusted with preventing fraud, public morality infractions, and disturbance of public order. However, this position disappeared worldwide as society modernize before reappearing in the first Saudi state, Diriyah, from 1745 to 1818. In the early 20th century, Ibn Sa'ud appointed his followers as *muhtasibs* and very strictly enforced the rules, which caused a conflict between foreign pilgrim and the local population.
The other side of religious policing are forces who are overseeing, if considered to be, religious extremist groups. With the recent spike in interest for religious groups, more people are joining extreme religious groups worldwide. Governments often create a task force in local areas where most group members are based in. However, if an extreme religious group poses a threat to public safety, the responsibility often lies on a more formal intelligence agency instead of a local task force. However, in certain cases, the fear for public safety is simply a ruse to be used as an excuse by governments to limit religious freedom, such as the case of Dega Christians in Vietnam. Ethnic minorities who are Evangelical Christians were chased out of their homes and into the forest as harassment and discrimination against them ran rampant. In Vietnam, a religion must be approved by the VCP (Communist Party of Vietnam) and have their leaders vetted by government authorities for worship services to be legal. However, unregistered Protestant "house churches" in minority areas are deemed "illegal" or a Dega Christian. The Vietnamese Communist Party created a task force to watch the Dega Christians and in some cases, harass and assault them.
Despite its controversial nature, religious police forces are still common in some Islamic societies. These institutions have the powerful support of the conservative part of the population and government officials but are often met with opposition from its younger population and liberals. However, religious police forces often conflicts with local police. For example, the Nigerian State of Kano witnessed a rocky relationship between their religious police force and civil police force. Some religious forces only survived because of protection from the country\'s constitution, namely Iran and Saudi Arabia. Despite Hassan Rouhani\'s stern criticism of Iran\'s religious police, he did not have power to change anything as the acting president.
| 670 |
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| 0 |
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# Religious police
## Formal legalized enforcement by country {#formal_legalized_enforcement_by_country}
**Afghanistan** *Main article: Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Afghanistan)* Afghanistan\'s Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice was first instituted by the 1992 Rabbani regime, and adopted by the Taliban when they took power in 1996.\[9\] Taliban\'s department was modeled on a similar organization in Saudi Arabia.\[10\] It was closed when the Taliban was ousted, but the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Afghanistan reinstated it in 2003.\[11\] In 2006 the Karzai regime submitted draft legislation to create a new department, under the Ministry for Haj and Religious Affairs, devoted to the \"Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice\".\[9\] When the Taliban took power again in August 2021, they established a new \"Ministry of Invitation, Guidance and Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice\", taking over the old regime\'s Ministry of Women\'s Affairs building for use as its headquarters.\[12\]
**Indonesia** After the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, people believed that it was a punishment from God, which caused the governor, Mustafa Abubakar, to officially launch the Polisi Syariat Islam.`{{Circular reference|date=October 2022}}`{=mediawiki} The task force started out with 13 officers in 2005 and grew to 62 officers, including 14 females by 2009. However, the organization has a total of more than 1,000 people in which at least 400 people are under contract and the rest are volunteers. Polisi Syariat Islam is devoted to catching anyone who does not strictly follow every aspect of the Sharia law. They are known to use excessive tactics, such as stalking and searching properties without proper warrants or motive. Punishments range from a 24-hour hold for physical contact between unmarried people of the opposite sex to beatings for marriage infidelity.
Since 2001, the Indonesian province of Aceh has enforced its version of Islamic law and has used flogging to punish offenders. It forbids alcohol, punishes premarital romance, and has little tolerance for the anti-establishment posturing of its tiny punk-rock community. In recent months, Aceh\'s Islamic laws have tightened. In September, the local legislature passed a new bylaw, or qanun jinayat, imposing harsher penalties on a longer list of "crimes". Offences not previously regulated include adultery and same-sex sexual relations, both of which are punishable by floggings with a thin rattan cane. The penalties for homosexuality are especially harsh. Gay sex, which is not illegal elsewhere in Indonesia, is now punishable by 100 lashes or 100 months in jail. Officials can also demand 1,000 grams of gold -- about \$38,500 -- if they catch gay or lesbian couples in the act. The new bylaw is a watered-down version of a controversial law passed by Aceh\'s legislature in 2009, which mandated stoning to death as a punishment for adultery. After the resulting international outrage, the stoning provision was dropped from the new bylaw, which now awaits approval by Indonesia\'s Minister of Home Affairs. A decision is expected by September 2015. In the meantime, human rights groups are calling for an end to caning, a practise they say violates not only the Indonesian constitution, but also a raft of international treaties signed by Indonesia.
**Iran** Established in 2005, Guidance Patrol (Persian: گشت ارشاد,\' *Gašt-e Eršād*) is the main Islamic religious police in Iran, succeeding its similar defunct predecessor. Its mission is to impose Islamic norms of conduct and dress code in public. Similar to the religious police force in Indonesia, they also prioritize the prevention of unrelated men and women mingling without a neutral male guardian (mahram) to watch the women. They have been met with some resistance by women, especially those from more urban and affluent circles, who try to test the boundaries of the dress codes that have been set in place. The morality police are a law enforcement force with access to power, arms and detention centers, she said. They also have control over the recently introduced "re-education centers." The centers act like detention facilities, where women---and sometimes men---are taken into custody for failing to comply with the state\'s rules on modesty. Inside the facilities, detainees are given classes about Islam and the importance of the hijab (or headscarf), and then forced to sign a pledge to abide by the state\'s clothing regulations before they are released.
Iran had been dictating to women how they should dress long before the establishment of the current Islamic Republic. In 1936, the pro-Western ruler Reza Shah banned the wearing of all veils and headscarves in an effort to modernize the country. Many women resisted. Then, the Islamic regime that overthrew the Shah\'s Pahlavi dynasty made the hijab compulsory in 1979, but the rule was only written into law in 1983.
A task force with all the powers of a law enforcement agency, the morality police are tasked with ensuring that the rules are followed.
The first of these establishments opened in 2019, said Hadi Ghaemi, executive director of the New York-based Center for Human Rights in Iran, adding that "since their creation, which has no basis in any law, agents of these centers have arbitrarily detained countless women under the pretense of not complying with the state's forced hijab."
The Death of Mahsa Amini took place at the hands of Iranian police. Amini was wearing the hijab incorrectly and was detained. She was also beaten by police and she died in hospital on 16 September. Her death started a series of protests in Iran. During the protests, the police were seen attacking protesters.
The revival of Iran\'s ''morality police'', Gasht-e-Irshad, has faced opposition as demonstrators persist in challenging the mandatory hijab law. The announcement coincides with the commemoration of Mahsa Amini\'s death, a pivotal event that sparked significant unrest in Iran. On social media, women have exhibited their resolve to advocate for women\'s rights and freedom, declaring their intention to participate in protests and resist the oppressive regime.
**Saudi Arabia**
Saudi Arabia has two types of police: general police and religious police, also known as the Mutaween. While the general police are tasked with investigating criminal matters and providing national security, the Mutaween specialize in enforcing the strict religious customs of Sharia law. Policing in Saudi Arabia represents the pinnacle of the enforcement of Islamic law and customs as it is both an absolute monarchy and a theocracy. With a population of over 27 million people, the second-largest nation in the Middle East sits in a unique religious position as the home of the holy city of Mecca. There are no formal political parties in Saudi Arabia, and political dissenters are sometimes incarcerated. The Mutaween operate under the Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and Prevention of Vice. Their mission is to uphold Islamic law and "enjoining doing what is right and forbidding doing all that is wrong" (Al-Humaidan, 2008, pp. 39--40). The Mutaween enforce segregation of the sexes, the prohibition of alcohol, men attending prayer, suppression of non-Muslim displays or rituals, and the modesty of women (Al-Juwair, 2008; Sharif, 2014). There are about 4000 official religious policemen and additional support staff (Sharif, 2014).
While on patrol, the duties of the Mutaween include, but are not restricted to: ensuring that drugs including alcohol are not being traded;\[40\] checking that women wear the abaya, a traditional cloak;\[citation needed\] making sure that men and women who are spotted together in public are related;\[40\] formerly, enforcing the ban on camera phones; and preventing the population from engaging in \"frivolous\"\[42\] Western customs and holidays.\[9\]
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# Religious police
## Formal legalized enforcement by country {#formal_legalized_enforcement_by_country}
The punishment for such offenses is severe, often involving beatings and humiliation, and foreigners are not excluded from arrest.\[43\] The Mutaween encourage people to inform on others they know who are suspected of acting unvirtuously, and to punish such activities.
**Malaysia**
In 1969, the Conference of the Conference of Rulers of Malaysia decided that there was a need for a body to mobilize the development and progress of Muslims in Malaysia, in line with the status of Malaysia as a growing Islamic country and gaining international attention. Realizing this fact, a secretariat to the National Council of Islamic Religious Affairs Malaysia (MKI) was established, to preserve the purity of Islamic beliefs and teachings. The secretariat was later developed as the Religious Division, the Prime Minister\'s Department which was then re-promoted to the Islamic Affairs Division (Malay: Bahagian Hal Ehwal Islam) (BAHEIS). On 1 January 1997, in line with the growing development and progress of Islam in the country, the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) was established by the Malaysian government as taking over power and role of BAHEIS.
The formation of JAKIM faced criticism from many groups claiming the established was outlawed by constitution of Malaysia. G25, a group of representing of former civil servant said the established of JAKIM was not aligned with constitution as power of the Conference of Rulers does not include the formation of JAKIM cited of Article 38 of the constitution.\[7\] However, former Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad defended the formation of JAKIM by citing it was aimed at bringing the government in line with Islamic teachings. His statement was supported by Mujahid Yusof Rawa, former Minister in the Prime Minister\'s Department (Religious Affairs) quoted it was set up to cater to the current needs, including when it comes to managing the budget for the administration of Islamic matters.
**Nigeria**
The Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice, (abbreviated CPVPV and colloquially termed hai'a (committee), whose enforcers are referred to as muttawa, mutaween (pl.)), are tasked with enforcing conservative Islamic norms of public behavior, as defined by Saudi authorities. They monitor observance of the dress code, gender segregation in public spaces, and whether shops are closed during prayer times.\[31\]
Established in its best known form in the mid-1970s,\[4\] by the early 2010s, the committee was estimated to have 3,500--4,000 officers on the streets, assisted by thousands of volunteers and administrative personnel.\[32\]\[33\] Its head held the rank of cabinet minister and reported directly to the king.\[32\] Committee officers and volunteers patrolled public places, with volunteers focusing on enforcing strict rules of hijab (which in Saudi Arabia meant covering all of the body except the hands and eyes), segregation between the sexes, and daily prayer attendance;\[4\] but also banning Western products/activities such as the sale of dogs and cats,\[34\] Barbie dolls,\[35\] Pokémon,\[36\] and Valentine\'s Day gifts.\[3\] Officers were authorized to pursue, detain and interrogate suspected violators, flog offenders for certain misdeeds,\[37\]\[38\] and arrest priests for saying Mass in private ceremonies.\[39\] In some cases, the Saudi religious police were broadly condemned in the country, including cases of breaking into private homes on suspicion of illicit behavior,\[31\] and being staffed by \"ex-convicts whose only job qualification was that they had memorized the Qur\'an in order to reduce their sentences\".\[40\] Perhaps the most serious incident for which they were blamed was the 2002 Mecca girls\' school fire, where fifteen girls died and fifty were injured after the mutaween prevented them from escaping a burning school, because the girls were not wearing headscarves and abayas (black robes), and not accompanied by a male guardian. The firemen who arrived to help, were also beaten by the mutaween. Widespread public criticism followed, both internationally and within Saudi Arabia.\[41\]
The institution had general support among conservative currents of public opinion, but was widely disliked by liberals and younger people.\[13\] In 2016 the power of the CPVPV was drastically reduced by Mohammed bin Salman,\[42\]\[43\] and it was banned \"from pursuing, questioning, asking for identification, arresting and detaining anyone suspected of a crime\".\[44\]
**Sudan**
The Community Service Police serves as the Sudanese religious police. Originally called the Public Order Police, the enforcement agency was established in 1993 by President Omar al-Bashir.\[13\] The Public Order Law was initiated by the Sudanese government in the state of Khartoum in 1992, and later applied to all states. The name was changed in 2006. The Community Service Police is in charge of enforcing regulations on certain personal behaviors, including indecent clothing, alcohol consumption, offensive acts and seduction, among others.\[45\] In June 2015, 10 female students were charged with \"indecent dress\" after exiting their church. All of the women were wearing long-sleeved shirts and either skirts or trousers.\[46\] In December 2017, 24 women were arrested at a private gathering for wearing trousers. They were later released.\[47\] Punishment can include flogging and the payment of fines. The Public Order Court, which handles such cases, is a parallel court system which exercises summary judgements.\[48\] Many Sudanese resent the activity of the religious police as oppressive and arbitrarily intrusive, although it is supported by Salafists and other religious conservatives.\[13\] Following the July 2019 overthrow of Omar al-Bashir, Sudan began a \"transition to democracy\". In December 2019, it repealed a public order law that granted police the power to arrest women \"who were found dancing, wearing trousers, vending on the streets or mixing with men who weren't their relatives\", who might then be punished by \"flogging, fines and, in rare cases, stoning and execution\".\[49\] A 3 September 2020 agreement (as part of a 2019 \'legal reform program and rebuilding and developing the justice and rights\')\[50\] declared Sudan \"a multi-racial, multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-cultural society\", where the state would \"not establish an official religion\" and where no citizen would \"be discriminated against based on their religion\",\[51\] thus eliminating the raison d\'être for the Community Service Police
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# Billy Werner
**Billy Werner** is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and DJ. He is best known as the lead vocalist of the post-hardcore bands Saetia and Hot Cross.
## Background
Raised in Queens, New York, Werner earned an undergraduate degree at New York University and a graduate degree at University College London.
Billy formed Saetia in 1997 with Greg Drudy, Jamie Behar, and Alex Madara. During their short lifespan of two and a half years, they released a self-titled EP, a self-titled full length, and their full discography on *A Retrospective*. Billy wrote the lyrics, and sang vocals for the band. The band broke up in 1999, due to personal problems, to form bands such as Off Minor, The Fiction, and Billy\'s own band, Hot Cross.
Hot Cross was formed shortly after Saetia broke up in 2000, with former Saetia drummer, Greg Drudy, Matt Smith, Casey Boland, and Josh Jakubowski. The band released *A New Set of Lungs*, their first EP, in 2002, and then released their critically acclaimed record, *Cryonics*, the *Fair Trades & Farewells* EP, and their latest record, *Risk Revival*, all on Level Plane records, except for *Risk Revival* released on Equal Vision records. The band\'s music was similar to Saetia and other Hot Cross members\' former bands. The band went on indefinite hiatus, cutting short their 2007 tour.
He also currently deejays under the moniker Billy W as a disco DJ, M//R as a techno DJ and producer, and Werner Williams for his more spacey and house-inflected groovy tunes
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# Training Within Industry
The **Training Within Industry** (**TWI**) service was created by the United States Department of War, running from 1940 to 1945 within the War Manpower Commission. The purpose was to provide consulting services to war-related industries whose personnel were being conscripted into the US Army at the same time the War Department was issuing orders for additional matériel. It was apparent that the shortage of trained and skilled personnel at precisely the time they were needed most would impose a hardship on those industries, and that only improved methods of job training would address the shortfall. By the end of World War II, over 1.6 million workers in over 16,500 plants had received a certification. The program continued post-war in Europe and Asia, where it aided reconstruction. It is most notable in the business world for inspiring the concept of kaizen in Japan. In addition, the program became the foundation of the Toyota Production System and the DoD resourced open source Management System (3.1).
## Overview
The four basic training programs (10-hour sessions) developed by TWI were developed by experts on loan from private industry. Because of the intensity of the situation, a large number of experimental methods were tried and discarded. This resulted in a distilled, concentrated set of programs. Each program had introductory programs called \"Appreciation Sessions\" that were used to sell the programs to top management and introduce the programs to middle management of a company. Each program also had \'Train-the-Trainer\' programs and handbooks called \"Institute Conductor\'s Manual\" for the master trainers. The TWI Service also developed a number of \"Staff Only\" training programs to support staff development and to improve the implementation success.
The TWI trainers had to be invited to a factory in order to present their material. In order to market the service, they developed the Five Needs of the Supervisor: every supervisor needs to have Knowledge of the Work, Knowledge of Responsibility, Skill in Instructing, Skill in Improving Methods, and Skill in Leading. Each program was based on Charles Allen\'s 4-point method of Preparation, Presentation, Application, and Testing.
The 10-hour Sessions were:
- Job Instruction (JI) - a course that taught trainers (supervisors and experienced workers) to train inexperienced workers faster. The instructors were taught to break down jobs into closely defined steps, show the procedures while explaining the key points and the reasons for the key points, then watch the student attempt under close coaching, and finally to gradually wean the student from the coaching. The course emphasized the credo, \"If the worker hasn\'t learned, the instructor hasn\'t taught\". At the request of enterprises outside of manufacturing, variations to the JI program were developed for hospitals, office and farms.
- Job Methods (JM) - a course that taught workers to objectively evaluate the efficiency of their jobs and to methodically evaluate and suggest improvements. The course also worked with a job breakdown, but students were taught to analyze each step and determine if there were sufficient reason to continue to do it in that way by asking a series of pointed questions. If they determined some step could be done better by eliminating, combining, rearranging, or simplifying, they were to develop and apply the new method by selling it to the \"boss\" and co-workers, obtaining approval based on safety, quality, quantity, and cost, standardizing the new method, and giving credit.
- Job Relations (JR) - a course that taught supervisors to deal with workers effectively and fairly. It emphasized the lesson, \"People Must Be Treated As Individuals\".
- Program Development (PD) - the meta-course that taught those with responsibility for the training function to assist the line organization in solving production problems through training.
There was also a short-lived course that taught union personnel (UJR) to work effectively with management.
### Additional programs {#additional_programs}
Internal training programs were; \"Management Contact Manual\" (1944) - a formal training course on how to sell the TWI programs to management, \"How to get Continuing Results from TWI Programs in a Plant\" (1944) - this training program was the out-growth of two years of practical experimentation and experience on what it took to have a successful implementation of TWI.
- Job Safety (JS) - While the US TWI Service chose to not develop a JS program, stating that safety was part of every job, Canada led the way with the first variant that was closely modeled on the JI program. This program was offered to England, which declined and developed a JS program that focused on discovery of risk and resolution. Copies of the British programs were circulated in Japan starting about 1948.
- Problem Solving (PS) - There are two different programs using similar names. The TWI Foundation released their PS program in 1946 and follows the standard J program format. TWI, Inc. released their program in 1955 and is a much more comprehensive program that revolves around using the JI, JR and JM programs for problem solving.
- Discussion Leading (DL) - This is an early work in developing what is now recognized as facilitation skills. TWIF also produced a variant of this program called Conference Leading.
### Expansion to other nations {#expansion_to_other_nations}
There were several groups that had an impact in the expansion of the TWI programs around the world - US State Department, US Army, British Ministry of Labour, International Labor Organization (ILO) and Standard Oil. In 1944, the British Ministry of Labour sent Frank Perkins to the US to evaluate the TWI programs. In the summer of 1944, Perkins returned to England to establish a similar program. The British Ministry of Labour actively promoted the TWI programs, listing 65 countries in addition to the US and England where TWI was known to be in use as of 1959. Expansion into Europe was led by Standard Oil, which led the translation efforts of the manuals into native languages. Some European TWI activity was done under the Marshall Plan by \"Visiting Experts\" (VE), with limited success. It was the later work by the ILO using the Standard Oil translations and re-translation efforts that established the TWI programs in Europe. The ILO TWI training program in Bangalore India has the distinction of training the first Japanese about 1947.
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# Training Within Industry
## Overview
### Post war {#post_war}
Although the TWI program funding for application of the programs in the USA by the government ended in 1945, the US government did fund the introduction to the war-torn nations of Europe and Asia. Several private groups continued to provide TWI in the US and abroad. Channing Dooley, Walter Dietz, Mike Kane and Bill Conover (collectively known as \"the Four Horsemen\") continued the development of the \'J\' programs by establishing the TWI Foundation. This group was responsible for continuing the spread of TWI throughout Europe and Asia. The Director of one of the district offices established TWI, Inc., and was hired by the US Government to provide TWI training in Japan. It was especially well received in Japan, where TWI formed the basis of the kaizen culture in industry. *Kaizen*, known by such names as *Quality Circles* in the West, was successfully harnessed by Toyota Motor Corporation in conjunction with the Lean or Just In Time principles of Taiichi Ohno. In the foreword to Dinero\'s book \"Training Within Industry\", John Shook relates a story in which a Toyota trainer brought out an old copy of a TWI service manual to prove to him that American workers at NUMMI could be taught using the \"Japanese\" methods used at Toyota. Thus, TWI was the forerunner of what is today regarded as a Japanese creation.
### TWI and Lean Management {#twi_and_lean_management}
The symbiosis between TWI program and Lean Management is such that one cannot effectively implement Lean Management without incorporating TWI principles. Lean Management\'s success largely depends on the competence and awareness of middle management, which TWI aims to develop. This focus on leadership skills, as emphasized in sources like Jeffrey Liker\'s \"Toyota Talent\" highlights TWI\'s pivotal role in shaping organizational culture in the context of Lean Management. The practical implementation of TWI Program within Lean Management underscores the program\'s enduring significance and its essential role in the successful transformation of middle management into effective leaders
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# Smithfield railway station
**Smithfield railway station** is a railway station and bus interchange in the northern Adelaide suburb of Smithfield. It is located on the Gawler line, 30.2 km from Adelaide station.
## History
Smithfield station opened in June 1857 as the original terminus of the main north line, before the line was extended to Gawler in 1860. A station building and ticket office of the same design as those at North Adelaide station built in 1856 were provided. A short branch line running almost due west to the Smithfield munitions storage depot was built during World War II. This branch line was closed around 1961 when part of the depot was closed and the land sold for subdivision.
The original station building and ticket office was demolished in June 1987. By that time, the station building had been heavily vandalised. Station shelters like the ones at Dry Creek were installed, and these remained until a new station shelter was erected in 2001. At the same time, the western platform was upgraded.
## Platforms and Services {#platforms_and_services}
Smithfield has two side platforms and is serviced by Adelaide Metro. It is a designated high-frequency station, with trains scheduled every 15 minutes on weekdays, between 7:30am and 6:30pm
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# Portsmouth Naval Prison
**Portsmouth Naval Prison** is a former U.S. Navy and Marine Corps prison on the grounds of the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (PNS) in Kittery, Maine. The building has the appearance of a castle. The reinforced concrete naval prison was occupied from 1908 until 1974.
## Fort Sullivan and Camp Long {#fort_sullivan_and_camp_long}
The island site was first used in 1775 during the Revolution when the New Hampshire militia, commanded by General John Sullivan, constructed an earthwork defense called **Fort Sullivan** atop the bluff. In conjunction with Fort Washington across the Piscataqua River on Peirce Island, it guarded the channel to Portsmouth. Eliphalet Daniels served as a commander in 1776. The militia withdrew about three years later.
The fort was reactivated for the War of 1812 in 1814. In 1861, it was rebuilt with eleven 8-inch Rodman guns to protect Portsmouth against attacks by the Confederate navy. After 1866, Fort Sullivan was dismantled. Camp Long, named for Secretary of the Navy John Long, was erected nearby during the Spanish--American War. From 11 July to mid-September in 1898, the stockade housed 1,612 Spanish prisoners, including Admiral Pascual Cervera, until returned to Spain.
## \"Alcatraz of the East\" {#alcatraz_of_the_east}
When Camp Long was dismantled in 1901, the site became available for a naval prison. Constructed between 1905 and 1908, the brig was modeled after the Fort Alcatraz military prison on Alcatraz Island with tidal currents to deter escape. Colonel Allan C. Kelton of the Marine Corps was in command when the first Navy prisoners arrived in 1908. It would eventually house Marine inmates as well. The central crenellated tower, roofed in copper, was erected in 1912. Lieutenant Commander Thomas Mott Osborne assumed command in 1917. Called \"the Father of Naval Corrections,\" Osborne and two others went undercover in the prison to see what changes needed to be made, including living conditions. During World War I, the prison housed wartime convicts---among them Victor Folke Nelson---reaching a maximum of 2,295 in 1918. By 1921 President Warren G. Harding had appointed a new Secretary of the Navy, who promptly ended Osborne\'s Mutual Welfare League program for prisoners at Portsmouth.
Two wings were eventually added to the prison---in 1942 the northeast wing, and in 1943 the unornamented southwest wing, dubbed \"the Fortress,\" which rises sheer beside the rocky shore. Maximum occupancy reached 3,088 in 1945. In the decade before the United States\' entry into World War II, around 40% of all new prisoners arriving at Portsmouth were there on charges related to sodomy or other similar crimes of a sexual nature not relating to women. The overabundance of prisoners convicted of homosexual activity at Portsmouth contributed to changes in policy towards homosexual sailors during World War II.
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# Portsmouth Naval Prison
## Office of Naval Intelligence {#office_of_naval_intelligence}
After the German surrender ended World War II fighting in Europe on 5 May 1945, U-boats surrendering to United States naval forces were escorted to Portsmouth so engineers at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard might study their design features. `{{GS|U-805||2}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{GS|U-873||2}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{GS|U-1228||2}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{GS|U-234||2}}`{=mediawiki} were towed to the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard between 15 and 19 May. The Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) had interrogators available to question the submarine crewmen at the prison. The interrogations were classified at the time because of potential military value of information collected about German submarine, jet aircraft, ballistic missile, guided bomb, and nuclear weapons technology. *U-234* had been bound for Japan carrying 1232 lb of uranium oxide, a disassembled Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter, tons of prototypes and technical documents relating to new weapons, and several senior weapons technicians. The commanding officer of *U-873* had conducted submarine-launched ballistic missile experiments with his brother Ernst Steinhoff, who was Director for Flight Mechanics, Ballistics, Guidance Control, and Instrumentation at the Peenemünde Army Research Center. Kapitänleutnant Friedrich Steinhoff was slapped by a large, husky Marine guard until his face was swollen and bleeding, and died in a Charles Street Jail cell after two days of interrogation. Despite subsequent declassification of documents, it is unclear if ONI realized Steinhoff\'s ballistic missile connections. Similar uncertainty remains about disposal of the uranium oxide aboard *U-234*.
There was inadequate preparation to deal with the arriving U-boats. United States Navy prize crews scattered possessions of the U-boat crewmen as they searched for potential sabotage and intelligence information while the U-boats were en route to Portsmouth. Scattered documents and clothing were perceived as fire and access hazards while the U-boats awaited inspection by shipyard engineers. Material scattered aboard the U-boats was stockpiled in the prison entrance lobby where it was looted by prison guards. Decorations and personal possessions taken from U-boat crewmen were retained as souvenirs rather than returned to prisoners of war as required by the Geneva Conventions.
## Cold War {#cold_war}
The brig was used throughout the Korean War and almost to the end of the Vietnam War. During warmer months, it was not uncommon for boats navigating the river to hear shouts and whistles coming from within barred windows of \"the Fortress.\" In 1974 the Department of Defense developed a three-tiered, regional correctional facility plan. Inmates would be placed depending on the service, sentence length, geographical location, and treatment programs. First-tier offenders are those with sentences less than a year, second-tier up to seven years. Male convicts from all the services sentenced to punitive discharge and incarceration longer than seven years are confined at the third tier---the maximum-security U.S. Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. The Portsmouth Naval Prison, built to be a modern correctional facility for a navy which had once disciplined by flogging and capital punishment, was rendered obsolete. After containing about 86,000 military inmates over its 66-year operation, the brig closed in 1974, its maintenance thereafter contributing to shipyard overhead. The Navy briefly used the prison in the early 1980s to train military corrections officers. Volunteer Inmates from the Rockingham County Jail were sometimes used.
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# Portsmouth Naval Prison
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
In the 1973 movie *The Last Detail*, seaman Larry Meadows (Randy Quaid) is escorted by petty officers Billy \"Badass\" Buddusky (Jack Nicholson) and Mule Mulhall (Otis Young) to the Portsmouth Naval Prison. Meadows has been sentenced to eight years\' confinement for trying to steal \$40 from a charity box. But because of his harsh sentence, the guards feel sorry for Meadows. They decide to show the naive sailor the time of his life before arriving on Seavey\'s Island (where another location substitutes for the actual brig).
In W. E. B. Griffin\'s novel *Semper Fi*, Corporal Kenneth \"Killer\" McCoy is assigned to transport prisoners from San Diego to the Portsmouth Naval Prison.
In an episode of the WWII flying drama TV series *Baa Baa Black Sheep* entitled *The 200 Pound Gorilla*, the character of Master Gunnery Sergeant Andrew \"Andy\" Micklin played by Red West is promoted to Warrant Officer. In order to show his opposition to the promotion, he fights with all of the officers and is thrown in the brig, a Marine Corps jail. He thinks he will just be demoted. But, in fact, they start talking about the fact that he will be \"sent to Portsmouth.\"
The prison is referred to in Stephen King\'s 1982 novella *The Body*, later filmed as *Stand by Me*.
The prison and shipyard locations were used to depict a Russian shipyard in the 1978 television film *The Defection of Simas Kudirka* starring Alan Arkin.
Protagonist character Joker refers to the shipyard in the 1979 novel *The Short-Timers*, which was later adapted as the 1987 film *Full Metal Jacket*, but without the reference.
## Disuse
The building was previously one of 14 structures the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard had considered for outleasing and renovation. Local developer Joseph Sawtelle estimated the cost to renovate the immense edifice into civilian office space, including removing lead paint and asbestos, would cost more than \$10 million. But plans to adapt the prison were halted a month after Sawtelle\'s death in 2000, and abandoned altogether after military base security was tightened following the September 11 attacks
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# John Overall (bishop)
**John Overall** (1559--1619) was the 38th bishop of the see of Norwich from 1618 until his death one year later. He had previously served as Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield (from 1614), as Dean of St Paul\'s Cathedral from 1601, as Master of Catharine Hall (under protest) from 1598, and as Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge University from 1596. He also served on the Court of High Commission and as a Translator (in the First Westminster Company) of the King James Version of the Bible.
Overall was born in Hadleigh, Suffolk and studied at St John\'s College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He is buried within Norwich Cathedral.
## Early years {#early_years}
John Overall was born in 1559, in Hadleigh, Suffolk. In Overall\'s time, Hadleigh was a centre for radical Protestantism. He was baptised there on 2 March 1561, the younger son of George Overall, who died that July. The future bishop studied at Hadleigh Grammar School, where he was a fellow student with Bible translator John Bois. John Still, then Lady Margaret\'s Professor of Divinity at the University of Cambridge, and a parish priest from 1571, took an interest in their education. Owing to his patronage and direction both applied to St John\'s College, Cambridge, when in 1575, Still became Master of the college. When Still moved to become Master of Trinity, Overall followed him and on 18 April 1578 was admitted as a scholar.
He graduated BA in 1579 and became a minor fellow on 2 October 1581. He proceeded MA (Cantab) the following year and on 30 March became a major fellow. Overall received other college preferments while Still was the master and at the start of the academic year in 1586, he was made praelector Graecus, by October 1588 he was praelector mathematicus. He became seneschal on 17 December 1589 and junior dean on 14 October 1591. That year he was also ordained a priest at Lincoln.
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# John Overall (bishop)
## Church of England {#church_of_england}
He was briefly, in 1591--1592, vicar of Trumpington, a college living just outside Cambridge. In 1592, Sir Thomas Heneage, on behalf of Elizabeth I, created him vicar of Epping, Essex. In October 1595 he was appointed to the Crown living of Henton by Elizabeth, and in December 1595 Overall was appointed Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge. His election may have been a snub for Archbishop John Whitgift, who had adopted the Calvinistic Lambeth Articles. Overall, with Lancelot Andrewes, Samuel Harsnett, and others, had rejected these articles in support of Peter Baro, the Lady Margaret\'s Professor of Divinity, when on 12 January 1596 he attacked them from the pulpit. This opposition cost Baro his chair, as he failed to be re-elected in 1596. John Overall was also a friend to the erratic mystic William Alabaster (1568--1640), even throughout his years of imprisonment, and was the tutor to Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex at Trinity College. Perhaps Overall brought these two acquaintances together. Essex became Alabaster's patron. In *Alabaster's Conversion* we read:
In 1599, Overall clashed with the authorities when he maintained that the perseverance of a truly justified man was conditional upon repentance. There followed a year-long campaign against Overall which ultimately had little effect. Through it all, he retained his chair until he resigned it in 1607.
As one of the chaplains-in-ordinary to the queen, Overall was appointed by Whitgift in 1598 to preach before her on the third Wednesday of Lent, 15 March, in place of Bishop Godfrey Goldsborough of Gloucester. Shortly afterwards, at Easter, his theological position was further endorsed in Cambridge when he was appointed Master of St Catharine\'s College, with the support of Whitgift. Thereafter he was occasionally chosen to give Lenten sermons before the queen, but he was not happy in the pulpit. He apparently found it \"troublesome to speak English as a continued oration\" after years of lecturing in Latin. John Manningham, a Magdalene graduate who would have heard Professor Overall in Cambridge, later complained that he \"discoursed verry scholastically\" when he preached a Whitehall sermon at the dead queen\'s court on 6 April 1603
In 1602, Overall was made rector of Algarkirk, Lincoln; he held the living for three years. With the support of Sir Fulke Greville he was nominated Dean of St Paul\'s Cathedral in London. On 6 June, Lawrence Barker, vicar of St Botolph Aldersgate, and a former colleague at Trinity spoke at Paul\'s Cross of the \"gravity & learning and life\" of the new dean. The Deanery itself became a haven for scholars like Scultetus who shared the house with him. Overall himself, according to the radical preacher Thomas Scott, emerged as something of an Anglo-Catholic. Overall was also granted the Prebendary of Tottenhall.
## King James I of England {#king_james_i_of_england}
In 1603 Overall received the rectory of Clothall, Hertfordshire (which he held till 1615), and in 1604 the rectory of Therfield, Hertfordshire (which he held till 1614); both were served by curates. At the Hampton Court Conference he spoke (16 January 1604) on the controversy concerning predestination, referring to the disputes in which he had been engaged at Cambridge, and won the approval of King James. Following the conference, Overall penned the new final portion of the Catechism within the 1604 *Book of Common Prayer*.
Overall, as Dean of St. Paul\'s, was present on 3 May 1606 in St Paul\'s Churchyard in London, for the hanging of Father Henry Garnet, Provincial of the Jesuits, from whom he tried unsuccessfully to extract a gallows recantation of Roman Catholicism. Garnet was charged with having a hand in the Gunpowder Plot. During the Convocation of 1610, John Overall\'s famous *Convocation Book* was sanctioned, although it was not published until much later. This treatise was \"on the subject of Government, the divine institution of which was very positively asserted.\" In addition, the nature of the sacraments was described by Overall. The composition of the latter part of the Catechism, containing an explanation of the Sacraments, is generally attributed to John Overall. It was added in 1604 by royal authority, \"by way of explanation,\" in compliance with a wish which the Puritans had expressed at the Conference at Hampton Court.
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# John Overall (bishop)
## Authorized Version of the Bible {#authorized_version_of_the_bible}
Some time, perhaps on the final or third day of the Hampton Court Conference, a decision was made to make a new English translation of the Bible. Both the Crown and the puritans found fault with the bibles then in use. The work was carried on by 54 middle-aged, learned men. John Overall served as a translator (in the First Westminster Company) of the Authorized King James Version of the Bible. His name appears in the 1611 and 1613 printings, and he is associated with the translation of the chapters from Genesis to 2 Kings. During work on the Authorized Bible, Overall became a friend of Bishop Lancelot Andrewes (1555--1626), and the two were firm allies from then on, forming the Arminian wing of the Anglican church. Both Overall and Andrewes are considered early fathers of the Anglican Church, along with Thomas Cranmer, Matthew Parker, Richard Hooker, John Jewel, John Cosin, and William Laud. They discriminated and vindicated the Anglican position as opposed to both Papalism and Puritanism.
During the translating of the Bible, John Overall\'s beautiful young wife, Anne Overall (née Orwell), ran off with a Yorkshire courtier, Sir John Selby. Although John had her brought back to London, the scandal was well known. A popular verse of the day went like this, according to the great gossip John Aubrey:
> The Dean of St Paul\'s did search for his wife\
> And where d\'ye think he found her?\
> Even upon Sir John Selby\'s bed,\
> As flat as any flounder.\
Anne Overall seems not to be mentioned after this incident. She was the subject of this suggestive rhyme, cited as evidence that she was too hot for intellectual John Overall to handle:
> Face she had of filbert hue\
> And bosom'd like a swan.\
> Back she had of bended ewe\
> And waisted by a span.\
> Hair she had as black as crow\
> From her head unto her toe,\
> Down, down all over her,\
> Hey nonny, nonny no.\
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# John Overall (bishop)
## Final years {#final_years}
John Overall also served on the Court of High Commission. The Court of High Commission was the supreme ecclesiastical court in England. It was instituted by the Crown during the English Reformation and finally dissolved by parliament in 1641. The Court was convened at will by the sovereign, and it had near unlimited power over civil as well as church matters. In the same way, Parliament could impeach bishops. In 1614, John Overall was appointed Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, and was installed on 4 May.
On 16 November 1616, Marco Antonio de Dominis, Archbishop of Spalato in Dalmatia, being in a feud with his Roman Catholic superiors, came to England. At the King's command, he was entertained in the household of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Bishop Overall, who was highly favoured by the king, was sent to meet the Roman Catholic Archbishop. The result of this intervention by Bishop Overall was that Marco Antonio de Dominis was created Dean of Windsor. On 14 December 1617 the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Spalato --- who had been consecrated at Venice using the Tridentine Pontifical in October 1600 --- assisted Archbishop George Abbot at the consecration of Nicholas Felton, and George Montaigne, elected, respectively, Bishops of Ely and of London, with the Bishop of Rochester, Bishop Overall, and Archbishop Spalato laying on hands. The participation of Spalato was a form of giving additional weight to the consecrations.
Two years later, Overall was translated to the See of Norwich as bishop. In the diary of senior Herald of the College of Arms, William Camden (1551--1623), the relevant entry stated:
John Overall died in 1619. The event failed to generate much notice from the royal court. William Camden's diary entry only stated:
While the cause of death of Overall was not recorded, it is known he died in his cathedral. There is also no record of the burial site of Overall\'s wife, Anne.
## Legacy
Overall is buried in the south choir aisle of Norwich Cathedral, and there is a monument to him in the presbytery of the cathedral in the second bay on the south side of the high altar. The memorial to Bishop Overall, with a coloured bust looking out from a niche above, bears the inscription \"Vir undequaque doctissimus, et omni encomio major.\" The monument was placed there by his friend and former secretary, John Cosin, after his own elevation as bishop to the See of Durham. Cosin\'s later teaching of the Church of England on the Eucharist used the language of John Overall: \"Corpus Christi sumitur a nobis sacramentaliter, spiritualiter, et realiter, sed non corporaliter.\" Cosin remembered his mentor as his \"dear Lord and Master.\"
The monument in Norwich Cathedral (\"with a little painted portrait and vulture-like dove of peace\")was erected by Cosin many years after Overall\'s death. The portrait bust is copied directly from or comes from the same source as the portraits in the National Portrait Gallery that were done by Wenceslaus Hollar in 1657 from an unknown original. Several English cathedral libraries contain copies of various editions of Bishop John Overall\'s *Convocation Book* (1606 and 1610) and unpublished works by him are also housed in these collections, such as the undated Latin manuscript in the Cambridge library *De statu questionum quinq\' inter Remonstrantes et Contra-Remonstrantes Controversarum*.
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# John Overall (bishop)
## Works
John Rainolds pleaded at the Hampton Court Conference for an enlargement of the church catechism of 1549. This was carried out in the same year by the addition of the section dealing with the sacraments. This section was Overall\'s work; with a slight revision in 1662, it remained as he left it.
Overall was elected prolocutor of the lower house in the Convocation of Canterbury on the elevation in March 1605 of Thomas Ravis to the see of Gloucester. In 1606 Convocation drew up canons and constitutions relating to civil government, with statements of the principles on which they were grounded. The suggestion of these canons proceeded from James I, who wanted moral support for his efforts in favour of the Dutch republic; and therefore asked of the clergy their \"judgments how far a Christian and protestant king may concur to assist his neighbours to shake off their obedience to their own sovereign upon the account of oppression\" (James\'s letter to Archbishop Abbot). In drawing up the canons, Convocation had in view the Gunpowder Plot and Catholic resistance theory. Thirty-six canons, forming the first book, were passed unanimously by both houses of convocation in both provinces. Two other books were passed unanimously by the lower house of the convocation of Canterbury, as is attested by Overall as prolocutor. King James then refused to sanction the first book, on the grounds of the doctrine laid down in canon xxviii. While absolutely denying to subjects the right of resistance, this canon nevertheless affirms that \"new forms of government\" originating in successful rebellion have divine authority. James thought this canon struck at his own title, as merely *de facto* and not *de jure*; and, further, that it gave the stamp of divine authority to proceedings in themselves evil. The canons accordingly passed out of sight for more than eighty years. A copy of the three books in Overall\'s hand came, at his death, into the possession of his secretary, John Cosin, who bequeathed it to the Cosin Library at Durham. The original manuscript of the first book passed at the death of Richard Bancroft, into Lambeth Palace Library, where it was noted by Laud. William Sancroft, was aware of the existence of Overall\'s manuscript; and in 1690, a few days before his suspension (1 August 1690), Sancroft published Overall\'s manuscript, collated with the Lambeth manuscript, under the title *Bishop Overall\'s Convocation Book, MDCVI, concerning the Government of God\'s Catholick Church and the Kingdoms of the whole World*, &c., 1690, with portraits of Overall and Sancroft, engraved by Robert White (reprinted in *Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology*, Oxford, 1844, with portrait of Overall). Against the history of the canons, Sancroft relied on their statement of the doctrine of non-resistance as justifying the attitude of the nonjurors.
Overall\'s *Articles to be enquired of in the Diocese of Norwich in the Ordinarie Visitation*, &c., Cambridge and London, 1619, exemplify his attempts to impose conformity in his diocese. The following further works by Overall were published posthumously:
- *Articuli Lambethani \... annexa est \... Sententia \... de Prædestinatione*, &c., 1631; 1651; the *Sententia \... de Prædestinatione* was reprinted 1694; 1696; 1700; 1720; translated in *A Defence of the Thirty-nine Articles*, 1700, originally by John Ellis. A manuscript from the time of the Synod of Dort, and dealing with the issue of predestination, was attributed to John Davenant by Thomas Bedford (1650); which was denied by George Kendall on the authority of James Ussher. It was published, attributed to Overall, in the 1651 edition of this work (editor F.G.).
- Another Latin manuscript by Overall, on the \"five points\" at dispute at the Synod of Dort, appeared in translation by John Plaifere (1651 in his *Appello Evangelium*) and in 1850 (in William Goode, *The Doctrine of the Church of England as to the effects of Baptism in the case of Infants*). It was cited in Joseph Hall\'s *Via Media* and Davenant\'s *Animadversions upon a Treatise lately published by S. Hoard, and entitled \"God\'s Love to mankind, manifested in disproving his absolute decree for their damnation\"* (1641).
- *Quæstio utrum animæ Patrum ante Christum defunctorum fuerant in Cœlo*, &c., in the *Apparatus ad Origines Ecclesiasticas*, &c., Oxford, 1635, by Richard Montagu; reprinted, with another treatise, as *Prælectiones \... de Patrum, & Christi, Anima, et de Antichristo*, &c., in *The Doctrines of a Middle State*, &c., 1721, by Archibald Campbell.
Overall was a correspondent of Gerard Voss and Hugo Grotius; some of his letters are in *Præstantium \... Virorum Epistolæ*, &c. According to Montagu, Voss derived from Overall materials for his *Historiæ de Controversiis quas Pelagius ejusque reliquiæ moverunt libri septem*, &c., Leyden, 1618
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# History of Anchorage, Alaska
After congress approved the completion of the Alaska Railroad from Seward to Fairbanks in 1914, it was decided that a new town should be built as a port and rail hub along the route. The decision was made to develop a site near Ship Creek on Cook Inlet. Survey parties visited the area in 1914 and researched possible routes for the rails and options for siting the new town. Anchorage was originally settled as a tent city near the mouth of Ship Creek in 1915, and a planned townsite was platted alongside the bluff to the south. Anchorage was mostly a company town for the Alaska Railroad for its first several decades of existence.
The strategic location of Alaska, which led to a massive buildup of military facilities throughout Alaska during the years of World War II, changed that. Largely due to the military presence and resource development activities throughout Alaska, Anchorage has enjoyed significant boosts to its population and economic base from 1940 to the present.
The 1964 Alaska earthquake outright destroyed or caused significant damage to most of the Anchorage neighborhoods adjacent to Knik Arm, including its downtown. The community rapidly rebuilt, and has since emerged as a major American city.
## Early history {#early_history}
According to archaeological evidence discovered at Beluga Point along the Turnagain Arm, just south of modern-day Anchorage, the Cook Inlet had been inhabited, at least seasonally, by Alutiiq Eskimos beginning between 5000 and 6000 years ago. This occupation occurred in three separate waves, with the second occurring roughly 4000 years ago, and the last around 2000 years ago. The Chugach Alutiiq likely inhabited the area from the first century until sometime between 500 and 1650 AD, when tribes of Dena\'ina Athabaskans moved into the area from the interior of the state. Like their Apache cousins, the Dena\'ina were a nomadic people, who had no permanent settlements but instead migrated throughout the area following the seasonal resources. In summer they tended to fish along coastal streams and rivers, living in portable, dome-shaped tents constructed out of local willow or birch branches and covered with animal skins. In the fall they would carry these to higher ground where they would hunt moose, Dall sheep, and mountain goats, and late fall was reserved for berry picking. In the winter they would build temporary structures near junction points along common trading routes, and traded with other tribes from areas nearby. Native tribes were not isolated from each other, and trade between the various tribes was common, as well as conflicts and even wars, which often resulted in both sides taking slaves. The Dena\'ina learned to make and use kayaks from the Chugach, suggesting that for a time both peoples shared the area.
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# History of Anchorage, Alaska
## Cook\'s expedition {#cooks_expedition}
When Captain James Cook mapped the area in May of 1778, the Chugach people had already abandoned it. On a mission to find the legendary Northwest Passage, Cook was under orders to avoid any obvious rivers or inlets. Upon first sighting the inlet, and the mountains surrounding it on all sides, Cook planned to pass it by, but at the urging of John Gore and many others of his crew, he decided to explore the area in order to assuage his men.
For a period of ten days, Cook made an extensive survey of the inlet, which at its head split into two arms. Under a bluff near the mouth of Ship Creek, Cook anchored his ship, HMS *Resolution*, and had his first encounter with the local Natives as two men approached in kayaks, beckoning them ashore. He sent William Bligh in a boat to scout the north arm, where he met with some local Natives who told him the arm only led to two rivers, called the Knik and Matanuska Rivers. Cook sailed south to scout the other arm, but was unable to sail down it against the strong tides and ran aground on a sandbar while trying to get back out, and had to wait for high tide. Described by George Vancouver as being in a \"foul mood\", Cook called the arm \"River Turnagain\". Cook then sailed back to retrieve Bligh, and before leaving he sent James King ashore with a Union Jack to claim the region for King George III. There, King met with some friendly Natives, where they shared some bottles of wine, and gave a toast to King. King gave them the empty bottles, except one, which he stuffed with some papers and buried under a tree where he said, \"\...in many ages hence it may puzle antiquarians.\" As Cook sailed away, many Natives stood along the shores of the inlet waving skins or spreading their arms wide in gestures of peace. Cook remarked that the Natives of the area seemed very honest, being only interested in fair trade. He noted that many of them had iron knives or spearheads, surmising that other traders, possibly Russian, had been there before.
Cook never gave the inlet a name, although King referred to it as the \"Great River\". Years later, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich in London, changed the name to \"Cook\'s River\". In 1792, George Vancouver returned and more thoroughly mapped the area, renaming it Cook Inlet, complaining of Cook\'s voyage that, had they simply stayed for one more day, they could have finished the map and avoided a decade of speculation.
## Russian occupation {#russian_occupation}
Russian presence in south central Alaska was well established in the 19th century. Russian presence in the Cook Inlet was not as extensive as in the Aleutian Islands or the panhandles. The Shelekhov-Golikov Company placed a trading post at *Niteh*, on a delta between the Knik and Matanuska Rivers. Fierce competition ensued between them and the rival Lebedev-Lastochkin Company, which had two posts farther south along the inlet. Facing financial difficulties, Tsar Paul I gave Shelekhov-Golikov sole monopoly over Alaskan trade, under the direction of Alexander Baranov, which became the Russian-American Company. In 1849, the Russians sent a mining engineer to survey the area, who found small amounts of gold and deposits of coal nearby. By 1850, the former employees of the company had created a small agricultural community in nearby Eklutna, and a Russian Orthodox church was built at Knik. By the late 1860s, it had become apparent that, due to other problems in Europe and Asia, Russia could no longer afford to keep up its enterprises in Alaska, and the company was sold to its employees, becoming the Northern Commercial Company, and then the Alaska Commercial Company. In 1867, U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward brokered a deal to purchase Alaska from a debt-ridden Imperial Russia for \$7.2 million -- about two cents an acre. The deal was lampooned by fellow politicians and by the public as \"Seward\'s folly\", \"Seward\'s icebox\" and \"Walrussia.\"
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# History of Anchorage, Alaska
## Gold rush {#gold_rush}
By 1888, gold was discovered along Turnagain Arm at Resurrection Creek, and the small towns of Hope and Sunrise formed. As a new influx of prospectors flooded the area, small amounts of gold were found in several of the other fjords, and small communities such as Indian, Girdwood, and Portage began to spring up in nearly every one. Lumber and coal were quickly needed, which were imported from the Matanuska Valley, and Joe Spenard constructed a lumber mill that was to become the town of Spenard, just south of modern downtown Anchorage.
The fur trade was still a profitable enterprise, and many of the mountain ranges formed natural funnels leading to the Cook Inlet, along a variety of trails that had been used for centuries by Native tribes. With deposits of coal and vast growths of lumber in the Matanuska and Susitna Valleys, and dog sleds packed with gold arriving from strikes in places like Iditarod, population began to rise in these areas and producers were in need of a way to get their goods to market. In Knik, a shipping town formed and grew rapidly, and George W. Palmer opened a general store. The town boasted a restaurant, two hotels, and the first post office in the area. The waters near Knik were too shallow for anything but small boats, so goods had to be ferried to and from larger ships waiting in the deeper waters at the bluff just north of Ship Creek, which became known as the Knik Anchorage. In 1912, Alaska became an organized incorporated United States territory.
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# History of Anchorage, Alaska
## Alaska Railroad {#alaska_railroad}
In 1914, congress passed the Alaska Railroad Act, and the Secretary of the Interior formed the Alaska Engineering Commission, consisting of Thomas Riggs Jr., William C. Edes, and Frederick Mears.The commission hired several survey teams who spent the summer scouting possible routes for a railroad, primarily to bring coal from the mines in Matanuska and Healy to a deep-water port. Rumors began to spread before a finding was ever made, and people quickly began to settle in the Ship Creek area, and the name \"Knik Anchorage\" began to be published in many sources. The commission mapped out three possible routes and submitted them to President Woodrow Wilson. On April 10, 1915, Wilson chose the \"Susitna route\", from the northern coal-mines in Nenana, deep in the interior of Alaska near Fairbanks, south to Healy and then to the Matanuska coal mines, and down through the Kenai Peninsula to the town of Seward; a deep-water port relatively free of ice where the coal could be loaded onto large bulk carrier ships. In the middle of these end points was the Knik Anchorage, which served as the starting point for construction to begin, proceeding in both directions, and became the headquarters for the commission.
As news spread of the prospect of work, a new stampede of people flocked to the Knik Anchorage. Mears arrived to find over 2000 people living on the flats surrounding Ship Creek in ragged tents and makeshift shelters, and unsanitary conditions starting to develop. In addition, as many as 100 people continued to arrive each week. Mears requested that a town site be mapped out above the higher bluffs south of the creek, and President Wilson signed the order later that year, under the provision that the new town become a model of sobriety. To ensure this, an experimental plan was put into place where land was auctioned off to the people but could be forfeited if a person was caught violating the alcohol laws.
The waters near Ship Creek, although not a deep-water port, were deep enough for barges and small ships, and a dock was constructed for offloading cargo and railroad supplies. As Knik Anchorage grew, the town of Knik dwindled and finally became a ghost town. The post office moved to the Knik Anchorage, who shortened the name to simply \"Anchorage\", deeming that all packages and letters should be addressed accordingly. However, in August the people were given a chance to vote on the name, and many options were tossed about, including \"Matanuska\", \"Ship Creek\", \"Homestead\", \"Terminal\", and \"Gateway\". The name \"Alaska City\" won the vote, but the federal government ultimately declined the request.
## Statehood
Between the 1930s and 1950s, air transportation became increasingly important. In 1930, Merrill Field replaced the city\'s original \"Park Strip\" landing field. By the mid-1930s, Merrill Field was one of the busiest civilian airports in the United States. On December 10, 1951, Anchorage International Airport opened, with transpolar airline traffic flying between Europe and Asia.
Starting in the 1940s, military presence in Alaska was also greatly expanded. Elmendorf Air Force Base and Fort Richardson were constructed, and Anchorage became the headquarters of the Alaska Defense Command. Heavy military investment occurred during World War II, due to the threat of Japanese invasion, and continued into 1950, because of Cold War tensions.
In the 1940s and 1950s, Anchorage began looking more like a city. Between 1940 and 1951, Anchorage\'s population increased from 3,000 to 47,000. Crime and the cost of living in the city also grew. In 1949, the first traffic lights were installed on Fourth Avenue. In 1951, the Seward Highway was opened. KTVA, the city\'s first television station, began broadcasting in 1953. In 1954, Alyeska Resort was established.
On January 3, 1959, Alaska joined the union as the 49th state. Soon after, Anchorage faced a severe housing shortage, which was solved partially by suburban expansion.`{{full short|date=October 2019}}`{=mediawiki} In January 1964, Anchorage became a City and Borough. Anchorage also has unsuccessfully bid for the Winter Olympic Games several times, with the most recent being in 1994.
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# History of Anchorage, Alaska
## Growth and development {#growth_and_development}
thumb\|upright=0.9\|Earthquake damage On March 27, 1964, Anchorage was hit by the Good Friday earthquake, which caused significant destruction. The magnitude 9.2 earthquake was the largest ever recorded in North America, and Anchorage lay only 75 mi from its epicenter.
The earthquake killed 115 people in Alaska, and damage was estimated at over \$300 million (\$1.8 billion in 2007 U.S. dollars). It was the second largest earthquake in the recorded history of the world. Anchorage\'s recovery from the earthquake dominated life in the late 1960s.
In 1968, oil was discovered in Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic Slope; a 1969 oil lease sale brought billions of dollars to the state. In 1974, construction began on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. The pipeline was completed in 1977 at a cost of more than \$8 billion. The oil discovery and pipeline construction fueled a boom when oil and construction companies set up headquarters in Anchorage. The Anchorage International Airport also boomed as well, and Anchorage marketed itself as the \"Air Crossroads of the World,\" due to its geographical location.
thumb\|upright=0.9\|Downtown Anchorage in 1976 In 1975, the city and borough consolidated, forming a unified government. Also included in this unification were Eagle River, Eklutna, Girdwood, Glen Alps, and several other communities. The unified area became officially known as the municipality of Anchorage. By 1980, the population of Anchorage had increased to 184,775.
The decade of the 1980s started as a time of growth, thanks to a flood of North Slope oil revenue into the state treasury. Capital projects and an aggressive beautification program, combined with far-sighted community planning, greatly increased infrastructure and quality of life. Major improvements included a new library, a civic center, a sports arena, a performing arts center, Hilltop Ski Area, and Kincaid Outdoor Center. The 1980s oil glut lead to an economic recession in Anchorage.
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# History of Anchorage, Alaska
## Recent history {#recent_history}
On July 8, 2000, the airport was renamed Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport in honor of Alaska\'s longest-serving senator. Although development is filling available space in the \"Anchorage bowl\"---a local moniker for the city area---significant undeveloped areas still remain, as well as large areas of dedicated parks and greenbelts.
On November 30, 2018, Anchorage experienced a 7.0 magnitude quake, as well as numerous aftershocks. Some buildings and roadways were damaged, and communication and other services were partially disrupted, but no fatalities were reported. The quake, centered about five miles north of the city, was the largest to shake the area since the massive 1964 quake. A tsunami warning was issued and later withdrawn
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# Munno Para railway station
**Munno Para railway station** is located on the Gawler line. Situated in the northern Adelaide suburb of Munno Para, it is located 32 km from Adelaide station.
## History
Munno Para station opened in 1978.
Originally consisting of two 95 metre side platforms, in March 2012, two new side platforms capable of accommodating six carriages were built 60 metres south of the original station. This was in connection with the plans to electrify the line, which was completed in early 2022 and expected to reopen on April 30. The platforms are connected by an overpass with lifts.
The station was the site of a fatal collision on 5 February 2019 where a man from Smithfield Plains who was illegally on the tracks was struck by a train and died at the scene.
## Platforms and Services {#platforms_and_services}
Munno Para has two side platforms and is serviced by Adelaide Metro. Trains are scheduled every 30 minutes, seven days a week. There is a small bus interchange on platform 2, adjacent to Alawoona Rd. A pedestrian overpass is located on the northern end of the station, which includes lifts on either side
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# 1271 Avenue of the Americas
**1271 Avenue of the Americas** (formerly known as the **Time & Life Building**) is a 48-story skyscraper on Sixth Avenue (Avenue of the Americas), between 50th and 51st streets, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Designed by architect Wallace Harrison of Harrison, Abramovitz, and Harris, the building was developed between 1956 and 1960 as part of Rockefeller Center.
The building\'s eight-story base partially wraps around its 48-story main tower. Both sections are surrounded by a plaza, which has white-and-gray pavement in a serpentine pattern, as well as water fountains. The facade consists of glass panels between limestone columns. The lobby contains serpentine floors, white-marble and stainless-steel walls, and reddish-burgundy glass ceilings, in addition to artwork by Josef Albers, Fritz Glarner, and Francis Brennan. The ground floor also includes storefronts and originally housed La Fonda del Sol, a Latin American--themed restaurant. Each of the upper floors covers 28000 sqft, with the offices arranged around the core. The 48th floor originally contained the Hemisphere Club, which operated as a members-only restaurant during the day and was open to the public during evenings.
After the media firm Time Inc. expressed its intention to move from 1 Rockefeller Plaza in the 1950s, Rockefeller Center\'s owners proposed a skyscraper at 1271 Avenue of the Americas to accommodate the move. Construction started in May 1957; the building was topped out during November 1958, and occupants began moving into their offices in late 1959. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the lobby as a city landmark in 2002. Time Inc. vacated 1271 Avenue of the Americas in 2015, and the building was subsequently renovated between 2015 and 2019.
## Site
1271 Avenue of the Americas is on the western side of Sixth Avenue (officially Avenue of the Americas), between 50th and 51st streets, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The land lot is rectangular and covers 82,340 ft2. The site has a frontage of 410 ft on 50th and 51st streets and a frontage of 200 ft on Sixth Avenue. Nearby buildings include The Michelangelo to the west, Axa Equitable Center to the northwest, 75 Rockefeller Plaza to the northeast, Radio City Music Hall to the east, 30 Rockefeller Plaza to the southeast, and 1251 Avenue of the Americas to the south.
Prior to the development of 1271 Avenue of the Americas, much of the site had previously served as a New York Railways Company trolley barn, which in turn was replaced by a parking lot. There was also a four-story building facing Sixth Avenue and a collection of single-story shops on 50th Street. Rockefeller Center Inc. bought the plots on 50th and 51st streets in the first week of August 1953, followed by those on Sixth Avenue the next week. One building on the site reportedly cost \$2 million after its owner had held out. Rockefeller Center\'s managers originally wanted to build an NBC studio or a Ford vehicle showroom on the site.
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# 1271 Avenue of the Americas
## Architecture
The building was designed by Harrison & Abramovitz, a firm led by Wallace Harrison and Max Abramovitz. It was constructed by John Lowry and the George A. Fuller Company. Syska Hennessy was hired as the mechanical engineering firm, and Edwards & Hjorth was the structural engineering firm.
1271 Avenue of the Americas was planned as a 48-story tower, rising 587 ft and measuring around 310 by. The tower is flanked by shorter segments with setbacks at the third and eighth stories. The north and west edges of the tower are flanked by a seven-story section of the base. An auditorium designed by Gio Ponti, with colored triangles, was installed on the eighth-floor setback. The neighboring Roxy Theatre was acquired as part of the building\'s development, allowing the building\'s floor area to be increased under the limits set by the 1916 Zoning Resolution. A provision under the 1916 Zoning Resolution had allowed structures to rise without setbacks above a given level if all subsequent stories covered no more than 25 percent of the land lot.
### Facade
1271 Avenue of the Americas\' facade is made mostly of glass, which at the time of the building\'s construction cost the same as a wall made mostly of limestone. The use of a glass facade permitted a higher degree of flexibility on each story compared to a limestone wall of the same size. Before the current facade design was selected, several alternatives were considered. Time Inc. wanted a flush exterior wall, but this was rejected because exterior columns would protrude into the floor area. Another alternative called for an accordion-shaped wall: The windows would have sloped inward, and the spandrel panels between the windows on each story would have sloped outward. The accordion wall, which would have been framed by flat columns, was infeasible because it reduced floor area, required modifications to the drapes and air-conditioning, and was not aesthetically desirable to the architects.
At ground level, there is a canopy over the 51st Street entrance. The rest of the tower has a glass curtain wall. On all stories, the facade includes structural columns with limestone cladding. The limestone columns frame the glass curtain wall and also serve as an architectural allusion to the other buildings at Rockefeller Center. In addition, more than 40,000 ft of stainless-steel flashing was placed on the facade. The stainless-steel flashing was meant to last for as long as the building existed; on the setbacks at the base, the flashing was buried inside corners along the roof deck.
The limestone columns are spaced every 28 ft. There are five vertical bays of windows between each set of limestone columns. Each bay has two narrow aluminum mullions flanking the center pane and two larger air-conditioning risers along the outer panes. Originally, each glass pane measured 52 in wide and 56 in tall. The spandrels between the windows on different stories consist of a 0.25 in plate, behind which is a screen made of aluminum mesh. The mechanical pipes and ducts, as well as the floor slabs, are hidden behind the spandrels. The windows were planned as square panes, but the window sills were lowered during the design process so they were only 2.5 ft above each floor slab. Each spandrel was then covered by a regular glass pane. In the late 2010s, new low-emissivity glazed panels with thermal breaks were installed.
### Plaza
The eastern part of the site was planned with a plaza. The plaza measures 170 ft long and 83 ft wide and is flanked by the eight-story base. The southern part of the site also has a promenade that is about 30 ft wide. The plaza has pavers in a serpentine pattern, similar to those found on the sidewalks of Rio de Janeiro\'s Copacabana Beach. According to the architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern, the pavement was \"an illustration of the \'good neighbor\' ideals of the Avenue of the Americas Association\". Harrison believed the pavers would bring variety to the building\'s design. The original pavers, designed by Port Morris Tile & Marble Corporation, were removed in 2001 because they were too slippery; the same company reproduced the pattern in rougher terrazzo. In the late 2010s, the sidewalk pattern was extended from the lot line to the curb line.
A seating parapet in the plaza surrounded a reflecting pool with four jets, measuring about 110 by. Another six pools, measuring 33.5 by each, were placed within the plaza. Each pool had a mat made of lead for waterproofing, which in turn was covered by cement and terrazzo. Trees and shrubs were originally also planted on the 50th Street side, while three flagpoles were placed on the section of the plaza facing Sixth Avenue. After the late 2010s renovation, the original decorations were replaced. The new decorations included five pools with fountain jets on Sixth Avenue, in addition to planting beds and seating areas. Also within the plaza is an entrance to the New York City Subway\'s 47th--50th Streets--Rockefeller Center station, serving the `{{NYCS trains|Sixth}}`{=mediawiki}.
In 1972, the Association for a Better New York hired William Crovello to create a sculpture at the building called *Cubed Curve*, measuring 8 ft wide and 12 ft wide. The sculpture was inspired by a fluid brush stroke. According to *The New York Times*, the sculpture marked Time Inc.\'s \"presence at the center of the media universe\". It was moved in 2018 to Ursinus College in Collegeville, Pennsylvania, while the building was being renovated.
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# 1271 Avenue of the Americas
## Architecture
### Interior
1271 Avenue of the Americas was built with about 1400000 ft2 of rentable space. According to the New York City Department of City Planning, the building has a gross floor area of 1,962,900 ft2. The interior design was contracted to a variety of architects, including Alexander Girard, Gio Ponti, Charles Eames, William Tabler, and George Nelson & Company. Thirty elevators, within the core, serve the building.
The building\'s interior is divided into eight air-conditioning zones. Floors 8, 9, and 16 through 34 were originally occupied by Time Inc. and had their own thermostats, accommodating the nonstandard working hours of Time Inc. employees. In conjunction with the building\'s construction, Rockefeller Center\'s central air-conditioning system was upgraded in 1957 to provide 6,000 tons of cooling capacity to the building every hour. The cooling systems had to operate all year because Time Inc.\'s equipment generated large amounts of heat. The original cooling system was powered by steam, but electric and natural gas cooling systems had been added by 2000. The mechanical spaces are concealed by narrow windows on the facade.
There are three basement stories. The first basement has a passageway leading to Rockefeller Center\'s underground concourse and the 47th--50th Streets--Rockefeller Center station. The two other basements are not accessible to the public and are used for storage, maintenance, and service functions.
#### Ground floor {#ground_floor}
##### Lobby
1271 Avenue of the Americas\' lobby is surrounded by commercial spaces on all sides; with the superstructure incorporated in the core and exterior, Harrison could design the lobby with more flexibility. Originally, the lobby was planned to include a covered shopping and exhibit hall on 50th Street and a north--south passage between 50th and 51st streets. These details were changed significantly in the final plan. The lobby has two entrances to the south on 50th Street, one on either side of the core, as well as an entrance to the north on 51st Street, along the east side of the core. The core itself has two west--east passages connected by elevator banks. The more northerly of the east--west passages has stairs and escalators to the second story and the basement. Until the 1990s, the southern passage had been a narrow hallway because there were two storefronts next to it. A breezeway led east to Sixth Avenue, but this had been closed by 2002. Time Inc.\'s reception area was within the lobby behind the fountain.
The lobby has the same style of pavement as the plaza outside the building. The original tiles were installed by the American Mosaic & Tile Company. They were made of white cementitious terrazzo with stainless steel borders, aligned west--east. The southern section of the lobby was expanded in the 1990s, over the site of the storefronts there, but the extended floor did not match the original pavement. The entire lobby was resurfaced in the late 2010s with marble-based terrazzo tiles that matched the original floor design. Because the marble tiles had contained natural veins of black rock, contractors manually removed the veins before installing the tiles.
The walls are largely made of plate-glass windows and white marble panels. Around the core, the walls are made of stainless steel rectangular panels. The steel panels are designed to complement the floor colors and are arranged in a checkerboard pattern. The ceiling throughout the lobby is 16 ft high and was originally made of dark maroon glass tiles, finished in a matte covering. There were white lighting coves in some tiles. Manufactured by American-Saint Gobain Corporation, the glass tiles were suspended from washers at each corner and were designed to be removed for maintenance. In the late 2010s, the original glass ceiling was replaced with reddish-burgundy tiles of similar design, which matched the original color.
The lobby walls contain large murals by Josef Albers and Fritz Glarner, both of whom Harrison had known for many years. Glarner\'s mural, entitled *Relational Painting No. 88,* measures 40 by and is mounted east of the elevators. It includes overlapping red, yellow, blue, gray, and black geometric shapes on a white background. Albers\'s mural, entitled *Portals,* measures 42 by and is mounted west of the elevators. *Portals* includes alternating bands of white and brown glass, which surround a set of bronze and nickel plates in a way that gives the impression of depth. *Relational Painting No. 88* was installed in April 1960, while *Portals* was installed twelve months later. Another artwork by *Fortune* art director Francis Brennan was installed north of the elevators in January 1965. Brennan\'s work consists of a relief measuring 13 by, which contains all the letters of the alphabet in the Caslon 471 typeface.
##### Storefronts
When 1271 Avenue of the Americas opened, there was a Manufacturers Trust bank branch within the northeast corner of the base, next to the lobby. There had also been two storefronts along the southern end of the lobby, next to the west--east corridor there, but the storefronts were removed in the 1990s.
Along the lobby\'s west side was La Fonda del Sol (the Inn of the Sun), a Latin American--themed restaurant operated by Joseph Baum of Restaurant Associates. The interiors were designed by Alexander Girard and furniture by Charles Eames. La Fonda had an elaborate entry foyer and a set of dining spaces leading to the largest dining room. The dining rooms were decorated with Latin American artifacts, and each of the dining rooms was furnished in vivid colors with at least two hues of fabrics. It relocated elsewhere in 1971 and was replaced with a bank branch. Originally used by the Seaman\'s Bank for Savings, the branch had round steel columns as well as green marble counters with flecks of white. `{{As of|2021}}`{=mediawiki}, the businesses in the lobby include the Capital Grille and Ted\'s Montana Grill.
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# 1271 Avenue of the Americas
## Architecture
### Interior
#### Upper floors {#upper_floors}
##### Offices
The seven lowest stories each have about 62000 ft2 of floor space. Each of the upper stories has around 28000 sqft, largely uninterrupted by columns. These were among the largest floor slabs of any office building in New York City since World War II. All stairs and elevators are placed in the core, leaving the outer section of each floor available for use. This improved the efficiency of each floor by allowing an open plan for the offices. The arrangement of the building allowed high flexibility in planning interior offices. An office module in the building generally measured 48 by, though these could be combined as necessary. The interior arrangement was inspired by that of the PSFS Building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The firm Designs for Business was responsible for the design of Time Inc.\'s space, which originally spanned 21 stories. Time Inc. had to fit multiple small rooms and cubicles on each of its floors, but the company was largely able to fit these rooms and cubicles within the modular system. Square aluminum posts were installed in Time Inc.\'s space, through which partition panels could be installed. The panels were made of a myriad of materials including wood, plastic, burlap, and glass, though they were initially not soundproof. Mockups of the offices were manufactured at Astoria, Queens, as well as in Time Inc.\'s earlier headquarters at 1 Rockefeller Plaza. The elevator lobbies on each of Time Inc.\'s stories had different decorations. The 28th floor also had a photo gallery where photojournalist Alfred Eisenstaedt worked.
After Charles Eames designed the chairs for Time Inc.\'s offices, he created a new chair design in 1961, which was nicknamed the Time-Life Chair. Eames designed them as a favor to Henry Luce, the founder of *Time* and *Life* magazines, who had allowed Eames to use photos from the Time-Life archives for the pavilion he designed at the 1959 American National Exhibition in Moscow. The chairs remain in production during the 21st century, albeit with modifications for stability and to meet updated product codes.
Other offices in the building originally included the second-story offices of the Gilman Paper Company, designed by SLS-Environetics and connected to the lobby by an escalator. The vestibule at the top of the escalators had stainless-steel wall and a carpet that extended across the floor and part of the walls. Gilman\'s reception area had an angular reception desk and lighting fixtures made of stainless steel. Gilman\'s offices had ceilings measuring 13 ft tall, with angular furniture, sculpted ducts and lighting elements, exposed structural beams, and a color-coding scheme to distinguish the different departments. The Rockefeller Group also has an office on the 24th floor, which was redesigned in 2020 by the firm of Fogarty Finger. The Rockefeller Group\'s offices include a reception area with dark woods and a pantry designed in a mid-century modern style. There are open plan workspaces with dropped ceilings, as well as executive offices and meeting spaces with glass walls.
##### Auditorium
Gio Ponti designed an auditorium at the setback above the eighth floor, along with an adjoining kitchen, dining room, reception area, and lounge. This space was meant for meetings with advertisers and corporate and sales functions. The space was arranged with walls at irregular angles and originally had colored glass-block walls and Sicilian paintings. The auditorium itself had a domed ceiling, while the ceiling in the adjoining spaces contained brass motifs. The floors were yellow with green and blue streaks, and geometric wooden furniture was specially designed for the space. The auditorium was closed by 1981, and the furniture was sold. It was redesigned by Davis, Brody & Associates in 1983 and became a conference center.
##### Hemisphere Club and Tower Suite {#hemisphere_club_and_tower_suite}
The Hemisphere Club and Tower Suite shared a space on the 48th floor, which was designed by George Nelson & Company. During the day, the Hemisphere Club was a 250-seat private club for executives that, when the building opened, charged \$1,000 for initiation and \$360 in annual fees thereafter. This made the Hemisphere Club one of several private clubs at the tops of New York City skyscrapers. In the evenings, the restaurant space opened to the public as the Tower Suite, which originally offered meals for \$8.50 per person. The restaurant was operated by Restaurant Associates. George Nelson designed special chairs for the restaurant, which apparently were never manufactured. Since the windows split the view from the 48th floor into many sections, the space was designed with window embrasures.
*The New Yorker* reported several years after the Tower Suite\'s opening that \"a butler in a black tailcoat and a maid in a fluffy white apron\" visited every table seven days a week. When the restaurant opened, Craig Claiborne of *The New York Times* called it \"for the most part, excellent\"; by 1970, *New York* magazine had called it \"the baneful cumulus atop Time Inc.\" According to *New York Times* food critic Florence Fabricant, the Tower Suite may have originated the trend of servers introducing themselves to guests. When business at the Hemisphere Club declined with the construction of taller buildings in the area, the space was renovated so it could function as a dining hall at night. Dinners at the Tower Suite cost \$11.50 per person in 1970, but they had increased to \$70--130 per person by 1990. The Hemisphere Club closed in the 1990s.
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# 1271 Avenue of the Americas
## History
The media firm Time Inc. had been housed at 1 Rockefeller Plaza since 1937, when that building had opened as part of the construction of Rockefeller Center. As early as 1946, it had sought to develop the site of the Hotel Marguery at 270 Park Avenue for a 35-story headquarters designed by Harrison & Abramovitz, though the plans did not come to fruition. By 1953, Time Inc. was set to outgrow its existing space in 1 Rockefeller Plaza within a year, and it wanted to have its headquarters in a single building. Time Inc. seriously considered relocating to Westchester County, a northern suburb of New York City, as well as to a suburb of Philadelphia. By November 1955, the company had decided to stay in New York City because of the large number of transportation options there.
### Construction
Once Rockefeller Center Inc.\'s managers learned of Time Inc.\'s predicament, they hired Harrison & Abramovitz to create plans for a building on Rockefeller Center Inc.\'s vacant plot that could house both NBC and Time. The plans involved creating several elevation drawings as well as a 15-minute film. NBC ultimately dropped out of the project because its CEO, David Sarnoff, dissented. Rockefeller Center Inc. acquired the Roxy Theater in August 1956. That December, officials announced the construction of the Time-Life Building. When the plans were announced, Time had leased 600,000 ft2 in the building, and American Cyanamid, Shell Oil Company, McCann-Erickson, and Esso had already made lease agreements for other floors. The developers had already ordered 27,000 tons of structural steel to be delivered in early 1958.
Time Inc. and Rockefeller Center Inc. formed a joint venture, Rock-Time Inc., to share the tower\'s rental income. Rockefeller Center had the majority stake of 55 percent, and Time Inc. had the remaining 45 percent. Harrison & Abramovitz filed plans for the building in March 1957. A groundbreaking ceremony occurred on May 16, 1957, marking the start of excavation. By the following month, the building was 70 percent leased, and Curtiss-Wright and Westinghouse Electric Corporation had become tenants. The Rockefeller Center Sidewalk Superintendents\' Club, composed of members of the public who wanted to observe Rockefeller Center\'s construction, was revived after having been dormant for seventeen years. The actress Marilyn Monroe presided over the club\'s inaugural ceremonies that July. The site was excavated to a depth of 40 ft, where there was a layer of Manhattan schist.
By November 1957, the excavations were largely complete; the Rockefeller Foundation had leased offices and two tenants had expanded their lease commitments. Rockefeller Center Inc. chairman Nelson Rockefeller and Time Inc. president Roy E. Larsen announced details of the design the same month. Construction on the Time-Life Building\'s superstructure started in April 1958. That August, the Equitable Life Assurance Society lent the project\'s developers \$50 million. At the time, it was the largest-ever financing on a single real-estate parcel. The structure topped out in November of that year. The next April, Time Inc. sublet six of the 21 floors under its control. The building was 92 percent leased by then, including the space that was being sublet. The Time-Life Building\'s cornerstone was laid in June 1959, at the southeast corner of the building, after the superstructure had been completed.
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# 1271 Avenue of the Americas
## History
### Late 20th century {#late_20th_century}
The first tenant, the American Cyanamid Company, began moving into the tower in October 1959. Over the next couple of months, tenants began moving into the building and the final interior design elements were installed. By that December, the construction fence around 1271 Avenue of the Americas had been dismantled and several companies had occupied their space. Additional leases were announced in January 1960, including one storefront. A passageway from the basement to the subway station opened the next month. *Life* magazine moved into the building that April, writing that its new headquarters was \"a victory in the fight to improve down-at-the-heels Sixth Avenue\". Ultimately, Time Inc. was able to sublet part of its space to more than forty firms. By late 1961, the building was almost completely occupied.
La Fonda del Sol had moved out of the Time & Life Building to a smaller location by early 1971. The restaurant space was replaced by a Seaman\'s Trust bank branch. The bank was so popular that, in three weeks, it performed six months\' worth of transactions. Although *Life* magazine stopped publishing in 1972, the building retained its name, and the former *Life* space was quickly taken by the company\'s other publications, such as *People* and *Money*. A U.S. Steakhouse restaurant designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects opened in the building in 1975 and was slightly renovated a few years later. By 1981, Time Inc. occupied about 1,000,000 ft2 of space and some of its divisions, such as HBO, had to be housed in other buildings. The eighth-floor auditorium was renovated in 1983. An electric cooling system was also added in the early 1980s to supplement the original steam-powered cooling system.
Time Inc. sold its 45 percent ownership stake in December 1986 to the Rockefeller Group for \$118 million. Time Inc. planned to use some of the proceeds from the sale for other purchases such as stock buybacks. In the same transaction, Time Inc. extended its lease from 1997 to 2007, with an option to extend its lease by another ten years, to 2017. Time Inc. executed its option to extend its lease in 1999. At the time, the company occupied 80 percent of the Time & Life Building and it had rented space at the adjacent 135 West 50th Street. The two buildings were to be connected internally on the second floor as part of a \$190 million renovation. A natural-gas cooling system was added in 2000; at the time, it was New York City\'s only building with three cooling sources.
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# 1271 Avenue of the Americas
## History
### 21st century {#st_century}
By August 2001, Time Inc. was part of AOL Time Warner and occupied 98 percent of the building\'s space. That month, AOL Time Warner subsidiary CNN and the Rockefeller Group agreed to convert a former Chase Manhattan Bank branch at the base into a two-story CNN television studio. In July 2002, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the lobby interior as a city landmark. Municipal Art Society executive director Frank E. Sanchis III prompted the Rockefeller Group to support the preservation of the lobby. At the time, the lobby was being renovated by Swanke Hayden Connell Architects for \$40 million. The renovation involved combining two storefronts into a waiting lounge, as well as creating a secure area around the elevators. The CNN studio opened in September 2002, with scenic design by Production Design Group. The Ted\'s Montana Grill restaurant opened in 2006 on the ground level.
In May 2014, Time Inc. announced it was planning to leave the Time & Life Building for the Brookfield Place complex in lower Manhattan. The following year, Time Inc. moved out of its offices, and the Rockefeller Group announced a \$325 million renovation of the entire building, designed by Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. As part of the renovation, the architects created a new entrance on Sixth Avenue, repaved the plaza, and replaced the facade. All 30 elevator cabs were replaced with new cabs whose ceiling design was an homage to the 51st Street canopy. The Rockefeller Group also restored the lobby and renamed the building to its address. Time Inc. removed a time capsule that had been embedded in the building when its cornerstone was laid. The time capsule included contemporary objects such as magazines, photography books, a pencil, and a microfilm about the Rockefeller Center complex. Glarner\'s and Albers\'s paintings were restored, and the floors, ceilings, and signs were modified to match the original design. The building was completely vacant by the beginning of 2018.
The renovation was nearly completed by 2019, and the building was fully leased at that time. The building\'s major tenants included financial firms such as American International Group, Greenhill & Co., and H.I.G. Capital. and Mizuho Financial Group. The other tenants included law firms Blank Rome and Latham & Watkins, as well as multi-family office Bessemer Trust on the top seven floors. In addition, Major League Baseball moved its headquarters to the building, and it leased two stories in the building\'s base for use as an MLB store, which opened in 2020.
With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, the building stood largely empty for several months in 2020. The building received a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold certification the same year. The building was again fully leased by May 2021, and the Greek restaurant Avra Estiatorio leased a two-story space at the base, which opened in June 2022.
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# 1271 Avenue of the Americas
## Impact
Upon the building\'s completion, *Architectural Forum* wrote: \"The building\'s character reflects a joining of partners, a marriage of uses, a meld of design, and a union between New York\'s two generic office-building types. \[\...\] In skyscraper society, the Time & Life Building is upper-middle-class.\" *New York Times* critic Ada Louise Huxtable, writing in 1960, said that 1271 Avenue of the Americas, 28 Liberty Street, and 270 Park Avenue all had a \"still too-rare esthetic excellence\". Huxtable also characterized 1271 Avenue of the Americas\' spaces as \"flexible architectural anarchy\". Another architectural critic, Carter B. Horsley, praised the lobby\'s design and materials, though he believed the facade had an inconspicuous, albeit \"not terrible\", design.
The Time & Life Building\'s completion spurred the construction of similar office buildings along Sixth Avenue. The architect Robert A. M. Stern wrote in his 1995 book *New York 1960* that the building \"marked the first key step\" in the avenue\'s reconstruction. *Architectural Forum* wrote that the building\'s completion \"opens a wide frontier for an expanding city\", leading the way for the construction of other large office buildings west of Sixth Avenue.
1271 Avenue of the Americas has appeared in several media works. The building was featured in the television series *Mad Men* as the fictional headquarters of the advertising agency Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce (later Sterling Cooper & Partners). AMC, the network on which *Mad Men* airs, unveiled a bench in front of the building in 2015; it contains a sculpture of lead character Don Draper\'s black silhouette, as shown in the show\'s opening credits. The 2013 film *The Secret Life of Walter Mitty* was partially set within the building
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# Crimson Hero
is a Japanese sports-themed manga series written and illustrated by Mitsuba Takanashi. *Crimson Hero* is serialized in Shueisha\'s *shōjo* manga magazine *Bessatsu Margaret*.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
The series follows Nobara Sumiyoshi, a 15-year-old tomboy with a passion for volleyball. Her love of the sport is disapproved of by her mother, who wishes for Nobara to become the next hostess for their family\'s *ryotei*. Frustrated by her mother\'s constant pressure and frequent comparisons between herself and her sister, Nobara finally decides one day to move out and make it on her own. After seeking out her aunt for help, Nobara ends up living with four members of Crimson Field High School\'s boys\' volleyball team as their dorm mother. What follows is a drama of a girl\'s dream of making it into volleyball, and her difficult journey in fulfilling that dream.
Unfortunately, the Crimson Field girls\' volleyball team has been disbanded due to lack of interest and some meddling by her mother. Nobara successfully reinstates the team after challenging the boys\' team in a three-on-three game, winning, and recruiting three more members to the team, including star setter Tomoyo Osaka.
Before her first official match, Nobara learns her sister Soka has been forced to go on a date with a politician\'s son. Soka calls Nobara two hours before the girls\' volleyball team\'s first game and she runs to Soka\'s aid. Following Soka\'s rescue, she witnesses Nobara play volleyball and sees how truly happy Nobara is while playing. The sisters make a deal with her mother to allow Nobara to play volleyball until she graduates high school, when she will inherit the inn. Until then, her sister will assist their mother in running the inn.
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# Crimson Hero
## Characters
### Crimson Field Girls\' Volleyball Team {#crimson_field_girls_volleyball_team}
`{{nihongo|Nobara Sumiyoshi|住吉 のばら|Sumiyoshi Nobara}}`{=mediawiki}
: The tomboy heroine of this manga, a first year at Crimson Field. Her favorite thing to do is to play volleyball and even left her family\'s house because her mother was against her playing. She has had no interest in boys, until she starts developing feelings for Yushin. Unexpectedly, one night at the training camp, she accidentally tells Kanako that she likes Yushin just as he and the other volleyball members come out. When Yushin rejects her, she unexpectedly tells Yushin that he is a coward and that she doesn\'t want him to do anything. She is also aware that Keisuke likes her, but does not reciprocate his feelings and tries to maintain her relationship with him as friends. Nobara later improves her techniques, and becomes Yushin\'s girlfriend.
```{=html}
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`{{nihongo|Yui Suzushiro|鈴城 結|Suzushiro Yui}}`{=mediawiki}
: A third year at Crimson Field, the captain of the girls\' volleyball team. She only had one school term left to play volleyball before graduating and so when the girls are knocked out of their first tournament, Yui leaves the team and the team elects Tomoyo as their new captain. She still helps out with the team as their manager, often giving Tomoyo advice when she needs it. Yui, after her departure from the team, started dating Takahashi.
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`{{nihongo|Tomoyo Osaka|桜坂 智世|Osaka Tomoyo}}`{=mediawiki}
: A second year at Crimson Field, Tomoyo was known to be a star volleyball player in junior high until she suffered an injury during a game and was forced to take a break. She resolved that she should no longer play volleyball, despite the fact she is considered a \"genius setter\" on the court. After a lot of persuasion, Tomoyo joins Nobara\'s team as the sixth member required to form the team. After Yui\'s departure, she is elected team captain. She has previously dated Keisuke and still has feelings for him, though she also knows that he likes Nobara.
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`{{nihongo|Ayako Mochida|持田 綾子|Mochida Ayako}}`{=mediawiki}
: A second year at Crimson Field. She is an experienced player and, along with Yui and Nobara, is one of the first three members of the team. She is somewhat airheaded, but takes on more responsibilities after Tomoyo becomes team captain. Ayako shows the most concern over Nobara\'s developing ability as a volleyball player when she starts to think that Nobara is too good to play with them.
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`{{nihongo|Rena Komizo|小溝 玲奈|Komizo Rena}}`{=mediawiki}
: A first year at Crimson Field. She has no experience playing volleyball, but because of her admiration of Nobara from watching her play during her match against the boys, Rena joins the team as the fourth member. At first she appears airheaded and silly and Mochida even refers to her as a dog. Despite being very small and short, but has fast reflexes and played tennis in junior high.
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`{{nihongo|Kyoka Goto|後藤 京香|Gotō Kyōka}}`{=mediawiki}
: A first year at Crimson Field and the fifth member of Nobara\'s team, who joins at the same time as Rena. A quiet girl, she played volleyball regularly in junior high. Her parents have expressed the desire for her to quit sports and attend cram school instead. However, she possesses a strong desire to continue playing volleyball along with studying.
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`{{nihongo|Kanako Noda|野田 加奈子|Noda Kanako}}`{=mediawiki}
: The newest member of the volleyball team, an athletic girl who actually joins the team to become closer to Yushin. She is somewhat overconfident with her athletic ability, but picks things up quickly. Kanako specializes as jumping as a result of her history as a high jumper although Nobara can jump higher than her. Kanako becomes more competitive with Nobara, and so they both become rivals.
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`{{nihongo|Ms. Fumi Shima|嶋 文|Shima Fumi}}`{=mediawiki}
: An abrasive woman hired by Momoko to coach the Crimson Field Girls\' team. She is intimidating and does not hesitate to criticize and punish behaviour she deems unworthy of a team that wishes to play in the Spring Tournament. She has a younger brother, Ryo, who is also a powerful volleyball player.
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`{{nihongo|Yae|八重}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{nihongo|Mikako Ikeya|池谷 美加子|Ikeya Mikako}}`{=mediawiki}, and `{{nihongo|Jun|じゅん}}`{=mediawiki}
: Kanako\'s friends. They were basketball players in middle school, but agree to join the Crimson Field girls\' volleyball team to support Kanako.
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# Crimson Hero
## Characters
### Crimson Field Boys\' Volleyball Team {#crimson_field_boys_volleyball_team}
`{{nihongo|Yushin Kumagai|熊谷 祐信|Kumagai Yushin}}`{=mediawiki}
: A first year at Crimson Field. Another star player on the boys\' volleyball team and lives in the dorm with Nobara and Keisuke. Nobara tries to tell him that she likes him, however, he explains that is unfair to Satomi Abe. Almost immediately after, Yushin and Nobara see Satomi with another guy - and Satomi weakly tries to apologize to Yushin. Yushin later breaks up with her, after Nobara convinces him to talk with her. Kanako and Nobara have a crushes on him and Nobara unexpectedly tells Kanako just as Yushin and the other volleyball team members come out. He rejects her at first though he later confesses his love for Nobara, and Nobara accepts, but they officially start dating after the tournament. He also loves pudding, as he has been seen demanding a couple of times where it was.
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```
`{{nihongo|Keisuke Haibuki|灰吹 圭介|Haibuki Keisuke}}`{=mediawiki}
: A first year at Crimson Field, he is reserved, aloof, and to the point, but not unkind. Considered one of the best players on the boys\' volleyball team, and he lives in the same dorm as Nobara. He breaks up with Tomoyo Osaka shortly after Nobara comes to live in his dorm, and he mysteriously explains this by saying he has had a crush on Nobara since grade school. As a child, he was asthmatic, which ostracized him from other children and caused him to develop his aloof and reserved personality. Nobara\'s indifference towards his condition and positive attitude inspired him to play volleyball and overcome his physical problems. He eventually agrees to become friends with Nobara for the time being since he still has feelings for her. He doesn\'t like the fact that Yushin hurt her.
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`{{nihongo|Naoto Tsuchiya|土屋 直人|Tsuchiya Naoto}}`{=mediawiki}
: A first year at Crimson Field and a member of the boys\' volleyball team. He lives at the same dorm as Nobara and went to middle school with Yushin.
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`{{nihongo|Tomonori Ichiba|市葉 友典|Ichiba Tomonari}}`{=mediawiki}
: A first year at Crimson Field and a member of the boys\' volleyball team. He lives at Nobara\'s dorm. He also went to the same middle school with Keisuke.
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`{{nihongo|Kazuya Takahashi|高橋 和也|Takahashi Kazuya}}`{=mediawiki}
: The captain of the boys\' volleyball team. He has been dating Yui and he gets easily angered when the girls interfere with the boys\' practice.
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# Crimson Hero
## Characters
### Nobara\'s family {#nobaras_family}
`{{nihongo|Momoko Sumiyoshi|住吉 桃子|Sumiyoshi Momoko}}`{=mediawiki}
: Nobara\'s maternal aunt, the younger sister of her mother, who was apparently disowned by the Sumiyoshi family. Momoko works as the school nurse at Crimson Field and the sponsor of the girls\' volleyball team. She helps Nobara when she can, but draws the line at giving her money or doing anything that might enrage her older sister. Momoko seems cold to Nobara but really she cares about her.
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`{{nihongo|Shizuko Sumiyoshi|住吉 静子|Sumiyoshi Shizuko}}`{=mediawiki}
: Nobara\'s mother and the current hostess of a famous *ryotei*, she is known to have turn business around for the better ever since the downfall of business from her great-grandmother\'s generation. She hopes her elder daughter will soon give up volleyball and take the family business seriously.
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`{{nihongo|Soka Sumiyoshi|住吉 爽香|Sumiyoshi Sōka}}`{=mediawiki}
: Nobara\'s younger sister, who is graceful, quiet, and obedient. Nobara has always admired her sister\'s ability to be ladylike while Soka finds that she can always rely on Nobara to protect her. Soka, after seeing how volleyball makes Nobara truly happy, helps persuade their mother into allowing Nobara to continue playing volleyball until she graduates from high school while Soka helps run the inn.
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```
Nobara\'s father
: While her father cannot help Nobara as much as he would like, he shows how much he loves her by giving her money to buy food when Nobara and Soka persuade their mother into letting Nobara remain at Crimson Field. Nobara\'s father is very supportive of her about volleyball and her independence.
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```
Nobara\'s grandmother
: A traditional woman and former hostess of the Sumiyoshi\'s *ryotei*. She blames Nobara\'s behavior on volleyball and disapproves of her older granddaughter\'s behavior, often commenting that Nobara should be more like Sōka.
### Other characters {#other_characters}
`{{nihongo|Ryo Shima|嶋 良|Shima Ryō}}`{=mediawiki}
: Ms. Shima\'s younger brother, Ms. Shima describes Ryo to be a powerful but reckless attacker whose style is similar to Nobara\'s. Shima sends Nobara to train with Ryo, believing that Ryo is still a member of Central Sokai University\'s prestigious volleyball team, unaware that he has not attended practices in over a year as a result of a falling out with his team; none of the other players believed someone of his short stature would be able to continue as an attacker. He continues to play beach volleyball with a group of misfit but powerful players in the local area as a team known as the Eagles and proves to be a very perceptive individual. When he is not playing volleyball, he is somewhat of a womanizer.
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`{{nihongo|Satomi Abe|阿部 里美|Abe Satomi}}`{=mediawiki}
: Yushin\'s girlfriend, whom he has been with since middle school. They began to drift apart after they began attending different high schools, though Satomi continued to attend all of Yushin\'s volleyball games to support him. However, in her loneliness, she cheats on Yushin with another boy and her infidelity is discovered shortly after Yushin rejects Nobara. They eventually break up
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# Rio Hotel Ltd v New Brunswick (Liquor Licensing Board)
***Rio Hotel Ltd v New Brunswick (Liquor Licensing Board)*** \[1987\] 2 S.C.R. 59 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the Constitution\'s criminal law power. The Court held that, despite overlapping with valid federal law, the provincial law that restricted the amount of nudity in bars was constitutionally valid.
## Background
The New Brunswick Liquor Control Act required that all liquor licences be accompanied by an entertainment licence that limited the degree of nudity allowed within the establishment. Rio Hotel decided to challenge the constitutionality of the law on the grounds that it related to public morality which is a matter of federal criminal law.
The issue before the Supreme Court was whether \"a provincial prohibition of nude entertainment attached to a liquor licensing scheme operates notwithstanding the more general but related prohibitions contained in the Code\". The unanimous Court held that it did.
## Reasons of the court {#reasons_of_the_court}
Chief Justice Dickson, writing for McIntyre, Wilson, and Le Dain, held that the law was valid. Dickson characterized the law as regulating entertainment as a means to boost alcohol sales. Presumptively this matter is both of a local nature and relating to property and civil rights. Though there are provisions within the Criminal Code dealing with nudity, they do not conflict with the provincial law.
Furthermore, the law did not possess any penal consequences required for all valid criminal law
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# Stem Stem in Electro
***Stem Stem in Electro*** is the second album by Canadian band Hrsta. It was recorded in the Hotel2Tango, Montreal, by Howard Bilerman, who co-owns the studio with Efrim Menuck and Thierry Amar of Godspeed You! Black Emperor fame.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"\...and We Climb\" -- 6:29
2. \"Blood on the Sun\" -- 5:34
3. \"Quelque chose à propos des raquetteurs\" \[\"Something in Connection with the Racketeers\"\] -- 3:47
4. \"Folkways Orange\" -- 5:13
5. \"Swallow\'s Tail\" -- 7:56
6. \"Heaven Is Yours\" -- 4:23
7. \"Gently Gently\" -- 2:58
8
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# Franz Ignaz von Beecke
**Franz Ignaz von Beecke** (28 October 1733 -- 2 January 1803) was a classical music composer born in Wimpfen am Neckar, Holy Roman Empire.
## Life
Von Beecke served in the Bavarian Dragoon Regiment of Zollern from 1756, during which time he fought in the Seven Years\' War. He served with distinction and was promoted to Captain. He was known at the time chiefly for his great skill in playing the harpsichord, although he composed a wide range of music as well, having studied with Christoph Willibald Gluck. He died in Wallerstein, Germany.
In 1775, von Beecke met the 19-year-old Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in Munich and the two engaged in a piano playing competition at the well-known inn *Zum Schwarzen Adler*. The poet and composer Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart, who was in the audience, wrote in his *Teutsche Chronik* (27 April 1775) that in his opinion, von Beecke played far better than Mozart: \"In Munich last winter I heard two of the greatest clavier players, Mr Mozart and Captain von Beecke. Mozart's playing had great weight, and he read at sight everything that we put before him. But no more than that; Beecke surpasses him by a long way. Winged agility, grace and melting sweetness.\"
Von Beecke's students included Anna von Schaden.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
### Stage works {#stage_works}
- Roland (opera) - 1770?
- Claudine from Villa Bella (singspiel in one act with libretto by Goethe) - 1780
- The jubilee wedding (comic opera in 3 acts with libretto by Weiße) - 1782
- The grape harvest (singspiel in 2 acts) - 1782
- List against List (The Bell) (singspiel) - c
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# Gene Davis (painter)
**Gene Davis** (August 22, 1920 - April 6, 1985) was an American Color Field painter known especially for his paintings of vertical stripes of color.
## Biography
Davis was born in Washington, D.C., in 1920 and spent nearly all his life there. Before he began to paint in 1949, he worked as a sportswriter, covering the Washington Football Team and other local teams. Working as a journalist in the late 1940s, he covered the Roosevelt and Truman presidential administrations, and was often President Truman\'s partner for poker games. His first art studio was in his apartment on Scott Circle; later he worked out of a studio on Pennsylvania Avenue. In the 1950s, Gene Davis, with Kenneth Noland and Morris Louis was one of a small group of painters called the Washington Color School who made experimentation with colours. In Washington he closely studied works in the Phillips Collection including paintings by Pierre Bonnard and Paul Klee, to which he later attributed his heightened sense of color.
Davis\'s first solo exhibition of drawings was at the Dupont Theater Gallery in 1952, and his first exhibition of paintings was at Catholic University in 1953. A decade later he participated in the \"Washington Color Painters\" exhibit at the Washington Gallery of Modern Art in Washington, D.C., which traveled to other venues around the U.S., and launched the recognition of the Washington Color School as a regional movement in which Davis was a central figure. The Washington painters were among the most prominent of the mid-century color field painters. Though, he worked in a variety of media and styles, including ink, oil, acrylic, video, and collage, Davis is best known by far for his acrylic paintings (mostly on canvas) of colorful vertical stripes, which he began to paint in 1958. The paintings typically repeat particular colors to create a sense of rhythm and repetition with variations. One of the best-known of his paintings, \"Blue Freak-Out\" (1966) acquired by the Pérez Art Museum Miami, and \"Black Grey Beat\" (1964), owned by the Smithsonian American Art Museum reinforces these musical comparisons in its title. The pairs of alternating black and grey stripes are repeated across the canvas, and recognizable even as other colors are substituted for black and grey, and returned to even as the repetition of dark and light pairs is here and there broken by sharply contrasting colors.
In 1972 Davis created *Franklin\'s Footpath*, which was at the time the world\'s largest artwork, by painting colorful stripes on the street in front of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the world\'s largest painting, *Niagara* (43,680 square feet), in a parking lot in Lewiston, New York. His \"micro-paintings\", at the other extreme, were as small as 3/8 of an inch square. Stripes are a recurrent theme in art history and he used it as a formal canon to examine various aspects of color using a reduced range of resources.
For a public work in a different medium altogether, he designed the color patterns of the \"Solar Wall,\" a set of tubes filled with dyed water and backlit by fluorescent lights, at the Muscarelle Museum of Art at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia.
Davis began teaching in 1966 at the Corcoran School of Art, where he became a permanent member of the faculty. His works are in the collections of, among others, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, The Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C., the Pérez Art Museum Miami, in Florida, the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, The Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection in Albany, New York, and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.
He died on April 6, 1985, in his hometown of Washington, DC
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# Jaroslav Svoboda
**Jaroslav Svoboda** (born June 1, 1980) is a Czech former professional ice hockey right winger. He played in the National Hockey League with the Carolina Hurricanes and Dallas Stars between 2001 and 2006. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1997 to 2017, was mainly spent in the Czech Extraliga. Internationally Svoboda played for the Czech national junior team at the European U18 Championships and the World Junior Championships, winning a gold medal at the 2000 World Juniors.
## Biography
Svoboda was born in Červenka, Czechoslovakia. As a youth, he played in the 1994 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a team from Olomouc.
Svoboda was drafted in the 8th round, 208th overall by the Carolina Hurricanes in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft and spent three seasons with the team, sharing his time in the American Hockey League with the Lowell Lock Monsters. After spending a season in the Czech Republic during the NHL lockout, Svoboda signed with the Dallas Stars in 2005 and managed to play 43 regular season games for them. In total, Svoboda has played 134 regular season games and has scored 12 goals and 17 assists for 29 points. He has also played in 25 playoff games (23 with Carolina in 2001-02).
He returned to Europe in 2006, and later played for HC Znojemští Orli in the Czech Extraliga
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# Decipher (novel)
***Decipher*** (first published in 2001) is a speculative fiction novel by Stel Pavlou (1970--present), published in 2001 in England by Simon & Schuster and 2002 in the United States by St. Martin\'s Press. It is published in many languages with some significant title changes. The Italian and Russian editions have the title ***Il codice di Atlantide**\'\' (The Atlantis Code), while the German edition is called***Code Zero**\'\'. The novel is about a fictional linguist, Richard Scott, and an assembled team of specialists who are in a race against time to crack a code found on ancient monuments around the world before an impending cataclysm predicted in mythology can strike. The story centers on the ancient city of Atlantis and features other mythical sites such as the Hall of Records.
Decipher was longlisted in the UK for the W.H. Smith Best New Talent Award 2002.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
Set in the year 2012, a series of seemingly unrelated events take place, which during the course of the story all become interconnected.
In Antarctica, an oil drilling venture is taking place by fictitious oil company Rola Corp. It is an unstable time in the region because the US and China are at loggerheads over mineral and oil rights, and the geopolitical landscape is dicey. The drill ship does not strike oil, but does discover a very hard form of diamond which turns out to be carbon 60. Not only that, but the samples they retrieve have hieroglyphic writing on them.
Meanwhile, the US military has been monitoring unusually high solar flare activity and is worried about its effect on their fleet of satellites. While observing Chinese military maneuvers in Antarctica, the spy satellite picks up a highly unusual energy signal emanating from two miles beneath Antarctica\'s ice sheet.
When the US military and Rola Corp. pool their resources it is discovered that not only is the diamond-type material reactive to the sun, but the time of the energy pulses under the ice in Antarctica match the timing of flare activity from the Sun.
A team of scientists are assembled to unravel the mystery. From Richard Scott, a linguistic anthropologist, to Jon Hackett a complexity physicist. The team soon discover that the same energy signature from Antarctica is being detected by satellites from ancient monuments all over the Earth. From the Amazon jungle to Egypt and China. Inspired by stories of the ancient flood of Noah, Scott embarks on the mammoth task of deciphering the mysterious language found on the material, and comparing what it has to say with the ancient myths and legends of floods from all around the world.
The myths all have similar themes. They talk about the Sun, the destructive power coming from the sky, a flood, and a mythical lost city, known more famously as Atlantis. More than that, the myths talk of the cyclical nature of this destruction and point to an event that happened 12,000 years ago that may well be happening all over again.
The story climaxes with the discovery of Atlantis under the ice in Antarctica and the team\'s expedition to reach it and find any crumb of help that may save the Earth from the impending disaster that the Sun is about to unleash as it reaches the maximum in its cycle.
## Characters
### Main
- Richard Scott - linguistic anthropologist
- Jon Hackett - physicist
- Ralph Matheson - engineer
- Sarah Kelsey - geologist
- Bob Pearce - remote viewer
- Admiral Dower - Chief of US Space Command
- November Dryden - graduate student
- Jack Bulger - engineer
- Rip Thorne - CEO Rola Corp.
### Minor
- Carver - mercenary
- Clemmens - engineer
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# Decipher (novel)
## Reception
Critical reception to *Decipher* has been mixed. Kirkus Reviews praised the book, calling it a \"Spellbinding mainstream science-fiction spectacular\". Publishers Weekly wrote \"The often ludicrous dialogue and the ham-fisted handling of human relations and motivations, however, make for an unfocused novel, one patched together like Frankenstein, with every stitching line, every unnatural feature, unblushingly exposed to the most casual glance.\" Nick Barrett of Blogcritics.org criticized the book\'s stereotypical characters, but that \"Stel\'s sense of humour invariably steps in each time he goes right over the top.\"
The reviewer for *The Philadelphia Inquirer* was favorable, noting that it would make for a good film
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# Savanna–Sabula Bridge
The **Savanna--Sabula Bridge** was a truss bridge and causeway crossing the Mississippi River that connected the city of Savanna, Illinois, with the island city of Sabula, Iowa. The bridge was put out of service on November 17, 2017, when its replacement, which lies a few dozen feet downstream, opened as the Dale Gardner Veterans Memorial Bridge. The bridge carried U.S. Route 52 over the river. It was also the terminus of both Iowa Highway 64 and Illinois Route 64. The bridge carried an average of 2,170 vehicles daily as of 2015, with 6% of that being truck traffic.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.
The bridge was demolished on March 9, 2018.
## Replacement bridge {#replacement_bridge}
Construction of an \$80.6 million replacement for the 1932 Savanna--Sabula Bridge was finished and opened to traffic on November 17, 2017, while the old bridge was subsequently demolished. The Illinois House of Representatives unanimously named this new structure the Dale Gardner Veterans Memorial Bridge in honor of Dale Gardner, a Savanna born NASA astronaut
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# S. Muthiah
**Subbiah Muthiah** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|commas=on|MBE}}`{=mediawiki} (13 April 1930 -- 20 April 2019) was an Indian writer, journalist, cartographer, amateur historian and heritage activist known for his writings on the political and cultural history of Chennai city. He was the founder of the fortnightly newspaper *Madras Musings* and the principal organizer of the annual Madras Day celebrations. Muthiah was also the founder-President of the Madras Book Club.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Muthiah was born in Pallathur in the Ramnad district of Madras Presidency, British India in a Nagarathar family on 13 April 1930. Muthiah had his early schooling in Ladies\' College, S. Thomas\' Preparatory School and Royal College in Colombo and completed his matriculation in India in 1946 at Montfort European School, Yercaud. Between 1946 and 1951, Muthiah studied arts and engineering in the United States of America and returned to Ceylon after obtaining his master\'s degree in International Relations in 1951.
## With *The Times of Ceylon* {#with_the_times_of_ceylon}
On his return to Ceylon, Muthiah took up a job with *The Times of Ceylon* and served the newspaper for 17 years eventually rising to the second position in the newspaper\'s hierarchy and heading the weekly Sunday edition. When the citizenship laws of the country were amended in 1968, Muthiah, who was not yet a citizen of Ceylon lost his job and had to move to India.
## In India {#in_india}
Muthiah settled down in the city of Madras and took up a job with T. T. K. Maps, a newly formed cartographic division of T. T. K. Healthcare Ltd where he was tasked with preparation of tourist guides and books on South India. In 1981, Muthiah wrote his first book *Madras Discovered* based on the research he had done to prepare tourist guides on Madras city. He followed it with two more books on Madras and one each on Parry\'s and Simpson\'s Ltd.
## Post-retirement {#post_retirement}
On his retirement from T. T. K. Maps in 1990, Muthiah took up writing full-time and founded the fortnightly newspaper *Madras Musings*. Muthiah also involved himself in heritage activism for Madras city and wrote regular columns for Indian newspapers most prominently *The Hindu*. In 1999, Muthiah co-founded *Chennai Heritage*, a foundation for heritage conservation in Chennai. Muthiah was also one of the brains behind the annual Madras Day celebrations held in Chennai city on the anniversary of the founding of the settlement of Fort St. George by Andrew Cogan and Francis Day on 22 August 1639.
In 2011, Muthiah published the book *Madras Miscellany*, a collection of articles from weekly columns of the same name that he had written for *The Hindu* since November 1999. Muthiah also volunteered to edit the gazetteer on Chennai that was commissioned by the British Council through the Association of British Scholars, India Chapter. Volume one of the 3-volume gazetteer titled *Madras, Chennai: A 400 year record of the first city of Modern India* on \"The Land, People and Governance\" and volume two on \"Services, Education and the Economy\" were published in 2008 and 2014 respectively and a third on \"Information, Culture and Entertainment\" was under preparation.
## Honors
On 7 March 2002, Muthiah was made an \"Honorary Member of the Civil Division of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire\". The award was presented to him by Michael Herrige, British High Commissioner to India at a function in Chennai. The citation read that the award was presented for \"service by those who are not British citizens but who have pursued ideals which Britain values and shares\".
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Muthiah\'s father, N. M. Subbiah Chettiar (1905--2002) was a stockbroker and politician who served as a mayor of Colombo, British Ceylon and was one of the founders of the Ceylon India Congress formed in 1939. He even stood for elections for the House of Representatives of Ceylon from the Nuwara Eliya constituency in 1947 and lost.
Muthiah married Valliammai Achi (1950--2013) in 1969. The couple had two daughters Ranjani and Parvathi. Valliammai worked as a Company Secretary till her death in 2013. Muthiah lived in Chennai where he spent most of his day on his desk. After spending the evening at the Madras Club, he used to retire to his home, where he had two glasses of Indian whisky before dinner.
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# S. Muthiah
## Criticism
At the inauguration of the 2009 edition of the Chennai Book Fair, M. Karunanidhi, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu regretted the fact that Muthiah\'s book *Madras Rediscovered* did not make even a passing mention of the tenures of C. N. Annadurai or himself.
## Works
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-
- Muthiah, S. (1987). *Madras discovered : a historical guide to looking around, supplemented with tales of \"Once upon a city\".* Affiliated East-West Press.
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- Muthiah, S. (1990). *An atlas of India*. OUP
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- Muthiah, S. (1990). *Madras, its yesterdays, todays, and tomorrows.* Association of British Council Scholars, South India.
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- Muthiah, S. (1992). *[Madras discovered : a historical guide to looking around, supplemented with tales of \"Once upon a city\"](https://archive.org/details/madrasdiscovered00muth)*. Affiliated East-West Press.
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-
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- Muthiah, S. (1995). *At home in Madras. Overseas Women's Club.*
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- Muthiah, S.; Ramnarayan, V. (1998). *All in the game, a pictorial history of the Madras Cricket Club*. The Madras Cricket Club.
- Perera, S. S.; Muthiah, S. (1999).*The Janashakthi book of Sri Lanka cricket, 1832-1996*. Janashakthi Insurance.
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- Muthiah, S. (2002). *The ace of clubs, the story of the Madras Club*. The Madras Club.
- Muthiah, S. (2002). *B.S. Abdur Rahman -- a visionary with a mission.*
- Muthiah, S.; Kalpana, K., Schiffer, Frank. (2003). *Madras : the architectural heritage.* Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage.
- Muthiah, S. (2004). *60 landmark years.* L&T and ECC.
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- Muthiah, S. (2004). *The Indo Lankans, their 200-year saga.* Indian Heritage Foundation.
- Muthiah, S. (2005). *Madras that is Chennai, gateway to the South*; Ranpar Publishers.
- Muthiah, S. (2006). *150 Years of excellence, a pictorial history of the University of Madras*. University of Madras.
- Muthiah, S. (2006). *The Chettiar heritage, T*he Chettiar Heritage.
- Muthiah, S. (2006). *A tradition of Madras that is Chennai, the Taj Connemara*. The Taj Connemara.
- Muthiah, S. (2006). *A work of genius, the Senate House of the University of Madras*. University of Madras
- Muthiah, S. (2007). *Overcoming challenge: the 125 year saga of Chennai Port, the harbour that men made*. Chennai Port Trust.
-
-
- Muthiah, S. (2008). *Madras, Chennai: a 400 year record of the first city of modern India*, Vols. 1, 2 and 3; Association of British Scholars; Vol. 1 came out in 2008 and Vol. 3 in 2019.
- Muthiah, S. (2009). *The school in the Park, a hundred years of the Sacred Heart School.*
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- Muthiah, S. (2010). D*own by the Adyar.* Madras Boat Club.
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- Muthiah, S. (2012). *Walkabout in Oz.* Ranpar Publishers.
- Muthiah, S. (2012). *A Kodaikanal icon, the 125 year old history of a Kodi landmark (the story of the Kodaikanal Club)*. Ranpar Publishers.
- Muthiah, S.; Maclure, Harry. (2014) *The Anglo Indians, a 500 year history.* Niyogi Books.
- Muthiah, S.; Meyyappan Junior. (2014). *A Chettiar album.* The Chettiar Heritage.
- Muthiah, S. (2016). *The Madras Musings silver jubilee book*. Chennai Heritage.
- Muthiah, S. (2016). *T.T. Vasu -- The man who could never say no*. Ranpar Publishers.
- Muthiah, S. (2016). *Office chai, planter's brew*. Westland.
- Muthiah, S. (2016). *The magnificent Shevaroys.* Ranpar Publishers
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# The Singles (Dannii Minogue album)
***The Singles*** is a greatest hits compilation by Australian singer Dannii Minogue. It was released by Mushroom Records on 3 November 1998 in Australia only. The album features all fourteen of Minogue\'s singles released between 1990 and 1998. The tracklist opts for the original album versions of each song rather than their respective single versions, with the exceptions of \"Jump to the Beat\" and \"Baby Love\", which were not included on Minogue\'s original debut, *Dannii* but on its Australian re-issue *Love and Kisses and\...*. The album includes the UK-only single \"Love\'s on Every Corner\" and the Australian-only single \"Coconut\", which was a hidden track on *Girl*. Since the compilation was a catalogue release, it was ineligible to chart on the Australian albums chart.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Love and Kisses\" -- 3:44
2. \"Success\" -- 5:34
3. \"Jump to the Beat\" (L.A. 7\" Mix) -- 3:36
4. \"Baby Love\" (Silky 70\'s Edit) -- 3:45
5. \"I Don\'t Wanna Take This Pain\" -- 4:53
6. \"Show You the Way to Go\" -- 4:22
7. \"Love\'s on Every Corner\" -- 4:15
8. \"This Is It\" -- 3:40
9. \"This is the Way\" -- 3:59
10. \"Get into You\" -- 4:13
11. \"All I Wanna Do\" -- 4:30
12. \"Everything I Wanted\" -- 4:40
13. \"Disremembrance\" -- 4:07
14
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# Roland MC-909
The discontinued **Roland MC-909** Sampling Groovebox combines the features of a synthesizer, sequencer, and sampler, with extensive hands-on control of both the sound engine and the sequencing flow. It was intended primarily for live performance of pre-programmed patterns consisting of up to 16 tracks of MIDI data. It was released by Roland Corporation on October 8, 2002. This product was announced at the AES Fall Convention in 2002. It is the direct successor to the Roland MC-505 and is the predecessor to the Roland MC-808. Which eventually ended the \"Groovebox by year 2010\" line of products by Roland which began in the year 1996 with the Original Roland MC-303 groovebox. The Roland Groovebox began again resurgence in the year 2019 with a two new modern & redesign Roland MC-707 GROOVEBOX/Roland MC-101 GROOVEBOX. The Roland MC-909 was developed from the blueprint of Roland\'s own \"Roland Fantom-S Workstation & Roland Fantom-X Workstation\" and uses the same structure and operating system, with some differences regarding the Patterns section, not implemented in the Roland Fantom S/X6/X7/X8 Workstation.
## Sound generation {#sound_generation}
The MC-909 has a ROM-based sound generator (sometimes referred to as a rompler.) Its patches are built from up to four tones. The tones are based on waves stored in the machine. Patches can also utilize user-created samples. Roland\'s literature states that the MC-909 has \"new-generation XV synthesis\", the synth in the MC-909 is a very similar sound engine to that of the XV-5050 64-Voice Synthesizer Module. The number of PCM waveforms is 693, ranging from vintage synths to strings, drums, guitars and pianos. It can be expanded by adding one SRX card\* from 12 different cards available.
- \*Note: \[If you choose the Roland SRX-05 \"Supreme Dance\" expansion card, you\'ll get special Patches that can only be accessed on the MC-909.\]
The MC-909 is always in sequencer mode, as opposed to other workstations that have also a simple Voice or Combination mode for straight playing. Straight playing via an external keyboard is however possible directly from the sequencer mode by simply selecting one of the 16 tracks (parts) where a patch (voice, sound) is stored. In this case the MC-909 performs as a regular, 16-part multitimbral sound module, that happens to have a sequencer, too. In essence, the MC-909 can be used as a very capable sound module without ever needing to fire up its sequencer.
The MC-909 is the first Roland groovebox to feature a sampler. It can record audio from any of the external audio inputs, SPDIF connectors, or import wav and aiff files from a computer using a USB port. The sampler can be upgraded up to a total of 272 MB RAM (16 MB User + 256 MB PC-100 or PC-133 168-Pin DIMM Module), and the samples can also be stored on a 128 MB 3.3 volt Smartmedia card. The unit is also able to store on two 128 MB Smartmedia cards if there is more than 256 MB DATA in its user memory. There are tricks from user forum sites that have found ways to go beyond this limitation using xD-Picture Cards as other means for storage.
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# Roland MC-909
## Sequencer
The MC-909\'s sequencer is based on pattern composition. Each pattern has 16 tracks (parts) and can have up to 999 measures (bars). The \"pattern\" in the groovebox concept as developed by Roland (and thence adopted by other manufacturers) is intended to be a 4-to-16 bars-long small musical phrase made up of 8 to 16 tracks. The chaining of several patterns together (with seamless passage between one another) will create a full song, or the patterns can be looped as wanted and messed with using the on-board real-time controls.
In the MC-909 the storage capacity of the sequencer makes the patterns capable of storing almost 1000 bars, and 16 tracks.
Each of the 16 parts (tracks) is set to a specific patch, with its own mixer settings (pan, volume, key, effect, routing, and so on). There are a variety of editing modes: The main modes allow real-time recording, step recording and TR-REC recording. In step recording, notes or chords can be added one at a time. In TR-REC mode, each of the 16 pads represents a point along a musical measure. This speeds up the entry of percussion tracks. Patterns can be strung together into \"songs\", which, in fact, are mislabelled, merely being chains of patterns played in a specific order. In fact, there is no recording or sequencing capability in Song mode besides pattern chaining and some playback settings.
The sequencer can load Standard MIDI Files (albeit with some workarounds to avoid loading bugs that have never been fixed) and play them back. Additionally, the sequencer will also include samples stored into its memory in the pattern tracks.
## Features
- Sound generator with 64 note - voice polyphony
- 16-track sequencer+Tempo/Mute Ctrl Track
- 16MB sample memory (expandable to 272 MB max.)
- SmartMedia card handling (8-128 MB) to store audio and midi files and backup (16MB)
- Effects generator (24-bit reverb, two multi-effects processors, compression/EQ and mastering effects)
- Large LCD screen
- Expandable with SRX-series wave expansion boards, SmartMedia cards (smf, wav)
- USB port for MIDI and transfer of data (full duplex) and for remote editing (groovemanager)
- S/PDIF input and output plus coaxial I/O (digital)
- Line In with selectable sources (line in, mic) for sampling, re-sampling
- Dual D-Beam controllers (solosynth, cut+reso, turntable, assignable)
- Turntable emulation (pitch control, BPM control, hold, push)
- Velocity sensitive pads
- V-LINK connecting audio & video in performance
## Users
The Roland MC-909 was used by the hip hop producer RZA while working on the movies Blade: Trinity and Kill Bill. RZA uses many Roland products including the Roland Fantom, MV-8000 & Roland MV-8800. Another artist that uses the Roland MC-909 is Switchfoot keyboardist Jerome Fontamillas for live setups.
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# Roland MC-909
## Criticisms
The Roland MC-909 received good reviews at tech magazines like Future Music and Sound on Sound. However, it faced serious competition from the equally powerful Yamaha RS7000. Many MC-909 users complained about several operating system bugs at the Yahoo! Groups forum and also Roland Clan Forums. In fact, even when the machine was released in 2002, it took Roland Corporation 5 years until some of the more complex bugs (like the inability to store RPS patterns) were fixed in the operating system upgrade v1.23 in early 2007. Another common complaint refers to the unit\'s size, which makes it less portable than a laptop with a midi controller. The unit has been designed with only a 2-prong power inlet, without a ground lift; hence, there have been complaints of light electrical discharges from its metallic body when handled with less-than-dry hands.
Further criticism pointed out the uneven volume ranges of its voices, waveforms and sounds. Additionally, critics noted that, for a machine aimed at the dance/techno/electronica market, the sound engine was excessively rich in sounds from ethnic, classical and band instruments.
The sampler, although powerful, has a very complex access-and-editing route and lacks the ability to set keyboard ranges for different samples, making it difficult to create realistic sounds from a set of multisamples. There is, however, a work-around for this via an external editor on the PC & Mac called: MC-909 Editor Update v3.1, that is freely available for download at [this site.](http://www.mc909.org/telechargement/editeur/)
The inputs, used for either sampling or sound processing of an external sound source, are routed through the effects engine and heard at the outputs during real-time. However, re-sampling is necessary in order for the sample to contain the effects as a part of the sample. Following any re-sampling, the sample playback can be further re-sampled or processed by more effects at the outputs during playback.
The Roland MC-909 is no longer in production by Roland Corporation. The Roland MC-909 is consequently called to become a cult item, as Mellotron or the TB-303. While no longer in production, the MC-909 can be bought these days second-hand at places like eBay, with a typical second-hand purchase price, as of 2021, around US\$1000. The original MSRP price set by Roland in 2002 was US\$1,795.99.`{{Original research inline|date=July 2013}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Roland MC-909
## Unsolved bugs {#unsolved_bugs}
Several operating system bugs were gradually solved over time; the last operating system upgrade (Version 1.23) was introduced on March 30, 2007.
The current unsolved problems at the present moment are:
- It is not possible to load a Standard Midi File or other sequence file from a card to internal memory onto an existing pattern without initializing all the existing pattern\'s settings back to basic format. In order to load a SMF onto a pattern and retain that pattern\'s settings, the SMF must be first loaded onto an unused or empty location within internal memory, then moved to the wanted location with the Copy function.
- Many users complain that there is no sustain in Song Mode, resulting in a noticeable audio gapping between patterns. This is most noticeable at slower tempos. (Although different Machine, see also: MC-808 Roland MC-808#Unresolved issues)
- Even when a part is set to EXT, the internal sound engine will continue to produce sounds. You can work this around by assigning a blank patch to that part; however, this is not the expected behaviour described in the manual.
- Going into MENU (e.g. USB transfer) resets the 909 to Preset Pattern 1 when you come out of menu.
- Tracks 6 and 13 will not mute/unmute when pressed at the same time (introduced in v1.22)
There are current unresolved issues with the implementation of effects when switching patterns, but the MC-909 was \"designed by specification\". Roland might refer to the end users\' requests for effects that sustain past the point when the pattern switches as they \"developing a future new product\".
The last operating system upgrade (Version 1.23), corrected few issue with:
- RPS Setting, RPS Mixer WRITE editor of the contents of operation does not save a fixed point.
- Import BMP features and functionality Realtime Erase fixed.
- Song editing function has been strengthened.
- Sounds & Effects strengthened, Stable for tuning various countries. (Roland Corp. Japan Trans: MC-909 VER. History List [1](https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&u=http://www.roland.co.jp/support/article/%3Fq%3Ddownloads%26p%3DMC-909%26id%3D1811801&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.roland.co
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# Kudla, South Australia
**Kudla** is a locality in the northern Adelaide suburbs, 34 km from the city centre, just south of Gawler. It is in the Town of Gawler local government area.
## Geography
Kudla is bounded by Main North Road, Dalkeith Road, Angle Vale Road and Gordon Road. Coventry Road is the most significant road through the area, approximately southwest to northeast. Kudla is named after the Kudla railway station, which in turn had been named from an Aboriginal word meaning *level ground, open or remote*. The name was approved in 1982 in preference to alternate possibilities of Dalkeith and Dalkeith Vale. Kudla is served by the Dalkeith Country Fire Service based on the south side of the Dalkeith Road and Coventry Road intersection.
## Transport
Kudla is served by the Kudla railway station on the Gawler railway line and is west of Main North Road
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# Japanese superstitions
**Japanese superstitions** are rooted in the culture and history of Japan and the Japanese people. Some Japanese superstitions are meant to teach lessons or serve as practical advice.
## Overview
Some superstitions that are common in Japan have been imported from other cultures. The Japanese share superstitions with other Asian cultures, particularly the Chinese, with whom they share significant historical and cultural ties. The unluckiness of the number four is one such example, as the Japanese word for \"four\" 四 romaji: *shi* is a homophone for \"death\" kanji: 死. The same is true for Chinese, hanzi: 死 pinyin: *sǐ*, is also homophonous to \"death.\" However, unlike most other countries, in Japan, a black cat crossing one\'s path is considered to bring good luck.
A significant portion of Japanese superstition is related to language. Numbers and objects that have names that are homophones (`{{nihongo|''[[Homophone#Japanese|Dōongo]]'' / ''Dōon Igigo''|[[wiktionary:同音語|同音語]] / [[wiktionary:同音異義語|同音異義語]]}}`{=mediawiki}, lit. \"Like-Sound Utterance\" / \"Like-Sound Different-Meaning Utterance\") for words such as \"death\" and \"suffering\" are typically considered unlucky (see also, *Imikotoba*). Other superstitions relate to the literal meanings of words. Another significant part of Japanese superstition has its roots in Japan\'s ancient pagan, animist culture and regards certain natural things as having *kami*. Thus, many Japanese superstitions involve beliefs about animals and depictions of animals bringing about good or bad fortune.
## Folk wisdom {#folk_wisdom}
- Resting just after eating results in becoming a cow/pig/elephant. (This discourages laziness.)
- If whistling or playing a flute at night, snakes will come out. (This means not to bother the neighbors.) In this context, \"snake\" means a thief.
- The first dream of a Japanese New Year will come true (hatsuyume).
- Breaking a comb or the cloth strap of a geta wooden sandal is an omen of misfortune.
### Numbers
#### Lucky numbers {#lucky_numbers}
- **7** is an important number in Buddhism, and is also considered lucky.
- **8** is considered a lucky number due to its shape.
#### Unlucky numbers {#unlucky_numbers}
There are six unlucky numbers in Japanese. Traditionally, 4 is unlucky because it is sometimes pronounced *shi*, which is the word for death. Sometimes levels or rooms with 4 do not exist in hospitals or hotels. `{{Dubious span|text=Particularly in the maternity section of a hospital, the room number 43 is avoided because it can literally mean "[[still birth|stillbirth]]". (死産 - shizan: 死 - death/to die and 産 - childbirth/produce).|1=43 Unlucky - Dubious|date=February 2024}}`{=mediawiki} In cars and racing, number 42 which sounds like shini (死に -- \"to die\") and 49, which sounds like shiku (死苦 - \"a painful death\") are avoided. When giving gifts such as plates, they are normally in sets of three or five, never four.
Number 9 is sometimes pronounced *ku* --- with the same pronunciation as agony or torture. Combs (*kushi*) are rarely given as presents as the name is pronounced the same as 9.
Due to these unlucky connotations, the numbers 4 and 9 are often pronounced *yon* and *kyuu* instead.
The number 13 is occasionally thought of as unlucky, although this superstition is a recent import from Western culture.
## Death and the supernatural {#death_and_the_supernatural}
- After a Japanese funeral, the mourners perform a cleansing ritual by throwing salt over themselves or scattering it on walkways leading to the front door.
- If a hearse drives past, One should hide their thumbs by closing their fingers around them, forming a fist. The Japanese word for thumb literally translates as \'parent-finger\', and it is believed that hiding the thumb serves as protection for one\'s parents from misfortune.
- Sleeping with one\'s head pointing to the north results in a short life. (This is the way a body is laid out at funeral.)
- Chopsticks should not be stuck upright into food, especially rice. Chopsticks are only stuck upright into rice in the bowl on the altar at a funeral or when paying respects to the deceased. This is called *hotokebashi*.
- When sharing food, items should never be passed from chopstick-to-chopstick, as this is done only in a ceremony where bone fragments from cremated remains are placed in an urn.
- Cutting fingernails or toenails at night is bad luck. If one does so, it is believed that they will not be with their parents at their deathbed.
- A person\'s name should not be written in red ink. (This is due to names on grave markers being red.)
## Animals
- Use of the *Maneki Neko* or \"lucky cat\". Many businesses such as shops or restaurants have figures of such beckoning cats, which are considered to be lucky and to bring in money and fortune.
- A spider seen in the morning means good luck so the spider should not be killed. If a spider is seen at night means bad luck so it should be killed.
- A crow\'s caw means something bad will happen. This can be anything from illness or accidents to death or natural disasters.
- The green pheasant is said to be able to sense when an earthquake is about to hit, and will \'scream\' (crow) shortly before an earthquake occurs
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# Lee Allen (baseball)
**Leland Gaither Allen** (January 12, 1915 -- May 20, 1969) was an American sportswriter and historian on the subject of baseball. He was known for an accessible writing style that made history more interesting, typically focusing on the people in the stories as much as the events.
A native of Cincinnati, Ohio, Allen was the son of U.S. Representative Alfred Gaither Allen. After attending Kenyon College as a psychology major, spending a semester at the Columbia University School of Journalism, and working for the Cincinnati Reds as a publicity director and traveling secretary, he began his writing career with the *Cincinnati Enquirer*, and wrote the Cincinnati entry in the Putnam Publishing series on the Major League Baseball teams.
He authored other books, including histories of the National League and American League, the World Series, and a volume about the Giants-Dodgers rivalry. He was also a frequent contributor to *The Sporting News*, including articles to their annual publications as well as a weekly column called \"Cooperstown Corner\". In the early 1940s Allen assisted Waite Hoyt on Cincinnati Reds radio broadcasts.
From 1959 until his death, he was the curator at the Baseball Hall of Fame, succeeding Ernest Lanigan. In that capacity, and with his substantial collection of biographical information on ballplayers (continuing Lanigan\'s work), he had a great deal of input to the first edition of the famous MacMillan *Baseball Encyclopedia* which was published in the same year he died.
Although Allen had been inspired as a youth by his Hall of Fame predecessor\'s *Baseball Cyclopedia*, he was not the \"figger filbert\" that Lanigan was. However, they did share a common interest in the personal stories of the ballplayers. This quote from Allen\'s SABR profile highlights their differences and similarities. The first sentence is polar opposite to Lanigan\'s philosophy, the remainder is right in line with Lanigan\'s work: \"I care very little for statistics as such. My concern is the players. Who are these men? What are they? What problems have they faced? Where are they now?\"
In addition to biographies, Allen was also a pioneer in gathering information about baseball parks, and published one of the first comprehensive lists of major league ballparks and their locations, in the 1961 edition of one of *The Sporting News* publications.
The Cincinnati chapter of the Society of American Baseball Research is named in honor of Allen.
He died of a heart attack in Syracuse, New York while on a road trip researching a subject for a book
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# Tom Preissing
**Thomas Joseph Preissing** (born December 3, 1978) is an American former professional ice hockey player who played six seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). Preissing played in 326 NHL games with the San Jose Sharks, Ottawa Senators, Los Angeles Kings and the Colorado Avalanche. Preissing was born in Arlington Heights, Illinois, but grew up in Rosemount, Minnesota.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Amateur
Preissing played four years as a forward on the varsity team at Rosemount High School before moving on to play two seasons with the Green Bay Gamblers of the United States Hockey League (USHL). It was with the Gamblers that then-head coach Mark Osiecki converted Preissing to a defenseman, paving the way for his future hockey successes. Preissing played for Colorado College of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA) and was a top-ten finalist for the Hobey Baker Award; he also captained the Tigers in his senior year. He earned NCAA - West First All-American honors and holds the WCHA record for most goals by a defenseman in a season with 23 in 2002--03.
### Professional
Preissing was signed as an undrafted free agent by the San Jose Sharks on April 4, 2003. After a strong training camp with the Sharks, Preissing was a surprise inclusion on the opening night roster for the 2003--04 season. Tom played the full season with the Sharks where he had 2 goals and 17 assists in 69 games. He was praised for making the step directly from college to the NHL without stopping in the American Hockey League (AHL) and was named San Jose\'s rookie of the year in 2004. In the 2005--06 season, Preissing broke out, scoring 43 points in 74 games to have the second-highest-scoring season by a defenseman in Sharks history, behind only Sandis Ozoliņš. He also carried a +17 plus-minus rating, which ranked first among Sharks defensemen.
On July 9, 2006, Preissing and Josh Hennessy were traded by the Sharks to the Chicago Blackhawks for Mark Bell. Chicago immediately traded the two, along with Michal Barinka and a second-round draft pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft, to the Ottawa Senators in exchange for Martin Havlát and Bryan Smolinski. Preissing then spent the 2006--07 season with Ottawa, recording 38 points in 80 games and posting the third-best plus-minus rating (+40) of any NHL player. He helped the Senators reach the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals, in which they lost to the Anaheim Ducks in five games.
On July 2, 2007, Preissing signed a four-year, \$11 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Los Angeles Kings. In the 2007--08 season, his first with the Kings, Preissing suffered in production, scoring only 24 points in 77 games, and his plus-minus slipped to --6. Preissing was benched for four games into the early stages of the 2008--09 season. After stepping up his play Preissing was then hampered by illness and upon recovery was assigned to the Kings affiliate, the Manchester Monarchs of the AHL on March 4, 2009, for the rest of the season.
On July 3, 2009, Preissing was traded by the Kings, along with Kyle Quincey and a fifth-round draft pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft, to the Colorado Avalanche in exchange for Ryan Smyth. Preissing missed training camp and the start of the 2009--10 season having a scope on his right knee. After a conditioning stint with Colorado\'s AHL affiliate, the Lake Erie Monsters, Preissing made his Avalanche debut in an 8--2 loss to the Vancouver Canucks on November 14, 2009. On November 29, 2009, after playing in four games with the Avs, Preissing was placed on waivers and reassigned back to the Monsters. Despite leading the Monsters defense with 31 points in 49 games, his considerably large contract meant he was placed on waivers for the purpose of a buy out of his final year from the Avalanche on June 30, 2010.
Without NHL interest, Preissing returned to Europe for the first time since 2005, signing a one-year contract with Kärpät of the Finnish SM-liiga on September 16, 2010. Under the agreement, he first joined Kazakh team Barys Astana of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), to start the 2010--11 season on a two-month loan through to November in order to attain game conditioning. On September 17, Preissing made a successful debut with Astana scoring a goal in a 6--5 overtime loss to Salavat Yulaev Ufa. However, just two days later, in his second game in a 4--1 victory against Metallurg Novokuznetsk, Preissing\'s tenure in the KHL was cut short when he suffered a serious knee injury. Due to return to Kärpät in November, but with the prospects of being unable to play from the injury, Preissing came to a mutual agreement to terminate his contract on October 11, 2010.
On July 11, 2011, Preissing signed a one-year contract with Swiss team EHC Biel for the 2011--12 season. In 29 games, Preissing contributed seven points before leaving at year\'s end to sign with Swedish club Rögle BK of the Elitserien on a one-year contract on July 15, 2012.
In the 2012--13 season, Priessing offensively produced early with Rögle BK, but with defensive performance below expectations, he was released by Rögle having scored 12 points in 29 games on December 5, 2012. On January 14, 2013, Preissing continued his well-traveled European tour, signing for the remainder of the Finnish season with TPS of the SM-liiga
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# Mark Morris Memorial Bridge
The **Mark Morris Memorial Bridge** (locally called the **North Bridge**) is a 2 lane truss bridge across the Mississippi River in the United States. It connects the cities of Clinton, Iowa and Fulton, Illinois. The bridge may also be known as the **Lyons-Fulton Bridge**, which was the name of a predecessor bridge and the name listed on the USGS topographical map. The town of Lyons, Iowa, was annexed to Clinton in 1895, but the northern end of the city is still referred to as Lyons. The bridge is the terminus of both Iowa Highway 136 and Illinois Route 136. The 1975 bridge was named in memory Mark Morris, a long time member of the City of Clinton Bridge Commission who died in 1972. Morris was instrumental in the construction of the 1975 bridge and the City of Clinton Bridge Commission named it in his honor.
The bridge was opened in January 1975, replacing an older span upstream that once carried the Lincoln Highway, U.S. Route 30.) In 1982, Iowa DOT announced that it would be removing a 20 cent toll from the Gateway Bridge and the Mark Morris bridge beginning January 1983. Iowa and Illinois agreed to split responsibility for the maintenance of the two bridges with Iowa maintaining the Mark Morris bridge and Illinois the Gateway bridge.
## 1891 bridge
The older span was originally built in 1891 with a wooden deck; this was replaced in 1933 with a metal grate to allow snow to melt through. When the renovation was completed the bridge fathers held a grand ceremony during which a 19-year-old Cedar Rapids high dive artist, Walter W. Simon, dove from the 100 ft high span into the Mississippi River. He was paid \$1.00 per foot for this stunt
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# The Beautiful Mistake
**The Beautiful Mistake** is an American rock band from San Diego, California. Formed in 2000, the band has released two full-length albums: the 2002 debut album, *Light a Match, For I Deserve to Burn*, and 2004\'s *This Is Who You Are*. They have released four EPs and had various songs featured on different compilation albums.
## History
The band was formed by Josh Hagquist and Shawn Grover following the breakup of their previous band, Ember. It went through numerous member changes throughout the 2000s with Hagquist (vocals--guitar) remaining the constant in each incarnation. The Beautiful Mistake released albums on SideCho Records, The Militia Group and Reignition Records and had songs and videos featured on releases by Victory Records and Hopeless Records. The band also had their two full-length albums re-released in Europe on Sorepoint/Eat Sleep Records and in Asia on Bigmouth Japan. The Beautiful Mistake toured with numerous hardcore, punk and rock bands including Further Seems Forever, Brand New, Hopesfall, Elliott, Funeral For A Friend, As Cities Burn, Fall Out Boy, Senses Fail, Moneen, Every Time I Die, Open Hand, Glasseater, Brandtson, Anberlin, The Myriad, Copeland, and Emery to name a few. They were also able to share the stage with bands like Snapcase, Shelter, Common Rider, Underoath, Atreyu, Avenged Sevenfold, and BoySetsFire during their extensive touring of the U.S. They also made repeated appearances at CMJ fest in New York and SXSW in Austin Texas. They had songs featured on numerous television shows on Mtv, Vh1 and the WB network. In 2005 The Beautiful Mistake were included in the movie \"Bastards of Young\" released on Art & Industry Films. The movie showcased the growing post-hardcore DIY music scene and also included interviews and performances from Taking Back Sunday, Thursday, Midtown, Jimmy Eat World, and Armor For Sleep. Interviews were taped at the annual Surf & Skate Festival in New Jersey in 2004. The Beautiful Mistake stopped touring in late 2005.
In the Summer of 2008 Josh, Shawn and Armin Tchami reunited for an acoustic set at Tomfest and played songs from every release.
Since 2006, Hagquist has played bass guitar in The Lassie Foundation, from Los Angeles. Josh also plays guitar in The Stranger Kings from Orange County, California, and is currently recording his own music under the name Saint Valletta with Josh Quesada on drums. Shawn Grover was in a band from Eugene, Oregon called Moher. Josh Quesada plays in a band from Longmont, Co called Francis and the Wolf. He also produces and records artist out of his studio in Colorado. Jon Berndtson played guitar in Cue the Doves and performed vocals in two bands, Get Young and Years Spent, all from Minneapolis, Minnesota.
The Beautiful Mistake (Josh Hagquist, Shawn Grover, Jon Berndtson, Josh Quesada) played two reunion shows in Southern California in late March 2018. This was the first time since 2004 that all of them had played together. The first show was at the Chain Reaction in Anaheim, and the second was at Brick By Brick in San Diego.
in 2018 The Beautiful Mistake started working on new songs. Included in the line-up was original guitar player, Steve Dunlap. These sessions turned out the music for their EP, \"You\'re Not Broken, I Am.\"
In May 2019 The Beautiful Mistake recorded a yet unnamed 5 song EP with Beau Burchell in Temecula, California.
January 2020 The Beautiful Mistake announced their new EP \"You\'re Not Broken, I Am\" will be released on Wire Tap Records in the US, and Disconnect Disconnect Records in the UK/EU. The first single \"Memento Mori\" was released on January 27 exclusively on Kerrang!
In September 2021 The Beautiful Mistake played Furnace Fest in Birmingham, Alabama. Their set included songs from \"Light A Match\...\", \"This Is Who You Are\", and their newest EP \"You\'re Not Broken. I Am.\"
The Beautiful Mistake will be playing the final Furnace Fest in October 2024.
## Discography
- *December EP* (2001) -- Republica Records
- *The Beautiful Mistake (EP)* (2002) -- SideCho Records
- *Light a Match, For I Deserve to Burn* (2002) -- The Militia Group
- *The Beautiful Mistake (EP)* Re-recording (2003) -- SideCho Records
- *This Is Who You Are* (2004) -- The Militia Group
- *The Beautiful Mistake & Ettison Clio (Split EP)* (2006) -- Reignition Records
- *You\'re Not Broken, I Am* (March 2020) -- Wire Tap Records (US) / Disconnect Disconnect Records (UK/EU)
The album *This Is Who You Are* peaked at No. 49 on the *Billboard* Top Heatseekers chart, and No. 22 on the *Billboard* Top Independent chart
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# Jim Fahey
**James M. Fahey** (born May 11, 1979) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the San Jose Sharks and the New Jersey Devils. He last played for the Krefeld Pinguine of the DEL.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Fahey was drafted in the 8th round, 212th overall, by the San Jose Sharks in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft. Before becoming a professional hockey player, Jim was a member of the Dorchester, MA (Greater Boston Youth Hockey League), Tier 2 National Championship Midget Team in 1996, and subsequently a standout at Catholic Memorial High School. He went on to become a star at Northeastern University, where he finished his career with the single-season defense scoring record for the Huskies as a First Team All-American and Hobey Baker Award finalist. During his draft year, he was featured in a segment with his idol, Raymond Bourque, in a feature for NHL on Fox.
Following his college career, in the 2003 season, after spending some time with San Jose\'s AHL farm team in Cleveland, Fahey was recalled to the Sharks and was selected San Jose\'s rookie of the year. Despite spending nearly half the season in the minor leagues, he led all rookie NHL defensemen in scoring.
In the 2004 season, Fahey battled pneumonia, and after recording only two points in fifteen games, was sent down to Cleveland, where he played for the remainder of that season, and saw only sporadic NHL duty thereafter.
Fahey has also played in international competitions, like the 2003 IIHF Men\'s World Championships. He has been named to the PlanetUSA AHL All-Star team.
Fahey re-signed on a one-year contract worth US\$500,000 on July 15, 2006. Prior to the 2006--07 NHL season, Fahey was traded with Alexander Korolyuk to the New Jersey Devils for Vladimir Malakhov and a conditional first-round pick.
On July 27, 2007, Fahey signed with the Chicago Blackhawks and spent the full year with the Rockford IceHogs of the AHL. On March 26, 2008, Fahey signed with the German team Krefeld Pinguine of the DEL.
On July 6, 2010, after two seasons with Krefeld, Fahey signed a one-year contract with rival DEL team Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers. However, only three weeks later on July 24, Fahey terminated his agreement with the Ice Tigers for personal reasons and remained in the US
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# Hadrian à Saravia
**Hadrian à Saravia**, sometimes called **Hadrian Saravia**, **Adrien Saravia**, or **Adrianus Saravia** (1532`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}15 January 1612) was a Protestant theologian and pastor from the Low Countries who became an Anglican prebend and a member of the First Westminster Company charged by James I of England to produce the King James Version of the Bible.
## Early years {#early_years}
Saravia was born in Hesdin (Artois), then part of Flanders, to Protestant Spanish and Flemish parents, Christopher de Saravia and Elisabeth Boulengier. He entered the ministry at Antwerp, reviewed a draft of the Belgic Confession and gathered a Walloon congregation in Brussels. Saravia continued to move between London and Europe. In 1561, he married Catherine d\'Allez of St Omer. The marriage would last 45 years, and the couple had one son and an unknown number of daughters. Following the death of Catherine, Saravia married Marguerite Wiits in 1608.
## Channel Islands {#channel_islands}
He went from there to England and was sent as an evangelist to Jersey and Guernsey. When Elizabeth I of England founded Elizabeth College in 1563 he was appointed as its first schoolmaster.
In 1568 he became rector of the parish of St Pierre du Bois, Guernsey, which was then under Presbyterian discipline.
## Southampton
From 1571 to 1578, he held the position of headmaster at the Grammar School in Southampton. His students included Robert Ashley, Nicholas Fuller, Francis Markham, Edward Reynolds, Sir Thomas Lake, and Josuah Sylvester.
## Ghent and Leiden {#ghent_and_leiden}
By late 1580 he was living in Ghent and was an inspector of the theological school and active in religious affairs. With Ghent under threat by the Spanish, he moved to Leiden in November 1582. He was appointed a professor of theology at Leiden University on 13 August 1584. From Leiden he wrote (9 June 1585) to William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley advising the assumption of the protectorate of the Low Countries by Elizabeth. He left the United Provinces when his complicity in a political plot was discovered.
## Return to England {#return_to_england}
He published several treatises defending the Episcopacy against Presbyterianism. He was appointed, in 1588, rector of Tatenhill, Staffordshire. His first work, *De diversis gradibus ministrorum Evangelii* (1590; in English, 1592, and reprinted), was an argument for episcopacy, which led to a controversy with Theodore Beza and gained him incorporation as DD at Oxford (9 June 1590), and a prebend at Gloucester (22 October 1591).
On 6 December 1595 he was admitted to a canonry at Canterbury (which he resigned in 1602), and in the same year to the vicarage of Lewisham, Kent, where he became an intimate friend of Richard Hooker, his near neighbour, whom he absolved on his deathbed. He was made prebendary of Worcester in 1601 and of Westminster (5 July 1601). In 1604, or early in 1605, he presented to James I of England his Latin treatise on the Eucharist, which remained in the Royal Library unprinted, until in 1885 it was published (with translation and introduction) by Archdeacon G. A. Denison.
In 1607 he was nominated one of the translators of the King James Version of the Bible of 1611, his part being *Genesis* to the end of *Kings II*. He is said to have been the only translator who was not English.
On 23 March 1610 he exchanged Lewisham for the rectory of Great Chart, Kent. He died at Canterbury on 15 January 1612, and was buried in the cathedral. His second wife, Margaret Wiits, erected a memorial to him at the Cathedral.
## Theology
Saravia is one of the first Protestant mission theologians. In his ecclesiological writing *De diversis ministrorum Evangelii gradibus sicut a domino fuerunt instituti* of 1590, he referred to the Church's missionary command, which he believes is valid for all times. In the episcopate, which goes back to the apostles (apostolic succession), the Church has the authority to send out missionaries. This view was criticized by Protestant theologians, among them Theodor Beza and Johann Gerhard, who, like many of the Reformation and Old Protestant theologians, believed that the missionary command had already been fully fulfilled in the time of the Apostles
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# Telegraph Bay
**Telegraph Bay** or **Kong Sin Wan** (`{{zh|t=鋼綫灣}}`{=mediawiki}), formerly known as **Tai Hau Wan** (`{{Zh|c=大口環|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}), is a bay in the west shore near Pok Fu Lam, between Sandy Bay and Waterfall Bay on the Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It is where the Cyberport is located.
## History
In the early colonial days, the bay is marked as Taihowan Bay, a spelling variant of Tai Hau Wan. The name *Telegraphy Bay* suggested that it is where the telegraph cable linked to overseas in late 19th century by Cable and Wireless\' Hong Kong operations.
The indigenous name, Tai Hau Wan (*大口灣*), means big mouth bay. It is now mistakenly referred to the north end of the bay as Tai Hau Wan (`{{Zh|c=大口環|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}), that is Sandy Bay (`{{Zh|c=沙灣|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}), a small bay in adjacent to. Note that character `{{Zh|c=灣|l=bay|labels=no|p=wan}}`{=mediawiki} is mistakenly written as `{{Zh|c=環|l=circle|labels=no|p=wan}}`{=mediawiki}.
The endemic species of *Bauhinia blakeana* was first discovered near the bay
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# Henry Wray
Lieutenant-General **Henry Wray** `{{Post-nominals|country=CAN|CMG}}`{=mediawiki} (1 January 1826 -- 6 April 1900) was a Royal Engineers officer who arrived in Fremantle on 12 December 1851 and was responsible for carrying out the construction plans for Fremantle Prison for Edmund Henderson.
## Military career {#military_career}
Henry Wray was born in Demerara, now Guyana on 1 January 1826. The son of Charles Wray, Chief Justice of Demerara, Wray graduated from the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich as second lieutenant in 1843. Postings in Ireland and Gibraltar followed, and Wray\'s abilities as an engineer soon saw him promoted to first lieutenant in 1846. Married in 1848 to Mary Drinkwater, the daughter of eminent historian Thomas Drinkwater, Wray then moved back to Woolwich in 1850.
In 1851 he was selected to travel to Western Australia with the 20th Company of Royal Sappers and Miners. After arrival he was appointed as a magistrate to the colony, and given responsibility for the construction of the Convict Establishment (now Fremantle Prison), based upon designs by Edmund Henderson.
Wray personally designed many buildings, bridges and roads in the Perth area, and in April 1854 was promoted to rank of Second Captain. Around this time The Royal Engineers left to serve in the Crimean War, but Wray remained and was promoted to First Captain.
After Henderson\'s departure in 1856, Wray succeeded him as acting comptroller general of convicts. After serving in the position for two years, he was described in a letter from the governor of Western Australia Arthur Edward Kennedy as \"a most exemplary and industrious officer who has for many months done the work of several\".
Henry Wray left Australia on 2 January 1858 to return to England. In 1860 he was commissioned to help determine the boundary between British Honduras (Belize) and Guatemala. This was a difficult undertaking that saw him injured several times by both nature and natives. By this time he had been promoted to the local rank of major. After the signing of the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty, he was then posted to Japan with a company of sappers.
Wray returned to England in 1865 becoming chief royal engineer at Chatham. He published several works on engineering that were to reform teaching methods in the field. After several years he became chief royal engineer in Malta, and was involved in several military and civil engineering projects before moving to Ireland in 1879 for 7 years. Promoted to major-general on 26 April 1882, Wray became Lieutenant Governor of Jersey until his retirement in 1887. He died from pneumonia at Bournemouth on 6 April 1900, aged 74
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# William L. Stark
**William Ledyard Stark** (July 29, 1853 -- November 11, 1922) was an American Populist Party politician.
Born in Mystic, Connecticut on July 29, 1853, Stark moved to Wyoming, Illinois, in 1872. He taught school and worked as a clerk at a store. He attended Union College of Law in Chicago, Illinois. He was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illinois in January 1878.
Stark moved to Aurora, Nebraska, in February 1878, serving as superintendent of city schools in Aurora. He became deputy district attorney and then judge of the Hamilton County Court in Hamilton County, Nebraska. He served in the Nebraska National Guard as a major and Judge Advocate General. He ran for the United States House of Representatives in 1895 and 1897 as a Populist, losing the first time and before being elected to the 55th United States Congress on his second attempt . He was reelected to the 56th and 57th Congresses, serving from March 4, 1897 to March 3, 1903.
Stark ran for the United States Congress as a Fusionist in 1902, but lost. After leaving office in 1903, he retired to Aurora.
Stark died in Tarpon Springs, Florida on November 11, 1922. He is buried in the city cemetery in Aurora
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# Roy Gutman
**Roy Gutman** (born March 5, 1944) is an American journalist and author.
## Biography
Gutman received a B.A. degree from Haverford College with a major in History and an MSc. degree from the London School of Economics in International Relations.
Roy Gutman joined Newsday in January 1982 and served for eight years as national security reporter in Washington. While European bureau chief, from 1989 to 1994, he reported on the downfall of the Polish, East German, and Czechoslovak regimes, the opening of the Berlin Wall, the unification of Germany, the first democratic elections in the former Eastern Bloc, and the violent disintegration of Yugoslavia. He served for two years as foreign editor for Newsday and five years as foreign editor for McClatchy Newspapers in Washington, D.C. He went on to become chief of the McClatchy Baghdad and Middle East Bureaus before turning freelance in 2016.
Gutman\'s honors include the Pulitzer Prize for international reporting, the George Polk Award for foreign reporting, the Selden Ring Award for investigative reporting, and a special Human Rights in Media Award from the International League for Human Rights. While a diplomatic correspondent at Newsweek, he shared the Edgar Allan Poe award of the White House correspondents association. In 2016, The American Academy of Diplomacy named him to the Arthur Ross Media Award. <https://www.academyofdiplomacy.org/recipient/roy-gutman/> In 2018, the American Bar Association named him to receive the Francis Shattuck Security and Peace Award.
Gutman was previously employed by the Reuters news agency, serving in Bonn, Vienna, Belgrade, London, and Washington. He served as Bureau Chief for Europe, State Department Correspondent, and Chief Capitol Hill Reporter. He has been a Jennings Randolph senior fellow at the United States Institute of Peace.
In 1988, Simon & Schuster published his *Banana Diplomacy: The Making of American Policy in Nicaragua 1981-1987*. *The New York Times* named it one of the best 200 books of the year, and the (London) *Times Literary Supplement* designated it the best American book of the year. Macmillan published *A Witness to Genocide* in 1993 (the *Jerusalem Post* called it an \"indispensable\" book on genocide), and the U.S. Institute of Peace published *How We Missed the Story: Osama bin Laden, the Taliban, and the Hijacking of Afghanistan* in 2008.
Gutman co-founded and then chaired the Crimes of War Project, a project to bring together reporters and legal scholars to increase awareness of the laws of war. His pocket guide to war crimes, *Crimes of War: What the Public Should Know*, co-edited with David Rieff, was published by W.W. Norton in 1999 with a second edition in 2007. He was named one of \"50 visionaries who are changing your world\" by the Utne Reader in November--December 2008 [Profile](http://www.utne.com/2008-11-13/50-Visionaries-Who-Are-Changing-Your-World.aspx), utne.com, November 13, 2008.
## Criticism
Gutman is criticized by journalist Peter Brock in his *Media Cleansing: Dirty Reporting Journalism & Tragedy in Yugoslavia*, for insufficiently critical reliance on Serbian and Croatian sources.
In 2017, Gutman was criticized by Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi, a research fellow at the conservative think-tank, Middle East Forum, who claimed that \"Gutman's opinion biases have had and still have a problematic impact on his reporting\". According to Al-Tamimi, Gutman\'s work is biased towards the Syrian opposition and Turkey. Gutman\'s reply was later published in Joshua Landis\' blog *Syria Comment*.
## List of books {#list_of_books}
- *Banana Diplomacy*, published in 1988
- *Witness to Genocide*, published in 1993
- *Crimes of War: What the Public Should Know*, Co-edited by David Rieff, published in 1999 and again in 2007.
- *How We Missed the Story: Osama bin Laden, the Taliban, and the Hijacking of Afghanistan*, U.S
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# Highlands and Islands Fire and Rescue Service
The **Highlands & Islands Fire & Rescue Service** (previously Highland and Islands Fire Brigade) was the statutory fire and rescue service for northern Scotland, covering the council areas of Highland, Orkney, Shetland, and the Western Isles, and so covering a major part of the Highlands and Islands area. It was the fire service covering the largest geographical area in the United Kingdom (its area being roughly equivalent in size to Belgium), and had its headquarters in the city of Inverness. It was established in 1975 and was amalgamated into the single Scottish Fire and Rescue Service in 2013.
## History
This Fire Service stemmed from the Northern Area Fire Brigade, formed in 1947 after the passing of the Fire Services Act, and covered the same area the service did until 2013, excluding the Western Isles. In 1975, with the reorganisation of local government, the service became the Northern Fire Brigade and gained the Western Isles as part of its area. In 1983 the name changed again, to Highland and Islands Fire Brigade, to more accurately reflect the area which the Brigade served. The final name, Highlands and Islands Fire and Rescue Service, was adopted in summer 2005, under the Fire (Scotland) Act 2005. As well as the name change, for the first time in the service\'s history, a Gaelic motto, *dìon is freagair*, or \"protect and respond\", was sanctioned.
The Chief Fire Officer before amalgamation was Stewart James Edgar. Edgar was awarded the Queens Fire Service Medal for Distinguished Service in the Queen\'s Birthday Honours in 2013.
### Amalgamation in 2013 {#amalgamation_in_2013}
The Highlands and Islands Fire and Rescue Service, along with the other seven fire and rescue services across Scotland, was amalgamated into a single, new Scottish Fire and Rescue Service on 1 April 2013. This replaced the previous system of eight regional fire and rescue services across Scotland which existed since 1975. The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service has its headquarters in Perth.
## Stations
before the amalgamation to a national service took place, HIFRS operated 96 stations throughout the Highlands and Islands, with Inverness being the only wholetime station. Eighty-eight stations were retained and 12 operated as \"Community Response Units\". All the service\'s stations were supported locally by district offices, which supervised the operations of the stations in their respective areas. These offices were located in Inverness, Aviemore, Fort William, Invergordon, Ullapool, Dornoch, Portree, Thurso, Stornoway, Benbecula, Kirkwall, and Lerwick. Inverness was also the location of the main headquarters, which was situated next to the city\'s fire station.
## Training facility {#training_facility}
The service also had a training facility based 25 miles north of Inverness in Invergordon, as well as a state of the art control centre, which again was based in the Highland capital, but on a different site from the main headquarters.
## Regional Fire and Rescue Services in Scotland 1975-2013 {#regional_fire_and_rescue_services_in_scotland_1975_2013}
The following eight regional fire and rescue services (originally known as fire brigades) were merged on 1 April 2013, creating the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service:
- Central Scotland Fire and Rescue Service
- Dumfries and Galloway Fire and Rescue Service
- Fife Fire and Rescue Service
- Grampian Fire and Rescue Service
- Highlands and Islands Fire and Rescue Service
- Lothian and Borders Fire and Rescue Service
- Strathclyde Fire and Rescue Service
- Tayside Fire and Rescue Service
The same boundaries were also used for the eight territorial police forces, which were amalgamated into Police Scotland on 1 April 2013
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# Waki-gamae
, sometimes shortened to *waki*, is one of the five stances in kendo: *jōdan*, *chūdan*, *gedan*, *hassō* and *waki*, as well as other related and older martial arts involving Japanese sword. *Waki-gamae* is a stance involving the swordsman hiding the length of one\'s own blade behind their body, only exposing the pommel to the opponent. This stance was common when there was no standard length of sword and was often used as a deterrent to any opponents who did not know the range of the sword being hidden and could be used as a sort of bluff technique. It also serves to conceal the orientation of the blade to one\'s opponent, as to give him no hint about your own intention for the next attack.
Other Koryū schools may define \"Waki-gamae\" differently from its current form in Kendo.
*Waki-gamae* is also known as the `{{Nihongo|''Kamae of [[Metal (Wu Xing)|Metal]]''|金の構|kin-no-kamae}}`{=mediawiki} in the five elements classification and the `{{Nihongo|''[[Yin and yang|Light]] Stance''|陽の構|yō-no-kamae}}`{=mediawiki} in the Ittō-ryū teachings.
Shidachi uses this stance in Kendo kata number 4 in response to uchidachi\'s *hassō*.
It is also used in Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū\'s kata.
## European schools of swordsmanship {#european_schools_of_swordsmanship}
In the Bolognese-Dardi Tradition this is Coda Lunga e Distesa (Long and Outstretched Tail). Coda Lunga (long tail) refers to postures where the sword is held to the outside of the knee. Coda Lunga can be point up (stretta/narrow), point down (larga/wide), or point back (distesa/outstretched).
In Marozzo\'s system, this is known as Guardia Contro Armi Inastate (Guard Against Polearms). It is only used for the Spadone, a two-handed sword that was up to 65\" long.
This guard is similar in certain respects to the \"Side Guard\" or \"Nebenhut\" guard in the German martial school. It is demonstrated in, among other works, the treatises by Ringeck
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# Walter Eucken Institut
The **Walter Eucken Institut** is a German ordo-liberal economic think tank based in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
The Institute was founded in 1954, four years after the death of economist Walter Eucken, by a number of his friends and pupils. The Institute\'s creation was supported by Ludwig Erhard, then Secretary of Economic Affairs and later Chancellor of West Germany. Honorary Presidents have included Nobel laureates Friedrich Hayek and James M. Buchanan.
Since September 2010, the institute is directed by Lars Feld.
The Walter Eucken Institute\'s research interest is constitutional and institutional questions in economics and social sciences, including preserving and developing a free market order, classical liberal ideas and their institutional realisation, and the economic constitution of the European Union
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# Ontario Liberal Party candidates in the 1995 Ontario provincial election
The **Liberal Party of Ontario** ran a full slate of candidates in the **1995 provincial election**, and won thirty seats to form the Official Opposition in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Many of the party\'s candidates have their own biography pages; information about others may be found here.
## Filomena Tassi (Hamilton Centre) {#filomena_tassi_hamilton_centre}
Tassi is a lawyer in Hamilton, Ontario with strong family connections to the Liberal Party. Her mother managed the constituency office of federal cabinet minister John Munro, and Tassi herself worked as a computer operator for Munro in 1984 (*Toronto Star*, 30 January 1991 and *Hamilton Spectator*, 18 May 1994).
Tassi is past president of the St. Thomas More Lawyers Guild Campaign (*Spectator*, 17 May 1995). In the early 1990s, she set up a company called Be Your Own Lawyer, Inc., offering legal instructions for those who regard the profession as inaccessible or too expensive. The company\'s first product was an instructional kit on writing a will, made available for \$19.95 (*Hamilton Spectator*, 3 July 1993).
She campaigned for a seat on Hamilton\'s separate school board in 1991 at age 29, and was elected to the first position in Ward Three. Incumbent candidate Tony Agro was relegated to the second position (*Hamilton Spectator*, 4 November 1991). She did not seek re-election in 1994, and instead campaigned for the provincial Liberal nomination in Hamilton Centre. Ironically, she defeated Tony Agro to win the nomination in May 1994 (*Spectator*, 28 May 1994).
The nomination battle was divisive, and may have contributed to Tassi\'s narrow loss in the general election. She received 7,322 votes (33.64%), finishing a close second against New Democratic Party incumbent David Christopherson.
Tassi is now chaplain at St. Mary\'s Catholic High School in Hamilton, and works as pilgrimage committee chair with the Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board. She has supported cultural exchange programs with the Dominican Republic, as well as relief work in Haiti and Uganda (*Spectator*, 13 February 2004 and 27 October 2005). She has published a book entitled \"500 Prayers for Catholic Schools and Parish Youth Groups\".[1](http://www.bookschristian.com/sys/product
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# Attorney General of Malaysia
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# Vickers Medium Mark I
The **Vickers Medium Mark I** was a British tank of the Inter-war period built by Vickers from 1924.
## Background
After the First World War Britain disbanded most of its tank units leaving only five tank battalions equipped with the Mark V and the Medium Mark C. At first a large budget was made available for tank design but this was all spent on the failed development of the Medium Mark D. When the government design bureau, the *Tank Design Department*, was closed in 1923 any direct official involvement in tank development was terminated. However private enterprise in the form of the Vickers-Armstrong company built two prototypes of a new tank in 1921.
## Vickers Light Tank {#vickers_light_tank}
In 1920 the Infantry had plans to acquire a Light Infantry Tank. Colonel Johnson of the Tank Design Department derived such a type from the Medium Mark D. In competition Vickers built the **Vickers Light Tank**.
The Vickers design still was reminiscent of the Great War types. It had a high, lozenge-shaped, track frame with side doors but it also showed some improvements. There was a fully revolving turret and the suspension was provided by vertical helical springs, while the Medium Mark C still had a fixed turret and was unsprung. The Vickers was much smaller than the Medium C at just 7 ft high and weighing only 8.5 ST. It was driven by a separately compartmented 86 hp engine through an advanced hydraulic Williams-Jenney transmission, allowing infinitely variable turn cycles. The first prototype was a \"Female\" version with three Hotchkiss machine guns; the second prototype was a \"Male\" which had a 3-pounder (47 mm) gun in place of one of the machine guns and also a machine gun for anti-aircraft use. It looked far closer to a modern tank than its predecessors with the turret, the front of the fighting compartment and the hull front plate all strongly rounded. The advanced transmission proved to be utterly unreliable however and the project was abandoned in 1922 in favour of a generally more conventional design, the **Vickers Light Tank Mark I**. This would be renamed the \"Vickers Medium Tank Mark I\" in 1924 . The first prototypes were sent to Bovington for trial in 1923. The General Staff designation was **A2E1**.
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# Vickers Medium Mark I
## Description
Despite being in general more conventional, in one aspect the Medium Mark I looked rather modern: instead of a high track run it possessed a low and flat suspension system with five bogies, each having a pair of small double wheels. The axles of these were too weakly constructed; as Major-General N.W. Duncan put it in his *Medium Marks I-III*: \"(\...) a perpetual nuisance. The axles were continually breaking and the path of the Mark I tanks was littered with discarded wheels\". This was cured by switching to a \"box bogie\" in 1931. To ease repairs the suspension was not protected by an armoured covering. There were two vertical helical springs of unequal length in each of the five bogie casings attached to the hull. In front and behind the normal ten road wheel pairs, there was a tension wheel pair. Ground pressure was very high, even though at 11.7 LT the vehicle was not very heavy for its size.
The engine was an air-cooled 90 hp Armstrong Siddeley engine derived from an aircraft type. Surprisingly the engine and transmission was distributed throughout the hull - with the engine to the left of the driver, the gearbox underneath the commander and final drive at the rear, which Duncan describes as \"an unbelievable retrograde step in view of war-time experience\". The Medium Mark B and the Mark VIII heavy had introduced compartmentalisation to reduce the debilitating effects of engine noise and fumes on the crew. However, with the Medium Mark I considerations of ease of maintenance took precedence.
The engine drove, via a multiple dry-plate clutch, a four-speed gearbox. It had no synchromesh and switching between gears without excessive noise was a challenge to the driver. A propeller shaft connected the gearbox to a bevel box at the end of the tank which divided the power to a separate epicyclic gear for each track. These gears automatically provided extra emergency torsion to the normal first and second gear if the vehicle suddenly slowed down due to an obstacle or soft ground.
The petrol tanks were at the very rear of the hull, so the fuel lines had to run along the whole length of the vehicle, pumping fuel to a secondary tank that fed the engine by gravity. The engine was lubricated and partially cooled by oil; leakage was common and the original 4 impgal reservoir had to be replaced by a 13.5 impgal one. The tank could be electrically started, but only if the motor was already warm, so the first start had to be done by hand from the inside of the vehicle. Maximum speed was about 15 mph and the range about 120 mi.
There was a cylindrical bevelled turret on top of the hull that carried a \"Quick Firing\" (shell and cartridge in one complete round) three-pounder gun (47 mm calibre) and four ball mountings for Hotchkiss machine guns. A novel, unique feature was a three-man turret. This meant that commander was not distracted with performing either the loader\'s or gunner\'s tasks and could fully concentrate on maintaining situational awareness. This gave a huge potential combat advantage, but went largely unnoticed at the time. Except for the Lago prototype, a predecessor to the Stridsvagn m/42, produced by Landsverk in 1934 no other manufacturer constructed a tank with a three-man turret until the German Panzer III. The practical importance of this feature is signified by the fact that later into the Second World War, most of both sides tank designs either quickly switched to the three-man turret, or were abandoned as obsolete.
There was no co-axial machine gun. There was only room to operate one machine gun from the turret; normally one gun was switched between the respective mountings as the guns were removable. The turret machine gunner doubled as main gun loader. In each side of the hull was a Vickers machine gun. There was one gunner to operate these, he also functioned as a mechanic.
The shape of the Mark I Medium hull was very distinctive. The back was a simple armoured box; the front plate was high and perfectly vertical. Between them, from the armoured hood of the driver at the right of the vehicle six armour plates fanned out to the left, making for a complex hull geometry at that side. In all the tank made an ungainly squat impression. The crew of five was only poorly protected by 6.25 mm plating, rivetted to the chassis, barely enough to counter the threat posed by light machine guns. With its many shot traps the vehicle was unable to withstand even anti-tank rifle fire and it had a high-profile. The internal lay-out worsened this vulnerability as the petrol tanks were inside the main compartment.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
The Medium Mark I replaced some of the Mark V heavy tanks. Together with its successor, the slightly improved Vickers Medium Mark II, it served in the Royal Tank Regiments, being the first type of the in total 200 tanks to be phased out in 1938.`{{Clarify|date=June 2017}}`{=mediawiki}
The Medium Mark I was the first tank to see \"mass\" production since the last of the ten Char 2C\'s was finished in 1921. As only about thirty of the next most produced tank, the Renault NC27, were built, the British Mediums represented most of the world tank production during the 1920s. They never fired a shot in anger and their performance in a real battle can only be speculated upon but, as the only modern tanks in existence in the decade after the First World War, they provided the British with a unique opportunity to test the many new ideas about mechanised warfare using real operational units. The knowledge thus gained would prove invaluable in the Second World War.
### Operators
-
- Romania (proposed) -- In 1926, the Reșița works proposed to locally produce a British Vickers tank under license. The tank would have weighed 10.5t and would have been able to reach 24 km/h. The proposal was rejected by the Romanian army because of the tank\'s characteristics being considered inadequate. Although not specifically stated, the given characteristics indicate that the tank in question was the Medium Mark I.
| 1,037 |
Vickers Medium Mark I
| 1 |
3,747,254 |
# Vickers Medium Mark I
## Variants
- **Medium Mark I**: first type of which thirty were built from 1924 onwards.
- **Medium Mark IA**: fifty were built of a slightly improved type with 8 mm armour at the vertical surfaces, a split driver\'s hood, a bevelled back plate of the turret to facilitate anti-aircraft fire by the Hotchkiss machine gun and improved brow and chin pads for the gunners. The Mark IA\'s could be started from the outside. The troublesome bogies were replaced on all eighty tanks by a stronger type.
- **Medium Mark IA\***: the original tank turrets were rebuilt and upgraded by removing the Hotchkiss mountings, installing a front Vickers machine gun, compensating for its weight with a lead counterweight at the back of the turret and putting a \"Bishops\'s Mitre\" traversable cupola on top.
- **Medium Mark I CS** and **Medium Mark IA CS**: a dozen tanks were rebuilt as close support vehicles, mainly for smoke laying, equipped with a 15-pounder mortar.
- **Experimental Wheel and Track Medium Mark I**: this was a wheel-cum-track project of 1926 to improve strategic mobility by overcoming track wear. The tank could be elevated by jacks on four enormous rubber-tyred wheels, two to be lowered at its extremes, the front ones steerable. The back ones could be driven, making the vehicle look \"rather like a house perched on a very inadequate roller skate\"; more practical was to tow it by a truck. This vehicle was also equipped with an experimental driver\'s hood. The contraption was later removed.
On one Medium Mark I the engine was replaced by a Ricardo 90 hp diesel engine.
## Surviving vehicles {#surviving_vehicles}
One Vickers Medium Mark I has survived at the Special Service Battalion Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
A 3-pounder gun taken from a Vickers Medium Mark I survives on the Vickers A1E1 Independent at Bovington
| 311 |
Vickers Medium Mark I
| 2 |
3,747,256 |
# Austrian Riviera
The **Austrian Riviera** (German: *Österreichische Riviera*, Italian: *Riviera Austriaca*, Slovene: *Avstrijska riviera*, Croatian: *Austrijska rivijera*) was a term used for advertising the seaside resorts on the Adriatic coast of the Austrian crown lands of Gorizia and Istria. The name arose with the emergence of tourism in the Austrian Littoral from the mid 19th century onwards and was common until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I.
The Riviera covered the coastal areas centered around the Imperial Free City of Trieste and its port, it stretched from Grado via Duino, Brijuni to Opatija and the border with the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia. The southeastern continuation is called the Croatian Littoral. Today split between Italy, Slovenia and Croatia, the coast still presents a picturesque landscape, numerous historic buildings, and a year-round mild Mediterranean climate.
## Geography
The Austrian coast ran from the border with the Kingdom of Italy (Veneto) on the Gulf of Trieste down to Pula on the southern tip of the Istrian peninsula and to Opatija on the Kvarner Gulf. The Istrian coast up to Trieste is now part of the Italian municipality of Muggia (*Milje*), the Coastal-Karst of Slovenia, and the County of Istria in Croatia. The coast north of Trieste is partially rocky, and partially sandy, with the Laguna di Grado; it is now part of the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy.
## History
In Ancient Roman times, the region was the site of important settlements like Aquileia. From the Late Middle Ages until the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio, most of the area was administered by the Republic of Venice, while in 1382, Trieste was joined with the Habsburg monarchy which also controlled most of the hinterland. Trieste developed into an important port and trade hub and by 1719, a free port was constituted and further developed as the Habsburg Austria\'s principal commercial port and shipbuilding center. The Habsburgs had also acquired the adjacent lands of Gorizia and held some smaller eastern Istrian territories which were administered within Inner Austria.
In 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, the remaining coastal villages became part of the new Austrian Empire and the completion of the Southern Railway line from Vienna to Trieste in 1857 not only helped to further develop trade between the two cities but also brought Viennese upper class society to the mild winters of the Littoral. Trieste developed into a buzzing cosmopolitan city visited by artists, musicians, poets and writers from all over the Austrian Empire (Austria-Hungary from 1867) and the rest of Europe. The surrounding coastal towns and villages developed into favorite hot spots for the rich and famous.
In 1850, Lošinj (Italian: *Lussino*, German: *Lötzing*) became a summer residence of the Habsburg Imperial family, and in 1860 Miramare Castle was completed for Archduke Maximilian.
In 1883, the beach resort on Brijuni Islands (Italian *Brioni*) was set up, and in 1904 the *Austrian Riviera Journal* (*Österreichische Riviera Zeitung*) was first published in Pula (Italian, German *Pola*).
*Resorts:*
- Grado (Slovene *Gradež*)
- Duino (*Devin*)
- Sistiana (*Sesljan*)
- Muggia (\'\'Milje)
- Portorož (Italian *Portorose*)
- Poreč (*Parenzo*)
- Rovinj (*Rovigno*)
- Opatija (*Abbazia*)
- Lovran (*Laurana*)
- Mali Lošinj (*Lussinpiccolo*)
Several luxury hotels were built during this era, like the Hotel Kvarner in Opatija (1884) and Hotel Palace in Portorož (1910).
The eastern shore of Kvarner Gulf was then under administration of the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary with additional resorts developing, like Kraljevica (*Porto Re*), Crikvenica and Novi Vinodolski.
## After World War I {#after_world_war_i}
In 1919, after World War I, the Austrian Riviera became part of Italy and was cut off from most of its hinterland. During the 1920s, the Riviera flourished somewhat as an \"Austro-Italian Riviera\", but the splendor of its heyday was gone. The French Riviera and Italian Riviera in the western Mediterranean became more favorable resorts.
In 1947 Trieste, together with a small stretch of the adjacent coast became an independent Free Territory of Trieste. However, in 1954, the Free Territory was dissolved and its territory split between Italy and Yugoslavia. Trieste, Grado, Sistiana and Muggia remained part of Italy.
| 688 |
Austrian Riviera
| 0 |
3,747,256 |
# Austrian Riviera
## Other
After the political closure`{{What|reason=Political closure? For Austrian tourists? There were quite a lot of them actually during the Cold War. Perhaps they meant the 1945-48 period, but considering the wake of a world war, resort culture was hardly on anyone's mind.|date=October 2022}}`{=mediawiki} of most of the Adriatic Coast in 1945 due to the Cold War, the State of Carinthia in Austria began to call its Wörthersee lake district the \"Austrian Riviera
| 76 |
Austrian Riviera
| 1 |
3,747,261 |
# Andreas Lilja
**Andreas Johnny Lilja** (born July 13, 1975) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman who played twelve seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Los Angeles Kings, Florida Panthers, Detroit Red Wings, Anaheim Ducks, and Philadelphia Flyers.
Lilja was a member of the 2008 Stanley Cup winning Red Wings, and was one of several Swedish players Detroit boasted on their roster.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Lilja was drafted in the 2nd round, 54th overall by the Los Angeles Kings in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. During the 2002--03 NHL season, Lilja was traded to the Florida Panthers where he played for the remainder of the season. In the summer of 2004, he was signed by the Nashville Predators, but never played for them because of the NHL lockout, during which he played for Mora IK and the Malmö IF Redhawks of Elitserien, as well as HC Ambri-Piotta of the Swiss National League A. Once the lockout ended, he was signed to a one-year deal by the Detroit Red Wings. After playing in all 82 regular season games for the Red Wings in the 2005--06 NHL season, he was re-signed by the team to a two-year deal in the summer of 2006. Lilja was re-signed again to another two-year deal in the summer of 2008.
Lilja won the 2008 Stanley Cup as a member of the Red Wings. He is also one of 9 native Swedes who played for the team at that time. On October 10, 2010, after being released from a tryout with the San Jose Sharks, Lilja signed a one-year contract with the Anaheim Ducks.
Lilja signed a two-year, \$1.475 million contract with the Philadelphia Flyers on July 1, 2011.
On April 6, 2013, Lilja signed a two-year contract with Rögle BK which begins with the 2013--14 season. He retired following the 2014--15 season.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Lilja and his wife Lotta have two daughters. The family resides in Royal Oak, Michigan.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
Regular season
------------ ----------------------- --------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1993--94 Malmö IF SWE U20 14 3
1994--95 Malmö IF J20 30 7
1994--95 Malmö IF SEL 3 0
1995--96 Malmö IF J20 3 0
1995--96 Malmö IF SEL 40 1
1996--97 MIF Redhawks SEL 47 1
1997--98 MIF Redhawks SEL 10 0
1997--98 Mora IK Div
| 394 |
Andreas Lilja
| 0 |
3,747,264 |
# Cain and Mabel
***Cain and Mabel*** is a 1936 American romantic comedy film directed by Lloyd Bacon and designed as a vehicle for Marion Davies in which she co-stars with Clark Gable. The story had been filmed before, in 1924, by William Randolph Hearst\'s production company, Cosmopolitan, as a silent called *The Great White Way*, starring Anita Stewart and Oscar Shaw. In this version, Robert Paige introduced the song \"I\'ll Sing You a Thousand Love Songs\", with music by Harry Warren and words by Al Dubin, who also wrote \"Coney Island\", \"Here Comes Chiquita\", and other songs.
## Plot
Waitress-turned-Broadway star Mabel O\'Dare (Marion Davies) and garage-mechanic-turned-prize fighter Larry Cain (Clark Gable) dislike each other intensely, but press agent Aloysius K. Reilly (Roscoe Karns) cooks up a phony romance between them for publicity. Inevitably, the two fall in love for real, and plan on getting married, with Mabel quitting show business to be a housewife and Cain quitting the fight racket to run garages in New Jersey.
When their entourages get wind of their plan, they plant the story in the newspapers, and each thinks the other one betrayed their secret - until Mabel\'s aunt (Ruth Donnelly) tells Mabel the truth. Mabel abandons her show and rushes to Philadelphia where Cain is fighting. Having been told by his manager that Mabel is going to marry crooner Ronny Caudwell (Robert Paige), an enraged Cain is waging an all-out fight against his opponent, until he hears Mabel\'s voice and is knocked down. Reilly confesses to Cain that he was the one who leaked the story, and Cain\'s second, DoDo (Allen Jenkins) accidentally throws a towel into the ring, making Cain the loser by a technical knockout. But since Mabel has bet on the other boxer, the newly reunited couple will have a tidy nest egg to start their new life together.
## Cast
| 312 |
Cain and Mabel
| 0 |
3,747,264 |
# Cain and Mabel
## Production and reception {#production_and_reception}
Marion Davies, whose acting career was supported by her lover William Randolph Hearst, left Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer after she failed to receive parts in *The Barretts of Wimpole Street* and *Marie Antoinette*. She gained a contract with Warner Bros. Pictures which started with *Page Miss Glory* and *Hearts Divided*.
Shooting on *Cain and Mabel* was delayed because the part of the leading man, which eventually went to Clark Gable, had not yet been cast. Hearst persuaded Warner Bros. studio head Jack L. Warner, an old friend, to get Gable from MGM as Davies\' co-star. Hearst wielded considerable influence on the production: he also rejected Dick Powell for the part which went to Robert Paige -- billed here as \"David Carlyle\" -- apparently because he was jealous. He perceived that Davies found Powell attractive.
The film was shot on Stage 16 at the Warner lot, which was the standard 45 feet tall, but Davies wanted the set to be larger, so she called Warner and requested that they raise the roof of the sound stage. Warner refused until Davies called Hearst and convinced Warner to sign onto the idea, but only if Hearst paid for the renovation. Due to the shooting schedule, they could not do it the standard way and rip the roof off and build up. Instead, they got several hundred workers and hand jacks and surrounded the building with four large bass drums on each corner. Then the drum would be hit, and the workers would crank in unison. Once the building was a foot off the ground railroad ties were placed. Then they raised it another foot and crisscrossed the railroad ties. They continued with this until the sound stage was standing at its current height of 98 feet. Then the foundation and walls were quickly built, and the sound stage was available again. Stage 16 is now one of the tallest sound stages in North America.
## Reception
The film was a box-office flop, with critics finding that Gable was miscast as a fighter. Paige stated that he \"was absolutely crushed\" by the poor reception to the film and stopped using Carlyle for credits. Davies appeared in only one more film, *Ever Since Eve*.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
*Cain and Mabel* was nominated for a 1937 Academy Award for \"Best Dance Direction\" by Bobby Connolly
| 397 |
Cain and Mabel
| 1 |
3,747,283 |
# Orders, decorations, and medals of Rhodesia
The **Rhodesian honours system** was established at the time that Rhodesia unilaterally declared itself a republic in March 1970, when a system of military and civil decorations and awards was instituted by Presidential Warrant in November 1970.
Prior to 2 March 1970, Rhodesians were conferred awards in the British honours system.
## List of honours {#list_of_honours}
The list of Rhodesian honours and decorations, in order of precedence, is as follows: `{{Table alignment}}`{=mediawiki}
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Name | Postnominal | Civilian\ | Military / Police\ | Service |
| | | Ribbon | Ribbon | |
+=============================================================+=============+===========+====================+==============+
| Grand Cross of Valour | GCV | \- | | ALL |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Conspicuous Gallantry Decoration | CGD | \- | | Civilian |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Grand Commander of the Legion of Merit | GCLM | | None Awarded | Both |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Grand Officer of the Legion of Merit | GLM | | | Both |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Independence Decoration | ID | | \- | Civilian |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Independence Commemorative Decoration | ICD | | \- | Civilian |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Commander of the Legion of Merit | CLM | | | Both |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Police Cross for Conspicuous Gallantry | PCG | \- | | Police |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Silver Cross of Rhodesia | SCR | \- | | Military |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Prison Cross for Gallantry | RPC | \- | | Military |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Officer of the Legion of Merit | OLM | | | Both |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Member of the Legion of Merit | MLM | | | Both |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Police Decoration for Gallantry | PDG | \- | | Police |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Bronze Cross of Rhodesia (Army) | BCR | \- | | Military |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Bronze Cross of Rhodesia (Airforce) | BCR | \- | | Military |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Bronze Cross of Rhodesia (Guards) | BCR | \- | | Military |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Police Cross for Distinguished Service | PCD | \- | | Police |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Defence Cross for Distinguished Service | DCD | \- | | Military |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Rhodesia Prison Cross for Distinguished Service | PSC | \- | | Prison |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Meritorious Conduct Medal | MCM | \- | | Military |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Rhodesia Prison Medal for Gallantry | RPM | \- | | Prison |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Medal for Meritorious Service | MSM | | | Both |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Police Medal for Meritorious Service | PMM | \- | | Police |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Defence Forces\' Medal for Meritorious Service | DMM | \- | | Military |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Rhodesia Prison Medal for Meritorious Service | PMS | \- | | Prison |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| President\'s Medal for Chiefs | \- | | \- | Chiefs |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| President\'s Medal for Headmen | \- | | \- | Chiefs |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Military Forces\' Commendation | \- | \- | | Military |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Director's Commendation (Prisons) | \- | \- | | Prison |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Police Long Service Medal (Rhodesia) | \- | \- | | Police |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Exemplary Service Medal | ESM | \- | | ALL |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Prison Long Service Medal (Rhodesia) | \- | \- | | Prison |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Police Reserve Long Service Medal (Rhodesia) | \- | \- | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Medal for Territorial or Reserve Service | \- | \- | | Military |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Fire Brigade Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (Rhodesia) | \- | \- | | Fire Brigade |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Rhodesia Badge of Honour | \- | | | ALL |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| President's Medal for Shooting | Pres MS | \- | | ALL |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| General Service Medal | \- | \- | | Police |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| General Service Medal | \- | \- | | Military |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Prison General Service Medal | \- | \- | | Prison |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
| Rhodesian District Service Medal | \- | | \- | INTAF |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+--------------------+--------------+
: Caption
## Details and recipients {#details_and_recipients}
Around 12,000 awards were given out between 1970 and 1981. The last Rhodesian gallantry awards were awarded in June 1980, three months after Zimbabwe\'s independence. However, Rhodesian long-service decorations continued to be given to police officers and service personnel until June 1982.
The most highly decorated soldier in the Rhodesian Army was Major Grahame Wilson, second-in-command of the Rhodesian SAS, who was awarded the Grand Cross of Valour, Silver Cross of Rhodesia and Bronze Cross of Rhodesia
| 783 |
Orders, decorations, and medals of Rhodesia
| 0 |
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