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<urn:uuid:765aa8bd-d6e0-472a-92f1-ad5203c5569f> | The Palmetto Trail is a walking and bike path which currently extends through 12 South Carolina counties, running roughly through the center off the state from Oconee County down to Charleston County. Now 235 miles long, plans are in place for it to eventually stretch 425 miles. The trail consists of consists of 23 local segments, called passages, with Spartanburg County having the largest number by far.
The Palmetto Trail is made up of a variety of trail types – from urban bike trails and greenways to Revolutionary War battlefields, and in fact connects many trails that already existed. Once completed, it will be one of only 16 cross-state trails in the country.
First conceived in 1994 by the Palmetto Conservation Foundation, the Palmetto trail is a federally-designated Millennium Legacy Trail. The images below represent various passages along the trail.
Palmetto Trail – Croft Passage
The Croft Passage of the Palmetto Trail runs through Camp Croft State Park, located near downtown Spartanburg. The park takes its name from Camp Croft, a United States army camp used to train 60,000 soldiers during World War II.
The bridge shown here – which forms part of Croft Passage – holds the distinction of being the longest footbridge in any South Carolina state park. It crosses Fairforest Creek.
Palmetto Trail – Peak to Prosperity Passage
This historic railroad bridge is part of the Peak-to-Prosperity Passage in Newberry County. Built in 1890, it crosses the Broad River. An earlier bridge was intentionally burned by Confederate troops during the Civil War to slow the advance of General Sherman’s troops.
Palmetto Trail – High Hills of Santee Passage
This 9.4-mile passage of the Palmetto Trail starts in Poinsett State Park in Sumter County. Its name comes from its location within the “Sand Hills” – a geographical region of the state that sits on a prehistoric shoreline. This former ocean coast once dominated central South Carolina and Georgia.
Curious, the steel bridge from Peak to Prosperity indicates it was built in 1890. There is a plaque on the bridge that clearly states 1904. I’m sure [this was] the completion year, but [did it take] 14 years?
Lynn Taylor says
We love this trai and have seen a lot of wildlife on it. Anytime of year it is beautiful. Wear sturdy trekkers or hiking boots…the granite gravel is a challenge for your feet. Hopeing for a dayhike on Christmas Eve 2012. Great place for lunch in Prosperity at the Frawg Café (lunch till 2 & breakfast 6-10.) We have hiked on the Peak-Prosperity Passage at least eight times or more. Enjoy!!
This was a nice trail, but it sure felt a long longer than 6.4 miles and the gravel on the trail made it that much harder. If you are not in good shape, don’t walk this trail. I still feel it in my feet and legs . We walked from the Alston trailhead to pomaria and back, the railroad trellis were the easiest to walk and you definitely need hiking boots for the gravel and the fact that you can break your ankle or leg very easily in tennis shoes.
Maxine Caughman says
Visited this trail last weekend it was GREAT, I really enjoyed it … they have done a WONDERFUL job! | {
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<urn:uuid:b36603e7-9756-4d7b-accc-da342db8ee02> | A framework of competence in the university experience of students with disabilities
University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology
Liberal education is an approach to learning that allows students to learn practical skills to help deal with the challenges and diversity in the world. Liberal education is important to students with disabilities (SWD) in postsecondary education because of their increased difficulty to secure employment compared to students with no disabilities (SWND). In this study, a survey was conducted using questions that referred to practical skills and designed in a Likert Scale format with responses ranging from 1 (not very much) to 4 (very much). The survey was adapted from the employability skills profile created by the Conference Board of Canada, which is an organization that provides research and insights to complex challenges and issues in the education sector. The questions were grouped in five areas of development: intellectual, personal, interpersonal, academic, and human and civic engagement. The responses of each question were converted into sum scores and grouped within each area of development. The data was then dichotomized while using the median for comparison. The differences between students and their different years of study and the differences between genders were also observed. There was no statistical difference between SWD and SWND. Generally, both groups reported they felt improvement in practical skills from their university experience. In the intellectual area more SWD did not see improvement overall, however, more SWND did find improvement in learning practical skills. No significant difference between students in different years of study were found, however, the trends show that students learn practical skills early in their second year. No significant difference between the responses of genders were found, however, the trends showed that more females are finding improvement than males in learning social skills. The conclusions are that the University does generally provide opportunities for all students to learn practical skills. However further research is needed to investigate the possible differences, gather more participants, and ask more specific questions.
Liberal education , Postsecondary students , University experience , SWD , SWND | {
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<urn:uuid:dd52b1f3-9a2d-4630-aa27-9d20b4891298> | The PRI fossil plant collection contains thousands of plant specimens from the Pennsylvanian Period in Illinois and the Renova Formation of Montana. It also houses a few specimens from the Green River Formation of Colorado.
Mazon Creek and other Pennsylvanian deposits of Illinois
Tropical wetland plants like seed ferns, true ferns, lycopsids, and horsetails thrived in Illinois’ swampy forests approximately 309 million years ago, during the Pennsylvanian subperiod. Debris from these plants was carried by streams and buried in layers of silt, where it was encased and preserved in concretions.
Today, the PRI fossil plant collection houses thousands of these beautifully preserved plant concretions.
Renova Formation of Montana
The Renova Formation was formed during a dynamic point in Earth’s history—the Oligocene epoch (23 million to 33 million years ago), a time of gradual transition from a tropical to a temperate climate in southwest Montana. Thin layers of clay and volcanic ash preserved beautifully the remains of plants and insects in finely laminated shale.
The PRI Paleontology Collection houses thousands of plant specimens—leaves, flowers, and fruits—from the Renova Formation, including a newly acquired collection generously donated by Paul Kirkland.
Green River Formation of Colorado
Located in western Colorado, the Green River Formation is a lacustrine deposit that contains a vast quantity of beautifully-preserved plants, insects, and vertebrates. These organisms were preserved in oil shale during the Eocene epoch, approximately 49.7 million to 50.7 million years ago.
The PRI fossil plant collection contains only a few specimens from this deposit. | {
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<urn:uuid:3341ded4-f94e-4e09-ab13-d4be09daea2d> | Hybrid Computer Uses in Forensics
Listed below are general-purpose and special-purpose hybrid computer uses. These computers are a cross between analog and digital computers and are used for a variety of purposes. In this article, we will examine the differences between the two types of computers and their applications. In addition, we will explore the differences between hybrid and digital computers and examine how they are used in forensics. Hopefully, this article will answer some of your questions. Please feel free to comment or ask more questions in the comments section below.
General-purpose hybrid computers
The two main types of hybrid computers are general-purpose and special-purpose. General- purpose hybrid computers solve a wide range of problems while special-purpose hybrid computers are designed for a single application. They provide the functionalities of both analog and digital computers. They help solve complex mathematical equations quickly and efficiently. Hybrid computers are commonly used in various medical equipment including ICUs and hospitals. They are also used in cell phones to convert signals.
Applications of hybrid computers
There are many applications of hybrid computers. The auto gasoline pump is an example of a hybrid computer. This device measures the amount of petrol in a tank and calculates its value. It is capable of both functions. Other examples of hybrid computers include thermometers in hospitals. These computers can measure patient’s vital signs and convert them into digits. Some hybrid computers are also used in automobiles as speedometers. These hybrid computers can be customized for a particular process.
Comparison between analog and digital computers
A comparison between analog and digital computers can be difficult to make, but there are significant differences between the two. While digital computers rely on numbers, analog machines work with continuous signals, such as voltages. The difference between these two types of computers lies in the way they … Continue reading >>> | {
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<urn:uuid:d2420b11-9c63-4aba-bd31-13f3385d00b5> | Our pioneer forefathers had to use every season to its advantage in order to provide food for their families all year round. I had never done winter crops until two years ago when we planted our first bulbs of garlic.
In the Pacific Northwest, garlic needs to be planted in the fall, around mid-October. Garlic likes well drained soil, so we chose to use raised beds, due to our large amounts of rainfall. Untreated cedar makes a great choice for your raised beds.
Our first year, we planted hardneck garlic. Hardneck garlic can be easier to grow, but it doesn't have as long as shelf life and you can't braid it.
When to harvest garlic
In my garden (zone 7b), garlic tends to start popping out of the ground in March. (To see what else is happening in my garden in March, check out Gardening in March (Garden Tasks by Month).
This year, we went with soft necked. Softneck garlic is ready to harvest when it falls over on it's own.
Hardneck garlic is ready to harvest when the tops begin to turn brown. Both are usually in mid-July when planted the end of September or first part of October.
How to harvest garlic
Loosen the bulbs with your hands (you'll get dirty) and pull them out. You can test the strength of the leaves by pulling, but I've pulled them off and prefer to have the garlic on the leaves in order to braid it. If the ground is soft, I use my fingers to reach down around the bottom of the bulb and pull up, loosening the roots. I'm a get my hands in the dirt kind of gardener.
Or you cab use a shovel to break up the soil around them, be careful not to slice your garlic. Brush most of the dirt, especially the big clods, off of the roots and garlic. But don't remove any of the outside layers, it's okay if they're a little bit dirty. If too much dirt is left on it can hold in moisture and start to mold before it's fully cured.
How to cure garlic
Garlic needs to sit somewhere with good ventilation to cure, for at least two weeks. The area should have good ventilation. We use our covered back deck. It shouldn't be cured in direct sunlight, you can sunburn the bulbs and lose some of the flavor.
We've hung ours on a leftover piece of metal fencing, and this works well if you don't have much deck space or are worried about something getting into it. Another option, especially if you're harvesting a lot, is to put the garlic on a large screen. We harvested 80 bulbs this year and used the screen on top of two saw horses.
Be warned, the first few days it's curing, anytime you venture near the garlic, it will smell like Italian heaven. You're mouth will start to water.
After it's cured, store it in a cool dry place. We don't have a garage, so we've used both our pump house and the pantry in the house.
But with the softneck garlic, I can braid it and hang it in the kitchen for easy access. We use garlic in just about everything we cook and in the wet, sometimes snowy, winter months, I won't have to hoof it out to the pump house.
Do you do winter crops? What's your favorite way to use garlic?
This post is featured at The Homestead Barn Hop. | {
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<urn:uuid:4da4e4a9-b5e9-45d5-9d98-3d1ea1ab4fe2> | Antonio's Raw Chestnut Honey is a deep and malty-tasting tree honey.
It has a beautiful, rich and nutty flavour, which many people adore.
This honey comes from bees feeding on sweet chestnut trees.
It is quite different from the blossom varieties which are light and subtle - this is dark and more potent.
More on the flavour: Antonio's raw chestnut honey is a beautiful, deep-flavoured variety. It has slight caramel notes as well as a deep sweetness and a touch of bitterness too. The nutty flavour of the chestnut carries through as well as a taste a little similar to maple syrup but slightly more rich and malty. Chestnut can lend a bitter taste to honey but not always, it is known to be one of the most varied types of honey in taste, differing greatly from one area to another and from one season to the next.
Colour of this batch : Mid to dark brown, a slight red in the light. Going a paler caramel colour when crystallised.
Where does the honey come from? This variety of chestnut honey comes from the mountains around Burgos in northern-central Spain.
Who produces the honey? The bees of Antonio Simone, a 4th generation beekeeper who takes pride in producing honey in a traditional way without adding or taking away anything.
Antonio's hives are mainly based in the mountains north of Madrid.
What about the plant the honey comes from? The sweet chestnut tree, also known as Castano in Spanish, is a large deciduous tree which produces edible nuts. The bees feed on the tree's sap and blossoms.
Common Uses: Chestnut honey is particularly good to use in different recipes, such as: cakes, cookies, desert toppings, ice creams, warm honey teas, salads and meat glazes. Also, it is delicious poured over cheeses. This is because of the rich, nutty and malty flavour it lends.
More Chestnut Honey Facts: Chestnut honey is often higher in fructose than other types, this serves as good source of energy. Hence, a spoon of chestnut honey helps to relieve fatigue immediately.
For more information on the composition of raw honey please see the Wikipedia link here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey
Please know that raw honey does crystallise and this is a natural process that occurs mainly due to the natural glucose in raw honey. For more information on why honey sets visit this article and for a more scientific explanation go to wikipedia.About Us - Here at The Raw Honey Shop we take honey very seriously and we believe honey should be RAW, unpasteurised and 100% natural. Since 2008 we've been introducing our customers to a whole new world of pure all natural unpasteurised raw honey. With a product catalogue consisting of over 30 different raw and organic honeys we have a variety to suit all tastes.
Thank you for visiting our shop and we look forward to introducing you to a world of raw, pure and truly wonderful natural honey, the way the bees would want it!
*Product photo is representative of this product. Honey colour and texture may vary depending on the season and level of crystallisation. Please check the product title and description for accurate contents.*
Payment & Security
Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information. | {
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<urn:uuid:6f9f786e-bc91-4900-bc80-240b3d0f4dff> | The primary difference between hot chamber and cold chamber die casting is the way the metal melt is injected into the mold cavity. Cold chamber die casting uses a separate furnace that prepares the metal melt. The shot of molten metal is then transferred via an automated ladle to the die.
The cold chamber method is often used for casting non-ferrous metals, such as aluminum and zinc, due to their high melting points. Cold chamber die casting produces lighter, thinner parts. These types of parts are often used in the automotive and aerospace industries. Both methods use different temperatures to cast the metal, and the optimum temperature range is best determined by experienced die casters. If the temperature is too cold, the metal will cool too quickly and will have defects.
You can also check This Blog Different Between Hot Chamber Die Casting and Cold Chamber Die Casting
The difference between hot chamber die casting and cold chamber die casting is in the molten metal source. In cold chamber die casting, the molten metal source is external. This allows for more alloys to be cast. This increases production rates. The two methods are similar in many other ways, but one of them has a specific advantage. Cold chamber die casting is typically faster.
A cold chamber die casting machine uses a reusable mold. The mold is constructed of two steel blocks. The mold is prepared with a coating. The piston then moves forward in a controlled motion. This is essential to minimize heat loss. This method requires a specialized die with a high strength alloy steel.
In both processes, the principal internal defect is influenced by the temperature and the die. In hot chamber die casting, the principal internal defect is fine porosity, while in cold chamber die casting, it is a solidification shrinkage with scattered chill structure. Each process has its own advantages and disadvantages, and it is important to understand the differences.
A hot chamber die casting machine requires higher temperatures. It is ideal for metal alloys with low melting points, as these types of metals are not prone to eroding the die. The cold chamber die casting machine, on the other hand, requires a lower temperature. It also allows for higher casting cycles.
Compared to hot chamber die casting, cold chamber die casting is faster and easier to implement. It produces parts with excellent dimensional accuracy and smooth surface finish. In addition to this, cold chamber die casting has a shorter cycle time, allowing for higher production rates.
While the two techniques are similar in their application, the main difference between hot chamber and cold chamber die casting is the process used. The cold chamber process is more environmentally friendly and less energy-intensive. Cold chamber magnesium die castings have higher porosity, due to the entrapped gases. However, it can be more expensive and difficult to maintain the same quality standard.
Leave a Reply | {
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<urn:uuid:9fc0d543-a211-4d06-ac3f-4bc34b726050> | Carla Israel Estrada Clemente from Mexico
Escondidas, or Hide and Seek, is a traditional children’s game which is popular all over the world. It is still popular in Mexico where many children play it. When I was a child, my friends and I played Escondidas. We played every day after school. It was fun because it is a very active game. It is played outdoors.
Number and Age of Players
You need five or more players to play it. It is good for children who are seven to twelve years old.
How the game is played
First, a child is chosen to be “it.” That child is the one who tries to find the other children. He has to cover his eyes and count from one to thirty. When he counts, the other children run and hide. When he finishes, he says, “Ready or not, now you are going to be found.”
Then he has to find the other players who are hiding. When he finds all the players, the child that he found first becomes the person who is “it” and the game starts again. | {
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<urn:uuid:e58c885f-e8dd-4f6d-b0d1-a4d11d249c43> | Blair Surname Meaning, History & Origin
Blair Surname Meaning
The Blair surname derived from the Gaelic blar, which signified a field clear of woods or a battlefield. It began to appear as a surname at various places around Scotland in the 13th century. The early spelling was Blare. This became Blair sometime around 1400.
Blair Surname Resources on The Internet
- Blair. Blair history.
- Clan Blair Society. Blair clan website.
- Blair Society for Genealogical Research. Blair genealogy.
- Blair Genealogy. Blairs from Scotland to New England.
- The Tales of a Blair Family. Blairs from Scotland to South Carolina.
- Blair Families of Ireland. Descendants of David Blair from Ayrshire in Scotland.
- Blair DNA Project. Blair DNA.
Blair Surname Ancestry
Scotland. There are two very well-documented old Blair families in Scotland, the Blairs of that Ilk (also called the Blairs of Blair) in Ayrshire and the Blairs of Balthayock in Perthshire.
Ayrshire The first of the Ayrshire Blairs was William de Blair, recorded in a contract dated 1205. He took his name from the barony of Blair, land which had been given to his Norman forebears. The Blairs supported Robert the Bruce in the Scottish cause and rose to become one of the most prominent families in Ayrshire.
The direct line ended in 1732 after a reported twenty four generations. Their home, Blair House, was described in 1890 as “the oldest inhabited baronial mansion in Scotland which has not been rebuilt.”
Perthshire. Meanwhile the first of the Perthshire Blairs was Stephen de Blair, son of Vallenus, who in the 12th century held lands in the parish of Blair in Gowrie, now called Blairgowrie. The Blairs of Balthayock remained continuous in Perthshire until the mid 18th century (their story was told in Jack Blair’s 2001 book The Blairs of Balthayock and Their Cadets). The family seat was Balthayock castle.
The Blairs of Blair and the Blairs of Balthayock long disputed the honor of the Blair chiefship. In the late 1500’s James VI decided that “the oldest man, for the time being of either family, should have the precedence.”
Other Blairs. Some Blairs have been related to these families, such as the Hunter Blairs, and Robert Blair, author of The Grave epic poem, and Dr. Hugh Blair, the celebrated sermon writer. However, due to the diversity of Blair names in Scotland, it is likely that there are multiple origins for the various Blair family lines that are around today. Michael Blair was first traced to Glasgow in 1620.
Another Blair family line went back to Renfrewshire in the early 1600’s: “The earliest known members of the family lived on Ladymuir farm in the parish of Kilbarchan west of Paisley. From there the family spread out through surrounding parishes and then throughout southern Scotland and overseas.”
England. Blairs came across the border into England, almost 30 percent of them by the time of the 1891 census.
Among the 18th century arrivals were the Rev. Robert Blair, a rector in Norwich; James Blair, a travelling dentist in Leicester; and Charles Blair of Winterbourne in Dorset, a man who had made money and married well (his descendant was the more down-at-heel Eric Blair, better known by his pen-name George Orwell).
More Blairs, however, were to be found closer to the Scottish border, in particular in Northumberland and Durham. One Blair family farmed at Allendale and Catton during the 19th century. Their son Matthew was a famous northern wrestler in his youth. Others were Durham miners. More recent arrivals were Leo Blair and his wife and a son who went on to become the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair.
Ireland. Blairs in Ireland are primarily descended from Scots who settled in Ulster from the 17th century onwards. Brice Blair from Ayr was an early arrival in 1625. The Blair name appears most common in Derry and county Down. Many of these Scots Irish (including a number of Brice Blair’s descendants) were emigrants to America.
America. The first Blair in America is thought to have been James Blair from Edinburgh who went out to Williamsburgh, Virginia in 1685 as an Episcopalian missionary.
There, after raising money back in England, he founded a seat of academic learning at Williamsburgh which he named the College of William and Mary after the new English King and Queen. He went on to serve as its president for the next forty years. This Blair family remained prominent in early American life and John Blair, an eminent jurist, was appointed to the new US Supreme Court by President Washington.
The Rev. Samuel Blair, a Presbyterian minister, arrived from Ulster as a young man and came to Chester county, Pennsylvania in the 1730’s. He too established a church and school, Fagg’s Manor; while his brother John was one of the founders of Princeton College in New Jersey.
Another Pennsylvania line started with John Blair and his son Alexander, who made his home in Cumberland county in the 1730’s. Descendants moved onto Kentucky, Indiana, and Iowa.
Other Blairs who came in the 18th century were:
- James Blair from Ireland sometime in the 1750’s. He settled in Abingdon, Virginia and his family later crossed into Kentucky. His grandson Francis P. Blair was a prominent political journalist and newspaper man of the 1830’s and 40’s. His house in Washington, Blair House, still stands. Sons Montgomery and Francis were politicians. A great great grandson was the actor Montgomery Clift.
- and John Blair from Perth in Scotland sometime in the 1760’s. He settled in New Jersey. His grandson John, born there in 1802, became a railroad magnate, owning more rail mileage than anyone else in his time. His hometown in New Jersey was renamed Blairstown in his honor and he ran his huge business empire from there.
The Blair Witch Project was the most successful independent film at the time of its release in 1999. The horror revolved around the Blair Witch who was, according to legend, the ghost of a woman executed for witchcraft in 1785 in the Blair township in Maryland.
Caribbean. Blairs were among the early colonists of Jamaica – including Alexander Blair, a surgeon apothecary in the early 1700’s – and the Blair name has continued on the island. Blairs from Glasgow were planters and slave owners in Westmoreland and St. Elizabeth in the early 1800’s. And today Bishop Herro Blair is Jamaica’s political ombudsman.
Australia. Australia attracted Blair immigrants from Ireland as well as from Scotland. John and Ann Blair arrived with their family from county Tyrone in 1850. Ann and her son James ran a hotel The Carter’s Arms in north Melbourne during the 1870’s.
David Blair, Scots Irish from county Monaghan, also came to Melbourne in 1850. He forged a career as a writer and politician there, but with mixed reviews:
“Too dogmatic as a scholar, too unimaginative as a literary man and too principled as a politician, Blair’s contribution came from his role as a man of letters and his talent for journalism. Lack of humility and sympathy led to an unpopularity entirely unrelated to the high standards by which he lived and wrote.”
Meanwhile, William Blair came out from Derry in the 1850’s in search of gold in Bendigo. William and his wife Mary Ann later moved to Naseby in South Island, New Zealand.
Blair Surname Miscellany
The Blairs and the Barony of Blair. The barony of Blair in Ayrshire is believed to have been granted in the late 12th century by the Scottish king William I to a Norman knight named Jean Francois (John Francis in English) as a reward for some unspecified service. The first evidence of ownership was in the 1190’s when work commenced on the construction of a Norman keep.
John Francis’s offspring took on the Blair name. The first recorded was William de Blair in 1205. He is believed to have married a daughter of the King of England, John. His son Bryce took up arms with William Wallace against the English, but was caught and executed by them during the Barns of Ayr massacre in 1296.
Blairs in Scotland and England. Blairs have crossed the border from Scotland into northern England. Some 28 percent of Blairs were in England by the time of the 1891 census.
|1891 Census||Numbers (000’s)||Percent|
James Blair the Travelling Dentist. James Blair had tried his hand as barber, wigmaker and perfumer before choosing dentistry. The following is the advertisement that he placed in the Leicester Journal in 1787 to announce his new trade:
“Blair, dentist Leicester begs leave to inform the public that he removes the tartar from the teeth, fastens them if loose, and brings the gums to a proper colour and hardness; he likewise makes artificial teeth, fixes them without pain, and in such a manner as not to be distinguished from natural ones.
He has likewise prepared a tincture and dentifrice which are much approved and may be had at his shop at Gallowtree gate where the following articles are also sold: Ruspini’s tincture and dentifrice; Ruspini’s styptic; Hemet’s essence of pearl and pearl dentifrice.”
So thinly dispersed were Blair’s potential patients that, like other dentists, he was obliged to travel to find them. For much of the 1790’s he appears to have spent a considerable amount of time away from his shop in Leicester. He made forays to Manchester, Chester, and even to London.
He found his largest customer base to be in the northwest and so he moved, first to Chester and then to Liverpool. Working close to the end, he died in Liverpool in 1817 at the age of seventy. The Chester Chronicle commented: “He has not left behind him one who possesses more integrity or kindness of heart towards his fellow creatures.”
A Scots Irish Blair Family. Brice Blair was born in Ayr, Scotland in 1600. In 1625 he fled to the north of Ireland with his wife, Esther Peden, and their small daughter Nancy.
In the next 250 years many of their descendants emigrated from Ireland to America. Samuel Blair, a rebel leader of an organization known as “Hearts of Steel,” arrived in the 1770’s, having narrowly escaped the hangman’s noose in his homeland. Patrick Blair, Samuel’s nephew, came with his family in 1835.
Samuel and Patrick settled near each other in NW Pennsylvania. In 1846, David and Nancy (Blair) Knox, Samuel’s great niece, came to America and settled in Abbeville, South Carolina.
The descendants of these three families have since spread throughout the nation. They fought and died in its wars, dug for gold, broke sod on the western prairies, built businesses, doctored the sick, were entertainers and sometimes just fought to survive in this often harsh new land.
The Rev. Samuel Blair at Fagg’s Manor. Fagg’s Manor Presbyterian Church in Chester county, Pennsylvania was first organized in 1730. The church got its name because it was located on the northwest corner of what was Sir John Fagg’s Manor and before that a Lenape Indian camp site.
The earliest sermons were held under an oak grove near the present-day location of the church. The first pastor, Rev. Samuel Blair, had come from Ireland in early youth and been educated in nearby Bucks county. He went on to achieve great fame as a scholar and pulpit orator. Many residents would walk six miles to hear his sermons. His career there lasted from 1740 until his death, at the young age of 39, in 1751.
Port Blair in India. Port Blair in India, with a population of 240,000, consists of two island groups in the Bay of Bengal and is situated on the east coast of South Andaman Island. In 1789 Captain Archibald Blair of the Bombay Marine (the East India Company’s Navy), acting under orders from the government of Bengal, established a penal colony on this site. He named it Port Cornwallis in honor of his commander Admiral Sir William Cornwallis.
By 1858 the first European settlers on the islands, who were established near the site of the old penal colony, renamed the place Port Blair in honor of this captain.
Tony Blair’s Ancestry. Tony Blair’s ancestry is English but, in terms of the Blair name, only one generation deep. His father Leo, born in Yorkshire, was the illegitimate son of two travelling English actors, Charles Parsons and Celia Ridgway. They gave up baby Leo and he was first fostered and then adopted by a working class couple, Glasgow shipyard worker James Blair and his wife Mary. Leo would take their Blair name.
Leo Blair married Hazel Corscadden and they had two sons – their second, born in Edinburgh, being Tony. The family lived for a while in Australia before settling in Durham.
- William de Blair was the first of the Ayrshire Blairs; and Stephen de Blair the first of the Perthshire Blairs.
- Dr. Hugh Blair was a celebrated 18th century sermon writer.
- The Rev. James Blair founded the College of William and Mary at Williamsburgh. It is the second oldest seat of learning in America.
- John Insley Blair was one of the biggest American railroad magnates of the 19th century.
- Eric Blair, the English author and journalist, was better known by his pen-name George Orwell.
- Emma Blair is the pen-name of the Glasgow-born romantic novelist Ian Blair.
- Tony Blair was British Prime Minister from 1997 to 2007.
Blair Numbers Today
- 21,000 in the UK (most numerous in West Dumbarton)
- 30,000 in America (most numerous in California)
- 12,000 elsewhere (most numerous in Australia)
Blair and Like Surnames.
From our surname selection here, these are the names of those who have risen in British politics to become Prime Minister from the time the office was first established in the 1730’s (although missing here are noteworthies such as Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Attlee, and Thatcher).
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<urn:uuid:7b34deed-59b2-4817-b308-e8d0477bf9ea> | Помогите плиз разобраться с модальными глаголами
Choose the most appropriate modal verb to complete the dialogue. Listen and check.
We’re having an environmental awareness day at school
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<urn:uuid:1ef4ecba-67ea-43e1-b1a7-e2d7a18f5f01> | How to Get a Speech Writing Experience?
The speech writing is a very special and unique field where convincing and persuasive speeches are written for various occasions such as political speech writing, business gathering, or a wedding ceremony, etc.
The speech writing process is quite delicate and must be learned through practice. One can get experience by going through these features of speech writing.
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- The content of the speech should be easy, simple and clear.
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<urn:uuid:095f30cc-4192-4ac8-8fba-c4527b188062> | R.S. Snider, W.S. McCulloch and H.W. Magoun
Recent studies on the cerebrum by Dusser de Barenne and McCulloch (1) and the medulla oblongata by Magoun (2) indicate that these suprasegmental regions can act to suppress certain functions of the nervous system. More recent studies indicate that at least one of the cerebral suppressor areas (i.e., 4s) is connected by a direct pathway to the bulbar suppressor area (3). In view of the fact that Sherrington was able to suppress the extensor tone of decerebrate animals by electrical stimulation of the anterior cerebellar lobe (4), and since it has been known for many years that a pathway extends from the nuclei fastigii of the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata—the fastigio-bulbar pathway—it was possible, theoretically at least, that there exists a functional relationship between certain parts of the cerebellum and the suppressor area of the medulla oblongata. The present paper is concerned with experimental data indicating that such a relationship does exist.
Most of the animals used in these experiments were normal cats placed under a surgical level of Dial (Ciba) or Nembutal anesthesia. In approximately one-third of the experiments, the animals were decerebrated at a red nucleus level, vinethene anesthesia being applied during the surgical procedures. Electrical activity was amplified through a Grass 6-channel amplifier and was visualized on a cathode-ray tube. The amplitude of the cortically induced (cerebral) movement or the patellar reflex response was recorded by means of an ink-writing kymograph; the reflex was evoked by a solenoid operating recurrently on a timing circuit. Electrical stimulation of the various parts of the nervous system was carried out by means of a Goodwin stimulator. Silver electrodes of the bipolar type were used for surface stimulation. Recording electrodes whose maximum diameter was I mm. consisted of two nichrome wires which were insulated except at the tips. These electrodes were oriented with the Horsley-Clarke stereotaxic instrument. Lesions were made electrolytically, when desired, by passing 3 ma of current through “unipolar” electrodes for 1 minute. Microscopic examination of frozen sections of the explored areas of the nervous system stained according to a Weil myelin sheath method permitted identification of the sites either stimulated or destroyed.
Stimulation of cortex of anterior cerebellar lobe. That electrical activation of the cerebellar cortex of the anterior lobe will suppress cortically induced (cerebral) movement in the cat is amply shown by Figure 1A, IB and 1C.
In Figure 1A, electrical stimulation of the pericruciate area of the cerebrum with 4.2 volts at 60 pulses per sec., produced abduction of forepaw every 20 seconds. Simultaneous stimulation of the culmen with 20 volts produced no noticeable suppression of the cortically induced movement, but 30 volts produced a slight effect, and 35 volts abolished the response entirely.
Figure 1. A: Electrical stimulation (every 20 sec.) of cerebral pericruciate area of cat under deep Nembutal anesthesia, with 4.2 volts at 60 pulses/sec., to produce abduction of forepaw—simultaneous stimulation of culmen with 20, 30 and 35 volts at 300/sec. Note suppression of cortically induced movement and long post-stimulatory effects. B: Electrical stimulation (every 20 sec.) of cat's pericruciate area under Nembutal anesthesia, with 2.0 volts at 60/sec., to produce extension at wrist—simultaneous stimulation of posterior part of anterior cerebellar lobe with 5 volts at 300/sec. Note suppression of cortically induced movement. C: This record was obtained under experimental conditions similar to those used in A , except that in this case flexor rather than abductor movement was elicited. Note suppression of cortically induced movement.
Figure 2. Effect of changing frequency of cerebellar stimulation upon cortically induced movement. Flexion of right rear leg was induced by applying 4 volts, 50/sec., 10 sigma to pericruciate cortex once per minute for 1 sec. Simultaneous stimulation of anterior cerebellar lobe at (a) 40 volts, 100/sec. for 8 sec.; (b) 40 volts, 200/sec. for 8 sec.; (c) 40 volts, 300 /sec. for 8 sec.; (d) 20 volts, 400/sec. for 8 sec.; (e) 20 volts, 500/sec. for 8 sec.; (f) 20 volts, 40Ö /sec. for 4 sec.; (g) 20 volts, 300/sec. for 4 sec. Note that for a given voltage applied for a given duration, frequency of 300/sec. is most effective one.
In the post-stimulatory period the response came back almost to normal, fell again, and it was many seconds afterward before the responses returned to normal amplitude. This animal was under deep Nembutal anesthesia, which undoubtedly accounts in part, at least, for the high voltages necessary to activate the cerebellum. In Figure 1B is shown the effect of anterior cerebellar lobe stimulation on extensor muscles. In this case 2.0 volts at 60 pulses per sec. were applied to the pericruciate area of the cerebral cortex to produce extension of the wrist. As can be seen from the recorded responses, simultaneous excitation of the posterior part of the anterior cerebellar lobe with 5 volts, 300 pulses per sec., produced profound diminution in height of the responses as well as a decrease in tone. The cerebellar effect continued for several seconds after withdrawal of the stimulus. The experimental record shown in Figure 1C was obtained under conditions similar to those already listed for Figure 1A except that in this case cerebral stimulation produced a flexion. Simultaneous cerebellar stimulation depresses the cerebral induced movement, and it remains temporarily depressed, as was the case in Figure 1A. Thus Figure 1A, IB and 1C shows that anterior cerebellar lobe stimulation can suppress abductor, extensor, and flexor movements, and although the record is not shown, suppression of adductor movements has also been observed.
Throughout these experiments high frequencies of stimulation have been applied to the cerebellar cortex because they proved more effective, as is shown in Figure 2. Cortically induced movement (flexion of right rear leg) was induced by applying 4 volts at 50 per sec. and 10 sigma for 1 second once each minute. If 40 volts at 100 per sec. are applied to the anterior cerebellar lobe for 8 seconds, a slight suppression is produced. However, if the frequency of electrical stimulation is increased to 200 per sec., a greater suppression is produced. If, as is shown in the third record, the frequency of stimulation is increased to 300 per sec. (all other coordinates remaining unchanged), complete suppression of the response results. Now, if the voltage of cerebellar stimulation is reduced to 20 and applied for 8 seconds at 400 per sec., suppression is almost complete. However, if the frequency is increased to 500 per sec., there is very little effect. If, at the same time, cerebellar stimulation at 20 volts is applied for 4 seconds at 400 per sec., there is slight suppression which becomes complete when the frequency is reduced to 300 per sec. Thus, in both cases, i.e., 40 volts for 8 seconds and 20 volts for 4 seconds, frequencies of 300 pulses per sec. prove the most effective for suppressing cortically induced movement. In some animals stimuli at 200 per sec. were equally effective. A similar statement can be made about suppression of reflex activity.
Figure 3. Inhibition of cortically induced movement by simultaneous stimulation of paramedian lobules. Electrical stimulation of pericruciate area of cerebrum of cat under Nembutal anesthesia with 4-5 volts, 30 /sec., .2 sigma to produce extension of left wrist. Simultaneous cerebellar stimulation of right (Rt.) and of left (L.) paramedian lobule with 20 volts, 300/sec., 0.2 sigma produced suppression of movement.
Stimulation of paramedian lobules and surrounding folia. As shown in Figure 3, suppression of cortically induced movement may be obtained by simultaneous stimulation of the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum. The pericruciate area (cerebral) stimulus was 4.5 volts (2 sigma) at 30 per sec., and the cerebellar stimulus was 20 volts (2 sigma) at 300 per sec. The stimulus was applied to the left paramedian lobule (ipsilateral to the extensor
Figure 4. A: Effects of electrical stimulation of nucleus fastigii on cortically (cerebral) induced movement. Abduction of right hind leg of cat under Nembutal anesthesia was produced by applying 4.5 volts, 30/sec., 5 sigma every 20 sec. Suppression of movement was produced by stimulating right nucleus fastigii with 6 volts at 300 pulses/sec.; 2 volts and 4 volts were not effective. Rarely, activation of nucleus fastigii contralateral to movement produced suppression. Note that suppression (after 6 volts) continued for 3.5 minutes after removal of stimulus. B: Same preparation as A except that red nuclei have been destroyed bilaterally, does not interrupt pathway.
Figure 5. A: Effects on patellar reflex of stimulation of anterior cerebellar lobe. Patellar reflex of cat under Dial anesthesia was elicited every 5 sec. by means of a solenoid and recurrent timer. Simultaneous stimulation of culmen at junction with lobulus centralis with 10 volts, 100/sec., 2 sigma produced reduction of reflex response. B: Effects on patellar reflex of stimulation of ipsilateral paramedian lobule. Patellar reflex of cat under Dial anesthesia was elicited every 5 sec. Ipsilateral paramedian lobule was stimulated with 30 volts at 100/sec. C: As B except paramedian lobule contralateral to movement was stimulated. In lightly anesthetized animals voltages as low as 10 volts could be used to produce suppression. D: At 4 points marked “TOUCH” inhibition of knee jerk was produced by lightly touching a cotton swab to pial surface of ipsilateral paramedian lobule. Note that response was decreased by mechanically stimulating cerebellar cortex. Electrical stimulation of same area also caused a diminution of knee jerk.
Figure 6. Effects of electrical stimulation of nucleus fastigii on reflexly induced movements. Patellar reflex of cat under Nembutal anesthesia was elicited every 5 sec. Electrical stimulus of 2.2 volts (300/sec., 0.2 sigma) applied to ipsilateral nucleus fastigii stopped response, while stimuli of 2.0 volts, 1.8 volts, or 1.6 volts depressed its amplitude. Similar stimulation of nuclei interpositus and dentatus did not suppress patellar reflex.
movement of the wrist). It was slightly less effective when applied contralaterally—thus indicating that the paramedian suppressor area exerts its influence bilaterally.
Stimulation of nucleus fastigii. A question then arose as to which of the cerebellar nuclei relays the impulses from the cerebellar cortex to lower centers. That the nucleus fastigii is the chief relay nucleus is shown by Figure 4. In the experiment illustrated in Figure 4A, abduction of the right hindleg was produced by electrically stimulating the left pericruciate area of the cerebral cortex with 4.5 volts at 30 per sec. every 20 seconds. Stimulation of the ipsilateral (occasionally contralateral as well) nucleus fastigii with 6 volts, 300 per sec., produced depression of the cortically induced movement. As can be seen in this experiment 2 and 4 volt stimulations had little effect on the responses. Note that suppression continued for many seconds (in this case, 3.5 minutes) after termination of the cerebellar stimulus. That the red nucleus was not a necessary part of the suppressor pathway is shown in Figure 4B, in which suppression of cerebral induced movement occurred following stimulation (6 volts, 300 per second) of the ipsilateral nucleus fastigii after the red nuclei had been destroyed bilaterally.
Stimulation of the cortex of the anterior cerebellar lobe. In Figure 5A is shown the result of a typical experiment in which the knee jerk was mechanically elicited every 5 seconds by means of a solenoid and recurrent timer. Simultaneous stimulation of the anterior border of the culmen, at the junction with lobulus centralis, with 10 volts (100 per sec., 2 sigma) produced obvious reduction of the reflex response. Stimulation with higher voltages suppressed the responses completely. The most pronounced effects were obtained from electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral anterior lobe although occasionally weak contralateral effects could be detected.
Stimulation of cortex of paramedian lobules and surrounding folia. That inhibition of the patellar reflex can be induced by electrical stimulation of paramedian lobules and surrounding folia is dearly shown in Figure 5B, 5C and 5D.
In the experimental record shown in Figure 5B 30 volts at 100 per sec. were applied to the paramedian lobule, ipsilateral to the knee jerk, for the period of 4 knee jerks, or slightly more than 20 seconds. As can be seen from the record, responses during the period of stimulation were definitely decreased in amplitude. Stimulation with higher voltages stopped the responses altogether. In lightly anesthetized animals complete suppression was obtained with stimuli as low as 10 volts. That stimulation of the contralateral paramedian lobule near the junction with the pyramis also suppresses the patellar reflex is shown in Figure 5C. Note that suppression does not persist during the entire period of stimulation at this voltage (30 volts), which is the same as that applied to the other side. Although it was possible to stop the knee jerk temporarily by applying higher voltage to the cerebellum, contralateral stimulation at a given voltage was never so effective as was ipsilateral stimulation.
Figure 5D shows an interesting record which demonstrates that suppression can be produced not only by electrical stimulation of the cerebellar cortex but by mechanical means as well. At the 4 points marked “touch” a cotton swab was gently applied to the ipsilateral paramedian lobule at the site electrically stimulated in Figure 5B. Each time the pial surface was touched, there was a decreased reflex response.
Stimulation of nucleus fastigii. As shown by the records in Figure 6, the patellar reflex was elicited every 5 seconds. Simultaneous electrical stimulation with 2.2 volts applied to the ipsilateral nucleus fastigii completely suppressed the responses, while 2.0 volts reduced them considerably (in magnitude), and 1.8 and 1.5 volts reduced them slightly. All stimuli to the nucleus were given at 300 per sec. with 0.5 sigma falling phase. Rarely small inhibitory effects could be obtained from the contralateral nucleus fastigii. No effects were observed from the stimulation of the nuclei interpositus or dentatus of either side.
The results of exciting various parts of the cerebellum and recording the altered electrical activity of the bulbar reticular formation by means of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (bipolar pick-up electrodes), are shown in Figure 7. In Figure 7A the cortex of the posterior part of the anterior lobe was stimulated with a single shock at 3 volts and the record illustrates the resulting activity of the ipsilateral bulbar reticular formation. Following the shock artefact (sharp downward deflection) there are three major waves following each other in rapid succession. The peak of the first occurs about 1 msec. after the stimulus and the peaks of each of the other two follow at about 0. 6 msec. intervals. Following the third wave there is sometimes a period about as long as that covered by the three waves during which the spontaneous activity is slightly diminished.
In the experiment illustrated in Figure 7B, the cerebellar cortex was stimulated at the junction of the pyramis and tuber vermis. Except for a small diphasic response of about 1 msec. latency, no altered electrical activity was recorded.
In Figure 7C the ipsilateral nucleus fastigii was stimulated with 2 volts and the record demonstrates the altered activity of the bulbar reticular formation. Note that unlike the record shown in Figure 7A, there is only one large wave which peaks at about 0.3 msec. A slight second and third wave may occasionally appear on the downward slope of the wave, but never were the three waves sharply separated as in Figure 7A. Obviously, the latency of discharge recorded from the bulb is shorter in stimulation of the fastigial nucleus than when the cerebellar cortex is activated. Thus, it is obvious that the cerebellar cortex and the nucleus fastigii can activate the bulbar suppressor area.
The photomicrograph shown in Figure 8 is included to illustrate further evidence concerning the suppressor pathway from the cerebellum. Electrical stimulation in the cerebellum along electrode tracts A or B or in the bulbar reticular formation at the bottom of electrode tracts A or B produced suppression of knee jerk or cortically induced (cerebral) movement. Then an electrolytic lesion was made at C, as shown in the photograph. Subsequent
Figure 7. Electrical activity recorded from ipsilateral bulbar reticular formation while stimulating various parts of cerebellum. A: Electrical stimulation, with 3 volts, of posterior part of anterior lobe of cat under Dial anesthesia. Bipolar pick-up electrodes were in bulbar reticular formation and cathode-ray recording was photographed directly from tube. Note shock artefact and multiple response. B: As A except that cerebellar stimulus was applied at junction of paramedian lobule and tuber vermis. Note shock artefact and small response. C: As A except cerebellar stimulus was applied directly to ipsilateral nucleus fastigii. Note proximity of response to shock artefact. D: Time scale—1000/sec.
Figure 8. Electrical stimulation in cerebellum and in bulbar reticular formation along electrode tracts at A or B produced suppression of reflexly or cortically induced movement. Then an electrolytic lesion was made at C and subsequent stimulation along electrode tracts A or B failed to produce suppression, thus indicating that descending pathway for suppression was interrupted by lesion at C.
Figure 9. Summary of pathways involved in cerebellar suppression of reflexly induced and cortically (cerebral) induced movements. Cells in cortex of anterior cerebellar lobe and paramedian lobules (plus pyramis and surrounding folia) send axons to nucleus fastigii where they synapse with cells whose axons pass to reticular formation of medulla where another synapse takes place and impulses pass down into cord via reticulo-spinal tracts. This system is chiefly, but not entirely, an ipsilateral one.
stimulation in the cerebellum and bulbar reticular formation along electrode tracts A and B failed to produce suppression. It is clear, therefore, that the lesion at C destroyed an intermediate structure in the pathway from the cerebellum to the spinal cord. Upon microscopic analysis this structure proved to be the caudal part of bulbo-reticular formation and reticulospinal tracts descending from it.
An outline drawing summarizing our conception of the pathways involved in cerebellar suppression of reflex and cortically induced (cerebral) activity is shown in Figure 9. Cells in the cerebellar cortex of the anterior lobe and the paramedian lobule discharge into the nucleus fastigii. This, in turn, projects to the bulbar reticular formation where synapses are made with cells whose axons pass down into the spinal cord as reticulo-spinal tracts. This system is chiefly an ipsilateral one and its interruption anywhere between the cerebellum and spinal cord prevents cerebellar suppression of reflexes or cortically induced movement.
Numerous workers have repeated Sherrington's original observation (4) that electrical stimulation of the anterior cerebellar lobe inhibits the extensor tone of decerebrate rigidity and in the present studies it was easy to make similar observations. However, so far as we are aware, this is the first work which shows that cerebellar mechanisms are intimately related to the bulbar reticular formation and act through it to cause inhibition at a spinal level. From our studies it is clear that the pathway from the cortex of the anterior lobe passes through the nucleus fastigii, where it probably synapses; then, as the fastigio-bulbar pathway, it passes into the bulbar suppressor area, where another synapse takes place with cells forming reticulo-spinal tracts, which have been shown by Rhines and Magoun (5) to carry fibers of suppressor function to the spinal cord.
The anterior lobe is not the only cerebellar area which upon stimulation yields suppression because, as Bremer (6) has pointed out, similar effects can also be obtained from the pyramis. In our studies a second inhibitory area was found to be bilaterally represented in the paramedian lobules and pyramis. Electrical stimulation of this area produced suppression of cortically induced and reflexly induced movements identical to that produced by anterior lobe stimulation. The pathway from the paramedian lobules, like that from the anterior lobe, passes through the nuclei fastigii to the bulbar reticular formation.
At this point it is necessary to emphasize that stimulation of the two suppressor areas of the cerebellum suppresses not only the extensor tone of decerebrate rigidity but such cortically induced movements as extension, abduction, and flexion, as well. These data, when interpreted in the light of the influence of the cerebellum on the cerebrum (7) and in the light of our own work on cerebellar facilitation (8), give a versatility to cerebellar function not hitherto suspected. It is obvious that the conclusions which we have drawn as a result of the present experiments are strongly supported by the work of other investigators in this field. As was pointed out earlier in this paper, Sherrington as far back as 1898 (4) demonstrated inhibition of extensor tone of decerebrate rigidity. Bremer (6) was able to obtain inhibition not only from the anterior lobe but also from the pyramis. Allen (9) in a foresighted review indicated the possibility of a cerebellar relationship with the bulbar reticular formation and pointed out that inhibition might result from such a functional relationship. Moruzzi (10) extended the work further when he observed that cerebral-induced movement could be inhibited by cerebellar stimulation.
Electrical stimulation of the cerebellar cortex introduces an interesting series of phenomena in the bulbar reticular formation (see Fig. 7). Instead of a single wave, a single stimulus evokes a series of three or four waves. When this is contrasted with the electrical phenomena resulting from the stimulation of the nucleus fastigii, it can be seen that only one wave of short latency results. Therefore, the multiple waves arise in the cortical circuits or nerve cells. An analysis of these repetitive responses of cortical activities may lead to an understanding of cerebellar function in terms of its fast intrinsic activity. In this connection, it is well to remember that stimulation is most effective with frequencies as high as its spontaneous activity.
When the suppressor areas of the cerebellum are mapped with the tactile areas described by Snider and Stowell, they are nearly coextensive—closely resembling motor areas described by Hampson, Harrison and Woolsey (11) and are homologous with the facilitatory areas as observed in the monkey (8). The presence of motor, sensory, inhibitory, and facilitatory areas confined to these parts of the cerebellum reminds one of another region of the central nervous system where this peculiar combination of functional activities is located—namely, the pericruciate area of the cerebrum of carnivores. Yet, when the deficits of animals with lesions in the pericruciate areas are contrasted with those of animals with lesions in appropriate areas of the cerebellum, there is a striking dissimilarity in behavior. Obviously, more work is necessary before this interesting series of observations can be fitted into a smoothly functioning unit.
1 Reprinted from J. Neurophysiol., 1949, 12:325-334. (This work was presented in its entirety before the American Physiological Society at its annual spring meeting in 1947.)
+ Aided by a grant from the Office of Naval Research.
Dusser de Barenne, J. G. and McCulloch, W. S. Suppression of motor response upon stimulation of area 4s of cerebral cortex. Amer. J. Physiol., 1939, 126: 482.
Magoun, H. W. Bulbar inhibition and facilitation of motor activity. Science, 1944, 100: 549-550.
McCulloch, W. S., Graf. C., and Magoun, H. W. A cortico-bulbo-reticular pathway from area 4s. J. Neurophysiol., 1946, 9: 127-132.
Sherrington, C. S. Decerebrate rigidity and reflex coordination of movements. J. Physiol., 1898, 22: 319-332.
Rhines, R, and Magoun, H. W. Brain stem facilitation of cortical motor response. J. Neurophysiol., 1946, 9: 219-229.
Bremer, F. Contributions è l'étude de la physiologie du cervelet. La fonction inhibitrice du paleo-cérébellum. Arch. int. Physiol., 1922, 19: 189-226.
Walker, A. E. An oscillographic study of cerebello-cerebral relationships. J. Neurophysiol., 1938, 1: 16-23.
Snider, R. S. and Magoun, H. W. Facilitation produced by cerebellar stimulation. Fed. Proc., 1948, 7: 117-118.
Allen, W. F. Formatio reticularis and reticulospinal tracts, their visceral functions, and possible relationships to tonicity and clonic contractions. *J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 1932, 22: 490-495.
Moruzzi, G. Sui rapporti fra cervelletto c corteccia cerebrale. III. Meccanismi e localizzazioni delle azioni inibitrici e dinamogeni del cervelletto. Arch. Fisiol., 1941, 41: 183-206.
Hampson, J. L., Harrison, C. R., and Woolsey, C. N. Somatotopic localization in the cerebellum. Fed. Proc., 1946, 5: 41.
Snider, R. S. and Stowell, A. Receiving areas of the tactile, auditory, and visual systems in the cerebellum. J. Neurophysiol., 1944, 7: 331-357.
Warren McCulloch and Jerome Lettvin Picnic at the McCulloch Farm Old Lyme, Connecticut
(l. to r.) Walter Pitts, Jeannie Davidson, Warren McCulloch, Tim Davidson, 1949
Walter Pitts, 1949
Warren McCulloch and Jerome Wiesner, 1953
Jack Cowan and Leo Verbeek, 1959 M.I.T. Lab
For further research:
Wordcloud: Activity, Anesthesia, Anterior, Applied, Area, Bulbar, Cat, Cerebellar, Cerebellum, Cerebral, Cortex, Cortically, Effects, Electrical, Electrodes, Fastigii, Figure, Formation, Frequency, Induced, Inhibition, Ipsilateral, Lobe, Lobule, Movement, Note, Nucleus, Paramedian, Patellar, Pathway, Per, Pericruciate, Produced, Record, Reflex, Response, Reticular, Sec, Seconds, Shown, Sigma, Simultaneous, Stimulation, Stimulus, Suppression, Suppressor, Tracts, Voltage, Volts, Wave
Keywords: Lobe, Pathway, Areas, Cerebellum, Studies, Area, Life, Oblongata, Paper, Animals
Google Books: http://asclinks.live/llg6
Google Scholar: http://asclinks.live/msvd | {
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<urn:uuid:35d634ef-a48e-4a5c-a5ed-7f85d5fc0083> | Heteranthera multiflora (Griseb.) C.N. Horn
CC = 5
CW = -5
MOC = 19
Family - Pontederiaceae
Habit - Annual emergent aquatic.
Stem - Creeping, with well-separated nodes.
Leaves - Dimorphic. Seedling leaves linear. Main season leaves long-petiolate. Blades to 5 cm, often wider than long, reniform to orbicular, deeply cordate at base, tips broadly rounded, glabrous.
Inflorescences - Produced on specialized flowering stems, sessile, exserted up to 3x spathe length.
Flowers - Perianth of 6 tepals, zygomorphic, purple (rarely white), with tube to 12 mm long, lobes to 6 mm long. Upper 5 tepals clustered, spreading to ascending in fanlike array. Central erect tepal deeper purple at base, with two pale yellow spots. Lower tepal pendent, narrower than others. Stamens 3, unequal, with filaments densely pubescent with purple hairs.
Fruits - Slender, thin-walled capsules, to 2 cm. Seeds numerous.
Flowering - July - October.
Habitat - Open mud, shallow water, agricultural ditches.
Origin - Native to the U.S.
Lookalikes - Other members of the Heteranthera genus.
Other info. - This plant is relatively uncommon in Missouri, being reported from a few widely scattered locations. Its distribution in the continental U.S. is restricted to a few south-central states and a few disjunct populations on the eastern seaboard.
Photographs taken at Otter Slough Conservation Area, Stoddard County, MO, 8-13-2015 and 9-11-2019, near Neelyville, Butler County, MO, 8-27-2015, and near I-70 and Missouri River, St. Louis County, MO, 9-7-2017 (SRTurner). | {
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<urn:uuid:471cbf91-2095-4928-af17-0204dda4e831> | Dog - Goldendoodle Images for kids
Dog - Goldendoodle Activities for kids
Dog - Goldendoodle Facts & Trivia for kids
- The Goldendoodle is not a formally recognized breed of dog.
- The Goldendoodle is a cross between a Golden Retriever and a Poodle.
- There are both standard size and mini Goldendoodles.
- Goldendoodles can weigh up to 75 pounds.
- Goldendoodles are smart, kid-friendly dogs.
- Goldendoodles are low-shedding dogs.
- Goldendoodles may be a good choice for someone with mild allergies.
- Goldendoodles were originally bred to be guide dogs for visually impaired people with allergies.
Dog - Goldendoodle Links for kids | {
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<urn:uuid:6ed40d60-10f4-425b-a1ef-2c911542602a> | Multistage pumps are similar in design to centrifugal pumps in that multiple impellers rotate around a shaft, enabling the pump to reach higher pressures than using just one impeller.
When the impeller diameter reaches a certain level, the friction on the impeller side increases and the pump efficiency decreases, so the pressure that a single impeller can generate is limited. This meant that multiple impellers had to be added along a single axis to generate high pressures while maintaining high efficiency.
The impeller of this design is mounted in an annular section along the shaft. Each annular section consists of an impeller with a suction casing on one side and an impeller with a discharge casing/diffuser on the other.
The impeller draws fluid through the suction casing into the outside of the impeller, and then exits through the discharge casing, repeatedly entering different ring segments until the fluid leaves the outlet.
The annular portions are held together by tie bolts extending along the housing. Internal design depends on the shaft seal and/or bearing at one end of the pump, depending on the job and application.
Increasing the number of impeller stages does not change the flow, but the total lift and shaft power increase proportionally to the number of stages. Each stage consists of an impeller and a diffuser.
Models can be built vertically or horizontally, depending on whether a space-saving design is required. It can also stay in place without removing the motor.
The multistage design of the pump is also used in a submersible pump design called a borehole pump. In this case, water must be pumped at high pressure to extract water from deep wells or to supply water from the sea surface to offshore platforms. Immersion pumps can also be equipped with multiple impellers to provide high pressure from deep wells.
There are several reasons to use such devices.
1. If a high-lift centrifugal pump is required but exceeds the working range of the single-stage centrifugal pump, the maximum discharge pressure of the single-stage centrifugal pump is usually 150M, and the multi-impeller design is 1000M.
Some applications require high discharge pressures, such as supplying domestic water to the upper floors of skyscrapers. This can mean long flow paths, high friction losses commonly found in pressurized applications, or filtration processes that require filtering of low viscosity liquids. It passes through fine filters such as reverse osmosis membranes.
2. When a cost-effective high-pressure cleaning solution is required, a more efficient multi-stage design can be used. This is because the impeller is not only small, but also efficient at full impeller size and low rpm.
The single-stage design is trimmed to the operating point with a large gap between the impeller edge and the casing, resulting in low efficiency.
What is Vertical Multistage Centrifugal Pump
A vertical multistage centrifugal pump is a high-efficiency pump that can be used for a variety of applications. It is a durable and reliable pump that is designed for long-term use. The pump is easy to operate and maintain, and it can be used in a wide range of operating conditions.
Address : No. 2, Xiayang Industrial Zone, Deqing County, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China.Email : email@example.com Mobile： +86-136-6574-2262 Phone： 86-0572-8355383 | {
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<urn:uuid:f0140e32-49fe-4b6d-b6c8-4b06df43bc79> | 200 species face extinction on Hainan Island, says govt report
The Department of Land, Environment and Resources of Hainan Province has released statistics revealing that more than 200 species on the island province are on the verge of extinction, China Environment News reports.
Hainan is well-known for its variety of green plants and animals. But according to the statistics, at least 6 species of plant are already extinct, including the maytenus hainanensis and the sciaphila tenella. More than one hundred of the total 362 bird species on the island have become hard to trace. Many species which were once commonly seen on the island are now considered rare.
Related ecological experts have stated that the invasion of exotic species alongside human-induced damage of the environment, produced by increased levels of tourism, extensive deforestation and the discharging of pollutants, provide the main reasons for the crisis.
whatsonsanya.com does not necessarily endorse their views or the accuracy of their content. For copyright infringement issues please contact firstname.lastname@example.org | {
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<urn:uuid:f7c4016b-3fc9-4e18-9c20-cddb352e9bbf> | Life cycle assessment and cradle-to-cradle: friends or foes?
There are many different sustainability tools, ranging from simple to complex and covering the various aspects of sustainability: environmental, social and economic sustainability. The popularity of these tools waxes and wanes.
A well-known sustainability tool is life cycle assessment (LCA). It has been around for more than 20 years, and during this time it has experienced waves of higher and lower popularity. At the same time, other tools and approaches have come and gone in similar waves. In recent years, cradle-to-cradle (C2C) is one of the most discussed sustainability approaches, with more and more companies stating their efforts to implement C2C. While both LCA and C2C aim for sustainability, it is interesting to investigate the differences and similarities. Could these two approaches work together? If so, how?
Life cycle assessment
LCA focuses on the environmental side of sustainability. It follows a quantitative approach, where the whole life cycle of a product is investigated and all used substances and materials are defined. This is a bottom-up approach, where the collected data is used to calculate the potential environmental impact of the whole product life cycle.
LCA has a strong scientific basis, building on many years of research regarding the effect substances have on the environment. It has many possible uses, ranging from reporting, benchmarking and monitoring to identifying improvement opportunities and doing ecodesign. When it comes to ecodesign, LCA is mostly concerned with identifying hotspots or main contributors to the environmental impact. This information can then be used to attempt to reduce the impact.
Cradle to cradle
C2C includes aspects from both the environmental and social sides of sustainability. It takes a qualitative approach, using a top-down perspective. It starts with a vision of what a sustainable world looks like and what role a product can fulfill in this world. This means that the whole product system can be reimagined to fit the vision. For example, C2C does not ask ’How can we design a better car?’, but rather ‘How can we provide personal transportation?’. Only then does the product itself come into focus.
C2C uses a certification system that allows for storytelling and easy communication. Whether a product can be certified as a cradle-to-cradle product is investigated using a list of mostly qualitative criteria. These include material health, material reutilisation, renewable energy and carbon management, water stewardship and social fairness. The product is scored on each of these criteria, and the lowest score becomes the product’s overall mark. When it comes to ecodesign, C2C is all about closing loops and creating beautiful and elegant products that are ‘more good, not less bad’.
Friends or foes?
LCA and C2C are two very different sustainability tools. Where LCA is about quantitative calculations and measurements, C2C is about qualitative visions and storytelling. They both have their advantages and disadvantages. For example, LCA does not include social aspects or positive effects. On the other hand, C2C does not measure whether a certified product actually has a lower overall environmental impact, so a C2C-certified product may end up having a shifted or even increased burden.
In 2011, a position paper about the usability of LCA for C2C purposes concluded that LCA is not suitable to assess and communicate the beneficial qualities of a C2C product. However, that does not mean that the two cannot complement each other. Combining them has the potential of providing a beautiful vision that can be clearly communicated while also providing quantitative insight into the environmental impact and avoiding the shifting of burdens. In that way, life cycle assessment and cradle-to-cradle can be strong allies in working towards a sustainable world.
When I established PRé in 1990 I ran a design consultancy, then I decided to do ecodesign. But, how do I tell the good from the bad? And how can I measure ‘eco’? So I started on a journey together with a few pioneers in the emerging LCA scene and gave up designing. I realized then that these same questions need to be answered by any company embarking on the route to more sustainable products and services, preferably in a scientific, honest, and businesslike way. Providing good transparent tools, data, and methodologies to empower organizations to make the transition to sustainability, that is my drive.
My background in industrial design made it clear to me that the current system of consumption and disposal cannot be maintained in the long run. I quickly became interested in quantifying sustainability, so that well-supported decisions can be made in our move towards a more sustainable world. LCA provides the ability to focus on the facts. | {
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<urn:uuid:3b71df7b-296c-44c4-90ad-91d2bd41d664> | Programming Vs Coding
While coding and programming have one common origin, both the terms will vary meanings. Coding involves https://www.deadbeats.at/coding-vs-programming-for-beginners/ the creation of software applications and renovating human language into binary commands. Coding requires a skilled approach as well as the knowledge of an intermediate dialect. Programmers should strategies basic logic behind the chosen dialect, the syntax and the key keywords. There are pros and cons with each. Here are some of this key differences between programming and code.
Programming and coding will be two different jobs, and while these two conditions sound comparable, they are really very different. Frequently , people mistake the two conditions and employ them interchangeably, however the difference between two is normally significant. You can study coding and programming not having necessarily studying either one separately. Both of these skills are essential for development of applications and the maintenance of custom-coded programs. So , which one if you decide to focus on?
Coding involves developing computer applications that translate machine-readable code. Though basic code is possible with wordpad or online publishers, the real skill comes in when you’re writing intricate programs or applications. A programmer contains the knowledge of the programming ‘languages’, and the ability to discover and fix bugs. But coding can be not for everybody. It can lead to a fulfilling job if you’re well-rounded in application development.
The primary difference between programming and code is that coding uses equipment code, when coding uses man language to communicate with a pc. The latter uses binary language to get in touch with hardware. When coding includes using binary codes, encoding is more complicated. The difference is in the language plus the complexity of programming. The is a subtle one, nevertheless one that can affect your career choice. Also keep in mind that coding can be placed on any industry, not just to software. | {
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<urn:uuid:c2c0d404-d4c8-4db0-8a13-3db32e59922c> | Book Review - Let's talk about my feelings by Ritika Subash
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Let's talk about my feelings by Ritika Subash
Let’s talk about my feelings is a book that introduces children to emotions and it’s vocabulary through short stories.
Talking about feelings:
Talking about our feelings can help us stay in good mental health and is a way to cope with a problem. But it’s not always easy to describe how we are feeling. It’s always easier to talk about our feelings if we know how we feel and why. Considering that even many adults are unable to articulate their feelings, it is necessary that we start young and encourage kids to talk about their feelings. This book by Ritika Subash – Let’s talk about my feelings is a step in that direction.
Short stories to introduce feelings:
Let’s talk about my feelings introduces children to emotions and it’s vocabulary through short stories. Each story revolves around themes like friendship, bullying, gender stereotyping, child abuse, etc. The themes are relevant to real life situations most children come across in their daily life. In addition to emotions and feelings, the book also talks about social skills like behaviour and basic manners.
The story presents a topic and is followed by a thought-provoking question that encourages the child to connect with the characters of the story and think about the issue from the character’s perspective. The stories are presented as rhymes and is very simple for young children to read. The book has a neat little section for children who can write their answer to the question on every page, making this book a jump pad to journaling.
The stories are wonderful to read-aloud and is a great way for parents to talk to their children about emotions and situations and how to handle them. Apart from bonding time, this helps build a strong foundation in open communication, trust and problem solving. Readers will take away the fact that all of us have feelings, in different intensities and we must acknowledge them and reach out for help when needed.
The bright and colourful illustrations make it inviting for the children to pick and read or look through the book. What’s more? There is a table with the list of vocabulary for the 5 core emotions – happy, sad, angry, afraid, ashamed - organized by intensity of its feeling. We often observe children using the word “depressed” when they are just “upset”. This table will help parents guide children on the right word to use to express their emotions.
The words are simple and the text lucid and the prose is apt even for kids as young as 6. This book is definitely a must-read for anyone looking to introduce children to talking about their emotions. This adaptable resource can also be used in educational settings.
Buy this book Now!
You can also buy the e-book or Kindle version of the book. Let's Talk About My Feelings (E-Book/Kindle)
- Book Title: Let's talk about my feelings
- Author: Ritika Subash
- Publisher: Goya Publishing
- For Ages: 5-10 years
- Type: Picture book
- Format: Paperback
- Price: ₹299
- No. of page: 34
After reading this book:
Though we believe that the aim of reading a picture book should be for pleasure and not be to "learn", it is inevitable that children learn even without any push. Here are some activities that you can do that will complement this book to make the reading even more fun! These activities are for varied age groups, so we suggest you read and use them appropriately.
1. Make flash cards of situations similar to the ones in this book and engage children in conversation
2. This book and the flash cards can be used as an icebreaker or even in the form of a game with individual kids or as a small group.
3. For older kids, provide a situation and ask to identify the emotion they’d feel. Then ask them to think about situations that would make their emotions increase or decrease in intensity and write the right word on a scale. Then discuss how they would handle each one.
Have you read this book? What is your opinion? Share it with us in the comments.
Last modified on Sunday, 04 July 2021 18:01
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Make sure you enter all the required information, indicated by an asterisk (*). HTML code is not allowed. | {
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<urn:uuid:7c07a13e-61e4-4273-975f-c8007e0df4b5> | Photoshop Elements Tutorial: Creating a text effect in Photoshop Elements
What you’ll learn in this Photoshop Elements Tutorial:
This tutorial provides you with a foundation for working with text effects in Adobe Photoshop Elements. It is the twelfth lesson in the Adobe Photoshop Elements 10 Digital Classroom book.
Photoshop Elements Tutorial: Creating a text effect in Photoshop Elements
Text doesn’t only have to be just functional; it can also be a lot of fun. So far, you have mostly used the filters in Photoshop Elements to alter and correct images, but you can also use them to apply some very interesting special effects to both text and images.
When completed, the text should appear to be zooming toward you.
In this exercise, you will create a fun text effect that you sometimes see where the text seems to be zooming toward the viewer.
1 Choose File > New > Blank File. Type Kids in the Name text field. Choose U.S. Paper from the Preset drop-down menu and make sure the Size is set to Letter. Choose RGB Color from the Color Mode drop-down menu, if it is not already selected, and press OK to create the new document.
The New dialog box includes presets for a variety of different projects.
2 Choose Edit > Fill Layer. In the Contents section, choose Black from the Use drop-down menu. Leave all other settings at their defaults and press OK. This fills the document background with black.
The Fill Layer dialog box allows you to fill a layer with a solid color or a pattern of your choosing.
3 Choose the Type tool () from the Toolbox. In the Options bar at the top of the workspace, choose Arial Black or Arial Bold from the Font Family drop-down menu and type 100 in the Font Size text field. Change the text color to white (R: 255, G: 255, B:255) by clicking on the Set the text color option in the options bar.
Change the type settings in the Options bar.
Click in the middle of your document with the Text tool and type KIDS in all caps. Click the green checkmark at the top of the workspace to commit the change and deselect the active text. Because filters really can’t be used on live text, after a few adjustments to the position of the text, the next step will be to convert the text into a graphic by combining it with the background layer.
4 Choose the Move tool () from the Toolbox and select the KIDS text layer from the Layers pane to activate it. Hold down the Shift key on your keyboard and click the Background layer so that they both become selected.
5 In the Options bar, press the Align button () and select Vertical Centers from the drop-down menu that appears. Press the Align button again and choose Horizontal Centers.
To use the Align commands, two or more layers must be selected.
6 Select the KIDS text layer from the Layers panel, and press Ctrl+E (Windows) or Command+E (Mac OS) on the keyboard to merge the KIDS text layer with the background layer.
Alternately, you can use the menu command Layer > Merge Layers. This works as long as the text layer is selected, and above the layer you want to merge it with.
7 Select the new merged Background layer and choose Filters > Blur > Gaussian Blur. Type 1.5 in the Radius text field. This blurs the text shape to produce a soft edge. Press OK.
You can experiment with values that are slightly lower or higher based upon your preference and taste.
The Gaussian Blur filter creates a hazy effect around the edges of the text.
8 Choose Filter > Stylize > Solarize. The Solarize filter doesn’t have any options to set but instead automatically converts the black letters into an outline of the text and blends the positive and negative areas of an image. This is why blurring was necessary. Blurring pushed some of the white outside the edges of the text, resulting in more of an outline around the text after using the Solarize filter. Without the blur, there would not have been enough of a text outline when the Solarize filter was used.
The Solarize filter reverses the positive and negative areas of an image.
9 Choose Enhance > Adjust Color > Adjust Hue/Saturation. In the Hue/Saturation dialog box, click the Colorize checkbox. Type 75 in the Saturation text field or move the slider to 75, make sure the Hue and Lightness text fields are set to 0, and then press OK. This results in changing the white outline to red around the text. If you have a hard time seeing it, it is probably due to your zoom level. To change your zoom level choose View > Zoom In.
The Hue/Saturation effect allows you to control the color in your image.
10 Choose Filter > Distort > Polar Coordinates and select the Polar to Rectangular radio button. Press OK.
The Polar Coordinates filter creates a distortion in which a selected layer’s contents are converted from a rectangular coordinate system to a polar system, or vice versa. While there are some interesting uses of this filter, it is most commonly seen as an intermediary step in tutorials.
The distortion caused by the Polar Coordinates filter is used as an intermediary step in this lesson.
11 Choose Image > Rotate > 90° Right.
The Rotate command rotates an image 90 degrees left or right, 180 degrees, and arbitrary values.
12 Choose Filter > Stylize > Wind. In the Wind dialog box, choose Wind from the Method section and choose From the Left in the Direction section. Press OK. Press Ctrl+F (Windows) or Command+F (Mac OS) twice to run the filter two more times. The next few steps will return the image to a viewable state.
The Wind filter simulates the effect of wind blowing against a surface and pieces being blown off.
13 Choose Image > Rotate > 90° Left.
14 Choose Filter > Distort > Polar Coordinates, and choose the Rectangular to Polar radio button.
15 Choose the Crop tool () from the Toolbox. Click and drag to draw a marquee around the text. Click the green checkmark just below the proposed cropped area to commit the change.
When completed, the text should appear to be zooming toward you.
16 Choose File > Save As. Navigate to the Lessons folder you copied to your hard drive. Confirm that the format is set to Photoshop and that the file is named Kids.psd, then press Save.
Reversing the text effect
The text appears to have a motion trail behind it. This creates the impression that it is zooming toward the viewer. With a few simple changes, the results of this effect can be completely reversed along with the direction of the motion trail.
This variation on the tutorial follows the exact same steps right up to step 11.
- Choose Image > Rotate > 90° Left.
- Choose Filter > Stylize > Wind. In the Wind dialog box, choose Wind from the Method section, then choose From the Left in the Direction section. Press OK. Press Ctrl+F (Windows) or Command+F (Mac OS) twice to run the filter two more times.
- Choose Image > Rotate > 90° Right.
- Choose Filters > Distort > Polar Coordinates and choose Rectangular to Polar from the options at the bottom of the dialog box.
Reversing the effect.
Adding text to the background
When you have two images, you can combine them together using your selections and the Copy and Paste commands.
1 Double-click the Kids.psd file, located in the Project Bin, to make it active or choose Window > Kids.psd.
2 Choose Select > All to select the entire document.
The Select All command creates a marquee around the entire image area.
3 Choose Edit > Copy or use the keyboard shortcut, Ctrl+C (Windows) or Command+C (Mac OS). This copies the image to your computer’s clipboard, so that it can be pasted in the next step.
4 Double-click the Scrap Book Page.psd file, located in the Project Bin or choose Window > Scrap Book Page.psd, to make it active. Choose Edit > Paste or use the keyboard shortcut, Ctrl+V (Windows) or Command+V (Mac OS), to paste the file into the document. In the Layers panel, double-click the new layer named Layer 1. In the Layer properties dialog box, type text in the Name text field and press OK.
When using the Copy and Paste commands, new layers are created for the pasted artwork and are placed above the selected layer in the destination document.
The text file includes a black background that just doesn’t fit with the wood texture of the page. You will remove the background color layer using blending modes.
5 Choose the Move tool () from the Toolbox, then click and drag the text to the top of the document.
6 In the Layers panel, make sure the text layer is selected and choose Screen from the Blending mode drop-down menu. This blending mode removes the darkest areas from a layer and leaves only the lightest, which in this case would be the lettering.
Blending modes are used to control how light from lower layers is visible through the layers above.
Now, the text is too light to easily be seen. A quick reversal should change this.
7 With the text layer selected, choose Filter > Adjustments > Invert, or use the keyboard shortcut, Ctrl+I (Windows) or Command+I (Mac OS), to reverse the color values of the targeted layer. Choose Multiply from the Blending mode drop-down menu in the Layers panel. This blending mode has the exact opposite effect of the Screen blending mode and makes the text easier to see.
The finished project.
8 Choose File > Save As or use the keyboard shortcut, Shift+Ctrl+S (Windows) or Shift+Command+S (Mac OS). Close the Kids.psd file by double-clicking it in the Project Bin and choosing File > Close. Leave the Scrap Book Page.psd file open, as you will need it in the next step.
Add images and create a border
Now that you have a background and title in place, you will proceed to edit and add images to fill in the rest of the page. Three images have been prepared for use in this exercise. You will import one of them into your scrapbook page document and add a few effects to it for emphasis. At the conclusion of the exercise, you will be given the opportunity to continue this project on your own so that you can add your own artistic flair.
1 With the Scrap Book Page.psd file open, select the Wood layer in the Layers panel. Choose File > Place and, in the resulting Place dialog box, navigate to the Lessons folder. Select the scrapbook_01.psd file and press Place. This imports the file as a new layer.
It was important to select the Wood layer in this step because when you use the Place command, the file you are placing is inserted on a new layer right above the currently highlighted layer. When working on a project that uses both text and images, you usually want to keep the text on top of all other layers.
2 When a file is placed into Photoshop Elements, you are given the opportunity to resize, rotate, and move it into the position you like before finalizing it. In the Options bar at the top of the workspace, click the checkbox next to Constrain Proportions, if it is not already checked. Type 65 in the Width text field. Because you have the Constrain Proportions option checked, the image’s height will automatically change.
In Photoshop Elements, the Options bar allows you to set the options for the tools you are currently working with.
Click the green checkmark located on a tab attached to the bottom of the placed photo to commit the current changes to the layer.
3 In the Layers panel, double-click the scrapbook_01 layer. In the Layer Properties dialog box, type museum in the Name text field, and press OK.
Drag the museum layer to the upper right of the document.
4 Choose the Move tool () from the Toolbox, then click and drag the photograph to the upper right corner of the Scrap Book Page document, but below the text.
5 Hold down the Ctrl (Windows) or Command (Mac OS) key and click the Smart Object thumbnail () located on the bottom right corner of thumbnail in the museum layer. This selects everything on the layer that isn’t transparent. In this case, that would be the entire photo. This is referred to as loading the opacity mask of the layer.
6 Choose Select > Modify > Expand to open the Expand Selection dialog box. Type 15 into the Expand By text field and press OK to enlarge the selection by 15 pixels.
7 At the bottom of the Layers panel, press the Create a New Layer button () to add a new layer above museum. Double-click the new layer, named Layer 1, and, in the Layer Properties dialog box, type border in the Name text field. Press OK. Click and drag the border layer below the museum layer in the Layers panel.
8 Choose Edit > Fill Selection. In the Fill Layer dialog box that appears, choose White from the Use drop-down menu in the Contents sections and leave all other settings at their default. Press OK.
The Fill Layer dialog box can be used to add color or a pattern to a layer or selection area.
9 Press the Create a New Layer button in the Layers panel to add a new layer above the border layer. Double-click the new layer, named layer 1 again, and, in the Layer Properties dialog box, type border2 in the Name text field. Press OK. Click and drag the new border2 layer below the border layer in the Layers panel.
10 Choose Select > Modify > Expand to open the Expand Selection dialog box. Type 10 in the Expand By text field, then press OK to enlarge the selection by 10 pixels.
11 Choose Edit > Fill Selection. In the Fill Layer dialog box that appears, choose Black from the Use drop-down menu in the Contents section and press OK.
12 In the Layers panel, the border2 layer should still be highlighted. Hold down the Shift key on the keyboard and select the border and museum layers to highlight them as well.
13 Choose Layer > Merge Layers to combine all three layers together into one. The new layer is named museum.
When selected layers are merged, they take on the name of the topmost layer.
14 Choose Select > Deselect or use the keyboard shortcut, Ctrl+D (Windows) or Command+D (Mac OS), to remove the selection border.
The double border on the photograph is used to add emphasis and separate it from the background.
15 Chose File > Save or press Crtl+S (Windows) or Command+S (Mac OS) on your keyboard to save your file.
16 Now it’s all up to you. Import the other two images (scrapbook_02.psd and scrapbook_03.psd) and use your imagination to come up with your own creative results. Here are a few things you might try:
- When you place an image, rotate it slightly to give it a sense of movement.
- Instead of using black and white, try varying the color of the borders you use. Try using the same brown color that you used in the wood-textured background.
- Change the stacking order of the layers and overlap the photos to create a more interesting composition.
- Add drop shadows from the layer effects to the photos.
The variations available on a project like this are unlimited.
17 Save and close Scrap Book Page.psd. | {
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<urn:uuid:57aaebb9-1665-4f10-ab45-43d9ab50258c> | The course is part of this learning path
This course introduces the basic ideas of computing, networking, communications, security, and virtualization, and will provide you with an important foundation for the rest of the course.
The objectives of this course are to provide you with an understanding of:
- Computer system components, operating systems (Windows, Linux and Mac), different types of storage, file systems (FAT and NTFS), memory management. The core concepts and definitions used in information security
- Switched networks, packet switching vs circuit switching, packet routing delivery, routing, internetworking standards, OSI model, and 7 layers. The benefits of information security
- TCP/IP protocol suite, types of addresses, physical address, logical address, IPv4, IPv6, port address, specific address, network access control, and how an organisation can make information security an integral part of its business
- Network fundamentals, network types (advantages and disadvantages), WAN vs LAN, DHCP
- How data travels across the internet. End to end examples for web browsing, sending emails, using applications - explaining internet architecture, routing, DNS
- Secure planning, policies, and mechanisms, Active Directory structure, introducing Group Policy (containers, templates, GPO), security and network layers, IPSEC, SSL / TLS (flaws and comparisons), SSH, Firewalls (packet filtering, state full inspection), application gateways, ACL's
- VoIP, wireless LAN, Network Analysis and Sniffing, Wireshark
- Virtualization definitions, virtualization models, terminologies, virtual models, virtual platforms, what is cloud computing, cloud essentials, cloud service models, security amd privacy in the cloud, multi-tenancy issues, infrastructure vs data security, privacy concerns
This course is ideal for members of cybersecurity management teams, IT managers, security and systems managers, information asset owners, and employees with legal compliance responsibilities. This course acts as a foundation for more advanced managerial or technical qualifications.
There are no specific pre-requisites to study this course, however, a basic knowledge of IT, an understanding of the general principles of information technology security, and awareness of the issues involved with security control activity would be advantageous.
We welcome all feedback and suggestions - please contact us at email@example.com if you are unsure about where to start or if would like help getting started.
Welcome to this video on network computing.
In it you’ll learn about some of the fundamental concepts involved with network computing and introduce some of the key components of a computer network.
What do I mean by a network? Simply put, a network it is a collection of computing devices that are able to communicate with each other, via whatever means. The basic reasons for having computers networked are that it allows users to share data easily, quickly, and efficiently. They are also able to share access to accessories such as printers. Having one network printer service hundreds of users is far more cost-effective than each of those users having their own printer on their desk.
There are two basic types of computer networks. In a Peer-to-Peer, commonly referred to as P2P network, no single provider is responsible for being the server. Each computer stores files and acts as a server. Each computer has equal responsibility for providing data.
The client-server model is the relationship between two computers in which one, the client, makes a service request from another, the server.
The key point about a client-server model is that the client is dependent on the server to provide and manage the information. For example, websites are stored on web servers. A web browser is the client which makes a request to the server, and the server sends the webpage data back to the browser.
Popular websites need powerful servers to serve thousands or millions of clients, all making requests at the same time. The client side of a web application is often referred to as the front end. The server side is referred to as the back end. We will also look at the different scales we can have for networks, depending on the geographical areas they cover.
There are a number of advantages to be gained from the establishment of a P2P network:
- They’re easy to install and configure
- Don’t require a dedicated server
- Users control their own shared resources
- They’re inexpensive to purchase and operate
- They don’t require additional equipment or software
- They don’t require dedicated administrators
- And work best with 10 or less users
One example of these advantages is that P2P is ideal for sharing files amongst a small group of users. Conversely, there are a number of disadvantages:
- Security applies to a single resource at a time
- Users may have many different passwords
- The server must back up each machine individually to help ensure data is protected from loss or destruction
- Machines sharing resources may suffer reduced performance
- There is no centralised organisation scheme to locate or control access to data
- It doesn’t usually work well with more than 10 users
One example of these disadvantages is that P2P would be unsuitable for a service such as booking tickets, as one server needs to keep track of how many tickets are left.
As mentioned previously, an everyday example of a server-based, or client/server network, is the Internet. The web servers hold the information we want to access. We use our web browser client program to make a request to the web server, which can then service that request. In a business environment, a company’s data will likely be held on a central server resource, rather than on individual end-user machines. This affords a greater level of control over the data, as when a client requests access, the data can be vetted to ensure that only those with the correct level of permission will be able to access the information.
Servers need to have sufficient computing power and connectivity to be able to handle requests from many clients at once. In a server-based network, there is the capability to share out the workload amongst several servers. Servers can be designated to handle certain types of client requests, such as requests to login to the system, and be granted access to requested data or resources. This task can be handled by one or more servers that will verify that users are who they say they are, and grant them access only to data or resources they are allowed to see.
There are a number of advantages with the server-based model:
- It simplifies network administration
- Centralises user accounts, security, and access controls
- Has more powerful equipment
- It provides more efficient access to network resources
- Requires only a single password for network login
- And is the best choice for networks with 10 or more users, or networks with heavily-used resources
There are also disadvantages:
- At worst, server failure renders the network unusable
- Server failure causes loss of network resources
- It is more expensive
- It requires expert staff to handle complex server software
- And it requires dedicated hardware and specialised software
We have now arrived at what is known as the Client-Server paradigm. The client–server model is a distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients.
Often clients and servers communicate over a computer network, and exist on separate hardware, but both client and server may reside in the same system.
A server host runs one or more server programs which share their resources with clients. A client does not share any of its resources, but requests a server's content or service function. Clients therefore initiate communication sessions with servers, which await incoming requests. Examples of computer applications that use the client–server model are Email, network printing, and the World Wide Web.
There are different scales of network. The first is a Local Area Network, or LAN. These are typically confined to a small geographical area. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) states that this area is 6 miles or less in radius, but most commonly you will encounter LAN’s within one building or site.
In order to connect computers across greater distances, you must employ a Wide Area Network, or WAN. The IEEE suggest that the distances involved in a WAN would be in excess of 60 miles.
In essence, a WAN can actually be thought of as a collection of LAN’s, which have been joined together over distance.
The two elements required to join LANs to a larger WAN are the transmission lines – cables or some other medium, capable of carrying signals from one LAN to another; and switching elements, also known as routers. These are specialised networking equipment able to connect two or more transmission lines, and correctly route data along these from one LAN to another.
Let’s consider two computers communicating via a LAN, and compare them to two computers communicating via a WAN: You want to establish which pair will be exchanging data more quickly, and which pair will be communicating in the most secure fashion. By its very nature, a WAN will be moving data over a further distance, routing it through many way-stations along that route. This tells us that a WAN is likely to be both slower and potentially less secure as the data will be travelling via cables and way-stations that are not under the local control of the data owner.
Let’s look at the four basic tenets for networking. Firstly, in order to have a network, there must be a link between computers. We can join together separate networks and links, to make an Internetwork. The term Internetwork is the root of the term Internet. If we have multiple networks joined together, then we need to have some means of routing the communications data to firstly the correct network, and then on to the correct end computer.
Applications and programs that need to communicate across a network will have specific requirements that must be met by that network. In a simple LAN, you need a way to get your data communicated from one point, to its intended destination within the LAN. You can achieve this by using a switch.
A switch, in the context of networking, is a high-speed device that receives incoming data packets and redirects them to their destination on the LAN. A LAN switch operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) or the network layer of the OSI Model and, as such it can support all types of packet protocols. We will discuss the concept of packets later on in this course.
Packet switching: Packet-switched describes the type of network in which relatively small units of data called packets are routed through a network based on the destination address contained within each packet.
Breaking communication down into packets allows the same data path to be shared among many users in the network, or for the individual packets to choose one of many routes through the network in order to reach their destination.
Circuit Switching: A type of communication in which a dedicated channel (or circuit) is established for the duration of a transmission. The most ubiquitous circuit-switching network is the telephone system, which links together wire segments to create a single unbroken line for each telephone call.
A packet switched network (PSN) is one of the most commonly used computer networks. It is widely implemented on local networks and the Internet. A PSN generally works on the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite.
For data to be transmitted over a network, it is first broken down into small packets, which depend on the data's protocol and overall size. Each packet contains various details, such as a source IP address, destination IP address and unique data and packet identifiers.
The segregation of data into small packets enables efficient data transportation and better utilisation of the network medium/channel.
More than one user, application and/or node may take turns sending and receiving data without permanently retaining the underlying medium/channel, as in a circuit switched network.
Previously, I mentioned Internet Protocol, or IP, addresses. These addresses are one of the ways that you can direct your communications around networks, but there are other address schemes that you need to consider.
Every device that can connect to a network does so via some sort of network interface card or NIC. Every NIC in the world has a unique identifying address, known as the Media Access Control or MAC address. To route your communications to the correct device, you need to have some means of marrying up the MAC address, which as a rule does not change, to an IP address which can be somewhat dynamic in nature.
Within your LAN, you will use Address Resolution Protocol, or ARP to achieve this.
The devices on your network will use ARP to establish and maintain lists of which IP address are associated with which MAC address at any given time. ARP relies on a feature of networking called Broadcasting.
On screen you can see the process of a broadcast message being issued to the LAN from one computer, to ask which MAC address is currently associated with the IP address 22.214.171.124. The reply comes back from one computer, stating that the given MAC address is currently associated with that IP address. The originating computer will update its list of MAC to IP address mappings, storing this information in its local ARP table.
There are different variants of broadcasting available in our networks.
Broadcast transmission is supported on most LANs, and may be used to send the same message to all computers on the LAN.
Network layer protocols (such as IPv4) also support a form of broadcast that allows the same packet to be sent to every system in a logical network.
The multicast process involves a single sender and multiple receivers as opposed to Systems that are designed to be connection-dependent, like a client-server system. User datagram protocol (UDP) is the most common protocol used with multicasting. Email is the best example of multicast, when a user can choose to send an email to many different addresses, rather than a complete contact list. Another example is the one-to-many multicasting of a streaming video toward many users from a single server.
Unicast is a common network model where packets are sent to a single network destination with a particular address. The basic idea of unicast is that there is a specific channel created for the user. This is helpful when content transmission is based on a 'single-tenant’ model, for example, when a content or service provider needs to send personalised and accurate information to individual users.
Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network, or between or across multiple networks. Routing is performed for many types of networks, including circuit-switched networks, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN), computer networks such as the Internet, as well as in networks used in public and private transportation, such as the system of streets, roads, and highways in national infrastructure.
In packet switching networks, routing is the higher-level decision making that directs network packets from their source toward their destination through intermediate network nodes by specific packet forwarding mechanisms.
Packet forwarding is the transit of logically addressed network packets from one network interface to another.
In order to facilitate the selection of a route, network devices maintain a map of routes that they discover, in a routing table. These routing tables can be shared amongst network devices, and in fact this automatic sharing of information underpins the efficiency of all networks. For the original iterations of the Internet, routing tables were maintained by hand, and regularly updated by human operators. In todays connected world, this would be an impossible task!
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet-switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet.
The main design goal of TCP/IP was to build an interconnection of networks, referred to as an Internetwork, or Internet, that provided universal communication services over heterogeneous physical networks.
Networks must support a wide range of applications and services, as well as operate over many different types of physical infrastructures.
As the Internet, and networks in general, evolve, there are four basic characteristics that the underlying architectures need to address in order to meet user expectations: fault tolerance, scalability, quality of service, and security.
You will learn more about TCP/IP in a later course in more detail.
One of the ways in which networking was codified in its early days was via the Open Systems Interconnection, or OSI, model.
This model detailed seven layers involved in the communication of data across a network:
- The Physical Layer - This layer is responsible for transmission of digital data bits from the Physical layer of the sending, or source, device over a network-communications-media to the Physical layer of the receiving (or destination) device.
- The Data Link Layer - when obtaining data from the Physical layer, the Data Link layer checks for physical transmission errors and packages bits into data 'frames'. The Data Link layer also manages physical addressing schemes such as MAC addresses.
- The Network Layer - adds the concept of routing above the Data Link layer. When data arrives at the Network layer, the source and destination addresses contained inside each frame, are examined to determine if the data has reached its final destination. Layer 3 formats the data into packets to be delivered up to the Transport layer. To support routing, the Network layer maintains logical addresses, such as IP addresses, for devices on the network.
- The Network layer also manages the mapping between these logical addresses and physical addresses. In IP networking, this mapping is accomplished through the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).
- The Transport Layer - delivers data across network connections. TCP is the most common example of a Layer 4 network protocol. Different transport protocols may support a range of optional capabilities including error recovery, flow control, and support for re-transmission.
- The Session Layer - manages the sequence and flow of events that initiate and tear down network connections. At Layer 5, it is built to support multiple types of connections that can be created dynamically and run over individual networks.
- The Presentation Layer - handles syntax processing of message data such as format conversions and encryption / decryption needed to support the Application layer above it.
- The Application Layer - supplies network services to end-user applications. Network services are typically protocols that work with user's data. For example, in a Web browser application, the Application layer protocol HTTP, packages the data needed to send and receive Web page content.
This brings us to the end of this video.
Paul began his career in digital forensics in 2001, joining the Kent Police Computer Crime Unit. In his time with the unit, he dealt with investigations covering the full range of criminality, from fraud to murder, preparing hundreds of expert witness reports and presenting his evidence at Magistrates, Family and Crown Courts. During his time with Kent, Paul gained an MSc in Forensic Computing and CyberCrime Investigation from University College Dublin.
On leaving Kent Police, Paul worked in the private sector, carrying on his digital forensics work but also expanding into eDiscovery work. He also worked for a company that developed forensic software, carrying out Research and Development work as well as training other forensic practitioners in web-browser forensics. Prior to joining QA, Paul worked at the Bank of England as a forensic investigator. Whilst with the Bank, Paul was trained in malware analysis, ethical hacking and incident response, and earned qualifications as a Certified Malware Investigator, Certified Security Testing Associate - Ethical Hacker and GIAC Certified Incident Handler. To assist with the teams malware analysis work, Paul learnt how to program in VB.Net and created a number of utilities to assist with the de-obfuscation and decoding of malware code. | {
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<urn:uuid:85426a0b-49b0-476c-942a-c58605e479a2> | Tilapia Aquaculture Project: Fisheries
- 20 Aug 2022
- 8 min read
For Prelims: India’s Fisheries Sector, Tilapia Aquaculture Project, Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojna, Aquaculture.
For Mains: Significance of India’s Fisheries Sector.
Why in News?
Inspired by Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), the Technology Development Board (TDB) has extended support to the Tilapia Aquaculture Project with Israeli Technology.
- Technology Development Board (TDB) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Science and Technology.
What is Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana?
- Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) scheme was announced in September 2020 to provide financial support for the acquisition of technologically advanced fishing vessels, deep sea fishing vessels for traditional fishermen, and fishing boats and nets for traditional fishermen.
- It envisages enhancing fish production to 220 lakh metric tons by 2024-25, at an average annual growth rate of about 9%.
- The ambitious scheme also aims to double the export earnings to Rs.1,00,000 crore and generate about 55 lakhs direct and indirect employment opportunities in the fisheries sector over a period of the next five years.
- Despite various issues faced by the sector during Covid – 19 pandemic, India has achieved all-time high exports of marine products worth USD 7,165 million from April to February 2021-22.
What is Aquaculture?
- The term aquaculture broadly refers to the cultivation of aquatic organisms in controlled aquatic environments for any commercial, recreational or public purpose.
- The breeding, rearing and harvesting of plants and animals takes place in all types of water environments including ponds, rivers, lakes, the ocean and man-made “closed” systems on land.
- Food production for human consumption,
- Rebuilding of populations of threatened and endangered species,
- Habitat restoration,
- Wild stock enhancement,
- Production of baitfish, and
- Fish culture for zoos and aquariums.
What is Tilapia?
- Tilapia, also dubbed aquatic chicken, has emerged to be one of the most productive and internationally traded fish foods in the world.
- The culture of tilapia has become commercially popular in many parts of the world and due to its quick growth and low maintenance cultivation, it was dubbed aquatic chicken.
- Tilapia is tolerant of a variety of aquaculture environments, it can be farmed in brackish or salt water and also in pond or cage systems.
What is the State of Fisheries in India?
- Fishing is the capture of aquatic organisms in marine, coastal and inland areas.
- Marine and inland fisheries, together with aquaculture, provide food, nutrition and a source of income to millions of people around the world, from harvesting, processing, marketing and distribution.
- For many it also forms part of their traditional cultural identity.
- One of the greatest threats to the sustainability of global fishery resources is illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.
- Fisheries is one of the fastest growing sectors amongst the primary producing sectors.
- India is the second largest fish producing country in the world accounting for 7.56% of global production and contributing about 1.24% to the country’s Gross Value Added (GVA) and over 7.28% to the agricultural GVA.
- India is the 4th largest exporter of fish in the world.
- The sector plays a vital role in economic and overall development of the country, also referred as the “Sunrise Sector”, it is poised to bring in immense potential through equitable and inclusive growth.
- The sector is recognized as a powerful engine for providing employment to 14.5 million people and sustaining livelihood for the 28 million fishermen community of the country.
- The fisheries sector has witnessed three major transformations in the last few years:
- The growth of inland aquaculture, specifically freshwater aquaculture.
- The mechanization of capture fisheries.
- The successful commencement of brackish water shrimp aquaculture.
- The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) points out that nearly 90% of the global marine fish stocks have either been fully exploited or overfished or depleted to the extent that recovery may not be biologically possible.
- Discharge of harmful substances like plastics and other waste into water bodies that cause devastating consequences for aquatic life.
- Changing climate.
What are the Government Initiatives for Fisheries?
UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)
Q. Under the Kisan Credit Card scheme, short-term credit support is given to farmers for which of the following purposes? (2020)
- Working capital for maintenance of farm assets
- Purchase of combine harvesters, tractors and mini trucks
- Consumption requirements of farm households
- Post-harvest expenses
- Construction of family house and setting up of village cold storage facility
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
- The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was introduced in 1998 for providing adequate and timely credit support from the banking system under a single window with flexible and simplified procedure to the farmers for their cultivation and other needs like purchase of agriculture inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc. and draw cash for their production needs.
- The scheme was further extended in the year 2004 for the investment credit requirement of farmers viz allied and non-farm activities.
- Kisan Credit Card is provided with the following objectives:
- The short-term credit requirements for cultivation of crops,
- Post-harvest expenses, hence 4 is correct.
- Produce marketing loan,
- Consumption requirements of farmer household, hence 3 is correct.
- Working capital for maintenance of farm assets and activities allied to agriculture, like dairy animals, inland fishery, etc., hence, 1 is correct.
- Investment credit requirement for agriculture and allied activities like pumpsets, sprayers, dairy animals, etc. However, this segment forms the long term credit limit portion.
- The Kisan Credit Card Scheme is implemented by Commercial Banks, RRBs, Small Finance Banks and Cooperatives.
- The short-term credit support is not given to farmers for Purchase of combine harvesters, tractors and mini trucks and Construction of family house and setting up of village cold storage facility. Hence, 2 and 4 are not correct.
- Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
Q. Defining blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India. (2018) | {
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<urn:uuid:06c9aab7-2d8f-45c5-b6aa-6cd387a1c13e> | During my lifetime, the use of plastics has expanded exponentially. When I was young, shampoo bottles were glass, trash bags were wax coated paper, wax paper were used to wrap food and drinks from milk to soda came in glass bottles. Plastic is a wonder, but is also one of the most commonly littered items in the world.
Plastics that we use once and discard, or single-use plastics, are a growing problem of critical global proportion. Plastic is to be found littering beaches and landscapes and clogging our waste streams and landfills, the exponential growth of plastics is now threatening the survival of our planet.
Scientists studied the amount of plastics that have been manufactured since 1950’s and determined it’s fate and found that virtually all the plastic we ever made is non-degradable and is still with us. Much of the plastic ends up in landfills, or worn into smaller particles in the soil, in the ocean, or in our rivers, streams, lakes and estuaries, even in the air we breath.
The scientists estimated that more than 9,000 million metric tons of virgin plastics have been produced since the dawn of the age of plastics and found that around 9% of which had been recycled, 12% was incinerated, and 79% was accumulated in landfills or the natural environment. The amount of plastic waste keeps growing.
Plastic bottles cannot be recycled into new plastic bottles- the fibers cannot be used to make food quality plastic and have to be used for fleece, carpeting or other product. In addition, the one bin recycling which for a time was used everywhere in the U.S. became a mixed and dirty waste bin. When China adopted it National Sword policy in 2018 which essentially halted plastic and mixed waste imports that practice stopped. China once imported about half of the world’s recyclable waste. No more.
In May of last year the parties to the Basel Convention voted to amend the treaty to include waste plastic. Effective January 1, 2021 the export of import of plastic waste is prohibited by Basel parties. This will close all ports to U.S. plastic waste exports and we will have to address our problem. The Basel Convention regulates the movements around the globe of hazardous and other wastes including; toxic, poisonous, explosive, corrosive, flammable, ecologically toxic and infectious wastes. The goal of the Basel Convention is to ensure that wastes are managed and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner.
In the U.S. plastic manufacturing is regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency. However, plastic waste is mostly managed by the states under the Solid Waste Disposal Act. This is beginning to change with the U.S. EPA EPA’s the Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015
and the EPA’s Trash Free Waters program
. I have not generally, been in favor of regulations directed to change consumer behavior, but the ubiquity of plastic waste requires a coordinated action.
The most recent attempt is the Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act of 2020
which stalled out after introduction in the house. The bill makes producers of products (e.g., packaging, paper, single-use products, beverage containers, or food service products) fiscally responsible for collecting, managing, and recycling or composting the products after consumer use. In addition, the bill tries to increase the percentage of recycled content in beverage containers.
The need for some action is obvious when I’m standing in the grocery store and see shopper after shopper with carts full of single serving soda and water bottles many of the type I see again at our river cleanups. However, I do not see a way to make corporations responsible for what includes a large portion of consumer behavior. Even during the recent Covid-19 lockdown when we were all at home near the glasses we could fill with water from the sink (or our filter pitchers or refrigerator filters). Single serve, single use bottles continued to be cleared off the shelves. This is not good decision making. According to Consumer Reports (June 2020 CR.org) the U.S. our plastic recycling rates are pathetic (though better than the global averages) 76% of plastic garbage goes to landfills, 16% is incinerated, 1% is littered, and the rest recycled. This data is from a time when China was taking everything we put in the recycle bin. What we really need to do is eliminate the use of traditional plastic in many short life applications.
On solution is refillable water bottles. Another is biodegradable plastics. Chitin
can be used as a substitute for plastics in food packaging or bottles and for foam products, microbeads and other application that have made plastics so ubiquitous. Found in the exoskeletons of arthropods (shrimp, crab, lobster, insects), chitin is the second most abundant organic polymer in nature, cellulose is the most abundant. The chitin and its derivative chitosan, offers many of plastic’s desirable properties and takes only weeks or months to biodegrade, rather than centuries that petroleum based polymers take to degrade. | {
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<urn:uuid:0ae097a0-de82-4af2-b799-9ad46d65fa8c> | Worksheets, examples, and solutions to help Grade 2 students learn how to use attributes to identify and draw different quadrilaterals including rectangles, rhombuses, parallelograms, and trapezoids.
Common Core Standards: 2.G.1, 2.MD.1
Common Core Math Resources, Lesson Plans & Worksheets for all grades
Common Core Math Video Lessons, Math Worksheets and Games for Grade 2
Common Core Math Video Lessons, Math Worksheets and Games for all grades
Download Worksheets for Grade 2, Module 8, Lesson 4 (Pdf)
Lesson 4 Concept Development and Homework
Try the free Mathway calculator and
problem solver below to practice various math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own
problem and check your answer with the step-by-step explanations.
We welcome your feedback, comments and questions about this site or page. Please submit your feedback or enquiries via our Feedback page. | {
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<urn:uuid:eec10c62-17ff-4e5a-903f-ecc00f54b823> | Salt Fork of the Arkansas River
My rambles last weekend took me west into Oklahoma. A family function – fortunately not a funeral for once – was the main reason for the trip, but while there I decided it would be a good time for a return visit to the Great Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge. Located in northwestern Oklahoma near the town of Cherokee — about 120 miles west of Tulsa — the refuge presents an interesting blend of geological and natural history.
The area officially became a protected wildlife refuge in 1930 because of its position as a part of the western American flyway. More than 300 species of birds use the 32,000-acre site as a stopover during fall and spring migration or as a breeding ground. This area is critically important for the endangered whooping crane population that stops by on its fall migration. It is the single most important site for migratory wading shore birds such as sandpipers, bitterns and others.
My rambles in late March had me in the Kansas City area where I stumbled onto Fort Osage, the first trading “factory” established in 1808 on the Missouri River. There, I learned of George Sibley, the head of the factory, who had good relationships with the Osage. At the time the Osage considered all of the Ozarks, much of Kansas and a big swath of Oklahoma as their territory, including the salt plains region on the Salt Fork of the Arkansas River. In 1811, he made an expedition to the region, becoming the first European to venture into this part of the prairie region. There he found Osage collecting salt and trading with other tribes to cure buffalo hides.
The refuge is divided almost equally into a barren salt flat crusted white with salt, lake and forested area, providing for the habitat needs for all the creatures that call it home. Though the area looks more or less flat, the salt flat is the low point of a bowl, so over the eons salt and other minerals have accumulated. About two feet below the surface of the flat you strike a salty brine that provides the salty solution that is left behind on the surface when water evaporates.
But in this salty substrate a second kind of crystal is formed, one called selenite – basically a crystalline form of gypsum. There is an open season on crystal digging – from April 1 through October 15 – when the weather is warm enough to make mucking around in the wet mud more pleasant and to not interfere with the migration of any of the bird species that stop there. I made my visit on opening weekend and grubbed around with a hundred or so families as they sought these buried gems.
Truthfully these are not the prettiest crystals. Instead of being colorless, each crystal forms with an hour-glass shaped inclusion of brown clay trapped inside the otherwise clear crystal. Once we got the hang of finding them, they were plentiful. On top of the sandflat was a layer of about four inches of sand. Beneath that was a layer of silty red soil. It was in the top few inches of this layer where the crystals formed.
Unlike the lead and zinc crystals found in the Tri-State mining district that formed from minerals welling up from great depths, these form from the concentration of surface minerals being washed into the shallow bowl surrounding the salt flats. Surface evaporation concentrates the brine and the crystals grow.
Most of the crystals were pinkie-finger wide but flattened and about two inches in length and shaped like a stiletto blade. The slightly offset crystal line down the length of the crystal ends in a 45-degree angle on each side of the tip. A few large ones were the size of my thumb but nowhere near the size of selenite crystals found in a mine in Mexico that were over 40 feet long and weight 70 tons. But, because they were so easy to find and appeared in such abundance, digging them up was a lot of fun. The families with little children were having similar luck, so a good time was had by all.
Apparently, my trip was a bit late to see any sandhill cranes and at the wrong season to see the pelicans, but the preserve is a place worth stopping to see what species might be moving through the area at various times during the year. | {
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<urn:uuid:55324b21-f9f4-4449-abd7-956bb2b9e8ed> | Education systems worldwide face the challenge of balancing a desire to raise young readers’ attainment, whilst simultaneously seeking to create vibrant reading communities of readers within and beyond school. Many countries, cognisant of the bidirectional relationship between reading attainment and positive attitudes to reading, evidenced, for example, in the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study and Programme for International Student Assessment data, are now paying increased attention to the concepts of reader engagement and reading for pleasure in both policy and practice. Research too is examining related issues such as: gender, parental involvement, the tensions which exist for schools when reading for pleasure is mandated, practices which purport to foster reader engagement, the role of rich texts in nurturing young readers, and the relationship between and influences upon teachers’ and students’ identities as readers.
This Special Issue of Literacy seeks to bring into the spotlight accounts of recent empirical research which foreground the issue of volitional reading by children and young people in the context of the English and/or literacy classroom in a range of educational settings and beyond. We invite scholars researching in this area to submit abstracts to both the co-editors for consideration by 13 February 2017 or to submit full papers by 31 July 2017.
Special Issue Editors: Teresa Cremin and Gemma Moss.
Deadline for submissions: 31st July 2017
Date of publication: May 2018:
Please use the Wiley Scholar One system: https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/literacy
Please see author guidelines on the Literacy homepage: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1741-4369/homepage/ForAuthors.html | {
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<urn:uuid:451080e3-2489-470e-80dc-b1890c50c33a> | Many predictions to the outcome of the humans and artificial intelligence take an either/or approach.
Skynet is determined to end the human race in The Terminator. In The Matrix, the machines have learned to farm humans for battery power. Then, there are the reports that AI beats the best Go and Chess players in the world, and there is no shot for a human victory.
These views make it seem that in order to win, humans must exist free of computer control. A more likely outcome—a better picture of success—is to say, “We found our peace through AI/human augmentation.”
AI/human augmentation is a view that sees the story of humans and machines as one of cooperation. It puts the human in the driver seat and focuses on how AI becomes assistive to enhancing human capabilities—like with hearing, seeing, and making decisions. Communication is an important factor to AI human augmentation. Communication can happen through sensors, human-in-the-loop learning, user surveys. Finally, our ability to create, detect, and communicate with these AIs, depends on how we believe they work.
AI/human augmentation is the most plausible look at the future of human computer interactions and deserves more attention.
What is human augmentation?
“Computers are like a bicycle for our minds.”–Steve Jobs
Computers were a leap in tool-building that made people far more capable than before. Computers allowed people to:
- Solve a problem once.
- Write lines of code to perform it.
- Let a computer perform the task over and over.
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has inserted itself as a prologue to these steps in problem solving. It is in this step of human decision-making that AI is having its profound impact.
AI has allowed a developer to solve how to make a decision around the same problem. Before, when a similar problem presented itself, a developer would have to sit down and write another program to tackle this new variation in the problem. But with AI, the developer is tasked with defining the scope of the problem, and then allowing the AI to make the decision for what the outcome should be.
AI/human augmentation example
In a brief example, an engineer must meet the requirements to construct the design of a building. An engineer needs to know whether 2x6s or 2x12s can cover the span from wall to wall. If there is a second floor, can the joists support the weight of the people walking on the floor? If there is a roof load passed to the floor system, are the beams and joists large enough to support the weight passed to them?
Given the design, the engineer has options on how to best engineer the ceiling and roof system in order to:
- Cost the least amount of money in timber costs
- Continue to support the structure
If the engineer were a computer developer, however, perhaps they could create a program with a guided set of rules to engineer the house for them. The limitation in previous computer programs has been that, for each new house the engineer would build, he would have to create a new program to do the engineering of the house. Every new design will be governed by the same rules (a 2×6 can only support so much weight—its variable is constant across houses).
Here is where the AI comes into play: AI lets the engineer write a piece of software that can do the engineering for all houses instead of having to write a new one each time a new design comes across their table.
AI helps humans
When the AI is created to make decisions around common problems, and used to assist in making decisions, the relationship between person and AI actually transforms who people are.
The very things people can accomplish changes. The day-to-day activities people perform changes. People are no longer set to fixate in one domain, solving the same problem over and over. Instead, people can:
- Travel across many domains.
- Understand a domain’s problem.
- Create an AI to tackle that problem.
Benefits of AI (Does AI destroy jobs—or do we?)
In the human-AI dance, aside from human extinction, the primary concern people have is that AI is going to eliminate many jobs.
I must say, jobs have always had a lifecycle. Airline pilots used to be a top-of-society, high-end job. Banking and finance took a top spot in the ‘80s. These things change based on:
- Skill levels
- Available technologies
Next, having old jobs persist into the future is not an appropriate standard by which to measure society.
If, suddenly, there were no more oil jobs because everyone worked at nuclear plants—because that is the energy in demand—that is not a bad thing. It is an adjustment to the times. If there were still floors of telephone switchboard operators in existence in today’s labor market, it’d be easy to wonder, “Why is that company still doing things that way?”
Instead of being concerned about AI eliminating jobs, the real questions we ask should be:
- Are there enough new jobs for people to get into?
- Are training and education easily accessible and affordable?
- Is there plenty of investment money in circulation to take risks on new industries and new ideas that lead to creating places for new workers to work?
The effect AI/human augmentation has on the market is, of course, eliminating old ones—but that is not the only thing, nor is that a bad thing.
AI helps focus people, work
AI’s entering the marketplace will also remove the remedial day-to-day tasks and let people work on the things that matter.
It can remove those parts of the workday nobody looks forward to doing. Whether it is because it is a communication hell or it is a lot of minute, detailed work, alone in a dark room which has to get done so food can be put on the table…all those things, AI is ripe to assist with!
People can use AI to eliminate the dull times, and place greater human attention on those things that matter. People can perfect their roles in certain areas. It is the elimination of simple tasks. It is more quality time spent doing the things that matter. Some will be gone, but new ones will also be created.
In photo or video editing, for instance, instead of spending hours editing a photo to include a person who was not present in the original photo, the editing can just be done by using the Photoshop technology with perfect blurring, lighting, and blending techniques. Honestly, you might not even know there is AI being used in the background.
The features and the things that you are capable of will increase—and they’ll increase in complexity. (But only for those who knew how it used to be done. Young eyes get to start with this tech and see how it transforms over time.)
The photo’s creator just has to give direction to what exactly they want. The photographer can spend more time trying to communicate their message, and less time doing the actual engineering.
AI enables people as creative curators
If an AI can fill in a lot of the processing steps, people have more time to iterate over different designs before selecting their final one.
In architecture, the design process might work similar to photos. The designers can say, we want walls here, here, and here. Then the AI, which can do all the structural engineering to ensure the building stands and passes city codes, can figure out how to construct the layout. If it is not liked, the designers can undo it, and try another variation.
In a perfect setup, people’s roles can shift from doing the grunt work to actually designing. Industries where people’s roles turn into creative curators:
Perfect elimination of the grunt work is a look at the ideal, but there will always be some form of new thing. As people relieve themselves from one challenging endeavor, they start using their newly freed time to push the boundaries of the new technology, ultimately creating a new problem.
Animation has been happening through various technological forms for 100+ years, and, even with computers and AI used to help, there are now more people working on a team to create an animated film than there were 100 years ago.
People as relatable entities
People are still the best at being people. This is both good and valuable. It sets the parameters around the human entity.
While machines might assist with making decisions, there still exist lots of emotional tensions, struggles, and hardships that people help each other get through. There will always be this necessary component.
Human augmentation example: AI in education
I think one opportunity where AI/human augmentation can present a clear and present shift is with teachers. I am the son of a high school teacher, and I only speak about this from the heart.
Like how an AI can make better moves across a chess board to defeat an opponent, an AI might become the best at selecting the “when and how” to dispense knowledge to educate a student. The AI could do the laborious tasks:
- Creating a curriculum
- Designing a syllabus
- Grading tests
The value of using an AI is to define the problem space and allow the AI to create many unique solutions. That means an AI can create a unique educational path for each student—which is far beyond the capabilities of any educational institution today.
The best organizational structure schools have found, thus far, is to create two or three different paths with a base-level path, then one or two accelerated path options (i.e.; AP and IB classes). More variation comes in the extracurriculars students get themselves into.
For education, this use of AI actually sounds great: Students can take a path suited to them, driven by their curiosity, and move down it at their own pace.
With AI in the mix, the teacher’s role is necessary because the presentation of new information is always met with resistance by a learner, and students handle the moment in various ways. The teacher becomes the students’ guide to instill discipline when approaching new topics. They:
- Encourage to persist through the struggle
- Act as a soundboard for feedback
And, with their lesson planning offloaded, teachers have the time to tend to this core responsibility. Teachers act as guides to knowledge acquisition, not dispensers of knowledge.
AI supports focused problem solving
The clear definition of success makes the use of AI in education possible. Papers are graded, and, by the end, the goal is to have a higher-level understanding of the maths, sciences, and the humanities.
Outside the educational world, however, once a person enters life—“the real world”—the path to success is not so clearly defined. It is not agreed upon, and it is not measured by passing grades, nor has another level of achievement.
Life is harder, maybe even impossible, to define what a “win” might be, yet we continue attempting to define the game. For example, there are paths through college, careers, family-planning, homeownership, and probably… I have lost a few people already in what qualifies as a successful path through life.
What is a successful life? This is far too broad of a problem for AI to solve. And it’s likely the wrong way of thinking about this.
Because AIs have limitations, the kinds of applications that come from AI/human augmentation are therefore limited. An AI cannot assist with broad problems like designing choices through life, but it can assist with narrow scopes like:
- Improving your grammar
- Making your choices on a chess board better
- Knowing when a person has a grasp on algebra, and what math comes next
Challenges of AI (AIs require new work)
AI presents its own challenges to operate. AI is not a perfectly running machine. It has all its own maintenance requirements.
In the new, booming AI industry, new jobs arrive that have both low-skill and high-skill labor options. The upkeep requirements to build and maintain a good AI in turn creates other jobs.
(Learn more about data annotation, technical debt & performance monitoring.)
AI/human augmentation is the step towards AGI
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is the holy grail of the AI world right now. AGI is built around the idea that a single AI can have the general intelligence of a human. But, because of how varied the human intellect is, and how fragmented all data collection and uses are, at present, it is infeasible to build an AGI.
The success of an AGI is dependent on:
- The number of points of contact between AI and human
- The kinds of data which passes between the two
It only makes sense, then, that AI/human augmentation is a necessary step towards building an AGI because it creates more points of contact though the apps that get created, and the data flow will continue to increase as the complexity of the interfaces increase. Whether an AGI is the goal or not, AI applications will continue to be developed to enhance human ability—which only helps the cause of AGI and makes its outcome seem certain.
- AGI requires more data to map human behaviors and decision-making.
- AI/human interfaces provide exactly this.
So, AGI is going to be built at some point. Whether there exists any fear over this depends on how you choose to grant an entity the right to communicate and engage with negotiation, and, in a similar vein, but from another angle, which devil you choose to assume exists.
The science of communication
The tech isn’t itself the problem. The blame comes down to the person designing it. An AGI isn’t necessarily bad, but, through its design, maybe it comes off as tyrannical.
Norbert Wiener is considered the originator of cybernetics, defined as the science of communication as it relates to living things and machines. The key here being communication. The communication between machines and living things has many potential states: It can exist, not exist, grow dull, be adversarial, and so much more.
His book Human Use of Human Beings (1950) has stood the test of time, and rings with clarity today. He articulates a particular aspect of human-computer interactions which define the human, how communication occurs, and how machines learn. Furthermore, it defines the kinds of cultural visions, the goods and bads, of what should be believed in if we are to be successful in our human pursuits to live.
Wiener places limits on chaos and what the nature of that chaos should be if a scientist is to make any progress in their pursuit to understand it. This is precisely the consideration that needs to take place if people are to create a superintelligent AI. If AGI is to ever reach beyond the point of interpretability, then designers need to create aims towards making it the AI’s goal to make itself communicable and predictable so scientific judgements can be made.
In such a case, Wiener defines two kinds of opponents— ‘devils’ as he calls them—a person can face when trying to communicate. In Wiener’s view, there are the Manichaen and Augustinian devils.
- The Manichean Devil is the tricky and crafty opponent. He keeps his policy of confusion secret. If we show we are ever close to figuring out its secret, it will change its policy to keep us in the dark.
- The Augustinian Devil can be understood and does not actively try to confuse.
In communication between entities, if the result is to reach understanding and an agreement, it is the Augustinian Devil people wish to be in a game with. The intent of the AGI will be to reach some understanding. But, if the opponent is Manichaen, the two parties can never reach any kind of understanding because the Manichaen devil will actively change if it ever sees us as getting close to understanding. Wiener says, the devil the scientist faces “is the devil of confusion, not of wilful malice”.
So, the question we must ask is:
Will the AI that is created work towards an understanding (be Augustinian) or work towards mystifying and confusion (be Manichean)?
The answer people give to this question defines whether the AI and human relationship will work in harmony or with contention.
(See how people harness AI for cyberattacks.)
When is AI too far?
In an AI-assisted world, through the view of augmented AI, it is not AI or AGI which should cause fear. Likely the “willful malice” that could get baked into an AI would be built by a person, and not an outcome determined by the AI itself.
Caution, then, is not of the technology itself, but of people who do not know when to stop. The caution is about those who are trying to build the path to God. Those who wish to extend far beyond their own limitations and make the world a better place. They think they can tread on old grounds, people’s homes, and show a better way.
As much as computer technology is advancing, so too can progress be made in cultural and societal technologies so people grow an understanding for:
- Who and what they are
- How to partake in societies
- What their limits are
- Where their freedoms lie
No matter how great or successful a person, or a people, becomes, they must always operate in time. Time is the great equalizer. And, in the great song of life, as much as you think you can pull people along, and accelerate their lives and their situations, you can only rush the beat.
AGI is not the threat, but people who think their technological answer is everyone’s answer run the risk of destroying the harmonies of the song. Ensembles can gather to a new beat once multiple locations recognize where the beat should be, and more and more people dance to its pulse.
- BMC Machine Learning & Big Data Blog
- 4 Types of Artificial Intelligence
- Data Architecture Explained: Components, Standards & Changing Architectures
- Supervised, Unsupervised & Other Machine Learning Methods
- DataOps Explained: Understand how DataOps leverages analytics to drive actionable business insights
- Data Ethics for Companies | {
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<urn:uuid:460efad6-c219-4fee-86dd-fae3427afd03> | Intelligent Musical Instruments:
Future of Musical Performance
or the Demise of the Performer?
INTERFACE Journal for New Music Research, The Netherlands, December 1993.
by W. Andrew Schloss and David A. Jaffe
of Music, University of Victoria, Victoria BC CANADA
StanfordUniversity, Stanford CA 94309 USA
ABSTRACT: This paper examines the potential problems that "too much" technology in musical performance can create. In developing very powerful computer-assisted instruments, and in decoupling the sound production from the gesture, issues of what performance is really about start to surface. This is a relatively recent problem, because it is only in the last few years that realtime performance has been widely possible in computer music. As a case in point, we will discuss a recently co-composed piece entitled "Wildlife," that involves many of the critical issues.
The history of virtuosity in music is an interesting one. Virtuosity is not a given in all musical traditions. Western culture, with its emphasis on the individual, is much more centered on individual accomplishments than many other cultures are. It is not pure ethnocentricity that causes us to say "the music of the Yoruba" in the same way we might refer to "the music of Beethoven" as a body of work to be enjoyed or studied. The fact that a body of work by a single composer could be regarded in any way equivalent to the work of an entire people shows a great difference in cultural approach. Technology has changed our concept of "performance," but we retain our fascination with virtuosity in general.
Concert music is still a vital part of our musical life. To ensure that it remains so in the decades to come, despite drastic changes in style and technological resources, we must reflect on why people go to concerts at all. We suggest that one of the significant aspects of live performance (from the point of view of the audience) is virtuosity, and that there is a danger that perception of virtuosity may erode as new technologies are applied to musical performance.
In order to increase the amount of information that can be conveyed between musician and instrument ("bandwidth"), we can use a computer to make the instrument able to respond in ways that appear to be "intelligent." This means developing algorithms that interpret gestures from the performer and act upon them in complex ways. However, a new problem emerges here: whereas acoustic instruments have exhibited since the beginning of time a nearly one-to-one correspondence between the performer's action and the sonic result, these new instruments, with their invisible technology (seeming to border, at times, on "magic"), have no such intrinsic relation. The question becomes: do we need a perceivable cause-and-effect relationship in live performance?
We believe this is a question still to be answered, and in our own work we keep it in mind at all times. An amusing example of this problem was observed when the Flying Karamozov Brothers, a theatrical and juggling troupe, had wireless MIDI transmitters mounted in hockey helmets, with which they actually played music by juggling and repeatedly bashing each other on the head with their juggling clubs in perfect synchrony. Even though the audience was told in advance that they were actually performing music by juggling and hitting themselves on the head (triggering MIDI events), the audience thought they were playing a tape, and juggling to the tape. They had reached the threshold of "magic" and were doing a lot of work for nothing.
An example: The Radio Drum and the MAX real-time processing system
The Mathews/Boie Radio Drum is an interface that is sensitive to location in three dimensions, while maintaining a high degree of temporal accuracy. When combined with MAX (or another similar real-time processing system, such as the Music Kit), the composer can make "virtual" configurations of the drum, so that a particular event or combination of events can have practically any musical result. This combination of a real-time configurable application with a flexible controller makes an ideal meta-instrument for high-level control of synthesizers or samplers in a variety of performance situations.
Let us group the possible interaction schemes into three categories, the timbral (microscopic) level, note (middle) level and formal (macroscopic or process) level. We will discuss these levels as they relate to performance.
The timbral level, typically involves continuous control over some aspect of an ongoing sound. This is the familiar micro-control that a performer exerts over an acoustic instrument within each note, producing such effects as vibrato, tremolo, crescendo, and other expressive nuances. An early example of an electronic instrument that allows for this sort of control is the Theremin, in which a hand moving through space alters pitch continuously. Controlling sound on the timbral level typically requires great skill, but it is usually very clear what the intention of the player is (eg vibrato or glissando)there is little danger of the audience's losing site of the meaning of a performer's gesture. Unfortunately, most current controllers do not always fare well in this domain due, primarily due to the influence of the keyboard-orientation of MIDI. The Radio Drum, however, is quite well-suited for this due to its 3-dimensional control.
The note level corresponds with what is on the printed page of music. Each note on the page corresponds to a note that is sounded. Similarly, each gesture on the electronic instrument has a perceptible one-to-one causal relationship between physical action and sonic result. Here, an electronic keyboard, for example, is practically equivalent to a conventional piano, and various percussion controllers are also very easy to understand. Again, the audience generally has little problem equating the performed gesture with the acoustic result.
More problematic is what could be called the "process" level. Process as a concept in music has been discussed throughout music history. Examples include the early isorhythmic motets, the fugue and the twelve-tone manipulations of the 20th century. Process itself became a particular focus in the 1960's in the music of Chadabe, Reich and others. Nevertheless, only in the last ten years has the power to control high level computer processes in realtime become commonly available to composers and performers. Realtime digital sound processing and flexible real time music systems (like MAX and the Music Kit) have greatly increased the power of the player, but have simultaneously exacerbated the issues of clarity in performance. "Hyperinstruments," "Virtual Instruments" and "Intelligent Instruments" are but three names that are being applied
to describe this phenomenon. No longer can the performer assume the audience will be able to make any connection whatsoever between his gesture and the audible result.
Future Education and Training for Young Musicians
These issues will have a profound effect on musical training as intelligent instruments are studied by children who may never have played the acoustic version of the instrument. We consider a few anecdotal examples.
One of the first electronic instruments was the electric guitar. Originally, the electric guitar was merely an amplified version of its acoustic relative. However, as performers such as Jimi Hendrix in the 1960's extended its expressive vocabulary through the use of distortion electronics, time-varying filters and other devices, the instrument took on a sound, technique and repertoire of its own, increasingly separate from that of the acoustic guitar. There are now electric guitar teachers that are quite different from acoustic guitar teachers. But despite these changes, the electric guitar is still an instrument in which there is a direct acoustic (if amplified) coupling between the performer's gestures and the acoustic result.
A far different situation arises with the new guitar controllers. These are not really guitars at all, but general purpose controllers in the shape of a guitar, thus enabling a player to use his learned experience as a guitarist. These controllers have no intrinsic sound of their own--there is no transducer or other amplifying device. In fact, there need not even be any strings! The sound production is entirely decoupled from the instrument itself.
Another example comes from our own musical backgrounds. Schloss was trained as a percussionist, and that training is implicitly available to him even as he plays a new instrument that has no acoustic behavior at all. Jaffe has a similar history with the acoustic violin and mandolin. But what would it be like if we never learned to play real drums or stringed instruments, only the virtual electronic versions? We would probably lack sufficient intuition and nuance to become effective performers on these new instruments. Another example is the MIDI wind controllers, which are vastly less powerful than real instruments in terms of nuance of control. Even though they may be connected to powerful synthesizers, they tend to be less expressive than their acoustic counterparts. In particular, they have limited refinement in their control of pitch, timbre, and dynamics.
Some of these problems are a result of the impoverishment of the MIDI specification itself. Yet it seems that learning on even an improved wind controller, without any previous experience with a real wind instrument, could deprive a young student of a great deal of musical intuition. Finally, there is the desire on the part of some computer music researchers to create new instruments that are intelligent in a different way: these instruments should "know" what to do and require very little skill to play. Though this might allow beginners and amateurs to enter into music making quickly and enjoyably, this trend might ultimately limit a person's understanding of music. The question is whether these instruments will stimulate due to their immediate accessibility, or suffocate due to a kind of atrophy of learned musicality. It is an open question at this point.
WildlifeA Case Study
Wildlife is a computer-extended duo in five movements for Mathews/Boie Radio Drum and Zeta violin. It was co-composed by the authors and was premiered by the composers in Victoria, Canada in 1991. It has been performed numerous times in North America and Europe and is soon to be released on an upcoming CDCM Centaur Series: The Virtuoso in the Computer Age , Volume 15, a compact disc of music featuring the Radio Drum.
The name "Wildlife" is used in two senses. First, it refers to the improvisational nature of the work. All materials are generated in direct response to the performers' actions and there are no pre-recorded or stored sequences. Furthermore, the malleable nature of the instruments allows the traditional boundaries that separate one instrument from another to be broken down. As a simple example, the violinist's glissando may change the pitch of chords played by the percussionist. Allowing the computer a degree of autonomy takes the performers a further step away from the customary ensemble relationship. Thus, they find themselves "living on the wild side."
The autonomy provided the computers gives rise to the second sense in which the name "Wildlife" applies. Robotic expert Hans Moravec describes, in his recent work Mind Children, a world in which autonomous artificial life forms breed, propagate, compete and interact. These life forms can be beneficial, parasitic or benign. In Wildlife, the computers spawn independent processes that suggest such beings.
As described earlier, the Mathews/Boie Radio Drum is a sensor capable of reporting accurately the position of two mallets in three dimensions. It generates no sound; the effect of a performed gesture is entirely determined by software. The Zeta violin is a solid-body electric violin with both a MIDI output and an amplified electronic sound. Each string has its own pickup and pitch detector, allowing for independent pitch bend for each string.
The system configuration consists of both the Zeta violin and the Drum passing information to a Macintosh IIci computer, which does preliminary gestural processing and passes MIDI information to a SampleCell sample player and a NeXT computer. The NeXT does further gestural processing and algorithmic music generation, performs synthesis on the NeXT's built-in DSP chip, and sends MIDI to a Yamaha TG77 synthesizer. The software on the Macintosh is based on the Max system, while the software on the NeXT is based on Ensemble and the NeXT Music Kit.
In addition to the Radio Drum and the Zeta violin, both performers have a number of foot pedals and switches. Of particular interest is the percussionist's 18-key chromatic bank of organ-style velocity-sensitive foot pedals. These pedals are used for numerous kinds of control information rather than playing pitches, however, we have found that the standard "black and white key" orientation facilitates locating the footswitches quickly and easily.
Plan of Attack
We began work on the piece by exploring a wide range of interactive scenarios. We quickly found that many were unsatisfactory for various reasons. In particular, as improvising performers, we found it essential to feel that our actions had a discernable and significant effect on the music being produced. In many situations, one or the other of us felt that his influence was inconsequential. The situation was analogous to playing a solo in a jazz ensemble with insensitive accompanists. The manner in which we felt we needed to be able to exert influence could be very different for each of us in a given situation. Yet, there was definitely an intangible but undeniable difference between those situations where we felt our improvisational imagination was fired and those where we felt it inhibited by opaque complexity.
It was difficult to predict whether or not an interactive scenario imagined on paper would turn out to be effective in performance. The only way we could decide what worked well was by long hours performing with each setup, searching for material that seemed to complement it, and exploring its potential. Though we both understood fully the logic being executed by the computer programs, it was only by exploration as performers that we discovered hidden aspects. Thus, the music for each of the five movements was developed in parallel with the interaction scheme.
As a simple example, in the fourth movement, the violinist supplies the pitches that make up the percussionist's improvisation. The percussionist can choose to play recently-played pitches or can go back in time to pitches played earlier. In this context, the violinist plays only occasionally and in such a manner as to change the flow of the ongoing music. This movement was particularly difficult for him because the effect of material he played was evident only some time later when the percussionist played these pitches. Yet, an implementation detail turned out to supply the answer. It turns out that the "remembered" pitches played by the violinist are stored in a buffer that is not circular. Thus, every hundred notes (this number was at first set arbitrarily), the buffer would be empty and would start to be refilled again. This quirk turned out to provide just the "foot in the door" that the violinist needed. By playing tremolo, he could fill up the whole buffer with a single pitch and constrain the percussionist to that pitch. The implementation also guaranteed that every now and then the percussionist would be forced to play only very-recently performed pitches. Thus, what started out as an arbitrary irrelevant constraint turned out to be an asset in disguise. "It's not a bug it's a feature!"
When we gave the computer a large degree of autonomy, the major problem became how to avoid the feeling the music was "getting away from us." One way to deal with this problem is to consider the performer's role as analogous to that of a conductor of a piece that doesn't use strict rhythmic coordination between parts. In such a piece, the conductor gives signals that control the large-scale flow of the music, but without specifying the individual details. To use a more colorful analogy, the independent computer processes are like cattle that are allowed to wander over the open plains and the performer's control is that of the cowboy who reigns them in when it's time to go into the corral.
As an example, in the third movement, the computer is generating melodic material based on the pitches played by the violinist, but transposing those pitches to any octave and using fractal shapes to derive melodic, rhythmic and dynamic contours. The percussionist can exert control over this process by changing the upper and lower range of the computer process, by changing whether or not repeated notes are tied, and by changing the tempo. The computer process also can be made to follow players' dynamics. The violinist can change the density of the computer process by playing repeated notes. Thus, the computer processes can be allowed to wander freely and then be reigned in suddenly in response to the performer's actions. Nevertheless, the process is interesting and complex enough that the computer often seems to have a mind of its own. We are never sure how it is going to behave and are often surprised (and sometimes perplexed) by its seeming whimsy.
Traditional instruments have clear boundaries. They may play in unison, combining to produce a new timbre; they may combine harmonically or contrapuntally. But each performer is in control of the sound produced by his instrument and is the sole determiner of the notes he will play and when he will play them. In contrast, with "virtual instruments" (controllers) like the Radio Drum and controller-instrument hybrids like the Zeta Violin, the traditional boundaries between performers can become like permeable membranes. As a simple example, the violinist's glissando can change the pitch of notes produced by the percussionist and the percussionist can control the loudness of the electric violin sound. This situation is analogous to the humorous trick performed by bluegrass
bands in which the guitarist reaches his left arm around the banjo player and plays the chords of the banjo while the banjo player does the picking, and at the same time, the banjo player reaches his left arm around the guitarist's back and plays the chords for his instrument.
The crossing of boundaries can happen on a larger formal level as well. In the fifth movement, the percussionist plays arpeggiated consonant chords. The root of each chord can be specified by either the percussionist or the violinist. The violinist specifies the root by stepping on a pedal. The next note he plays sets the new root. If he uses the pedal only occasionally, the harmony changes slowly and is consonant. However, if he uses the pedal frequently, on every note for example, the effect is much more complex and dissonant. Since the percussionists' chords are transposed according to the octave of the violin note, the violinist also has control over the percussionist's range. At the same time, the percussionist has a similar pedal and can surprise the violinist by changing the harmony out from under him, but in a way intimately related to what the violinist has just played. Thus, the harmony emerges as a result of a complex improvisational interaction.
An Example In Detail
The first movement begins with a simple interaction scheme, allowing the audience to perceive the causality between performed action and resulting synthesizer sound. The violin, in addition to its acoustic sound, produces pitches via a "chord mapping set", defined as twelve "chord mappings." A chord mapping is a chord that is produced when a particular pitch class is performed and transposed in a manner corresponding to the performed octave. The Drum selects which of several chord mapping sets is active. As an example, one set might produce chords derived from chromatic tone clusters while another might produce a different octave-displacement for each pitch.
The Drum's horizontal axis controls register, the vertical axis controls duration and the height above the surface controls loudness. The surface is also partitioned in half, with one part of the Drum playing chords, and the other playing single notes. Overlaying this partition is a grid that the percussionist uses to select the active chord mapping set. Thus the familiar gesture of striking the drum can have the unfamiliar result of changing the harmonization of the violinist's melody, an effect usually considered in the realm of composition rather than performance.
Another interesting aspect of this movement from an ensemble standpoint is that both performers are playing the same synthesized sound at the same time, resulting in ambiguity as to who does what and enabling one player to "pull the rug out from under" the other player.
Our experience with Wildlife shows that improvisational ensemble music and interactive instruments can be a powerful combination. The traditional inviolability of a performer's sole control over his instrument can be relaxed and the degree of invasion of one performer's control over the other's instrument can be controllable as a musical parameter. Adding to this situation semi-autonomous computer processes that the players can control in the manner of a conductor further enriches the environment.
However, to discover an effective interactive scenario, it is necessary to spend a good deal of time playing with the system and learning its idiosyncrasies. Improvisation is ideal for allowing this to occur, since it lets the performer react spontaneously to the musical situation. No amount of programming skill and cleverness is a substitute for the process of using the system in a musical context.
Though the power we now have in computer music is wonderful, exhilarating and open-ended, and though it frees us forever from the tyranny of the tape machine, we have entered an era in which cause-and-effect, an inherent aspect of musical performance since the beginning of time, is suddenly evaporating.
Digital signal processing will help a great deal in this problem, because the virtuosity inherent in playing acoustic instruments can be retained. As for the global problem of complexity and loss of the perception of cause-and-effect, We believe that this is a problem that must be dealt with individually in every situation, and to some extent will be answered by the response of the audience.
Thanks to visionary instrument builders Max Mathews and Bob Boie (Radio Drum) and Keith Mcmillian (Zeta violin.) Thanks also to Michael McNabb, whose Ensemble program has been enormously useful in this work, Julius Smith, who co-developed the NeXT Music Kit with the author, and Miller Puckette and David Zicarelli, whose Max program proved extremely valuable. [Portions of this paper first appeared in the proceedings of the First International Workshop on Man-Machine Interaction in Live Performance, sponsored by the CNUCE/CNR, Pisa, Italy, and the proceedings of the 1992 ICMC, San José, California.]
Boie, R. A., L.W. Ruedisueli and E.R. Wagner "Gesture Sensing via Capacitive Moments" Work Project No. 311401-(2099,2399) AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1989.
Jaffe, D. A and W. A. Schloss "The Computer-Extended Ensemble" Computer Music Journal (Forthcoming)
Jaffe, D. A and W. A. Schloss "Wildlife," an interactive duo for Mathews/Boie Radio Drum and Zeta Violin. CDCM Series Compact Disc, Volume 15, The Virtuoso in the Computer Age, on Centaur Records. Available Spring 1993.
Jaffe, D. "Ensemble Timing in Computer Music." 1985. Computer Music Journal, MIT Press, 9(4):38-48.
Jaffe, D. "The Computer-Extended Ensemble." LULU, Buneos Aires, Argentina, Autumn 1992.
Chadabe, Joel Interactive Composing: An Overview Computer Music Journal 8:1 22-28, 1984.
Mathews, M. V. and W. A. Schloss "The Radio Drum as a Synthesizer Controller." Proceedings of the 1989 ICMC, Columbus Ohio.
Mathews, M. V. "The Conductor Program and Mechanical Baton" Current Directions in
Computer Music Research, MIT Press, 1988.
McNabb, M. "Ensemble, an Interactive Performance and Composition Environment."
Proceedings of the 1990 Audio Engineering Society Conference, L.A.,CA.
Moravec, H. Mind Children. Harvard University Press, 1988.
Puckette, Miller "Amplifying Musical Nuance" J. Acoust. Soc. of Am. Suppl. 1, Vol. 87,
Reich, Steve Writings About Music The Press of the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, Halifax, N.S. Canada, 1974.
Smith, J. and D. Jaffe and L. Boynton. "Music System Architecture on the NeXT Computer." Proceedings of the 1989 Audio Engineering Society Conference, L.A., CA.
Schloss, Andrew "Recent Advances in the Coupling of the Language Max with the Mathews/Boie Radio Drum" ICMC Glasgow 1990 Proceedings.
Wessel, David "Computer-Assisted Interactions Between Two Musicians" J. Acoust. Soc. of Am. Suppl. 1, Vol. 87, Spring, 1990.
Zicarelli, David "Writing External Objects for MAX" Opcode Systems, 1991.
Andrew Schloss, percussionist, composer and researcher, was born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1952. He studied at Bennington College, the University of Washington, and Stanford University, where he was a researcher at the Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), and received the Ph.D. from Stanford in 1985. Since that time, he has taught at Brown University, the University of California at San Diego, and now at the University of Victoria. In 1988, he was awarded a Fulbright grant to conduct research at IRCAM, during which time he tested, refined and employed a new percussion interface designed by Max Mathews and Bob Boie. His research and performance with "intelligent musical instruments" is widely recognized, and he is currently performing extensively on this new instrument; he has been called a virtuoso on this new instrument by its inventors.
Schloss research and composition in computer music have been presented in North and South America, and in Europe at various festivals. He has performed as a percussionist in many situations, such as on Broadway in New York, and with Peter Brook's production of "The Conference of the Birds." In addition to the duo formed with David Jaffe, he has recently been performing with Paris-based jazz pianist Jeff Gardner in Europe and the United States. In 1993, Schloss received an Advanced Systems Institute Fellowship from the government of British Columbia, the first time this has been awarded to a researcher in the Fine Arts.
David A. Jaffe (b. 1955, Newark, N.J.) has written a large body of music, including orchestral, computer, vocal, solo and chamber music. He received a Doctor of Musical Arts degree in composition from Stanford University's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics in 1982. He has received two NEA Composer Fellowships and was the 1991 NEA Composer-In-Residence with the San Francisco vocal ensemble, Chanticleer. He has had commissions from such ensembles as the Kronos Quartet, the Modern Mandolin Quartet and the Redwood Symphony. His music is published by Schott and Plucked Strings Editions and available on CD from Warner Brothers, Wergo and Centaur. Jaffe is also a mandolinist, violinist and conductor and has performed his music at such international festivals as the Warsaw Autumn Festival, the American Festival in London, the Bergen Festival and the Venice Biennale. In 1990, he was the Rockefeller Foundation Visiting Composer to Buenos Aires, where his music was performed by the Quartet of Buenos Aires and the Quartet of Argentina.
Jaffe is well-known for his work in the field of computer music. His best-known work is "Silicon Valley Breakdown" for computer, which has been performed in over twenty countries. As a researcher, Jaffe has published extensively on the subjects of plucked string synthesis, ensemble interaction in computer music and synthesizer and software design. In 1992, Jaffe was a Visiting Lecturer in computer music composition at Princeton University. | {
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<urn:uuid:868f10cc-102b-4c5f-a0ec-3d844c4f9d55> | In this course, you will learn foundational knowledge of networking services and concepts. Subsequently, you will learn about IPv4 and IPv6 addressing and protocols. Lastly, you will be introduced to the layers of computer network defense and secure network design. After finishing this course, you’ll have an understanding of network hardware and software, and you’ll be able to gain insights from captured network traffic.
Understanding Local Area Networking
Examining Local Area Networks, Devices, and Data Transfer
1 comment on “Computer Networking Fundamentals”
Please submit all your academic documents | {
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<urn:uuid:36f8f844-128d-4a8e-af4f-0e25ee77bc98> | Which is harder, information technology or medicine?
When it comes to determining which field is harder, information technology or medicine, it is difficult to provide a definite answer. Both career paths involve a great deal of dedication, hard work, and knowledge. In order to properly compare the two, it is important to explore the challenges associated with each field.
Information Technology: Working in the field of information technology requires a thorough understanding of computer systems, networks, and programming languages. Keeping up with the latest trends and technologies is essential in order to ensure that IT professionals are able to provide the best service possible. Additionally, IT professionals must have excellent problem-solving skills in order to be able to identify and solve technical issues quickly and efficiently.
Medicine: Working in the field of medicine requires a thorough understanding of human anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Additionally, medical professionals must have extensive knowledge of medical treatments and procedures in order to be able to provide the best care possible. As the medical field is constantly evolving, medical professionals must stay up-to-date on the latest treatments and technologies in order to deliver the best possible care.
Ultimately, it is difficult to definitively say which field is harder. Both information technology and medicine require a great deal of dedication, hard work, and knowledge. What is certain is that both fields offer rewarding and fulfilling career paths.
The Pros and Cons of Pursuing a Career in Information Technology vs. Medicine
When considering a career, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons of each field. Information technology (IT) and medicine are two popular fields of study, but which one is harder? In this blog, we’ll explore the pros and cons of pursuing a career in each field.
Pros of Pursuing a Career in IT
- IT jobs are in high demand and offer competitive salaries.
- The field is constantly evolving, so you’ll never be bored.
- You can work remotely, so you’ll have more flexibility.
- You don’t need to complete a medical residency to get a job.
Cons of Pursuing a Career in IT
- The field is constantly changing, so you’ll need to stay up to date on the latest technologies.
- You may need to work long hours or odd shifts.
- The work can be stressful and may require problem-solving skills.
- You may need to take on extra responsibility and be willing to learn new things.
Pros of Pursuing a Career in Medicine
- You’ll be helping to save lives and make a difference in people’s lives.
- You’ll have job security in a profession that’s always in demand.
- You’ll have a respected profession and be viewed as a leader in the community.
- You’ll have access to advanced technology and the latest treatments.
Cons of Pursuing a Career in Medicine
- It’s a long and demanding process to become a doctor or specialist.
- You may be faced with ethical dilemmas and difficult decisions.
- You’ll be dealing with people in stressful and emotional situations.
- You’ll have long hours and may be on call at all times.
Ultimately, there is no clear answer to the question of which field is harder. Both IT and medicine offer their own unique sets of pros and cons. It’s important to consider all factors before making a decision on which field to pursue.
When it comes to comparing the difficulties of working in information technology and medicine, the answer is far from simple. Both fields present their own unique set of challenges, and the relative difficulty of each will depend greatly on the individual.
For those considering a career in information technology, the primary difficulty is likely to be the sheer amount of knowledge and skill required. IT professionals must have a deep understanding of a wide range of computing concepts, and must be able to rapidly adapt to changing technologies. Furthermore, due to the rapid pace of innovation in the tech industry, IT professionals must be prepared to continually update their knowledge and skills.
On the other hand, medicine is a field where the stakes are much higher, and mistakes can have far more serious consequences. Doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals are required to have a deep understanding of the human body and its systems, as well as knowledge of a wide range of medical treatments and techniques. Furthermore, the pressure of having to make decisions that can have life-or-death consequences can be incredibly taxing, both physically and mentally.
In the end, it is impossible to definitively answer the question of which field is harder, as this will depend on the individual. Both information technology and medicine require a deep level of knowledge and skill, as well as the ability to cope with the pressures of their respective fields. Ultimately, it is up to the individual to decide which field they are best suited for. | {
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<urn:uuid:11c96c5b-5df4-4938-bbb4-614b64b9164f> | « 이전계속 »
The philosophic manner of Lord Shaftesbury's writing is nearer to that of Cicero than any English author has yet arrived at; but perhaps had Cicero written in English, his composition would have greatly exceeded that of our countryman. The diction of the latter is beautiful, but such beauty as, upon nearer inspection, carries with it evident symptoms of affectation. This has been attended with very disagreeable consequences. Nothing is so easy to copy as affectation, and his Lordship's rank and fame have procured him more imitators in Britain than any other writer I know; all faithfully preserving his blemishes, but unhappily not one of his beauties.
Mr Trenchard and Dr Davenant were political writers of great abilities in diction, and their pamphlets are now standards in that way of writing. They were followed by Dean Swift, who, though in other respects far their superior, never could arise to that manliness and clearness of diction in political writing, for which they were so justly famous.
They were all of them exceeded by the late Lord Bolingbroke, whose strength lay in that province; for as a philosopher and a critic he was ill qualified, being destitute of virtue for the one, and of learning for the other. His writings against Sir Robert Walpole are incomparably the best part of his works. The personal and perpetual antipathy he had for that family, to whose places he thought his own abilities had a right, gave a glow to his style, and an edge to his manner, that never yet have been equalled in political writing. His misfortunes and disappointments gave his mind a turn which his friends mistook for philosophy, and at one time of his life he had the art to impose the same belief upon some of his enemies. His idea of a patriot king, which I reckon (as indeed it was) amongst his writings against Sir Robert Walpole, is a masterpiece of diction. Even in his other works, his style is excellent; but where a man either does not, or will not understand the subject he writes on, there must always be a deficiency. In politics, he was generally master of what he undertook; in morals, never.
Mr Addison, for a happy and natural style, will be always an honour to British literature. His diction, indeed, wants strength, but it is equal to all the subjects he undertakes to handle, as he never (at least in his finished works) attempts any thing either in the argumentative or demonstrative way. Though Sir Richard Steele's reputation as a public writer
was owing to his connections with Mr Addison, yet after their intimacy was formed, Steele sank in his merit as an author. This was not owing so much to the evident superiority on the part of Addison, as to the unnatural efforts which Steele made to equal or eclipse him. This emulation destroyed that genuine flow of diction which is discoverable in all his former compositions.
Whilst their writings engaged attention and the favour of the public, reiterated but unsuccessful endeavours were made towards forming a grammar of the English language. The authors of those efforts went upon wrong principles. Instead of endeavouring to retrench the absurdities of our language, and bringing it to a certain criterion, their grammars were no other than a collection of rules attempting to naturalize those absurdities, and bring them under a regular system.
Somewhat effectual, however, might have been done towards fixing the standard of the English language, had it not been for the spirit of party. For both Whigs and Tories being ambitious to stand at the head of so great a design, the Queen's death happened before any plan of an academy could be resolved on.
Meanwhile, the necessity of such an institution became every day more apparent. The periodical and political writers, who then swarmed, adopted the very worst manner of L'Estrange, till not only all decency, but all propriety of language, was lost in the nation. Leslie, a pert writer, with some wit and learning, insulted the government every week with the grossest abuse. His style and manner, both of which were illiberal, were imitated by Ridpath, Defoe, Dunton,* and others of the opposite party, and Toland pleaded the cause of atheism and immorality in much the same strain; his subject seemed to debase his diction, and he ever failed most in one, when he grew most licentious in the other.
Towards the end of Queen Anne's reign, some of the greatest men in England devoted their time to party, and then a much better manner obtained in political writing. Mr Walpole, Mr Addison, Mr Mainwaring, Mr Steele, and many members of both houses of Parliament, drew their pens for the Whigs; but they seem to have been over-matched, though not in argument, yet in writing, by Bolingbroke,
* All these gentlemen have honourable mention made of them in the Dunciad. — B.
Prior, Swift, Arbuthnot, and the other friends of the opposite party. They who oppose a ministry have always a better field for ridicule and reproof than they who defend it.
Since that period, our writers have either been encouraged above their merits or below them. Some who were possessed of the meanest abilities acquired the highest preferments, while others, who seemed born to reflect a lustre upon their age, perished by want or neglect. More, Savage, and Amherst, were possessed of great abilities, yet they were suffered to feel all the miseries that usually attend the ingenious and the imprudent-that attend men of strong passions, and no phlegmatic reserve in their command.
At present, were a man to attempt to improve his fortune, or increase his friendship by poetry, he would soon feel the anxiety of disappointment. The press lies open, and is a benefactor to every sort of literature, but that alone.
I am at a loss whether to ascribe this falling off of the public to a vicious taste in the poet, or in them. Perhaps both are to be reprehended. The poet, either dryly didactive, gives us rules which might appear abstruse even in a system of ethics, or, triflingly volatile, writes upon the most unworthy subjects; content, if he can give music instead of sense; content if he can paint to the imagination without any desires or endeavours to affect the public, therefore, with justice, discard such empty sound, which has nothing but a jingle, or, what is worse, the unmusical flow of blank verse, to recommend it. The late method, also, into which our newspapers have fallen, of giving an epitome of every new publication, must greatly damp the writer's genius. He finds himself, in this case, at the mercy of men who have neither abilities nor learning to distinguish his merit. He finds his own composition mixed with the sordid trash of every daily scribbler. There is a sufficient specimen given of his work to abate curiosity, and yet so mutilated as to render him contemptible. His first, and perhaps his second work, by these means sink, among the crudities of the age, into oblivion. Fame, he finds, begins to turn her back: he therefore flies to profit, which invites him, and he enrolls himself in the lists of dullness and of avarice for life.
Yet there are still among us men of the greatest abilities, and who, in some parts of learning, have surpassed their predecessors. Justice and friendship might here impell me to speak of names which will shine out to all posterity, but
prudence restrains me from what I should otherwise eagerly embrace. Envy might rise against every honoured name I should mention, since scarcely one of them has not those who are his enemies, or those who despise him, &c.
OF THE OPERA IN ENGLAND.
THE rise and fall of our amusements pretty much resemble that of empire. They this day flourish without any visible cause for such vigour; the next they decay without any reason that can be assigned for their downfall. Some years ago, the Italian opera was the only fashionable amusement among our nobility. The managers of the playhouses dreaded it as a mortal enemy, and our very poets listed themselves in the opposition: at present the house seems deserted, the castrati sing to empty benches; Prince Vologese himself, a youth of great expectations, sings himself out of breath, and rattles his chain to no purpose.
To say the truth, the opera, as it is conducted among us, is but a very humdrum amusement; in other countries, the decorations are entirely magnificent, the singers all excellent, and the burlettas, or interludes, quite entertaining; the best poets compose the words, and the best masters the music; but with us it is otherwise the decorations are but trifling and cheap; the singers, Matei only excepted, but indifferent. Instead of interlude, we have those sorts of skipping dances, which are calculated for the galleries of the theatre. Every performer sings his favourite song, and the music is only a medley of old Italian airs, or some meagre modern Capricio.
When such is the case, it is not much to be wondered if the opera is pretty much neglected. The lower orders of people have neither taste nor fortune to relish such an entertainment; they would find more satisfaction in the "Roast Beef of Old England" than in the finest closes of an eunuch; they sleep amidst all the agony of recitative. On the other hand, people of fortune or taste can hardly be pleased, where there a visible poverty in the decorations, and an entire want of taste in the composition.
Would it not surprise one, that when Metastasio is so well known in England, and so universally admired, the
manager or the composer should have recourse to any other operas than those written by him? I might venture to say, that "written by Metastasio," put up in the bills of the day, would alone be sufficient to fill a house, since thus the admirers of sense as well as sound might find entertainment.
The performers also should be entreated to sing only their parts, without clapping in any of their own favourite airs. I must own, that such songs are generally to me the most disagreeable in the world. Every singer generally chooses a favourite air, not from the excellency of the music, but from difficulty; such songs are generally chosen as surprise rather than please, where the performer may shew his compass, his breath, and his volubility.
Hence proceed those unnatural startings, those unmusical closings, and shakes lengthened out to a painful continuance ; such, indeed, may shew a voice, but it must give a truly delicate ear the utmost uneasiness. Such tricks are not music; neither Corelli nor Pergolesi ever permitted them, and they begin even to be discontinued in Italy, where they first had their rise.
And now I am upon the subject: our composers also should affect greater simplicity-let their bass clef have all the variety they can give it,-let the body of the music (if I may so express it) be as various as they please; but let them avoid ornamenting a barren groundwork, let them not attempt by flourishing to cheat us of solid harmony.
The works of Mr Rameau are never heard without a surprising effect. I can attribute it only to the simplicity he every where observes, insomuch that some of his finest harmonies are often only octave and unison. This simple manner has greater powers than is generally imagined; and were not such a demonstration misplaced, I think, from the principles of music, it might be proved to be most agreeable.
But to leave general reflection: With the present set of performers, the operas, if the conductor thinks proper, may be carried on with some success, since they have all some merit, if not as actors, at least as singers. Signora Matei is at once both a perfect actress and a very fine singer. She is possessed of a fine sensibility in her manner, and seldom indulges those extravagant and unmusical flights of voice complained of before. Cornacini, on the other hand, Is a very indifferent actor-has a most unmeaning face | {
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<urn:uuid:6babb5ac-12f9-4bd0-afe7-f1b485c84069> | Toddlers and young children get lots of colds. In fact, it’s not uncommon for some children to get 8 to 10 colds a year before turning 2 years old. Young children have not had the time to build up their immune systems, making them susceptible to over 100 different cold viruses. (1)
The good news is that there are simple ways to provide immune support for your toddler. And even better, these healthy immune support strategies also benefit you and your entire family.
Why Do Toddlers Get So Many Colds?
Toddlers get frequent colds for these reasons (1,2):
- Lower immune system support: toddlers and young children do not have the immunity that older children and adults have.
- Daycare, school, playdates: colds spread quickly because of how young children play and interact. Sharing toys, playing closely with each other, and kids simply being kids.
- Hand and mouth contact: toddlers and young children like to put everything in their mouths. Germs and viruses spread really easily when children touch their eyes, mouth, or nose.
- Winter seasonality and indoor play: cold and flu seasons are closely associated with the winter season because we’re indoors frequently, increasing exposure to more viruses and germs.
Once toddlers have a cold virus, they become immune to it. This explains why your children get fewer colds as they age. Typically, toddlers who attend daycare will have fewer colds when they start school than children who do not attend daycare. (1)
It’s important to remember that your littles will catch colds. This is part of being a young child. Catching frequent colds is not an indicator of a weak immune system. The immune system builds up its defenses by exposure to viruses and catching colds. (1)
Key Facts About the Immune System Parents Need to Know
These key facts about the immune system can help when learning how to provide immune support for your toddler:
There are two types of immunity: innate and adaptive. (3,4)
Innate immunity is our body’s first line of defense against pathogens, including germs, viruses, toxins, and bacteria. This defense system is an intricate system of protective barriers including:
- Stomach acid
- Enzymes in our sweat and tears
- Immune system cells
Your child’s innate immunity is the first to respond to germs, viruses, toxins, and bacteria. Your child’s innate immunity is inherited and is active as soon as your child is born.
Adaptive or acquired immunity is the part of our immune system that develops and strengthens as we are exposed to pathogens. The spleen, tonsils, thymus, bone marrow, and lymph nodes regulate this immunity.
When a foreign substance enters the body, these organs and cells respond with antibodies and different types of white blood cells and other immune cells. This immune response is specific to germs, bacteria, toxins, or viruses.
Your little’s adaptive immunity changes as they age, are exposed to different pathogens, and receive immunizations and vaccines.
- Nutrition, gut health, and the microbiome influence immune system health. (4,5)
Your intestinal microbiome is a collection of bacteria, yeasts, and viruses that live in your gut and do an enormous amount of work to keep you healthy.
David Heber, MD, Ph.D., professor emeritus of medicine at UCLA Health, says, “Seventy percent of the immune system is located in the gut. Nutrition is a key modulator of immune function.” (5)
High-fiber foods including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes are shown to help encourage the growth of healthful gut microbes known as prebiotics. Prebiotics help stimulate immune cell activity and are food for the healthful bacteria or probiotics in your gut. (6)
A diet containing both prebiotic and probiotic foods can help support a stronger and more active immune system. Probiotics are available in supplement form and in unpasteurized fermented foods, including kefir, sauerkraut, and some cheeses. (6)
How to Help A Toddler with a Cold
While there isn’t a cure for the common cold, you can take steps to ease your toddler’s cold symptoms. (2,7)
- Fluids: good hydration helps to thin mucus and detoxifies the body. Warm herbal tea such as ginger tea with honey, can help soothe a cough and relax the airway. Keep your littles hydrated with water, warm soup, apple juice, and electrolyte solutions.
- Sleep: during sleep, your immune system goes to work, releasing proteins called cytokines. Some of these cytokines are essential to help fight illness and infection.
- Avoid secondhand smoke: avoid exposure to all cigarette and tobacco smoke. Not only do these irritate the nose and throat, but secondhand smoke also has a range of dangerous side effects.
- Saline rinse: using a nasal saline rinse is shown to reduce respiratory infections. For kids over 4 years old, a saline rinse kit or neti pot can be effective. Just use the recommended saline solution without any added herbs, and be sure to use distilled water. (8)
- Vapor rub: a homemade vapor rub can help ease your toddler’s cold symptoms at night, helping your little one sleep better. Use our natural vapor rub recipe in our guide to boosting your child’s immune system.
Staying home and resting is key to helping your little ones recover from a cold. Not only do you want to help prevent spreading germs to others, but children need to slow down, so the immune system has a chance to do its job.
How to Provide Immune Support for Your Toddler
You can provide immune support for your toddler by incorporating simple lifestyle habits. These lifestyle habits are backed by science, affordable, 100% safe, and free from dangerous side effects.
1. Eat the rainbow. Citrus fruits, brightly colored vegetables, and leafy greens are great sources of immune-supporting vitamins, antioxidants, and fiber. (9)
2. Take immune-supporting vitamins and minerals. Focus on zinc and vitamins C, D3, and E. (10, 11, 12, 13)
3. Wash your hands frequently. The CDC says handwashing can prevent 1 in 5 respiratory infections, such as colds or the flu, and 1 in 3 diarrhea-related sicknesses. (14)
4. Remember your microbiome. Support your gut health with probiotics and a diet rich in prebiotic foods. (15, 16)
5. Get outdoors for fresh air, exercise, and vitamin D. Moving our bodies helps reduce stress, detoxes the body, and can encourage immune-supporting changes in white blood cells and antibodies. (17, 18)
6. Get your zzz’s. Make sleep a priority, especially for your littles who are constantly on-the-go. Keep in mind these recommended hours of sleep (19):
Toddlers 1 – 2 years old: 11 – 14 hours (including naps)
Preschoolers 3 – 5 years old: 10 – 13 hours (including naps)
Children 6 – 12 years old: 9 – 12 hours
Teens 13 – 18 years old: 8 – 10 hours
7. Look for immune system support supplements that provide hard-to-get nutrients, including DHA, echinacea, elderberry, and propolis. (20, 21, 22)
8. Limit stress for your children and the entire family. The American Psychological Association says stress directly impacts the body’s ability to fight viruses. (23)
As hard as it is to see your littles struggling with cold symptoms, know that it’s normal for your toddlers to catch colds. Focus on what you can control, giving your kids the nourishment to support healthy immunity. | {
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<urn:uuid:77c78298-f93a-49b7-a38d-fda5ad20115a> | Restorative dentistry refers to treatments that are used to restore your mouth to a healthy, functional state. Treatments like fillings, crowns, and bridges can be used when your tooth has been damaged by decay or has been affected by gum disease. When you have a tooth that has been damaged, this can lead to pain or discomfort when chewing, which can cause an interruption in your regular diet.
Restorative dentistry can help restore your smile and your overall quality of life. Here are some of the popular restorative dentistry treatments we offer:
Dental crowns are a common restorative dentistry procedure. Dental crowns or “caps” are caps that fit over teeth to repair damaged teeth. They will be custom-made to match the shape of the damaged teeth.
A dental crown is used when a tooth has severe damage, such as a large cavity. It is used to repair teeth that are cracked or chipped. It is also used when a tooth is worn down, such as a front tooth that is worn from teeth grinding.
A dental bridge is a fixed dental restoration that replaces one or more missing teeth. It is made up of two dental crowns on either side of a false tooth called a pontic. The dental crowns are anchored to healthy teeth on either side of the gap, and the pontic fills in the gap. Dental bridges are permanent and cannot be removed.
A dental bridge can help restore your ability to bite, chew, and speak properly. It can improve your appearance, especially if teeth are missing in front of your smile. Dental bridges can also prevent your remaining teeth from drifting out of position.
Dental implants are metal rods that are inserted into your jawbone. From there, they integrate with the bone and gum tissue, becoming a permanent part of your mouth. Implants can be used to replace a single missing tooth or multiple teeth.
Dental implants are advantageous because they act like natural teeth. They don’t rely on the surrounding teeth for support, which means you can chew and speak normally. Additionally, they don’t slip or slide, so you can feel confident when eating or speaking. They are easy to maintain, just like your other teeth.
A dental filling is a restorative procedure used to repair a tooth that has minor to moderate amounts of decay. A filling is bonded to the tooth, covering the hole or cavity.
Composite resin and porcelain fillings are popular choices at Enhanced Smiles. These fillings are tooth-colored, making them less noticeable.
A root canal is a procedure that treats infection of a tooth’s pulp, which is the soft area inside a tooth. If the pulp is infected, it can cause a great deal of pain that makes it difficult to chew or function. A root canal removes the pulp, cleans the inside of the tooth, and fills it to prevent future infection.
Dental bonding is a tooth-colored resin that is bonded to the teeth. The bonding material is made of a plastic composite, which is similar in color and texture to natural teeth. It can be used to repair teeth that are chipped, cracked, discolored, or misshaped. It can also be used to fill in gaps between teeth.
Enhanced Smiles, located in Tukwila, WA, offers the best dental care facilities at dentistry. Dial (206) 575-1000 and book an appointment with our dentist in Tukwila to know more about dental restorative dental services and other dental care facilities.
411 Strander Blvd Suite 105, Tukwila, WA 98188
MON - FRI 7:00 am - 6:00 pm
SAT - SUN Closed
Email: [email protected]
Phone: (206) 575-1000 | {
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<urn:uuid:6286cb69-5749-4808-a7b8-25503debea21> | Read, choose and circle. What is this? vs. What are these? How many? A nice task to revise difference bewteen the singulars and plurals. Reading numbers in included.
Quality not yet verified by the community.
This resource does not contain any images, words or ideas that would upset a reasonable person in any culture.
This resource is licensed by kaitherina
under the iSLCollective Copyright License | {
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<urn:uuid:7cc2421f-d680-47f1-a53a-c9f54776436c> | Dundee Road, Stoke-on-Trent ST1 4BS
“No one is born a good citizen or a good democrat or a good leader: its takes time and education.” Kofi Annan
At Etruscan Primary School we put PSHE at the core of our curriculum, underpinning our school ‘REACH’ values of Respect, Enjoyment, Achievement, Collaborate and Honesty. PSHE enables our children to grow into healthy, confident, independent and responsible adults. Our children are shown how to treat others with love, kindness and respect, to keep themselves safe, what makes a good relationships and to approach difficult decisions with courage and in informed ways. This then means they can play a positive and successful role within our society, both as children now, and as adults in the future.
Children learn how they are developing personally and socially, and are given opportunities to explore important moral, social and cultural issues. We enable our children to learn about rights and responsibilities, and provide them with a strong understanding of the diverse world around them.
We support our children to play a positive role in society, enabling them to contribute to both the school and the wider community, actively seeking ways they can make a positive difference. We aim to develop a strong sense of self-worth and resilience in our children, preparing them for the challenges of becoming global citizens in an ever-changing world.
In the EYFS, Personal, Social and Emotional Development involves helping children to develop a positive sense of themselves, and others; to form positive relationships and develop respect for others; to develop social skills and learn how to manage their feelings; to understand appropriate behaviour in groups; and to have confidence in their own abilities.
At Etruscan there are many opportunities within everyday situations in Nursery and Reception that enable children’s PSHE development. These include the children building friendships, sharing experiences, playing games/turn-taking and taking part in regular circle time activities to develop their social skills and listen to others.
The PSHE curriculum in Years 1 to 6 is progressive and follows the PSHE Association curriculum. Lessons take place weekly and are based around the six main themes of rights and responsibilities, money, health, feelings and friendship, safety and risk and identity. The curriculum prepares the children for continuing their learning in Year 7.
Characteristics of a good citizen
Applying PSHE within other subjects:
In English, our writing allows us to explore texts from different perspectives. We often write diary entries as a particular character and use hot-seating to question the characters within the texts. These activities help to consolidate our PSHE learning by allowing us to focus on the feelings of the characters and empathise with them. We also consider relationships between characters. This supports the development of our understanding of relationships with our peers, families and the people that we meet.
In maths, we develop the children’s understanding of economic wellbeing, where children learn about number, money and budgeting. Children are often posed with real life challenges to support their understanding relating to the wider world, for example, how much they have spend on a toy, going out on an outing or saving for a favourite objects. Children work together to solve problems and develop their ability to work in teams using equipment and sharing resources to reach end goals.
Many of the units within the PSHE syllabus have strong links to our learning in Science. Children learn about their personal hygiene (including oral care), the spread of germs and diseases and ways to prevent these – particularly important during the past few years!
A significant element of PSHE is children being aware of similarities and differences between themselves and others and showing respect to all people. RE teaching enables children to learn about and experience elements of world religions, tradition and culture. They consider their own personal beliefs and values and are supported to question any stereotypical or fixed ideas they may have which enables them to become respectful, polite and tolerant members of society.
A significant element of PSHE is children being aware of how to look after their bodies and understanding how their bodies are affected by different activities. Through Physical Education lessons, children are not only taught the physical aspect of how to compete in team games, for example, but also begin to consider how their bodies respond to exercise. Children begin to be aware of how their body works whilst exercising, understanding the effects that physical activity has on their body and how these can benefit them, both physically and mentally. Links to physical and mental health are also discussed to support children’s understanding through PE and awareness of mental health understanding in school.
Throughout History and Geography teaching, children explore a range of different eras and localities and through these units children are shown how life was or could be. Children are encouraged to think about how they would feel in a range of different time periods, contexts and areas and they draw comparisons to their own lives and views. Lots of discussion through History and Geography lessons, sharing opinions and taking into consideration other people’s views contributes to the values of PSHE teaching.
Online safety, e-safety and bullying are all important areas of the PSHE, in addition to the computing curriculum. During e-safety week, anti-bullying week and computing lessons, specific teaching enables children to learn how to stay safe online, consider how they feel when online and helps them to understand how they and others can be influenced, raising their awareness of positive and negative relationships, how to stay safe and who to speak to if they are concerned.
Fundamental life skills are often taught in art and design technology, in addition to the appreciation of others’ artwork and different skill bases. Through the design process and reflection, children are able to share their ideas and opinions, work together and learn from each other in mutually respectful ways.
Teachers set high expectations for every pupil. They plan challenging work to enable all pupils to make good progress regardless of their academic ability or background. We expect all children to make good progress albeit from different starting points. Our curriculum prepares all children for the next stage of their education. | {
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<urn:uuid:52c2b315-aa5e-4358-a5ae-09e457fa851e> | State: ILLINOIS GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Comprised of 59 Legislative Districts
59 Senators (31 Republicans, 28 Democrats)
118 Representatives (58 Republicans, 60 Democrats)
The Legislative Process: Bill Drafting
Only legislators may introduce bills and amendments to bills. Bills often result from the
concerns of constituents (Illinois citizens).
There are three types of bills:
1. Revisory Bills – Makes technical changes in the form or in the wording.
2. Appropriation Bills – A bill which provides money for the operating expenses of a state agency including their staff and programs, or start a law that provides money for new programs such as Family Support.
3. Substantive Bills – Makes major changes in existing laws or creates new laws.
1st READING — Every bill that is introduced by a legislator must first be read by its title in the house it began in. A bill is then given a number and is then assigned to a standing Committee. Generally, Committees are specialized by subject or topic area. For example, elementary and secondary education, insurance, human services, and mental health.
Once a bill is assigned to a committee, it is on the committee’s calendar. The committee sets deadlines which they must follow. If a legislator wants to help a bill it is up to them when the bill will be read. The committee’s have certain times which they meet each day.
If a legislator wants a bill read at a specific meeting, he/she needs to tell the chairman, so that the bill can be put on the schedule.
The chairman will call the bill and the legislator can bring in information and witnesses to help get the bill passed. People who oppose the bill also have a chance to speak now. If you wish to speak you must fill out a "witness slip" indicating if you are for or against the bill. During the reading of a bill is when each of you as a constituent has a chance to affect legislation. This is also the first time that a bill can be amended.
Amendments are ways in which to change a bill. Often the sponsor of the bill will suggest an amendment. Working on bills and amendments is a major part of the legislative process.
After everyone has had a change to speak for or against the bill, and any amendments are accepted into the bill, then the Committee has to take action on the bill.
They have three choices: Do Pass, Do Pass as Amended, or Do Not Pass
A bill may be killed in a couple of ways: one is if the sponsor doesn’t ask for the bill to be read, then it dies at the deadline for reporting of bills from committee. If the bill is just "held" it never goes anywhere, or it may be put aside to be studied later. The bill has now gone through committee and passed on a "Do Pass" or "Do Pass as Amended" motion. Now it goes on….
Second Reading which is considered on both the floor of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Each chamber or house gives a bill three readings. The first comes right after the introduction. The second comes after a "do-pass" recommendation from a committee. The bill is then put on a second-reading calendar of the House or Senate.
Second reading is the amendment stage, where changes can be made, and this is the only time when changes can occur. On a typical day, the legislators have many bills on their second reading calendar.
The presiding officer reads through the bills and if the legislator who sponsored the bill is there, then the other legislators discuss sit and may make changes to it. However, if the sponsor is not there, the bill is not discussed but still stays on the calendar for second reading.
In the House the clerk has to record the amendments, get them printed and each member must have a copy of the bill before they can discuss the amendments.
In the Senate, the amendments don’t have to be printed unless five or more Senators ask for them to be printed. Committee amendments added in the Senate must be adopted on the floor.
In the House, an amendment adopted in Committee, can be changed or taken off the bill during second reading.
Often the original sponsor of the bill will want to make small changes in it, and in this case the other legislators agree to do so by voicing their opinions. If the sponsor wants to make a big change in the bill, then he explains it to the others, and asks for their support. Often the others won’t be in favor of the change and will ask questions about it.
In order to adopt an amendment, a majority of the legislators must be present and votes "yes". If they aren’t sure if the amendment passed or not, then they will take a vote on an electronic voting machine. Each time they do this it is recorded in the journals of each house.
After they have gone through all of the amendments, the bill is considered to have been read for the second time. Now the bill goes on to what is called the "Third Reading".
Third Reading is only for voting on whether or not to pass a bill; amendments cannot be added at this time. The third reading must take place at least one legislative day after the second reading.
The sponsor of the bill explains why the bill should be passed and then the other legislators discuss it. Sometimes they debate over it for a very long time, and other times they discuss it very quickly or not at all. It takes 60 yes votes in the House and 30 yes votes in the Senate to pass a bill.
If a bill passes, then it must go through the entire process again in the Second House. If no changes or amendments are made in the Second House, then it goes to the Governor for approval. If he has no problems with it, then he signs it and it becomes a law.
The Governor has 60 days to consider every bill passed. If he wants the bill to become a law he then signs it or he vetoes it. If he does nothing with the bill, it automatically becomes law after 60 days. A vetoed bill is returned to the house where it was originally started — it has 15 days to be passed and it must do so by 3/5ths margin (71 House; 36 Senate).
There are four kinds of vetoes:
1. Item Veto — When the Governor wants to eliminate part of a bill, but might not want to eliminate all of it, he/she will only veto the parts which they do not want it a particular bill.
2. Reduction Veto – This is an section which the Governor may take to reduce a specific budget item.
3. Amendatory Veto — If the Governor wishes, he/she can change a part of a bill, and still pass the rest of it.
4. Total Veto – If the Governor wishes, she/he can reject a bill completely, and by doing this no part of the bill is passed. | {
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<urn:uuid:cf642947-d2f9-4e37-bae7-d9172c8262f8> | Most people (hopefully) by now know how dangerous it is to leave a dog in a hot car for even a few minutes.
But dogs and cats can face heat-related dangers even around your home. There are some common warning signs about dehydration and preventative measures that are easy to take that can ensure your pet’s happiness and health in the summer sun.
As in humans, water is an irreplaceable component of body function, helping to lubricate joints, regulate body temperature, transport nutrients and flush waste.
Dehydration is a result of a loss of fluid levels due to either increased fluid loss or reduced intake of water. It can be a result of overheating in hot weather or through vomiting or diarrhea, particularly in puppies. Water can be lost through urinating and defecation, but also through panting, breathing and even evaporation through the paws.
Common symptoms of dehydration are sunken eyes, lethargy, loss of appetite, dry mouth, nose and gums, and depression. Dehydration may be a sign of an underlying condition, such as kidney disorders, infectious diseases or cancer. Elderly, pregnant or nursing dogs may also experience dehydration, as can dogs with diabetes.
An easy test that can indicate dehydration is gently lifting the skin on the back of a dog's neck or between the shoulder blades. The skin should return to a normal position immediately (no more than one second) if the dog is properly hydrated. If dehydration is present, the skin may not have the elasticity to return to its normal position. (The elasticity test may not be effective on overweight dogs and it may be difficult on “wrinkly” dogs, like Shar-Peis … in such cases, practice the test when you know your dog is hydrated so you can tell the difference in the event of dehydration.
Even so, many signs of dehydration are not identifiable to the untrained observer. Any suspicion of dehydration should be referred to a veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment.
Treating dehydration requires more than providing a bowl of water. It is necessary to replace electrolytes and a veterinarian can provide fluids to balance the system and return to healthy hydration levels.
Veterinarians can quickly alleviate the problem with intravenous or subcutaneous fluids and determine if there is an underlying cause of the problem.
To prevent dehydration, you should:
There has been a great deal of education around dogs in hot cars. This summer, we should also be keeping a close eye on our pets’ in and around the house, seeing how much water they are going through and whether they show any symptoms of dehydration.
Have a great, safe summer!
Write something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. | {
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<urn:uuid:706e8776-1db4-43b2-8fb5-7fb493037ea8> | The human body usually stays around 7.2 on the pH scale, and it will constantly adjust to remain alkaline. The foods we eat – including processed foods, alcohol and caffeine can contribute to moving our body to an acidic state. Acidity may lead to minor health problems, which can lead to serious illnesses if they persist.
The more alkaline you are, the healthier you feel. When you are in an alkaline state, normal cells will thrive and your immunity system receives a boost. In addition, the negative charge from alkaline water helps carry damaging toxins out of cells, flushing them from your body.
Here are some more benefits that alkaline water provides:
- Reduces your need for fat and cholesterol to protect your body from damaging acids.
- Boosts your body’s absorption rate of essential nutrients.
- Strengthens your immune system, helping you fight disease and illnesses
- Improved taste and quality of food and beverages | {
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<urn:uuid:ca4f676d-c05c-4c3b-87ea-c880190a8f3d> | High-Precision 87Sr/86Sr Analyses in Wines and Their Use as a Geological Fingerprint for Tracing Geographic Provenance
journal contributionposted on 2013-07-17, 00:00 authored by Sara Marchionni, Eleonora Braschi, Simone Tommasini, Andrea Bollati, Francesca Cifelli, Nadia Mulinacci, Massimo Mattei, Sandro Conticelli
The radiogenic isotopic compositions of inorganic heavy elements such as Sr, Nd, and Pb of the food chain may constitute a reliable geographic fingerprint, their isotopic ratios being inherited by the geological substratum of the territory of production. The Sr isotope composition of geomaterials (i.e., rocks and soils) is largely variable, and it depends upon the age of the rocks and their nature (e.g., genesis, composition). In this study we developed a high-precision analytical procedure for determining Sr isotopes in wines at comparable uncertainty levels of geological data. With the aim of verifying the possibility of using Sr isotope in wine as a reliable tracer for geographic provenance, we performed Sr isotope analyses of 45 bottled wines from four different geographical localities of the Italian peninsula. Their Sr isotope composition has been compared with that of rocks from the substrata (i.e., rocks) of their vineyards. In addition wines from the same winemaker but different vintage years have been analyzed to verify the constancy with time of the 87Sr/86Sr. Sr isotope compositions have been determined by solid source thermal ionization mass spectrometry following purification of Sr in a clean laboratory. 87Sr/86Sr of the analyzed wines is correlated with the isotopic values of the geological substratum of the vineyards, showing little or no variation within the same vineyard and among different vintages. Large 87Sr/86Sr variation is observed among wines from the different geographical areas, reinforcing the link with the geological substratum of the production territory. This makes Sr isotopes a robust geochemical tool for tracing the geographic authenticity and provenance of wine. | {
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<urn:uuid:91201798-1ab0-479a-8388-b52884eb150c> | Gallstones & Exercise
Regular Exercise May Prevent Gallstone Surgery
Gallstones are an important cause of disease and a common reason for surgery. Women, particularly those who have had multiple pregnancies or have certain ethnic backgrounds, such as Native American or U.S. southwestern Hispanic, are at particular risk.
Obesity an Important Risk Factor
Obesity is an important risk factor for gallstone disease that can be modified, as are frequent changes in weight.
Rapid Weight Loss is a Factor
Rapid weight loss leads to the rapid growth of gallstones and a high risk of symptomatic disease. A gallstone can develop when bile, cholesterol, calcium salts and other substances come together to form a mass in the gallbladder, the organ that stores bile. Gallstones often exist without causing symptoms, but surgery is sometimes necessary when the stones cause severe pain.
Exercise & Gallstones
Being physically active may help a woman avoid gallstone surgery. Women who exercised the most were 31% less likely to have gallstone surgery than the least active women.
Even Moderate Exercise Reduces Surgery for Gallstones
Even a moderate amount of exercise was linked to a significant decline in the risk of gallbladder surgery. An average of 2 to 3 hours of recreational exercise per week appeared to reduce the risk by approximately 20%. Compared to the least sedentary women, who spent less than 6 hours per week sitting at work or driving, women who spent 41 to 60 hours a week sitting were 42% more likely to undergo gallbladder surgery.
Why Exercise Beneficial for Gallstones
There are a number of potential pathways that may explain the beneficial effects of exercise besides weight control. Physical activity has been shown to make the gut move more rapidly, which may prevent gallstones from forming. In addition, it may reduce levels of fatty substances called triglycerides, which play a role in the development of gallstones. | {
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<urn:uuid:e0f68855-6d8c-42dc-bdc2-3592e2253026> | Bamboo Shoots or bamboo sprouts are the edible and delicious part of bamboo plant species. They are hard on the outside and soft, faintly sweet and quite crisp inside. For centuries, shoots have been a part of many Asian dishes.
According to research, bamboo shoots are packed with antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, fibers, proteins, and have low-fat content. A fresh bamboo shoot has significant amounts of vitamins A, B6, C, and E as well as calcium, potassium, niacin, iron, folate, copper, zinc, selenium, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, and thiamine. Shoots also contain phytochemicals such as lignans and phenolic acids which have an anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effect.
Here are some of the numerous health benefits we can obtain from regularly eating bamboo shoots:
Contains Anti-Cancer Properties
The plant contains phytosterols which have powerful anti-cancerous properties that are effective against stomach cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. The flavone, chlorophyll, and amylase found in bamboo shoots are called phytosterols.
Additionally, it was found to be capable of lowering the risks of colon or colorectal cancer. This was according to a research paper published by Vivek Sharma and Nirmala Chongtham. The shoots also possess phenolic compounds that exhibit antioxidant properties – these also contribute to cancer prevention.
You’ll Have A More Regulated Blood Pressure
Due to its high levels of potassium, bamboo shoots can help lower blood pressure levels. Studies also found that potassium in bamboo shoots can steady our heartbeat, thereby further enhancing our heart health. With every serving, we can get a fifth of our recommended daily amount of potassium.
Helps Treat Menstrual Problems
Regular intake of bamboo shoots can help with various reproductive health problems in women. It can help treat irregular menstrual cycle, infertility issues, and reduce labor pain and prevent too much loss of blood post-delivery.
Contains Potent Antioxidant And Anti-Inflammatory Properties
The shoots possess powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that are helpful in preventing various diseases such as cancer, heart diseases and even keep the blood vessels safe.
Has Less Calorie Content
There are only 27 calories in every 100 grams of bamboo shoots. It is also packed with fiber, thus making us full enough to eat less of other high-calorie food. This can be ideal for those individuals who want to lose some pounds.
Helps Prevent Respiratory Disorders
For the purpose of using it against some respiratory disorders, we need to make a decoction of the shoots by boiling them twice. The first boil should be for 5 minutes followed by a second boil for about 10 minutes. For best results, take the decoction along with honey.
Helps Strengthen The Immune System
The vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants present in the shoots are ideal for improving the body’s immune system in order to lower our risks of neurodegenerative diseases.
Helps Maintain Healthier Digestive System
Thanks to the high fiber content of bamboo shoots. Consumption of it can help us have a bigger quantity and healthier quality of bowel movement, thus keeping us protected from bowel issues.
A Few Serving Ideas For Bamboo Shoots
Bamboo shoots can be added to soups, dumplings, stir-fries, stews, salads, and gravies.
Bamboo shoots can be boiled and be used in various dishes, it can be served with butter as a vegetable accompaniment.
We can also consume a delicious pickle made from bamboo shoots. | {
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<urn:uuid:fd64e2d7-8120-4f82-bd9e-86cb9306f006> | Our current agricultural production system is overshooting its limits. Over the past decades, agricultural policies and business models have focused on maximising scale economies through intensifying farming practices. Although this approach has helped feed a growing global population cost-efficiently, intensive arable and livestock farming also produces negative environmental impacts. These negative effects include soil erosion, water quality degradation, climate change, biodiversity loss, harmful emissions and resource depletion. Meanwhile, the income of European farmers has not grown in proportion to the output.
Soil degradation puts agricultural yields and their ability to regulate water, climate and nutrients at risk, making societies increasingly vulnerable to unexpected and extreme events. At the same time, production volumes need to be met to ensure food security for the European continent. Combining these tasks is tremendously complex and challenging, requiring a systematic transition where all stakeholders play an essential role and where all stakeholders need to collaborate from farm to fork.
We must transition towards an agricultural model that balances short-term productivity with the long-term resilience of the land. By restoring soil health and conserving agricultural ecosystems, we must create the conditions for nature and societies to thrive while safeguarding farmer livelihoods.
Regenerative agriculture is an integrative farming approach that mimics resilient natural ecological systems. By improving ecological processes, this approach to agriculture seeks to foster long-term sustainability within the agricultural system at the field and farm levels, at the regional landscapes and climate level.
Regenerative agriculture does not propose a fixed set of practices but a larger set of solutions that can be shaped based on the specific context of the agricultural landscape. These practices can include mixed farming methods, minimised tillage, crop rotation, cover crops, agroforestry, and minimising or phasing out crop protection chemicals and synthetic fertilisers.
Regenerative agriculture offers one of the most significant opportunities to help Europe address human and climate health, along with the financial well-being of farmers. However, large-scale transitioning to this model requires a drastic, systemic transformation of how agriculture and the agrifood value chain currently functions.
The Regenerative Innovation Portfolio aims to incentivise facilitating farmers to transition to regenerative agriculture by transitioning the agrifood value chains by initiating various innovative cross-value chain initiatives on landscape level (regional level) that work towards our overarching mission statement through three main pillars,
Our approach is farmer-centred. We aim to engage closely with farming groups on landscape level to ensure their needs and perspectives are fully considered and are an integral part of innovation solutions designed on regional level, so farmers locally have a seat at the table. Our Portfolio aims to provide benefits as:
To drive success, we rely on committed partners who share our vision and can contribute resources, knowledge, and expertise. They contribute to creating and implementing new cross-value chain collaborations and initiatives by committing resources in the form of funding, people, and other resources to demonstrate solutions that impact the Portfolio’s mission.
In return, we offer a range of benefits that will help accelerate your journey towards regenerative sourcing and supply chain management, like creating scalable new sourcing models, sharing costs and knowledge, multiplying investments, and learning from other innovation initiatives.
Together, we can create a critical mass of farmers, land, commodity volumes, and funding to demonstrate solutions at a scale relevant to demonstrate feasibility and viability.
Our landscape-based solutions contribute to meeting companies’ scope 3 emissions reduction, biodiversity, water and soil health goals. We also provide new models to de-risk, incentivise, and reward farmers for their environmental performance, contributing positively to companies’ sourcing goals.
Our collaborative approach also provides increased viability of otherwise prohibitively costly or inefficient solutions thanks to the complementary capabilities and resources of Portfolio partners. It will catalyse cross value chain innovations that you probable could not have tackled or designed on your own as organisation focusing only in your own value chain.
Regenerative agriculture holds great potential for transformative change in the agricultural industry. Get in touch with Jolijn Zwart- van Kessel through firstname.lastname@example.org or +31 6 82096140 to receive our full Portfolio prospectus and join us on this journey towards a sustainable future for farming by joining as a partner today. | {
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<urn:uuid:4e2052e8-bb52-4731-b9c6-3f383722ab2c> | The Northern Rhode Island Conservation District educates and assists northern Rhode Island residents as they protect their communities water and soil. This includes both farmland and urban land. NRICD had already been working with local businesses, homeowners and elementary school children. We wanted to teach local teenagers about local water quality protection.
Mike Merrill, from the Natural Resource Conservation Service, told us about Rain Gardens and how they are being used in different parts of the country. We learned that the average person can plant a Rain Garden next to their home or business, helping to protect the water around their home.
We realized that many Rhode Islanders did not know that this simple technique was available to them. We decided to train high school students to teach Northern Rhode Island residents about Rain Gardens. To do this, the teens would first need to be taught about a Rain Garden's purpose and how to plant one. Then students would plan a publicity campaign to pass this information on to their city. Finally, students would plant a demonstration Rain Garden in their community. An educational sign would be planted beside the garden to educate passerby. As a result, local homeowners and businesses would learn about Rain Gardens and local teenagers would also learn biology, ecology and more through their environmental work.
What Is a Rain Garden?
A "Rain Garden" is a man-made depression in the ground that is used as a landscape tool to improve water quality. The rain garden forms a bio-retention area by collecting water run-off and storing it, permitting it to be filtered and slowly absorbed by the soil. The main purpose of a Rain Garden is to prevent water pollution. They are planted beside parking lots, driveways and roofs to intercept rainwater running off these watertight surfaces. They are planted with native plants that don't need extra fertilizers and insecticides that can pollute water. The soil and roots of the garden act as a filter as they trap automotive fluids and other pollutants. Cleaner water moves down into groundwater. This groundwater eventually enters a nearby brook or river or pond.
Benefits of a Rain Garden
• Young people will study life science and ecology, while learning about community service and teamwork.
• Each additional Rain Garden planted decreases the pollution entering our local waters, promoting healthy swimming and fishing in nearby rivers and lakes.
• A beautiful nature garden grows next to the asphalt of parking lots and streets.
• A small wildlife habitat is created and people can watch butterflies and other wildlife.
• Your city will learn a new and practical conservation method.
Design a Rain Garden
• Choose a suitable site
• Determine how large the Rain Garden should be
• Dig the Rain Garden, adding topsoil if needed
• Choose and plant native plants
Rain Garden Workshops & Resources
A project of the Northern Rhode Island Conservation District working in partnership with USDA—Natural Resource Conservation Service, Shea Senior High, and Woonsocket High School, with support from Narragansett Bay Estuary Program, Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program, and Patagonia BOSTON. | {
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<urn:uuid:ff608e19-62bc-4ee8-bca6-6ffc6e022163> | Besides shade and beauty, can trees and shrubs actually help make people healthier? In a first-of-its-kind study, researchers from the University of Louisville Envirome Institute are working with a neighborhood in South Louisville to answer that question.
Today, UofL announced a five-year, $3 million grant from the National Institutes of Health to help fund the Green Heart project. The university also announced a $2 million grant from The Nature Conservancy to support the endeavor.
The Green Heart study will look at the connections between a green environment and human health. The institute will study air quality, innovative landscape design, the qualities of a friendly, healthy neighborhood and human health.
“The Green Heart project is the epitome of collaboration,” said UofL President Neeli Bendapudi, PhD. “Dr. Aruni Bhatnagar and his team are bringing together people from not only all of the university, but throughout Louisville and beyond to create a new paradigm for population research that truly has international implications.
“His creative thinking is leading to innovative public-private partnerships that eventually will lead to healthier communities.”
“People appreciate trees and they’re good and they’re aesthetically pleasing, but whether they actually have specific quantifiable health-promoting effects by removing pollutants from air has never been rigorously tested,” said Bhatnagar, director of the Envirome Institute and the Smith and Lucille Gibson Chair in Medicine. “Through the Green Heart project, we are changing that.”
More than half the world’s population resides in urban areas, which have higher than average levels of air pollution. Air pollution is a significant contributor to cardiovascular disease and is linked to 7 million premature deaths worldwide annually, 200,000 in the United States alone.
Bhatnagar and his team will include 16 low-vegetation neighborhood clusters in Louisville to examine the impact of urban greenery on their health. The researchers are recruiting 700 community participants within these 16 clusters for the study. The team will examine blood, urine and hair samples to assess cardiovascular health.
In eight of the clusters, the team and their partners will plant as many as 8,000 native trees of all sizes. Additionally, they will plant shrubbery and grasses to further optimize the ability to filter pollutants from the air.
Two years later, the researchers again will collect samples from the volunteers and analyze the differences. They also will compare the results to those from the participants in the eight neighborhood clusters that did not live in the areas that had the plantings.
“We believe that the greening of the neighborhoods will positively impact not only the air quality, but also the health of the people who live in those areas,” Bhatnagar said. “If we are correct, we may be able to create new strategies for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
“The results of this project also will provide new insights into the effects of urban vegetation on community environment. These findings will be relevant to the development of new public health polices and the optimization of ongoing planting efforts in cities around the world to enhance public health.
The Green Heart Project is a collaborative initiative of the University of Louisville with Washington University in St. Louis; Cornell University, The Nature Conservancy, Hyphae Design Laboratory, the United States Forest Service and other partners. The grant from the National Institutes supports health evaluation of community participants, whereas the greening efforts are supported by the grant from The Nature Conservancy.
Check out highlights from today’s announcement: | {
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<urn:uuid:c2b9bf52-7073-4dc9-b16f-0209e95ac946> | Nodular chromite is a characteristic feature of ophiolitic podiform chromitite and there has been much debate about how it forms. Nodular chromite from the Troodos ophiolite in Cyprus is unusual in that it contains skeletal crystals enclosed within the centres of the nodules and interstitial to them. 3D imaging and electron backscatter diffraction have shown that the skeletal crystals within the nodules are single crystals that are surrounded by a rim of polycrystalline chromite. 3D analysis reveals that the skeletal crystals are partially or completely formed cage or hopper structures elongated along the < 111 > axis. The rim is composed of a patchwork of chromite grains that are truncated on the outer edge of the rim. The skeletal crystals formed first from a magma supersaturated in chromite and silicate minerals crystallised from melt trapped between the chromite skeletal crystal blades as they grew. The formation of skeletal crystals was followed by a crystallisation event which formed a silicate-poor rim of chromite grains around the skeletal crystals. These crystals show a weak preferred orientation related to the orientation of the core skeletal crystal implying that they formed by nucleation and growth on this core, and did not form by random mechanical aggregation. Patches of equilibrium adcumulate textures within the rim attest to in situ development of such textures. The nodules were subsequently exposed to chromite undersaturated magma resulting in dissolution, recorded by truncated grain boundaries in the rim and a smooth outer surface to the nodule. None of these stages of formation require a turbulent magma. Lastly the nodules impinged on each other causing local deformation at points of contact.
|Number of pages||12|
|Early online date||30 Jan 2015|
|Publication status||Published - Mar 2015| | {
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<urn:uuid:482e6192-cc1c-427c-98f0-a14c620fdda2> | How to Be Healthy
When it comes to health and nutrition, there are many different opinions. Even
qualified experts disagree about what’s best for you sports.intheheadline, which can make it hard to
know what is right for your body.
The key is to focus on making small, sustainable changes that involve nutritious
dietary choices, physical movement, and mindfulness. This can help you to avoid
disordered eating, negative body image, and stress on your mental health.
Eat a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, lean meats and low-fat
dairy products, and whole grains. You also want to choose foods that are low in
saturated fat and added sugars.
Limit sodium intake, as well as processed and packaged foods. You can do this by
reading the labels of your food and choosing low-sodium varieties.
Eliminate sugary drinks, including sodas and fruit juices, as they add a lot of calories
to your diet. Replace them with water, unsweetened juice or milk.
Get more physical activity, but don’t be afraid to mix up your workout routines. This
will keep you motivated and prevent you from getting bored with your exercise
Set realistic goals and break them down into smaller steps that are easily
achievable. For example, if you’re trying to cut back on sodas, try replacing them
with water or 100% fruit juice and cutting them out completely a few days at a time.
Identify unhealthy habits that are holding you back, like drinking sodas or eating too
much junk food, and start to change them. Once you’ve gotten the hang of that, set
Reduce your salt intake, as it’s high in sodium and can cause problems with blood
pressure and kidney disease. Read labels and choose lower-sodium options for
everything from salty snacks to canned vegetables and other foods.
Switch to healthier fats, such as olive oil or canola oil instead of saturated or trans-
fat-laden vegetable oils and margarine. Refined white flour and added sugars are
other major culprits in our over-indulgences, so be sure to limit them too.
Consider alternatives to these unhealthy foods, such as leaner cuts of meat or
poultry without skin, grilled salmon and other fish, low-fat or fat-free milk, and
nonfat yogurt and cheese. Adding more whole grains and legumes (beans, peas, or
lentils) to your meals can help you reduce your sodium intake too.
Be more active throughout your day, not just at the gym or when you’re in the pool.
This can be as simple as parking further away from building entrances or walking up
the stairs instead of taking the elevator.
Turn your sitting time into fit time by incorporating NEAT movements, such as
pacing, marching in place, jumping jacks or push-ups while you watch TV or through
commercials. These movements use extra energy and have the added benefit of
increasing your metabolism, lowering your cholesterol and triglyceride levels and
improving your mood.
Creating healthy habits can be a challenge, but if you take it slowly and do it one
step at a time, you’ll see results in no time. If you have trouble starting an exercise
program, talk to a fitness professional or health coach about ways to get started.
They can help you find a program that’s right for you and give you the support you
need to make positive changes. | {
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<urn:uuid:526491cf-6c87-429a-b662-9109d0b78f81> | Inventory, lb : 0
|Food Buzz: History of Mushrooms|
Chaga mushrooms are medium to large in size, averaging 25-40 centimeters in diameter, and are an irregularly shaped, dense woody growth resembling the appearance of burnt coal. The conk is composed of a gnarled, sooty black exterior called the sclerotium and a softer golden brown, cork-like interior. Chaga mushrooms have little aroma when raw, but when cooked they release notes of slightly sweet, dark cocoa, tobacco, and vanilla and have a mild, earthy flavor.
Chaga mushrooms are available year-round, with a peak season in the spring and autumn when the tree is circulating optimal nutrients.
Chaga mushrooms, botanically classified as Inonotus obliquus, are a non-toxic parasitic mushroom that grows on live birch trees and belongs to the Hymenochaetaceae family. Also known as the Cinder Conk, Birch Conk, and Clinker Polypore, Chaga mushrooms slowly pull nutrients from its host birch tree and are usually ready for harvest within 3-5 years of growth. If a portion of the mushroom body is left to regrow, other crops will mature year after year for as long as the birch tree is living. Chaga mushrooms can live up to twenty years until the host tree dies and even after death, it can produce fruiting bodies for an additional six years. Chaga mushrooms are highly valued for their medicinal qualities and are commonly dried and ground into a nutritional supplement or ground and steeped in boiling water to be consumed as a tea.
Chaga mushrooms contain many nutrients including calcium, iron, zinc, B-complex vitamins, vitamin D, copper, manganese, potassium, amino acids, fiber, and magnesium. These vitamins and minerals contain anti-aging properties and can help reduce symptoms of cholesterol and blood pressure, improve immune system health, and reduce inflammation.
Chaga mushrooms are rarely if ever, consumed raw due to their rock-hard consistency and are best suited in ground form. The mushroom should be dried quickly to avoid mold, and large chunks should be broken down into pieces no larger than ten grams and pulverized in a spice grinder. The powder can then be steeped hot water to make Chaga tea which is complemented by maple syrup, or it can be prepared with alcohol as a stronger tincture for a flavor extract, much like vanilla, and used in baking recipes. The raw powder can also be added to soups, stews, smoothies, and sauces in the same manner that chocolate is used in savory molés. When in ground form, Chaga mushrooms will keep for about a year when stored in an airtight container.
Chaga mushrooms have only recently become a mainstream superfood in the west, but they have been unofficially referred to as the “king of medicinal mushrooms” and are a historic staple across Siberia, Russia, and other parts of Asia. Mainly found in very cold climates where birch trees are prevalent, and a hard frost allows a long dormant season for the mushrooms to thrive, Chaga mushrooms are found all over Russia and have been used in Siberian folk medicine to help fight inflammation, increase mental sharpness, reduce symptoms of gastric problems, and help reduce liver and heart issues. There have also been some efforts to grow cultivated Chaga, but tests show that when compared to wild Chaga it provides only a fraction of the nutritional benefits.
Chaga mushrooms are native to cold climate forests in the northern hemisphere and have been growing wild since ancient times in Russia, Korea, Eastern and Northern Europe, Northern areas of the United States, and in Canada. Today Chaga mushrooms can be found at local markets and specialty grocers in select regions in North America, Europe, and Asia and can also be found online in powder form, supplements, and in tea through qualified retailers.
Recipes that include Chaga Mushrooms. One is easiest, three is harder.
Someone shared Chaga Mushrooms using the Specialty Produce app for iPhone and Android.
Produce Sharing allows you to share your produce discoveries with your neighbors and the world! Is your market carrying green dragon apples? Is a chef doing things with shaved fennel that are out of this world? Pinpoint your location annonymously through the Specialty Produce App and let others know about unique flavors that are around them.
Specialty ProduceNear San Diego, California, United States
1929 hancock st SD CA 92110
About 493 days ago, 1/25/22
Sharer's comments : Chaga Mushrooms at Specialty Produce | {
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<urn:uuid:47068ead-3bb9-4031-a359-a44f76da36ee> | || 要旨トップ | 目次 |||日本生態学会第70回全国大会 (2023年3月、仙台) 講演要旨
一般講演（口頭発表） B01-07 （Oral presentation）
Spotted seals are commonly observed in the southern Sea of Okhotsk, Hokkaido. They conduct various ice-related activities (e.g., breeding, molting) on the ice during wintertime and haul out on the shores of the mainland or islands during the ice-free period. Sighting survey and interview determined their spatial use and distribution around the Hokkaido coast before the sea-ice season. However, their winter distribution and movement patterns are difficult to observe due to extreme weather and sea ice restrictions. To determine spotted seals’ winter migration, we deployed satellite tags (CTD-SRDL, SMRU Ltd, Scotland) on two female and two male rehabilitated juvenile seals in December 2021 in the Okhotsk Tokkari Center, Hokkaido. Except for one female seal, which was tracked for 26 days and stopped transmission at Lake Saroma, seals were tracked for over 100 days, and individual variations in migration routes were observed; one female moved eastward to Habomai Islands, one male conducted a round trip between Sakhalin and Hokkaido, and another moved north-westward to Tatar Strait. Predominate dive type has spatial difference and was affected by sea-ice extents; benthic and mid-water column dives highly occurred in coastal areas, while upper-water column dive frequently appeared offshore and in areas with dense sea-ice. | {
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<urn:uuid:52928618-ece8-47a1-9325-b79a5a3be5c1> | If you’re looking to add energetic emphasis in your writing, credibility for your ideas, or affirmation for your statements you can always turn to direct quotations to fulfil these needs.
What are direct quotations?
A direct quote is a word-for-word presentation of an extract or whole of another person’s writing or speech. A direct quotation may be a word, a phrase, a sentence, or a group of sentences.
When to use direct quotations
You can best demonstrate your grasp of a topic or concept when you show your ability to paraphrase, so it is the preferred way of presenting your academic work.
Adding direct quotations can add evidence to your work or lend support to your claim. A particularly eloquent quote can add elegance to your writing. Using a quote by a famous person or from a popular body of work is a great way of adding credibility to your work. You may also want to use a direct quotation to give the author’s exact position on a particular idea. Nevertheless, use direct quotations sparingly, and when you do keep them brief and use the right attribution technique in line with the relevant style guide.
Before you drop a direct quotation into your written work, use this 6-point mental checklist:
- Is the quote relevant to the point you are making?
- Does it support your argument, rather than just being impressive or sounding clever? Using quotes out of context can result in distortion.
- Is it from a credible and current source?
- Do you want to respond to the quote?
- Is the original wording so engaging that it cannot be paraphrased?
- Is it necessary to give the author’s exact position on a particular idea?
How to use direct quotations in your writing
Southern Cross University suggests this technique for introducing direct quotations:
- Name the author to indicate that you are using another person’s words in your writing.
- Use reporting verbs like said, added, reported, stated, argued, theorised, revealed, explained etc. The right reporting verbs can convey neutrality, and whether you are agreeing with the author or being critical of their take on the idea.
- Identify the expertise of the author or the credibility of the source. This will answer the question: Why are you quoting this person here?
- Indicate the general subject of the quote to help the reader understand what it is about.
- Use the exact words of the author.
- Make sure the direct quotation blends with the sentence.
- Include the quote keeping referencing styles in mind. In general, short quotations can be used in the main text, separated from your writing through the use of double quotation marks like this: “…”. Longer quotations should be separated from your text by leaving a line space above or below the quote.
- If you want to modify a direct quote, follow the rules in your referencing style guide. In general, you can use ellipsis with a space before and after it ( … ) when you want to leave out some words from a quote. Use square brackets [ ] around a letter when you change the capitalisation or when adding words to the quote.
Limit your direct quotes
Use direct quotations in moderation. One reason is that running one quote after another will result in your content containing huge chunks of text written by somebody else in a style that is different to yours.
Additionally, there are restrictions in various fields as to how much of your academic work may be direct quotes. For instance, the social sciences and humanities departments of many universities advise students that direct quotations should only comprise 10% of the word count or lesser, whereas in a field such as environmental science some universities prefer students to submit assignments that are entirely paraphrased. It’s important to check these requirements beforehand.
If you need further assistance or clarifications in using quotes in your writing, get in touch with WordsRU professional editing and proofreading service. | {
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<urn:uuid:8eed5321-e08a-47c2-b5d0-244776da96f6> | What Is Persona Development?
A user persona is a fictional depiction of a particular user group that organizations employ to understand better the behaviors, wants, and motivations of their customers. It’s a thorough profile of a fictitious customer that firms develop after conducting significant research and data analysis. Demographics, personality traits, behavioral tendencies, and goals are all included in the persona. It aids organizations in better understanding their clients and developing goods and services that satisfy their requirements.
For organizations, especially those in the digital arena, persona development is a crucial tool. Businesses can better understand their consumers’ requirements and problems by creating user personas. Better communication, better product design, and ultimately increased customer happiness can result from this understanding. Businesses can create products that are suited to their specific needs by using user persona development to generate empathy with their customers.
User personas are frequently used in product development, marketing, and user experience design. They assist companies in developing customer-centered solutions that address the particular requirements of their clients. User persona development also assists organizations in understanding the behavior of their customers, including how they interact with their goods and services, their preferred communication methods, and their pain areas. With this knowledge, firms can build solutions that are more likely to be successful in the market and make data-driven decisions.
The Importance of Persona Development for Companies
For a variety of reasons, creating user personas is crucial for organizations. Here are some of the most significant ones:
Understanding consumer requirements and preferences
By creating user personas, businesses can better understand the needs and preferences of their customers. Businesses can develop in-depth profiles of their target audience by investigating and analyzing data on the behavior of their clients. These personas can assist firms in comprehending the wants, driving forces, and objectives of their target market, which is crucial for creating goods and services that satisfy those demands.
Customer empathy building
User personas assist firms in developing customer empathy. Businesses can put themselves in their consumers’ shoes and comprehend their pain areas, frustrations, and ambitions by creating extensive profiles of their customers. For products and services to appeal to clients and address their concerns, empathy is crucial.
Better product and service design
This is made possible by user personas. Businesses can create solutions that are suited to the needs of their clients by comprehending their needs and preferences. User personas assist organizations in identifying market gaps and creating creative solutions to fill those gaps.
User personas assist firms in improving communication with their clients. Businesses can develop more effective communication strategies by understanding their customers’ preferences for communication channels and messaging. User personas also assist organizations in customizing their messaging to the requirements of their target audience, which is crucial for establishing credibility and trust.
In conclusion, user persona building is essential for organizations to comprehend their consumers’ demands, foster empathy, create better products and services, and enhance communication. Businesses can use extensive profiles of their target audience to make data-driven decisions that increase customer pleasure, loyalty, and retention.
How to Create User Personas:
Steps and Recommended Practices
A methodical approach and a number of best practices are necessary for creating user personas. Here are the steps and recommended practices for creating user personas:
Research is the initial stage in creating user personas. Data from surveys, interviews, focus groups, and analytics should all be included in this study, along with quantitative data. Gathering as much information as you can about your target market is the objective.
Identify customer patterns.
After gathering data, the following step is to look for patterns. Look for similarities in demographics, behavioral tendencies, objectives, and pain points. You can make user personas that are more precise and lifelike by using these principles.
Develop a collection of user personas based on your study and the trends you’ve found. Each persona should be a thorough description of a potential consumer that includes their goals, behavior patterns, and pain points.
Test and validate.
After you’ve established your user personas, it’s critical to test and validate them. User testing, surveys, and stakeholder feedback are all examples of this. Making sure your user personas appropriately reflect your target demographic is the aim.
Personas should be used to guide corporate decisions. Use them to create better goods and services, enhance communication plans, and make data-driven decisions that increase client retention and happiness.
Some guidelines for creating user personas.
- Participate in the persona creation process with stakeholders from around the organization.
- To create more accurate personas, combine qualitative and quantitative data.
- Make your personalities more relevant and believable by using real names and pictures to create empathy and narrative.
- Validate your personas through stakeholder feedback and user testing.
- As your company grows, be sure to regularly update and improve your personas.
In conclusion, creating personas assist organizations. Businesses can produce accurate and realistic user personas that increase customer happiness and retention by adhering to these guidelines and best practices.
Building Client Empathy with User Personas
User personas assist organizations in developing empathy with their customers, which is one of their most important advantages. In order to produce goods and services that satisfy customers’ requirements, empathy—the capacity to comprehend and share another person’s feelings—is essential.
User personas can be used by organizations to develop empathy with their clients in the following ways:
By employing user personas, organizations can generate customized messaging that precisely addresses the needs and pain points of their target audience. Customized messaging enables organizations to engage with their clients on a deeper emotional level, fostering empathy and trust.
Design for real people
User personas help companies create goods and services for actual customers rather than a general market. Companies can develop more compassionate and human-centered solutions by designing for actual people with real needs and ambitions.
Understanding client pain points is made possible by the use of user personas. Businesses can build empathy and trust with their customers by identifying these pain points and developing solutions that directly address them.
User personas assist firms in giving user comments and preferences priority. Businesses can demonstrate to their customers that they value their opinions and are committed to developing solutions that address their needs by giving user feedback a top priority.
Ultimately, user personas assist firms in fostering a customer-centric culture. Businesses can foster a culture of empathy and customer care by concentrating on the needs and aspirations of their customers, which will increase customer happiness and retention.
In conclusion, user personas are an effective tool for cultivating empathy with customers. Businesses can customize communications, build for actual people, comprehend pain spots, give user input top priority, and promote a customer-centric culture by employing user personas. These procedures produce more sympathetic and human-centered solutions as well as improved levels of client pleasure, loyalty, and retention.
User Personas to Create Better Products and Services
For creating better products and services, user personas are a crucial tool. Businesses can more successfully develop solutions that fulfill the demands of their consumers by understanding their needs, objectives, and pain points. User personas can assist companies in creating goods and services that are better in the following ways:
Identify market opportunities.
By exposing unmet demands or underserved client segments, user personas can assist firms in identifying market gaps. Businesses can gain a competitive advantage by detecting these gaps and developing solutions that fill them.
Based on the demands and objectives of your consumers use persona development. Businesses can develop more effective and efficient solutions by giving features that are in line with their customers’ needs priority.
Identifying problems to solve
By understanding the problems and difficulties users have, user personas assist organizations in enhancing the user experience. Businesses can give their customers a better user-friendly and intuitive experience by solving these problems and issues.
User personas give organizations a clear grasp of the wants and objectives of their customers, allowing them to test and iterate their products and services. Businesses can develop solutions that over time better fit the demands of their customers by testing and iterating based on user feedback.
Boost brand loyalty
Lastly, user personas assist organizations in developing solutions that are in line with the values and objectives of their target market. Businesses can develop a devoted customer base that is more inclined to spread the word about their products by producing goods and services that people like.
In conclusion, persona development is an effective tool for creating better goods and services. Businesses can develop solutions that better satisfy the needs of their customers and have a greater chance of success in the market by identifying market gaps, prioritizing features, enhancing the user experience, testing and iterating, and developing brand loyalty.
Enhancing User Persona Communication
User personas are a crucial tool for enhancing consumer and corporate communication. Businesses can develop more persuasive communication tactics that connect with their target audience by understanding the wants, objectives, and pain points of their customers. User personas can assist businesses in a number of ways to enhance communication, including:
Speak your customers’ language.
User personas can assist organizations in speaking their customers’ language by finding the words and phrases that their consumers use to communicate their demands and pain points. Businesses can engage with their customers on a more personal level and foster trust by integrating this language into their communication methods.
Choose the best channels.
User personas assist firms in selecting the best channels to connect with their clients. Businesses can develop communication strategies that effectively reach their target audience by analyzing where their customers spend their time online and offline.
Generate pertinent content.
User personas assist businesses in producing pertinent material that speaks directly to the wants and objectives of their customers. Businesses can develop trust and authority in their industry by producing content that answers the problems and issues that their consumers face.
User personas assist firms in adapting their messaging to various customer segments. Businesses can more effectively develop messaging that connects with each client group by understanding the particular requirements and objectives of each group.
Enhance customer service
User personas help businesses improve their customer service by letting them better understand the requirements and problems of their customers. Businesses can improve the customer service experience and foster trust and loyalty by addressing these requirements and pain points directly.
In conclusion, personas development is a crucial tool for enhancing consumer communication between firms. Businesses can develop more successful communication strategies that foster customer trust, loyalty, and happiness by speaking their consumers’ language, selecting the appropriate channels, producing pertinent material, customizing messaging, and enhancing customer service.
The Advantages of Utilizing User Personas for Client Satisfaction, Loyalty, and Retention
In general, user personas are a crucial tool for organizations to understand their clients’ wants and develop goods and services that satisfy them. Businesses can improve customer happiness, loyalty, and retention by adopting user personas to develop empathy with their consumers, design better products, and improve communication. Here are some particular advantages of employing user personas:
User personas help businesses develop more tailored experiences for their customers by understanding their wants, goals, and pain points. Businesses can give their customers a more enjoyable and rewarding experience by customizing their offerings, services, and communication methods for each set of clients.
By developing goods and services that better satisfy customers’ wants and objectives, user personas assist organizations in increasing customer loyalty. Businesses may create a more favorable and beneficial experience that entices customers to return and recommend their products to others by solving the problems and issues that their customers face.
By identifying and addressing the reasons why customers leave a brand, user personas assist firms in increasing customer retention. Businesses may develop solutions that keep consumers coming back and lower churn by knowing the demands and pain points of their customers.
User personas assist organizations in streamlining operations and developing more effective solutions. Businesses can design solutions that are more effective and efficient, ultimately saving time and resources, by giving priority to features and solutions that correspond with their customers’ aspirations and objectives.
Improved customer insights
User personas give firms better customer insights that guide strategy and decision-making. Businesses can develop solutions that are in line with the values and preferences of their consumers by first knowing their wants, goals, and pain points. This will help them succeed in the market.
In conclusion, persona development is essential for companies looking to increase client retention, loyalty, and satisfaction. Businesses can develop goods and services that better suit the demands of their customers and enjoy higher market success by developing more personalized experiences, increasing customer loyalty, enhancing retention, increasing efficiency, and acquiring better customer insights.
Excellent Persona Development Examples for App Design.
And finally, here are some examples of how persona development can work, with real-world examples:
User personas have been used to direct the design and development processes for many popular apps. These are some examples of excellent app experiences that have been developed using user personas:
Airbnb developed a number of user personas, including “The Solo Traveler,” “The Vacationing Family,” and “The Business Traveler.” Each persona represented a different kind of Airbnb user with particular requirements and goals. For instance, “The Vacationing Family” persona emphasized the necessity of family-friendly amenities and comfortable lodgings, while “The Business Traveler” persona emphasized the importance of a convenient and professional experience.
Spotify developed a number of user profiles, including “The Active Listener,” “The Music Aficionado,” and “The Casual Listener.” Each persona represents a distinct type of Spotify user with distinct musical tastes and listening habits. For instance, “The Active Listener” persona emphasized the significance of peppy, high-energy music for workout routines, while “The Music Aficionado” persona emphasized the need for carefully selected playlists and deep cuts for music enthusiasts.
“The Urban Commuter,” “The Nightlife Seeker,” and “The Business Traveler” are just a few of the user personas that Uber has developed. Each persona represented a different kind of Uber user with certain wants and goals for transportation. For instance, “The Urban Commuter” persona emphasized the significance of dependable and economical transportation for everyday commutes, while “The Nightlife Seeker” persona emphasized the need for convenient and safe transportation during late-night adventures.
The “Language Enthusiast,” “The Busy Professional,” and “The Global Traveler” are just a few of the user personas that Duolingo has developed. Each persona represented a distinct category of Duolingo users, each with its motivations and learning objectives. For instance, “The Busy Professional” persona emphasized the need for time-effective language learning activities, while “The Global Traveler” persona emphasized the necessity of having practical and conversational language abilities for travel.
Headspace developed various user personas, such as “The Busy Parent,” “The Stressed Student,” and “The High-Performance Athlete.” Each persona represented a distinct category of Headspace users, each with its own set of mindfulness objectives and driving forces. For instance, “The Stressed Student” persona emphasized the significance of lowering tension and enhancing attention for academic success, while “The High-Performance Athlete” persona emphasized the necessity of mental preparation and focus for athletic performance.
These examples show how user personas can be applied to the development of extremely popular apps that satisfy the requirements and objectives of their users. App developers can learn a lot about the motivations, problems, and preferences of their customers by developing realistic and thorough personas that represent a wide spectrum of consumers. These findings can then be used to design a more interesting and rewarding user experience that boosts market success.
Why User Personas are a Must-Have for Companies
Understanding your clients is more crucial than ever in today’s fiercely competitive markets. Persona development is therefore essential for firms of all sizes and in all sectors. You can learn a lot about the needs, objectives, motivations, and pain points of your target clients by constructing a fictionalized version of them. This data may then be utilized to develop goods and services that satisfy their requirements, develop empathy for your consumers, enhance communication, and boost customer happiness, loyalty, and retention.
User personas paint a clear picture of who your customers are and what they desire. They assist you in identifying the particular difficulties and problems that each client group faces so that you can develop solutions to these problems. Understanding the demands and objectives of your clients can help you develop goods and services that are in line with their standards and tastes, which will boost your market share.
Also, by speaking their language and selecting the appropriate methods to contact them, user personas assist firms in improving client communication. As a result, customers feel valued and understood by the company, which improves engagement, trust, and loyalty.
In conclusion, personas development is an essential tool for companies looking to better understand their customers and develop products that cater to their demands. By employing user personas, businesses may improve communication, design better products and services, foster empathy, and boost customer satisfaction, loyalty, and retention. Considering these advantages, it is evident that persona development is essential for companies of all sizes and sectors.
How we can help
Here at Blue Whale Apps, we don’t just build apps, we offer a complete end-to-end solution for any business that is looking to develop an app for their brand. That includes market and user research, and persona development, to ensure that the final product is perfectly designed for its target market, which will hugely increase the chances of a successful product launch.
If you would like to discuss your project with one of our experts, please book a free consolation call and we will be happy to help. | {
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<urn:uuid:84764a63-08a5-44b6-b5b0-e0718f63ad2a> | Obj. ID: 44053
Modern Jewish Art Oranienburg Sachsenhausen Holocaust Monument in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, France, 1970
To the main object: Jewish tombstones at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, France
Who is Commemorated?
Victims of Oranienburg and Sachsenhausen concentration camps
The monument is in section 97 of the cemetery in an area of other collective monuments.
A hammered copper sculpture rises from a circular limestone base. Set flat in the top of the base is a rectangular polished granite plaque with an incised dedicatory inscription in French.
A large spiky tree and a ring of spiky roots rise from the stone base. An emaciated man hangs in the tree, seeming to grow from it lie a giant fruit, or he is held in the tree. The spiky roots at the base of the monument purportedly represent the barbed wire fence of the camps, but in the tree the deportee is reborn. The treatment of the figure is less brutal than in the nearby Buchwald Memorial and the theme is of composition is more symbolic and allegorical.
The inscription around the base in bronze letters reads:
ORANIENBURG - SACHSENHAUSEN - ET SES KOMMANDOS
The inscription at the foot of the statue reads:
A circular mark by the signature could be the seal of the manufacturing workshop.
The inscription on a plaque on the base reads:
Camp de Concentration
Translation: To / 100,000 dead / from / Nazi concentration camp
L'Amicale des anciens deportes d'Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen
| Père Lachaise Cemetery
The dedication of the 97th division (section) of Père Lachaise Cemetery to the memory of deportees to concentration camps began in June 1946. This monument was erected in memory of deportees and victims of the two concentration camps Oranienburg (founded 1933) and Sachsenhausen (founded 1936) where inmates worked for German industry. It is estimated that Sachsenhausen Concentration camp housed approximately 200,000 inmates during its years of operation (1936-1945). The number of those who died of starvation, malnutrition, overwork, disease, medical experimentation, or were murdered outright, is unknown; certainly, there were tens of thousands of victims, and many more who died on the forced march after the camp closed. The Oranienburg Camp was much smaller, open for a much shorter time (1933-1934), and was mostly for German political prisoners. The number of 100,000 dead given on the monument for both camps is non-specific, and the actual number will never be known.
Monuments à la mémoire des déporté(e)s victimes des camps de concentration et d'extermination nazis, (Paris: Musée de la Résistance nationale, 2005)
Nord, Philip. After the Deportation: Memory Battles in Postwar France (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020)
“1936-1945 Sachsenhausen concentration camp,” Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen website , https://www.sachsenhausen-sbg.de/en/history/1936-1945-sachsenhausen-concentration-camp/ (accessed April 12, 2022) | {
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<urn:uuid:bbf08d37-e23e-46ec-9a31-f6ec3db16ca3> | Rules, Evidence, and Grammar
In case you haven’t heard, it’s National Grammar Day, and that seemed as good a time as any to reflect a little on the role of evidence in discussing grammar rules. (Goofy at Bradshaw of the Future apparently had the same idea.) A couple of months ago, Geoffrey Pullum made the argument in this post on Lingua Franca that it’s impossible to talk about what’s right or wrong in language without considering the evidence. Is singular they grammatical and standard? How do you know?
For most people, I think, the answer is pretty simple: you look it up in a source that you trust. If the source says it’s grammatical or correct, it is. If it doesn’t, it isn’t. Singular they is wrong because many authoritative sources say it is. End of story. And if you try to argue that the sources aren’t valid or reliable, you’re labelled an anything-goes type who believes we should just toss all the rules out the window and embrace linguistic anarchy.
The question is, where did these sources get their authority to say what’s right and wrong?
That is, when someone says that you should never use they as a singular pronoun or start a sentence with hopefully or use less with count nouns, why do you suppose that the rules they put forth are valid? The rules obviously haven’t been inscribed on stone tablets by the finger of the Lord, but they have to come from somewhere. Every language is different, and languages and constantly changing, so I think we have to recognize that there is no universal, objective truth when it comes to grammar and usage.
David Foster Wallace apparently fell into the trap of thinking that there was, unfortunately. In his famous Harper’s article “Tense Present: Democracy, English, and the Wars over Usage,” he quotes the introduction to The American College Dictionary, which says, “A dictionary can be an ‘authority’ only in the sense in which a book of chemistry or of physics or of botany can be an ‘authority’: by the accuracy and the completeness of its record of the observed facts of the field examined, in accord with the latest principles and techniques of the particular science.”
This is so stupid it practically drools. An “authoritative” physics text presents the results of physicists’ observations and physicists’ theories about those observations. If a physics textbook operated on Descriptivist principles, the fact that some Americans believe that electricity flows better downhill (based on the observed fact that power lines tend to run high above the homes they serve) would require the Electricity Flows Better Downhill Theory to be included as a “valid” theory in the textbook—just as, for Dr. Fries, if some Americans use infer for imply, the use becomes an ipso facto “valid” part of the language.
The irony of his first sentence is almost overwhelming. Physics is a set of universal laws that can be observed and tested, and electricity works regardless of what anyone believes. Language, on the other hand, is quite different. In fact, Wallace tacitly acknowledges the difference—without explaining his apparent contradiction—immediately after: “It isn’t scientific phenomena they’re tabulating but rather a set of human behaviors, and a lot of human behaviors are—to be blunt—moronic. Try, for instance, to imagine an ‘authoritative’ ethics textbook whose principles were based on what most people actually do.”1David Foster Wallace, “Tense Present: Democracy, English, and the Wars over Usage,” Harper’s Monthly, April 2001, 47.
Now here he hits on an interesting question. Any argument about right or wrong in language ultimately comes down to one of two options: it’s wrong because it’s absolutely, objectively wrong, or it’s wrong because arbitrary societal convention says it’s wrong. The former is untenable, but the latter doesn’t give us any straightforward answers. If there is no objective truth in usage, then how do we know what’s right and wrong?
Wallace tries to make the argument about ethics; sloppy language leads to real problems like people accidentally eating poison mushrooms. But look at his gargantuan list of peeves and shibboleths on the first page of the article. How many of them lead to real ethical problems? Does singular they pose any kind of ethical problem? What about sentential hopefully or less with count nouns? I don’t think so.
So if there’s no ethical problem with disputed usage, then we’re still left with the question, what makes it wrong? Here we get back to Pullum’s attempt to answer the question: let’s look at the evidence. And, because we can admit, like Wallace, that some people’s behavior is moronic, let’s limit ourselves to looking at the evidence from those speakers and writers whose language can be said to be most standard. What we find even then is that a lot of the usage and grammar rules that have been put forth, from Bishop Robert Lowth to Strunk and White to Bryan Garner, don’t jibe with actual usage.
Edward Finegan seizes on this discrepancy in an article a few years back. In discussing sentential hopefully, he quotes Garner as saying that it is “all but ubiquitous—even in legal print. Even so, the word received so much negative attention in the 1970s and 1980s that many writers have blacklisted it, so using it at all today is a precarious venture. Indeed, careful writers and speakers avoid the word even in its traditional sense, for they’re likely to be misunderstood if they use it in the old sense”2”Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). Finegan says, “I could not help but wonder how a reflective and careful analyst could concede that hopefully is all but ubiquitous in legal print and claim in the same breath that careful writers and speakers avoid using it.”3Edward Finegan, “Linguistic Prescription: Familiar Practices and New Perspectives,” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (2003) 23, 216.
The problem when you start questioning the received wisdom on grammar and usage is that you make a lot of people very angry. In a recent conversation on Twitter, Mignon Fogarty, aka Grammar Girl, said, “You would not believe (or maybe you would) how much grief I’m getting for saying ‘data’ can sometimes be singular.” I responded, “Sadly, I can. For some people, grammar is more about cherished beliefs than facts, and they don’t like having them challenged.” They don’t want to hear arguments about authority and evidence and deriving rules from what educated speakers actually use. They want to believe that there’s some deeper truths that justify their preferences and peeves, and that’s probably not going to change anytime soon. But for now, I’ll keep trying.
|↑1||David Foster Wallace, “Tense Present: Democracy, English, and the Wars over Usage,” Harper’s Monthly, April 2001, 47.|
|↑2||”Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).|
|↑3||Edward Finegan, “Linguistic Prescription: Familiar Practices and New Perspectives,” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (2003) 23, 216.|
10 thoughts on “Rules, Evidence, and Grammar”
Language issues are tricky; otherwise, how could David Foster Wallace have been so deeply confused? The American College Dictionary plainly states that they intend to base their judgements on empirical observation. Wallace mocks this by asking what would happen if physicists altered their theories to take people’s opinions into account.
In fact, the usage issues we argue about are largely just opinions handed down to us by people who didn’t have the technology or the inclination to check their views against the evidence.
The spurious attack on sentential “hopefully” is a great example. As usual, Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage has an informative entry on that topic. Undoubtedly, hopefully has been wrongly maligned. Certainly, we can repair the mistake through examination of the evidence. Frankly, it’s amazing that we have to engage in these arguments in 2012. Hopefully, we’ll move past some of these zombie usage disputes.
An “authoritative” physics text presents the results of physicists’ observations and physicists’ theories about those observations.
So … how are linguists’ observations and theories about those observations different? On the face of it, Wallace clearly believes that Language is unchanging. Hwaet!
I don’t think “data” is often treated as singular. You don’t hear or see “*a data” or “*the datas.” I think most of us treat it as a mass noun. Data is/are relevant to statistical and scientific investigation. A singular datum is not very useful or meaningful in that context. Data is an aggregate, non-countable, mass noun in English. That’s what the evidence suggests. It was a plural in Latin. Oh, the good old days.
Language certainly is tricky. Wallace quite intentionally conflated the phenomenon being studied with evaluations of the phenomenon being studied, because, as he argued, language behavior doesn’t exist independent of observation or interpretation. This is true, but it doesn’t mean it’s impossible to talk about the fact that many people use infer to mean imply along with the fact that some others disapprove of this usage. Linguistics is quite capable of talking about both the behavior and attitudes surrounding the behavior.
On “data,” I think Grammar Girl meant that it’s often treated as a mass noun, which is grammatically singular. You’re right that nobody ever talks about “a datum” or “these thirty-seven data.” If we need to talk about it as a single thing, we use “data point,” which is analogous to many other mass nouns—rice/grain of rice, paper/piece of paper, and so on.
I’m confident that you are right about Grammar Girl meaning that “data” is a (grammatically singular) mass noun. However, you quote her as saying that she gets a lot of grief for saying that “data” can sometimes be singular.
In reply to the grief givers, it’s important to make the point that English seems to treat “data” as a mass noun, which explains the singular verb agreement.
If it were singular and countable, it would require a determiner. Now that’s a rule that is valid both descriptively and prescriptively. (Although the plural-only nouns like scissors and pliers are sometimes treated as singular count nouns in some dialects.)
How about this, from a Nova broadcast in April 2008: “We were expecting to receive all of the simulated data,”says Jean-Pierre Lebreton. “Unfortunately, we didn’t receive very many of those data.”
Or this from Simon Winchester’s “A Crack in the Edge of the World”, about the 1906 San Francisco earthquake:
However questionable some of the data might have been, Bolt had a very great deal of them
People who write about science do often treat data as plural. They’ve been trained to do so. Do they ever talk about the singular – “this datum?”
The examples of plural “data” Ridger cited sound a little odd to me, but that’s just part of the variability in usage of the term.
Maybe it’s mostly lay people who treat data as a non-count noun.
What would you think of “these agenda” if you heard it? How about, “I’d like to move this agendum to the end of the meeting?”
Well, the agenda is the list of things to be discussed, so I’d get “this agendum”. But I confess “these agenda” would sound like several lists, not several items.
“Very many of those data” just sounds horribly awkward to me. It’s not the kind of usage that comes naturally to anyone, I think; it’s entirely artificial. As Eugene says, people are trained to use it that way.
Eugene mentioned the good old days of Latin. Many of you are probably alumni of some school. A man would say I am an alumnus of … However, if you are a woman you are an alumna, and if you went, say, to an all women’s school you would collectively be alumnae. How many people still use these words correctly? | {
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<urn:uuid:383400be-969e-4173-aefa-dd3c17668219> | What is a site factory?
A relatively recent concept, the site factory is used to indicate a form of industrialization of the process of developing, testing and maintaining a catalog of websites within a single organization. Adopted to simplify the implementation of complex digital projects, a site factory allows a multitude of domains to be exploited and multiplied according to specific business and communication projects.
With significant cost savings, rapid time-to-market and improved governance, site factories are now an essential resource for companies with an increasingly dense, dynamic and impactful online presence. But let’s take a closer look at what we’re talking about.
What is a site factory?
It is essential to make a distinction between the concept of “site factory” and “multi-site”, which is typical of classic content management solutions. Multi-site refers to the ability of a CMS to generate several websites based on the same layer, while the site factory refers to the industrial capacity to integrate, deploy and test a virtually unlimited number of websites in an automated manner. This is the specialty of Sitecore, of which Castelis is the main integrator partner in France.
A complex project, integrating several cloud instances, an extranet and the addition of several third-party systems, justifies the switch to a site factory solution.
The image of a factory refers to the standardized processes typical of large-scale industrial production. The term “site factory” is therefore used to designate an organizational device that optimizes the production and management of a large number of sites, with a set of pre-integrated technologies and services belonging to a single organization.
In practice, with just a few clicks, it is possible to configure, test and launch a new website, with a dedicated url and all the specific features that make it unique.
Industrialize the deployment of websites
As a result of the industrial revolution, the way material goods are created has changed dramatically. Until then, products were mainly manufactured by hand, which had many drawbacks such as unavailability of spare parts, high costs or difficulty in defining a good quality process. The advent of industrialization, by introducing more scalability, accessibility and governance, has created a decidedly more efficient, fast and inexpensive production system, with a double benefit for producers and consumers.
In the last few years, we have been experiencing a similar revolution in the digital industry, especially regarding the production of websites. Take the example of a multinational company that controls several brands: separate teams, speaking different languages, are called upon to manage the online presence of each brand, each with its own business priorities. Developing and administering dozens of sites, while maintaining centralized control at headquarters and ensuring the IT security of the entire infrastructure, represents a major effort both financially and in terms of human resources organization.
So why not industrialize the process of creating and setting up your company’s websites? For this, advanced systems for the digital experience management, such as Sitecore, work like a site factory, i.e. they offer a standardized approach to assemble, produce and operate websites. In concrete terms, once the basic settings have been made, the site factory allows the company to create a web architecture model that can be replicated in an automated manner. Each new site will therefore be managed independently by the different teams and divisions, which will be able to customize and adapt it according to their needs.
The advantages of a site factory
It is important to emphasize that the adoption of a site factory must be evaluated according to the needs of the company, in relation to its size, but also in relation to the need to differentiate its online presence, with a strategic vision on the long term. Once the project is defined, this strategy will bring considerable benefits to the company. This is the approach taken by L’Oréal, which entrusted Castelis with the creation of its own factory on site for its different brands and products.
Once the organization has a site factory, the time to launch each new domain is extremely short. With its architecture already set up, the new site will simply need to be tailored to the business purpose for which it is being launched, allowing teams to focus almost exclusively on defining content, with no real technical work required.
The use of a site factory is capable of reducing implementation times from several months to a few weeks, or even days in the case of the simplest projects.
Once the site factory is adopted, the production of each site will normally amount to a few thousand euros, compared to total expenses often amounting to several tens of thousands of euros (or even hundreds) for a web development from scratch: the ROI of such a strategic choice thus appears advantageous.
In addition, there are all the economic benefits that result from this: lower maintenance costs, increased productivity of the various work teams, more efficient analysis tools, more time to devote to high value-added activities, etc.
Better overall governance
The website factory also represents a guarantee of compliance with the governance rules established by the organization. The single base of the website ecosystem allows to keep a strong coherence around a CMS or ERP system and all pre-integrated third-party solutions (business software, CRM, APIs, etc.).
In addition, the work of the different work teams, such as MarCom, retail or IT, will at the same time be more homogeneous and decentralized, regardless of the department, channel or business unit involved.
Get an on-site factory with Sitecore
As the previous example shows, thanks to the site factory, a large multinational can provide the teams of each local branch with websites adapted to market requirements and giving them more relevant control over the user experience, while guaranteeing respect for the brand identity.
Setting up a site factory therefore implies opting for adapted tools, specifically designed for this case and able to evolve as the company grows and its strategy changes. In this context, Sitecore solutions are the reference in terms of site factories, industrialization, process automation, simplified and massive content management.
But the fields of use of the site factory are very broad. It is easy, for example, to imagine the advantages for a franchised commercial entity, for a small company that needs a multi-site infrastructure or for an institution that needs a multitude of portals to interface with the public (administration, university, sports leagues, etc.).
Generally speaking, there can be many reasons to adopt a site plant and you should consider this option:
- if you spend huge amounts of money to order the development of an evolving catalog of websites ;
- if the development, deployment and testing stages are prolonged, resulting in economic losses and a lack of commercial responsiveness ;
- if you need to provide a unified user experience across multiple websites, regulatory systems, geographies and languages ;
- if your IT team is bogged down in trivial and time-consuming development and maintenance tasks ;
- if marketing teams are completely dependent on the IT department for every new campaign or website to be set up.
But the list is far from being exhaustive! If you think that a site factory project would suit your organization, the Castelis team is ready to advise you and accompany you in its implementation.
For this purpose, we are a Sitecore Gold Partner, expert in digital experience management software : our digital team develops your institutional, brand or e-commerce sites and by adopting a “site factory” approach allows you to amplify your digital impact.
Learn more with our Webinar : Creating a site factory with Sitecore
Need more information or specific support ? Contact us, Castelis Sitecore experts are at your disposal. | {
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<urn:uuid:ff3980bd-a4f2-406a-a08a-6954e20f68eb> | shell (noun, verb) /ʃɛl/ LISTEN
The shell is the hard outer covering of an animal, such as a clam, snail, or turtle. The outer covering of an egg, seed, or nut is also called a shell. A thin crust of pastry or other dough lightly baked in a hollow shape, such as a pastry case, is also called a shell and so is a hard case or cover. As a verb, to shell means ‘to remove the shell of’ or ‘to remove peas or beans from their pods.’
- The tortoise disappeared into its shell.
- Tania cracked the eggs into a bowl and put the shells in the compost bin.
- Sabina blind baked the pastry shell for the tart.
- The electronic components are protected by a hard plastic shell.
- Can you shell some walnuts for me to use in this recipe, please?
- My grandmother was shelling peas in the kitchen.
Words often used with shell
shell out: pay for something. Example: “Our old car has broken down again, but we need it for work, so we’ll either have to shell out for repairs or shell out for a new car.”
come out of your shell: grow in confidence. Example: “Tim was very shy when I first met him, but he’s come out of his shell over the past year.”
In pop culture
Ghost in the Shell is the title of a 2017 movie starring Scarlett Johansson and based on a Japanese manga. You can see the movie trailer here:
A shell is also a hollow container filled with explosives and fired from a gun, etc, and to shell means to fire explosive projectiles into, upon, or among.
Did you know?
She sells seashells by the seashore is a classic English tongue twister. You can listen to it here:
Most English speakers will know this tongue twister, but probably not many will know that it is said to be based on a real person, Mary Anning, a nineteenth-century paleontologist who used to collect and sell fossils along England’s Jurassic coast (part of England’s south coast, stretching from East Devon to Dorset), where she made many important discoveries. You can learn more about Mary Anning and her possible connection to the tongue twister here.
Shell dates back to before the year 900. The Old and Middle English noun scell, scill or sciell (meaning ‘seashell’ or ‘eggshell’) evolved from the Old English noun scealu (husk or shell), and can be traced back to the Proto-Germanic skaljo, which could mean ‘a scale,’ ‘a shell’ or ‘a piece cut off something,’ and the Proto-Indo-European root skel– (to cut). It is related to the West Frisian skyl (peel or rind), the Middle Low German schelle (pod, rind or eggshell) and the Gothic skalja (tile), as well as English words such as half, scale, scalpel, school, sculpture, shelf, shield and skill. The sense soon expanded to include the outside covering of other things, and the meaning, originally figurative, ‘the exterior of something’ dates back to the mid-17th century, while ‘hollow framework’ first appeared in the mid-18th century. The military sense, a reference to a hollow shell filled with explosives, dates back to the mid-17th century. The verb comes from the noun and, meaning ‘to remove a nut or something similar from a shell,’ dates back to the mid-16th century. The meaning ‘to bombard with shells (in the military sense) was first used in the mid-19th century. The expression to shell out, a play on extracting money as if they were nuts, dates back to the early 19th century.
Word of the Day is released Monday through Friday. | {
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<urn:uuid:3ca297fe-3259-4ff1-b904-cbec9c6c889c> | Dubbo Regional Council encourages residents to Be Wise With Our Water and exercise water conservation. Water conservation is the practice of using water efficiently to reduce unnecessary water usage.
Water conservation is essential and can be done by everyone. We can all contribute to saving water.
COMMUNITY DAILY WATER USAGE
Council has developed a procedure to calculate the daily average water consumption in Dubbo, Geurie and Wellington.
Council encourages residents to be Wise With Our Water and aim at using approximately 380- 400 litres per person per day (PDF 292.1KB).
|29 May 2023 - 4 June 2023
|22 May 2023 - 28 May 2023
|15 May 2023 - 21 May 2023
|8 May 2023 - 14 May 2023
|1 May 2023 - 7 May 2023
|24 April 2023 - 30 April 2023
|17 April 2023 - 23 April 2023
|10 April 2023 - 16 April 2023
|3 April 2023 - 9 April 2023
|27 March 2023 - 2 April 2023
|20 March 2023 - 26 March 2023
MONITORING YOUR WATER USAGE
Customers with a Smart Water Device will be able to monitor and manage their water consumption through the 'My DRC Water' online customer portal. You can set up scheduled consumption reports, monitor your usage daily and set up high usage and leak alerts.
You can access the portal at mydrcwater.dubbo.gov.au
ADVICE FOR SAVING WATER
Just click on the banners, or the links below them, to discover the most efficient ways to use water and cut down on wastage.
Find out how to save water in business; Saving Water in Business
Find out how to save water in your home; Saving Water in the Home
Find out how to save water in your garden; Saving Water Outdoors
Discover how to save water in your pool; Pool and Spa
Find out how to save water whilst washing your car; Car Washing
Discover how to install and use rainwater tanks; Rainwater Tanks
Everything you need to know about using greywater on your garden; Understanding Greywater
For more information on using greywater view Council's dedicated Policy; Greywater Recycled Water Reuse Policy
SMART WATER ADVICE VIDEOS
Take a look at the video playlist below for advice from Smart Water.
Last Edited: 06 Jun 2023 | {
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<urn:uuid:ec4256d2-f147-44be-b092-62074e10131a> | ![if !IE]> <![endif]>
Legal and Ethical Issues in Computer Security
In this chapter
· Program and data protection by patents, copyrights, and trademarks
· Computer crime
· Ethical analysis of computer security situations
· Codes of professional ethics
In this chapter we study human controls applicable to computer security: the legal system and ethics. The legal system has adapted quite well to computer technology by reusing some old forms of legal protection (copyrights and patents) and creating laws where no adequate ones existed (malicious access). Still, the courts are not a perfect form of protection for computer resources, for two reasons. First, the courts tend to be reactive instead of proactive. That is, we have to wait for a transgression to occur and then adjudicate it, rather than try to prevent it in the first place. Second, fixing a problem through the courts can be time consuming (sometimes taking years) and expensive; the latter characteristic prevents all but the wealthy from addressing most security issues.
On the other hand, ethics has not had to change, because ethics is more situational and personal than the law. For example, the privacy of personal information is becoming an important part of computer security. And although technically this issue is just an aspect of confidentiality, practically it has a long history in both law and ethics. The purpose of this chapter is to round out our study of protection for computing systems by understanding the context in which security is assessed and applied.
Not always are conflicts resolved pleasantly. Some people will think that they have been treated unfairly, and some people do indeed act unfairly. In some countries, a citizen reacts to a wrongful act by going to court. The courts are seen as the ultimate arbiters and enforcers of fairness. But, as most lawyers will tell you, the courts' definition of fair may not coincide with yours. Even if you could be sure the courts would side with you, a legal battle can be emotionally draining. Our purpose in this section is not only to understand how the legal system helps protect computer security but also to know how and when to use the legal system wisely.
Law and computer security are related in several ways. First, international, national, state, and city laws can affect privacy and secrecy. These statutes often apply to the rights of individuals to keep personal matters private. Second, laws regulate the use, development, and ownership of data and programs. Patents, copyrights, and trade secrets are legal devices to protect the rights of developers and owners of programs and data. Similarly, one aspect of computer security is controlling access to programs and data; that access control is supported by these mechanisms of the law. Third, laws affect actions that can be taken to protect the secrecy, integrity, and availability of computer information and service. These basic concerns in computer security are both strengthened and constrained by applicable laws. Thus, legal means interact with other controls to establish computer security.
However, the law does not always provide an adequate control. When computer systems are concerned, the law is slowly evolving because the issues are similar to but not the same as those for property rights. Computers are new, compared to houses, land, horses, or money. As a consequence, the place of computer systems in law is not yet firmly established. As statutes are written and cases decided, the roles of computers and the people, data, and processes involved are becoming more defined in the law. However, laws do not yet address all improper acts committed with computers. Finally, some judges, lawyers, and police officers do not understand computing, so they cannot determine how computing relates to other, more established, parts of the law.
The laws dealing with computer security affect programmers, designers, users, and maintainers of computing systems and computerized data banks. These laws protect, but they also regulate the behavior of people who use computers. Furthermore, computer professionals are among the best-qualified advocates for changing old laws and creating new ones regarding computers. Before recommending change, however, professionals must understand the current state of computers and the law. Therefore, we have three motivations for studying the legal section of this chapter:
to know what protection the law provides for computers and data
to appreciate laws that protect the rights of others with respect to computers, programs, and data
to understand existing laws as a basis for recommending new laws to protect computers, data, and people The next few sections address the following aspects of protection of the security of computers.
Protecting computing systems against criminals. Computer criminals violate the principles of confidentiality, integrity, and availability for computer systems. Preventing the violation is better than prosecuting it after the fact. However, if other controls fail, legal action may be necessary. In this section we study several representative laws to determine what acts are punishable under the law.
Protecting code and data. Copyrights, patents, and trade secrets are all forms of legal protection that can be applied to programs and, sometimes, data. However, we must understand the fundamental differences between the kind of protection these three provide and the methods of obtaining that protection.
Protecting programmers' and employers' rights. The law protects both programmers and people who employ programmers. Generally, programmers have only limited legal rights to access programs they have written while employed. This section contains a survey of the rights of employees and employers regarding programs written for pay.
Protecting users of programs. When you buy a program, you expect it to work properly. If it doesn't, you want the legal system to protect your rights as a consumer. This section surveys the legal recourse you have to address faulty programs.
Computer law is complex and emerging rather rapidly as it tries to keep up with the rapid technological advances in and enabled by computing. We present the fundamentals in this book not in their full detail as you would expect by someone with a law degree, but as a situational analysis to heighten the awareness of those who are not lawyers but who must deal with the law's implications. You should consult a lawyer who understands and specializes in computer law in order to apply the material of this section to any specific case. And, as most lawyers will advise, ensuring legal protection by doing things correctly from the beginning is far easierand cheaperthan hiring a lawyer to sort out a web of conflict after things have gone wrong.
Copyright © 2018-2023 BrainKart.com; All Rights Reserved. Developed by Therithal info, Chennai. | {
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<urn:uuid:cdb27246-8c3d-4e1b-92b6-431550e80f9b> | Members of the Hindu community will describe the significance of these holidays and also answer questions about their faith. The discussion will take place after a vegetarian meal they have prepared.
Dr. Chandradhar Dwivedi, priest of the local Hindu community and member of the BIC planning team, explains that "Lord Rama was the seventh incarnation (or avatar) of Lord Vishnu, the God for preservation in the Hindu Trinity. Lord Vishnu incarnated as Rama to destroy the demon Ravan and his evil forces at that time."
Hindus worship for eight days leading up to Lord Rama's birthday, known as Ramanavami. They then celebrate Ramanavami with special festivities "on the ninth day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month Chaitra" (March-April).
On April 3 BIC will also help celebrate the Hindu New Year, which is based on the lunar calendar Vikram Samvat. That calendar was established in 57 BCE by King Vikramaditya of Ujjain. Though there are regional differences within India, many Hindus mark the start of the New Year "on the first day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month Chaitra" (March-April).
Vikram Samvat 2071 will be March 31, 2014, on the Western calendar.
Both of these celebrations--Ramanavami and the Hindu New Year--are usually observed with special prayers and feasting with family, relatives and friends.
Please share in this auspicious celebration and learn more about the Hindu faith. Once again, a vegetarian meal will be provided by the Hindu community. Bring your good will, kindly heart, listening ears, and questions! | {
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<urn:uuid:17f30a02-65cf-43af-b977-9441deec24c6> | - Share on Facebook
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Cooperation on hydrogen industrial clusters between China and Europe could help move the clean energy transition agenda forward.
Hydrogen produced with renewable resources will become cheaper than fossil fuels by 2030 across a range of applications. Green hydrogen will be used to replace fossil fuels in hard-to-abate sectors.
After many years of research, development and advocacy, the hydrogen economy is taking shape. This momentum was sparked by expectations that “green” hydrogen, which is produced with renewable resources, will become cheaper than fossil fuels by 2030 across a range of applications. While most research suggests that the majority of fossil molecules in energy applications will be replaced with clean electrons rather than green molecules, it is becoming clear that direct electrification of everything would be technically impractical and economically burdensome.
Spearheading efforts to scale-up hydrogen, the EU – as well as individual member states including Germany, France, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and Spain – have already presented their hydrogen strategy documents, with more still under development. Central to EU hydrogen strategy is a massive deployment of electrolysers, as well as the need to import green hydrogen from abroad. To this end, the EU is considering the “Hydrogen Backbone”, with a project that would convert 23,000 km, or about 10% of current gas pipeline networks to carry pure hydrogen instead.
The Backbone would be 75% based upon repurposed gas pipelines, and 25% on new, purpose built hydrogen pipelines. But estimates of future hydrogen demand can vary, by almost an order of magnitude, so without careful evaluation of future demand, the EU risks exchanging stranded gas infrastructure for stranded hydrogen assets.
China is the largest hydrogen producer and consumer in the world, the central government first endorsed hydrogen in the 2019 State Council work report. Since then, at least 23 out of 31 provincial level regions in China have already issued development plans for hydrogen energy and fuel cell vehicles, and more than 10 of them included hydrogen development in their 14th Five Year Plan for Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through 2035.
Various levels of Chinese government fully embrace the concept of hydrogen industrial clusters and are already creating them: from East China (Shanghai and adjacent regions) to Central China (Wuhan and beyond), Southern China (Guangdong and beyond), and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Even at provincial (such as Hebei) and lower local government level (such as Foshan City in Guangdong), the concept of industrial clusters has been integrated into hydrogen plans.
China’s eager embrace of hydrogen industrial clusters is largely incentivized by the country’s ability to significantly bring down unit manufacturing cost through industrial clusters. Following a rapid industrialization process starting in 1978, China has now formed a comprehensive modern industrial system comprising 41 large industrial categories, 207 medium ones and 666 small ones, thus is the only country in the world that has all the industrial categories based on the industrial classification of the United Nations. Taking capital expenditure of alkaline electrolysis systems and coal-fired power plants as examples, Chinese manufacturers and contractors possess significant cost advantages against their counterparts in western countries. The importance of industrial clusters in achieving economies of scale is clear.
Similar to the EU, China is currently experiencing a wave of interest in hydrogen. Unlike the EU, national coordination of the hydrogen economy is noticeably inadequate; China has not yet issued a national hydrogen strategy. China could thus benefit enormously from insights gathered in the European (especially German) debates. Ideally, mutually beneficial international cooperation on hydrogen industrial clusters between China and Europe could help move the clean energy transition agenda forward.
Quantifying European hydrogen demand and mapping industrial clusters
Assuming that electricity will replace much of current demand for natural gas, Agora Energiewende, an energy transition think tank based in Berlin, together with its partner AFRY Management Consulting, have taken up the task of estimating inescapable industrial hydrogen demand, which arises from applications where electricity would not be a practical solution in the foreseeable future. In other words, we have purposely assumed that sub-sectors where direct electrification is feasible would opt for these technologies in the interest of efficiency.
First, we calculated the trajectories for such hydrogen demand up to 2050, by which time refineries (currently the biggest hydrogen buyer) will have been phased out in the EU. The three biggest consumers by mid-century are projected to be steel, ammonia, and plastics, which are applications where hydrogen is used primarily as feedstock instead of energy carrier.
Next, we mapped these demand centres up to 2050. The biggest demand hub is found in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany), Flanders (Belgium), and the Netherlands, where a large cluster of chemical and petrochemical installations is already located, along with steel plants. Because other smaller clusters could be considered potentially disparate, we then investigated whether these demand levels are likely to warrant hydrogen pipeline connections.
Based on envisaged feedstock and chemical reagent demand for hydrogen, Agora identified four industrial clusters where there is a clear, no-regret case for repurposing or building a hydrogen pipeline network. These clusters are ideally suited to serve as anchor points for hydrogen demand, from which sprawling hydrogen octopuses of pipelines might eventually emerge, should hydrogen steal the hearts of consumers.
Adding potential hydrogen demand from other hard-to-abate applications in power, aviation and shipping sectors is likely to strengthen the case for a more expansive network of hydrogen pipelines.
However, total European demand for green hydrogen from all sectors in 2050 is likely to be in the order of 1,000-2,000 TWh per year, the equivalent of only a fraction of the current natural gas consumption of 4,600 TWh. To achieve climate neutrality by mid-century, the EU should therefore focus on developments along early opportunity corridors identified in our study. By comparison, China should start mapping its likely corridors of eventual clean hydrogen demand – based on probable levels that emphasize electrification, with hydrogen filling in the gaps towards carbon neutrality before 2060.
This text was originally posted on the World Economic Forum's website and is reposted here with kind permission.
All posts by Gniewomir Flis, Kevin Tu (涂建军), Dr. Matthias Deutsch
Green hydrogen clusters in Europe and ChinaCooperation on hydrogen industrial clusters between China and Europe could help move the clean energy transition agenda forward.
How green is China’s post-COVID recovery in 2020?Despite the unprecedented challenges induced by coronavirus; China was the first major economy to recover from the pandemic thanks to the country’s stringent but effective measures.
Sustaining China’s pandemic-induced short-term climate progressAt the virtual climate summit on 12 December 2020, Chinese President Xi Jinping laid out additional steps to fulfill his recent carbon-neutrality pledge. It was the most consequential climate statement at the summit.
What does the coronavirus pandemic mean for the Chinese energy economy – threat or opportunity?2020 was off to a good start for China following the conclusion of the US-China phase one trade deal on January 15. But soon, the Year of the Rat was marred by the novel coronavirus.
EU-wide innovation support is key to the success of electrolysis manufacturing in EuropeGermany wants to become a leader in hydrogen technology. But recent publications by IRENA and BNEF show that China is leading cost-wise. | {
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<urn:uuid:7593c7f0-2d2d-4f77-aa6b-d2b2da022969> | 5 Ways a Healthy Diet and Exercise Routine Can Improve Your Mental Health
Your physical health and your mental health are inextricably linked and it stands to reason that taking care of one will have an impact on the other. A healthy diet and regular exercise can reduce stress and anxiety, improve your outlook on life, and make you more confident, energetic, and capable of dealing with whatever life throws at you. Likewise, your diet can impact your mental health in the following ways.
Reducing the Risk of Depression
Regular exercise is more effective than medication in treating and preventing mild to moderate depression. So if you're feeling down, a workout could be just what the doctor ordered.
In addition to its mood-boosting benefits, exercise reduces stress, improves sleep, boosts energy levels, and increases self-esteem. All of these things can have a positive impact on your mental health.
But it's not just exercise that can improve your mental health. Eating a healthy diet is also essential. For example, people who eat healthier diets with lots of fruits and vegetables are less likely to experience depression than those who eat fewer fruits and vegetables.
If you want to improve your self-esteem, a healthy diet and exercise routine can be a great start. Eating nutritious foods and regular exercise can help increase energy levels, boost moods, and improve overall physical health. These benefits can lead to increased confidence and improved self-esteem.
However, if you're unsure where to start, plenty of resources are available to help you create a healthy diet and exercise plan that works for you.
Helping Improve Focus and Concentration
A healthy diet and exercise routine can help improve focus and concentration by providing the body with the nutrients it needs to function correctly. Exercise has been shown to increase neurotransmitters associated with concentration and focus, such as dopamine and norepinephrine. A healthy diet can help improve blood flow to the brain, which can, in turn, improve cognitive function. Additionally, eating well helps provide the energy needed for regular exercise.
Eating foods rich in Omega-3 fatty acids like fish or walnuts can also be beneficial for improving concentration and focus. A healthy diet and exercise routine also improves sleep quality, which is essential for improved mental health since it's when our bodies repair themselves physically.
Benefiting from Reduced Anxiety
When you're anxious, your body goes into fight-or-flight mode. This means your heart rate and blood pressure increase, you start to breathe more quickly, and your muscles tense up.
Regular exercise can help reduce anxiety by teaching your body how to better respond to stress. It also reduces the release of cortisol, the hormone that causes many symptoms of anxiety. A consistent diet will have similar effects as it helps regulate blood sugar levels and provides nutrients necessary for healthy brain function.
Increasing Energy Levels
When you're eating healthy foods and exercising regularly, your energy levels naturally increase. This can lead to feeling more alert and productive during the day. Plus, having more energy can help you stay motivated and maintain healthy habits. You might find yourself wanting to get up and do something when before, you would have found it challenging to make yourself take action.
If you don't have much time for exercise, try some high-intensity interval training in short bursts throughout the day! It will still be effective at improving your fitness level even if it doesn't always give you a total body workout.
Many factors come into play when it comes to improving your mental health. Diet and exercise are the most important, as they can impact everything from your energy levels to your ability to cope with stress. So, if you want to make a positive change in your life, a healthy diet and exercise routine can improve your mental health.
At Aspyn Market, we want to help people understand how what they eat and do physically can impact their mental wellness.
Check out our blog for more ways to stay mentally and emotionally well! Also, contact us if you want to learn more about how lifestyle changes like staying active and managing stress might affect your mental health.
Explore Other Aspyn Market Products
ASPYN PLANNER & WELLNESS WORKBOOK | {
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<urn:uuid:21c3064d-07e7-42ce-a6cd-ac789903625a> | For many patients, sleep apnea is worse when lying on the back.For example, Oksenberg and colleagues found in their study of 100 consecutive adult patients with OSA that the supine position was associated with increased frequency of apneas and hypopneas during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep, although duration of these episodes did not increase.12
Gravity, airway anatomy, airway critical closing pressures, and effects on upper-airway dilator muscle function all come into play when a person is in the supine position and can aggravate OSA. In normal sleep, parasympathetic activity is enhanced and the muscle tone of the upper airway is decreased. A healthy person can maintain a patent airway and adequate airflow during sleep. A patient with OSA has a smaller, more collapsible upper airway during sleep, resulting in apneic or hypopneic events and often causing snoring from upper-airway tissue vibration.13
Positional therapy involves the use of assistive devices to help a patient avoid the supine position during sleep. Studies noting the efficacy of positional therapy are lacking or have not been consistent. Sleeping on one’s side is often advised to assist in decreasing the risk of OSA.6 Other simple sleeping strategies include the following:
- Have the person sew a small pocket to the back of the pajamas and place a tennis ball or other small ball into it, to keep the person off of his or her back during sleep.
- Have the person use a special pillow that helps to stretch the neck; this may reduce snoring and improve sleep for people with mild sleep apnea.
- Have the person sleep in an upright position; this may improve oxygen levels in overweight people with sleep apnea. Elevating the head of the bed may help.6
Weight loss can significantly reduce OSA symptoms and should be recommended for all overweight persons with OSA, as illustrated by results reported by Foster and fellow members of the Sleep AHEAD Research Group, part of the Look AHEAD Research Group for the study of intensive lifestyle interventions for overweight persons with diabetes.14 In the randomized trial conducted by Foster’s team, 264 adults (mean age 61.2 years) with type 2 diabetes, mean BMI 36.7 kg/m2, and mean AHI 23.2 events per hour were assigned to a behavioral weight-loss program or to 3 group sessions related to effective diabetes management. At 1 year, after losing significantly more weight than the diabetes-management group (10.8 kg vs. 0.6 kg), the weight-loss group demonstrated an adjusted decrease in AHI of 9.7 events per hour relative to the diabetes-management group. In addition, 3 times as many weight-loss participants experienced total remission of OSA, and severe OSA was only half as prevalent in the weight-loss group as in the diabetes-management group. The investigators noted that persons who lost 10 kg or more had the greatest reductions in AHI.
Weight loss should occur in conjunction with primary treatment of OSA. Once substantial weight loss is achieved, a follow-up polysomnogram is indicated to assess for residual OSA, especially in patients who had low oxygen saturation levels and high supine AHI before weight loss.15
Clinicians should be aware that within the global epidemic of childhood and adolescent obesity, up to 60% of obese children have OSA.16 Early recognition and treatment of OSA in obese youths are likely to lead to a reduction in the cardiometabolic burden of these patients.16 In addition to following healthy eating habits, children and adolescents generally should engage in at least 60 minutes of moderately intense physical exercise per day to prevent obesity or maintain weight.16 Almost half of all obese children with OSA have adenotonsillar hypertrophy; as a result, the American Board of Pediatrics recommends adenotonsillectomy as the first step in OSA management.16 This surgery leads to improvement of obstructive symptoms in 80% of cases in otherwise normal children with OSA, but is less likely to be successful in morbidly obese children.16
Bariatric surgery was described as “a definitive treatment for obstructive sleep apnea” by the authors of a systematic review involving 69 studies and 13,900 patients.17 Undertaken by Sarkhosh and associates to determine which of the available bariatric procedures were the most effective in the treatment of OSA, the review indicated that more than 75% of patients had at least some improvement in OSA, with biliopancreatic diversion being the most successful bariatric procedure in improving or resolving OSA and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding being the least successful.
Clinical practice guidelines for bariatric surgery cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, The Obesity Society, and the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery list OSA as a severe obesity-related comorbidity, with the recommendation being that a patient with OSA and with a BMI ≥35 kg/m2 be offered bariatric surgery.18 The guideline authors caution, however, that OSA is associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality and in bariatric surgery patients, with adverse outcomes. Bariatric surgery is rarely recommended for children unless the child is morbidly obese (BMI >40 kg/m2, or has a BMI of 35-40 kg/m2 with coexisting diseases.16 Other nonsurgical approaches should be exhausted before bariatric surgery is considered for the treatment of OSA in children. | {
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<urn:uuid:250c24d3-ce42-4859-85aa-f7e9e884f6d8> | |A tutor’s guide to teaching |
and learning at UQ,
Bath, Smith & Steel, 2019
The emphasis in this guide is on small small group teaching (with mention made of classes of 16 students). The assumption is that the tutor works alone with a class, making up their own lessons. However, students are increasingly instructed in large groups, with a team of instructors, following a pre-designed lesson plan. Even where the tutor is on their own, they need to follow what the student is being asked to learn and do, in the course notes, lectures, videos and other instruction.
As a student myself, and as a tutor, a major frustration, and source of confusion has been when the tutor doesn't know what is going on in the rest of the course, so doesn't know how to support the students. As a tutor, on occasion, I have asked the students what was said in lectures. This can be a useful way to see what students have retained, and what misunderstanding there have been, but often it is because I really don't know what they were told.
I suggest tutors need to be trained to work collaboratively, with fellow tutors and the course supervisor. It is not be enough for the tutor to sit back and wait for this collaboration to happen, as many supervisors are too busy to organize it, don't understand the importance of this, or how to do it.
Post a Comment | {
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<urn:uuid:e97cf4f6-956d-4ce3-86c9-d3a31ae64a24> | The second National Day for Truth and Reconciliation was highlighted in many ways in West Nipissing. The municipality led the way by closing its facilities for the day and asking staff and community members to wear orange and to reflect on what the day means. “Public awareness and education of the history and impacts of residential schools is a vital part of reconciliation. Please take the time to learn the truth about the ongoing effects of residential schools and to reflect on how we can continue to advance reconciliation,” town officials urged in a release.
On Sept. 30, an Every Child Matters flag was flown at the Municipal office in Sturgeon Falls and lights at the West Nipissing Power Generation dam were illuminated in orange, as a symbol of commemoration.
Many organizations and businesses observed the day by asking their staff to wear orange. Schools took part in various activities from crafts to marches to special presentations. Nipissing First Nation welcomed students from around the district for teachings, singing, dancing and drumming.
Gimaa (Chief) Scott McLeod of Nipissing First Nation made presentations in schools and, in the days following, to community groups. He also posted a video message on social media informing people of why it is important to acknowledge painful truths about Canada’s abuses of Indigenous people, and how we can work toward reconciliation.
“Nobody is holding you personally responsible for things that were done in the past, however it is all of our responsibility on how we deal with the past in order to move forward together in a positive and collective way. The biggest part of reconciliation is acknowledging and accepting the truth. Try imagining a heinous crime committed against you or someone you love. Now imagine that nobody acknowledged the truth that this crime even ever happened. Victims need the environment of acknowledgement and empathy in order to heal from their suffering.”
He recommended everyone learn more by reading the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee and holding their elected officials accountable for implementing the committee’s 94 recommendations. | {
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<urn:uuid:cfa8f672-0822-4d4c-b1a2-cac73c625014> | The Curriculum Mapping KnowledgeBase is an online resource supporting education professionals with the development and use of curriculum mapping as part of their instructional strategies. The KnowledgeBase is based on four elements derived from The Curriculum Mapping Planner: Templates, Tools, and Resources for Effective Professional Development authored by Heidi Hayes Jacobs and Ann Johnson, and published by ASCD.
Purpose: Applying curriculum mapping within a district or school begins with an understanding of the fundamentals. These include being knowledgeable about the basic concepts, defining a vision for the initiative, and creating a leadership structure to support it. Element 1 outlines these tasks and offers resources for the teacher to gain such an understanding.
Purpose: Wiktionary dictionary defines launch as "to set going; to give a start to (something); to put in operation." Curriculum mapping is an ongoing process. The process involves creating maps that drive instruction, reviewing and improving those maps over time, and learning how to master mapping strategies. Element 2 outlines these tasks and offers resources for district and school leaders and teachers to launch curriculum mapping.
Purpose: Curriculum mapping is an ongoing process as teachers review and update the respective maps regularly. The process of updating their maps enables teachers to think about how they can improve and update their instructional approaches. The Element 3 tasks address incorporating assessment results into the mapping process.
Guideline: Curriculum mapping is a team process involving teachers across a grade level within a building or a district or among groupings of grade levels. Success lies in working with each other in a collaborative fashion to share practices, develop consensus on what to teach, and work to enhance their professional practice.
Professional Learning Communities at School
Professional learning communities offer teachers a way to interact and collaborate with their colleagues on instructional issues. This North Carolina Department of Public Instruction resource offers an overview of professional learning communities and explores what they are, why they are important, and how they are created.
Professional Learning Communities: What Are They And Why Are They Important?
This SEDL website provides an overview of professional learning communities.
School Leadership Team Handbook
Developed by Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, Charlotte, North Carolina, this handbook provides an overview of the roles and responsibilities of School Leadership Teams. While specific to the Charlotte-Mecklenburg schools, the content is a useful guide for all schools.
Individual group members often have divergent viewpoints. Turf issues can arise between group members and groups within a school, district, or community. This document offers a basic guide for addressing turf issues when they arise.
Purpose: Curriculum mapping is an ongoing process as teachers review and update the respective maps regularly . The process of updating their maps enables teachers to think about how they can improve and update their instructional approaches. The Element 4 tasks address applying new instructional techniques and integrating technology with curriculum. | {
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<urn:uuid:421b3a65-8a2f-4eb5-ab9f-033bebf576ad> | The Acupuncture Centre Jamaica
Welcome to my Website!
If you're looking to naturally enhance your health and take care of your body, you've come to the right place.
HISTORY OF CHINESE MEDICINE
Oriental Medicine (Traditional Chinese Medicine) is a 2,500 year old system of medicine, which involves the practice of Acupuncture, Herbal Medicine, Cupping and Moxibustion. Traditional Chinese Medicine has enjoyed increasing popularity in many parts of the world in recent years and has established its practice in numerous integrative clinical and hospital settings as its benefits become more well known.
HOW CHINESE MEDICINE WORKS
While Traditional Chinese Medicine and in particular Acupuncture is most widely known for its benefits in pain management, persons seek treatment for issues related to a number of systems of the body as it regulates a variety of functions. Chinese Medicine helps to stimulate the body’s self-regulating systems and natural healing abilities to promote physical and emotional well being. In so doing, it assists the Hearts ability to circulate and the Livers ability to store blood, the Lungs function of governing respiration, the Spleen and Stomach’s control over gastrointestinal processes, the Kidneys ability to regulate fluids in the body and the Intestines role in digestion and excretion.
Oriental Medicine may be used in the management of conditions related to the Cardiovascular/Circulatory, Respiratory, Immune, Digestive, Endocrine, Nervous, Reproductive, Urinary, Muscular and Skeletal Systems of the body, to address:
- Pain due to joint or muscular problems (Back, Knee, Neck, Shoulder) as a result of:
- Bone Disease (Arthritis, Osteoporosis)
- Infertility, IVF & IUI Support
- Menstrual Problems
- Urinary Dysfunction & Prostate Disorders
- Generalized Anxiety
- Post Stroke Support
- Facial Rejuvenation (Cosmetic Acupuncture & Cupping)
- Sexual Dysfunction
- Chronic Fatigue
- Constipation & Diarrhea
- Headaches & Migraines
- Obesity/Weight Loss
AURICULAR & SCALP ACUPUNCTURE
In addition to the hundreds of acupuncture points on the body, there are a little over 100 points on the ear, often used for: smoking cessation, drug addiction, weight loss & pain management. Meridians along the scalp are also needled to affect sensory and motor functions, and are often used in the treatment of neurological conditions, such as: Stroke, Parkinson’s, Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer’s.
To get in touch with me, just click on "Contact Me" and send me a message.
Thanks for visiting, and have a great day. | {
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<urn:uuid:b20cfc4d-17a4-4cd5-9110-747eff478ff7> | Advanced ultrasonic technologies, such as automated ultrasonic testing (AUT), offer diverse uses for in-service assets and apply to many industries, including power generation, oil and gas, petrochemical, and pulp and paper manufacturing.
Ultrasonic testing (UT) instruments have a long history dating back to World War I, when the technology was first used to detect hidden objects underwater, such as icebergs or submarines. However, the first instruments needed large, heavy vacuum tubes, required AC power, and were not portable.
Technology evolved to smaller, battery-powered instruments making UT more practical for field applications. However, early instruments utilized analog signal processing and were more susceptible to calibration drift inaccuracies. Since the mid-1990s, digital instruments have become the standard, providing repeatable and accurate measurements, along with onboard data logging. The ability to share screens and test records, as well as integrate with computers, has greatly evolved the industry.
The Basics of Ultrasonics
In the simplest definition, UT is the conversion of electrical energy into sound energy to look for flaws in materials or to obtain general thickness measurements. In most industrial applications, a pulse echo configuration is used. Sounds are sent at one angle and reflected off a surface to discover discontinuities such as cracks, lack of fusion, or general corrosion.
With the advancements in digital, handheld ultrasonic devices, thickness measurements can be obtained manually using an Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge. This technique has been readily adopted for the reasons, along with caveats, below.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Ultrasonic Testing
Can we do better? Recent advances in robotic control, high-speed interfaces, and signal processing are allowing engineers to once again rethink the state of the art.
In a previous blog article, we covered Automated Ultrasonic Testing which integrates all of these advances to make ultrasonic inspections faster, provide more coverage, and give more accurate measurements.
Automated Ultrasonic Testing (AUT), equipment, techniques, and nomenclature have become synonymous, making it difficult to differentiate between systems. What is commonly called AUT, today, involves the use of simple robots that ride along the surface of the inspection material with magnetic wheels. The material is scanned automatically, generally in a circumferential direction, using a single, or dual, element probe that raster scans, or sweeps, along the material in the Y-axis.
Conventional AUT is advantageous due to its much higher data density over manual methods, and unlike manual UT, AUT allows the recording of raw A-scans for post-review. However, because of the use of a single probe and circumferential scanning, the production rate is very low. Because it’s a non-drivable system, it must be placed exactly where the scan is wanted and then be manually moved to the next location. Additionally, direct access to the asset is required, which may pose exposure risks to technicians.
Seeing the limitations of conventional AUT, Gecko Robotics has invested significantly in applying robotics and cloud processing to enhance the production rate of ultrasonic inspections, from large asset screening down to fine damage mechanism detection. Let's dive into Gecko’s robot-based suite of AUT inspection techniques: Rapid Ultrasonic Gridding (RUG), Rapid AUT, and Phased Array UT (PAUT).
RUG: Cover More Ground in Less Time
Rapid Ultrasonic Gridding (RUG) is a robot-enabled ultrasonic inspection method that produces thickness grid maps to identify areas where corrosion and other damage mechanisms have caused wall-thinning. Its core strength is covering a large surface area at speeds 10x faster than manual UT or conventional AUT. In a 12-hour shift, RUG can inspect a surface area of 5,000 ft2 (464.5 m2). It provides for quick screening at larger grid sizes (12 in or 0.3 m), but it can also approach the grid resolution traditionally seen with conventional AUT (0.25 in or 6 mm).
RUG is a quantitative tool that captures all raw A-scans for post-inspection analysis. Once the validated data is uploaded to the Gecko Customer Portal for review, it can be displayed in a 2D or 3D C-scan view and manipulated with interactive tools to drive predictive insights.
The following asset types are excellent applications to employ RUG.
Applications of Rapid Ultrasonic Gridding
One application of RUG is for piping circuits. For an overhead line or a 24-inch (0.6 m) process line, a RUG robot can cover 500-600 feet (152-183 m) per 12-hour shift in comparison to about 40 feet (12 m) per shift with conventional AUT. Another application is tank floors. An entire 40-foot (12 m) diameter area can be completed in one 12-hour shift without technicians entering the confined space.
Finally, large, vertical vessels, such as a boiler, benefit from RUG inspections. In a scenario where conventional AUT is used without building scaffolding, it may take technicians around five or six weeks to complete the inspection because scanners must be placed in every location to cover the large area. Using RUG, the same task can be accomplished in 4 days or less, depending on the size of the asset.
For all asset types, the typical time on-site is reduced by 90%.
Because RUG can inspect large surface areas quickly, it is effective at identifying isolated issues within an entire asset. Then alternative methods, such as PAUT and Rapid AUT can be employed to pinpoint damage mechanisms at a granular level.
PAUT: Advanced Probes for High Definition Data
Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) is an application of UT that utilizes computerized phased array probes to generate pulses identifying damage mechanisms at various depths or multiplexed over the length of an array. PAUT inspections cover weld seams, heat-affected zones, flanges, and any other areas prone to cracking (SCC, HIC/SOHIC) or other damage mechanisms such as High-Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA).
PAUT is much faster than conventional UT and produces high-definition asset condition data. Gecko utilized PAUT probes for the Rapid AUT technique.
Rapid AUT: (Much) More Data, Quicker
Rapid AUT utilizes PAUT probes to quickly gather high-definition asset condition data at a granular 1mm x 1mm grid size. Therefore, it is the perfect tool for understanding the specific damage mechanisms needed for a fitness-for-service determination or post-inspection analysis.
Broadly speaking, Rapid AUT uses a phased-array probe that can house over 128 elements that can collect over 94,000 thickness readings per square foot (over 1M readings per square meter). A combination of hardware movements and software-controlled pulses permits a much faster AUT system. One axis of the scan is along the phased array and the other is controlled by mechanical movement. As opposed to conventional AUT which mechanically rasters both axes, Rapid AUT results in a much faster scan.
Note: since this process is enabled by a phased array, these same techniques can be used to quickly scan at angles looking for specific damage mechanisms. But that is a story for another day.
A potential disadvantage of Phased Array is that the probe is large and can lift off, resulting in a loss of data. This can be prevented by careful process setup and ensuring a sufficient surface to accommodate the probe.
So, how does Rapid AUT stand up to conventional AUT?
Rapid AUT is 5x faster than conventional AUT and generates 12x the amount of data. For example, inspecting a 10 sqft section would take the Rapid AUT system approximately three minutes. Conversely with conventional AUT, inspecting that section would take 14 minutes.
Comparing the Efficiency of AUT Techniques
For some applications, it makes sense to combine RUG with Rapid AUT for a very thorough, fast inspection.
RUG + Rapid AUT + Phased Array = A Turnkey Solution
RUG is an efficient and accurate tool to use for accomplishing a general thickness inspection. It can be followed by a Rapid AUT inspection to further explore areas of corrosion, and a PAUT of suspected areas of damage and welds. Pairing these tools together results in a turnkey solution for the highest fidelity non-intrusive inspection.
While planning an inspection, Gecko Robotics works with clients to evaluate each asset and review previous inspection reports. Our goal is to measure all susceptible areas prone to known damage mechanisms, such as hydrogen-induced cracking or stress-oriented cracking in the welds or base material. By combining these three technologies, we can target an asset and satisfy the NDE/NDT data needed for an API inspection, Risk-Based Inspection (RBI), or Fitness-For-Service (FFS) determination.
When RUG is deployed alongside Rapid AUT and PAUT, every part of the asset can be inspected. The comprehensive information gathered can be used to plan future maintenance activities, upcoming shutdowns, future turnarounds, and even monitoring slow corrosion growth to maximize service life.
Real-World Examples & Applications
Case Study: Bullet Tank (On-Stream)
Summary: Full shell and head thickness evaluation via RUG, Rapid AUT inspection of the Heat-Affected-Zones (HAZ), and Phased Array UT for fatigue cracking inspection of each weld.
Coverage: 1,105 square feet / 714,000 A-Scans (102 square meters / 7.69M A-Scans)
Inspection time: 1.5 (12-hour) shifts
Manpower: 3 technicians and two crawlers—(one Rapid AUT + Phased-Array UT system, one RUG system.
Result: A non-intrusive, on-stream inspection. Eliminated costs of de-inventory, cleaning and scaffolding.
Case Study: Flare Line
Summary: Two limited days with RUG, followed with 50% percent Phased Array UT in areas for weld inspection
Coverage: 1,300 linear feet / 1.54M A-Scans (396 meters / 5.05M A-Scans)
Inspection time: 7 (12-hour) shifts
Manpower: Five operators, 2 robots
Result: Used RUG instead of conventional AUT; achieved a 70% reduction in man hours.
In summary, advances in ultrasonic probes, robots, and processing are continually improving the production rate of AUT inspections. These result in more efficient, accurate, and data-rich inspections. With Gecko Robotics' full-complement of AUT systems, we will work with your team to ensure the right combination of technologies is applied to achieve your desired inspection outcomes, balancing time, coverage, and data quality. | {
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<urn:uuid:7e711c64-6090-416c-8741-8cba2e661e85> | Without the soil, no farming would exist. Growers should be fixated with maximizing every inch of soil and improving the various factors that impact soil health.
A study done by Steve Hall, an assistant professor at Iowa State University, found that systems with cover crops generally increase the total amount of plant residue inputs compared with traditional grain cropping systems. Hall’s group focuses on research related to soil organic matter and nutrient cycling across a broad spectrum of ecosystems and how that research might apply to agriculture. The study findings were published in conjunction with visiting doctoral student Chenglong Ye from Nanjing Agricultural University in China.
The scientists discovered that residue management and nutrient availability may play a key role in controlling carbon gains and losses in systems.
“When nitrogen becomes limiting, microbes can actually ‘mine’ it from soil organic matter — contributing to increased decomposition rates,” says Hall.
Cover crops can stimulate microbial activity, providing soil fertility benefits and reducing nutrient loss from the soil, the study says. This is even more critical when growers plant cover crops, primarily for the purpose of improving soil biology and increasing soil organic matter.
According to the 2020 Cover Crop Benchmark Study published by Cover Crop Strategies, more than a fifth of growers stated that improving soil biology was specifically their most important reason for growing covers, and another 18% said that increasing soil organic matter was their most important reason.
Hall’s team has evaluated the correlation between the rate of nitrogen fertilizer applied and the physical and biological soil conditions. Soil conditions control greenhouse gas emissions.
“All else equal, we expect greatest nitrous oxide emissions where nitrogen fertilizer rates are high and soils are wet and warm,” he says. “As nitrogen fertilizer rates increase, nitrous oxide emissions increase exponentially.”
Hall’s research provides yet another reason for growers to consider using cover crops for weed suppression purposes, instead of nitrogen fertilizer. | {
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<urn:uuid:e8e32228-4e3e-4386-95b9-3de1e3c51caf> | Table of Contents
What is Amino Acid?
The building blocks of life are referred to as amino acids. Proteins carry out the functions in the body, such as helping the body to grow, develop, and function properly. Some amino acids are needed to make other amino acids and proteins.
Amino acid is extremely essential for life. Amino acids are just protein structure and composition units linked together in peptides and proteins. Through this link, amino acids function in cells as part of the mechanism for carrying out the functions of the proteins. Most amino acids are obtained through the diet, though some are synthesized endogenously.
What is protein?
Protein is a nutrient essential for the growth and repair of body tissues. There are many different types of protein, each with a specific function in the body. Some of the most important protein-based functions are protein synthesis, cell division, immune response and transport of molecules within the body. Most of the protein ingested by the body is broken down into constituent amino acids and used for these functions.
Protein is one of the four fundamental nutrients, along with carbohydrates, fats and water. It is the building block of life and the only nutrient the body requires in substantial amounts for growth, maintenance, and repair. This means that protein is critical to the human body’s survival and its systems. It is the main material used for building new cells and tissues, carrying out all bodily processes, and providing structure for organs, blood, skin, hair, and other tissues.
Protein is an essential macronutrient needed for the body’s growth and repair. The body is composed of molecules known as proteins, proteins need amino acids to form. The body needs 20 different amino acids can use to build proteins
Difference Between Amino Acid and Protein
- Amino acids are known/considered as building blocks of protein while Proteins are molecules
- Amino acids are considered to be the building blocks of proteins. They can be found in foods such as meat, dairy, grains and legumes. On the other hand, Protein is a general term for the chemical compounds found in foods that are used by the body to carry out processes such as protein synthesis, repair and maintenance.
- In amino acid not everything can be blended in the body whereas in Proteins everything can be blended.
- Proteins are macromolecules, accordingly, have higher atomic mass in contrast with amino acids that have somewhat more modest sub-atomic mass.
- The body does not mandatorily need amino acids. On the other hand, Proteins are mandatorily needed by the body.
Comparison Between Amino Acids and Proteins
|Parameters of Comparison||Amino Acid||Protein|
|About||Amino acids are referred to as the building blocks of protein.||Proteins are molecules that are a major component in every human cell|
|Present in||They can be found in foods such as meat, dairy, grains and legumes.||They can be found in foods that are used by the body to carry out processes such as protein synthesis, repair and maintenance.|
|Blend in body||Not everything can be blended.||Everything can be blended|
|Importance||The body does not mandatorily need amino acids.||The body mandatorily needs proteins.| | {
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<urn:uuid:3a37a008-e8a5-4529-918a-ea9b60cbae51> | Rotating Situations in our Time
A lot of people are familiar with the way that planets rotate. However , not everyone knows the Earth also revolves around direct sunlight. In fact , it requires the Earth 365 days to develop a revolution.
The rotational tempo of the World fluctuates, which scientists have been able to evaluate with atomic clocks. It is estimated the fact that rate of rotation raises by a very small ms just about every century.
It has important to do not forget that this ms change does not mean times get faster. Alternatively, it is an indication that the world is spinning at a speed that is closer to its actual worth.
One of the most interesting and exciting spinning events inside our time consist of precession as well as the Coriolis result. These effects explain a variety of astronomical phenomena, including switching rotational guidelines of cyclones.
Throughout the duration of the Earth’s life, researchers have made many findings relating to its rotational pace. Even though these research in many cases are controversial, they’ve been able to provide a broader perspective on the planet’s revolving cycle.
Through the Galileo https://northcentralrotary.org/2021/12/10/generated-post-3 period, experts tried to show that the Globe rotated simply by dropping objects upon its surface. They were not sure of the real amount of rotation, nevertheless eventually, Leon Foucault performed an experiment that was conclusive. | {
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<urn:uuid:549e8439-3984-4452-9438-6a272c53c277> | Need a Troy Michigan Child Custody Lawyer?
Definitions of Child Custody
Child custody is a term that refers to the time a child is going to be with each parent and each parent’s responsibility to make decisions on behalf of the child. Michigan recognizes two types of custody: legal and physical.
- Legal custody refers to the right to make important decisions during the upbringing of the child. This includes decisions about the child’s medical care, school, religion, etc. A parent with sole legal custody makes these decisions alone. Parents with joint legal custody make these decisions together. It does not depend on the amount of time the child is with each parent.
- Physical custody refers to who the child is living with. The court may either grant joint physical custody, meaning the child lives with each parent for a specified amount of time, or sole physical custody, meaning the child only lives with one parent.
How is Custody Decided?
Parents are encouraged to reach their own agreements regarding custody arrangements. When the parents cannot reach an agreement, the judge will decide custody. The Michigan Child Custody Act presumes it is in the best interest of a child to maintain a strong relationship with both parents. The court considers various factors to determine what custody arrangement is in the best interest of the child involved (MCL 722.23):
- The love, affection and other emotional ties between the parents and the child;
- The capacity and disposition of the parties involved to give the child love, affection and guidance, and to continue the education and raising the child in its religion;
- The capacity and disposition of the parties involved to provide the child with food, clothing and care;
- The length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment and the desirability of maintaining continuity;
- The permanence of the existing or proposed home;
- The moral fitness of the parties involved;
- The mental and physical health of the parties involved;
- The home, school and community record of the child;
- The reasonable preference of the child, if the court considers the child to be of sufficient age to express it;
- The willingness of each of the parties to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child and the other parent
- Domestic violence; and
- Any other factor the court considers to be relevant.
Modification of Custody
Once a child custody order is established, the Michigan Child Custody Act authorizes a court to reconsider or modify the existing order if there is proper cause shown or a change of circumstances and it is in the child’s best interest (MCL 722.27). Proper cause or a change in circumstances must have occurred after the custody order was entered. The party requesting the modification must show that the change has or could have a signification effect on the child.
Once this is established, the court must determine whether an established custodial environment exists. Under MCL 722.27(c), “The custodial environment of a child is established if over an appreciable time the child naturally looks to the custodian in that environment for guidance, discipline, the necessities of life, and parental comfort. The age of the child, the physical environment, and the inclination of the custodian and the child as to permanency of the relationship shall also be considered.” The moving party must then show that changing custody is in the child’s best interest. The standard of proof is different depending on whether or not an established custodial environment exists.
Of the whole divorce process, child custody can be the most difficult agreement to reach and one of the biggest issues. And for good reason- child custody is an extremely sensitive and emotional issue. At Garmo & Kiste, we understand the pain of sacrificing time with your child and of causing them to lose time with their other parent, as well as the stress of making sure that the child is loved and cared for. Our experienced attorneys have a history of helping parties work together to settle these issues amicably and reach the arrangement that is best for the child and parent.
Looking for a Troy Michigan Child Custody Lawyer, for more information or to retain Garmo & Kiste, PLC call us at (248) 398-7100 for a free consultation or contact us with a private message.
For information on specific family law issues please see: | {
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<urn:uuid:379d9caa-3681-4578-90dd-7a19e20cffcf> | Good Machine Learning Practice for Medical Device Development: Guiding Principles
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Health Canada, and the United Kingdom’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) have jointly identified 10 guiding principles that can inform the development of Good Machine Learning Practice (GMLP). These guiding principles will help promote safe, effective, and high-quality medical devices that use artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML).
Artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies have the potential to transform health care by deriving new and important insights from the vast amount of data generated during the delivery of health care every day. They use software algorithms to learn from real-world use and in some situations may use this information to improve the product’s performance. But they also present unique considerations due to their complexity and the iterative and data-driven nature of their development.
These 10 guiding principles are intended to lay the foundation for developing Good Machine Learning Practice that addresses the unique nature of these products. They will also help cultivate future growth in this rapidly progressing field.
The 10 guiding principles identify areas where the International Medical Device Regulators Forum (IMDRF), international standards organizations, and other collaborative bodies could work to advance GMLP. Areas of collaboration include research, creating educational tools and resources, international harmonization, and consensus standards, which may help inform regulatory policies and regulatory guidelines.
We envision these guiding principles may be used to:
- Adopt good practices that have been proven in other sectors
- Tailor practices from other sectors so they are applicable to medical technology and the health care sector
- Create new practices specific for medical technology and the health care sector
As the AI/ML medical device field evolves, so too must GMLP best practice and consensus standards. Strong partnerships with our international public health partners will be crucial if we are to empower stakeholders to advance responsible innovations in this area. Thus, we expect this initial collaborative work can inform our broader international engagements, including with the IMDRF.
We welcome your continued feedback through the public docket (FDA-2019-N-1185) at Regulations.gov, and we look forward to engaging with you on these efforts. The Digital Health Center of Excellence is spearheading this work for the FDA. Contact us directly at firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com, and firstname.lastname@example.org.
- Multi-Disciplinary Expertise Is Leveraged Throughout the Total Product Life Cycle: In-depth understanding of a model’s intended integration into clinical workflow, and the desired benefits and associated patient risks, can help ensure that ML-enabled medical devices are safe and effective and address clinically meaningful needs over the lifecycle of the device.
- Good Software Engineering and Security Practices Are Implemented: Model design is implemented with attention to the “fundamentals”: good software engineering practices, data quality assurance, data management, and robust cybersecurity practices. These practices include methodical risk management and design process that can appropriately capture and communicate design, implementation, and risk management decisions and rationale, as well as ensure data authenticity and integrity.
- Clinical Study Participants and Data Sets Are Representative of the Intended Patient Population: Data collection protocols should ensure that the relevant characteristics of the intended patient population (for example, in terms of age, gender, sex, race, and ethnicity), use, and measurement inputs are sufficiently represented in a sample of adequate size in the clinical study and training and test datasets, so that results can be reasonably generalized to the population of interest. This is important to manage any bias, promote appropriate and generalizable performance across the intended patient population, assess usability, and identify circumstances where the model may underperform.
- Training Data Sets Are Independent of Test Sets: Training and test datasets are selected and maintained to be appropriately independent of one another. All potential sources of dependence, including patient, data acquisition, and site factors, are considered and addressed to assure independence.
- Selected Reference Datasets Are Based Upon Best Available Methods: Accepted, best available methods for developing a reference dataset (that is, a reference standard) ensure that clinically relevant and well characterized data are collected and the limitations of the reference are understood. If available, accepted reference datasets in model development and testing that promote and demonstrate model robustness and generalizability across the intended patient population are used.
- Model Design Is Tailored to the Available Data and Reflects the Intended Use of the Device: Model design is suited to the available data and supports the active mitigation of known risks, like overfitting, performance degradation, and security risks. The clinical benefits and risks related to the product are well understood, used to derive clinically meaningful performance goals for testing, and support that the product can safely and effectively achieve its intended use. Considerations include the impact of both global and local performance and uncertainty/variability in the device inputs, outputs, intended patient populations, and clinical use conditions.
- Focus Is Placed on the Performance of the Human-AI Team: Where the model has a “human in the loop,” human factors considerations and the human interpretability of the model outputs are addressed with emphasis on the performance of the Human-AI team, rather than just the performance of the model in isolation.
- Testing Demonstrates Device Performance during Clinically Relevant Conditions: Statistically sound test plans are developed and executed to generate clinically relevant device performance information independently of the training data set. Considerations include the intended patient population, important subgroups, clinical environment and use by the Human-AI team, measurement inputs, and potential confounding factors.
- Users Are Provided Clear, Essential Information: Users are provided ready access to clear, contextually relevant information that is appropriate for the intended audience (such as health care providers or patients) including: the product’s intended use and indications for use, performance of the model for appropriate subgroups, characteristics of the data used to train and test the model, acceptable inputs, known limitations, user interface interpretation, and clinical workflow integration of the model. Users are also made aware of device modifications and updates from real-world performance monitoring, the basis for decision-making when available, and a means to communicate product concerns to the developer.
- Deployed Models Are Monitored for Performance and Re-training Risks are Managed: Deployed models have the capability to be monitored in “real world” use with a focus on maintained or improved safety and performance. Additionally, when models are periodically or continually trained after deployment, there are appropriate controls in place to manage risks of overfitting, unintended bias, or degradation of the model (for example, dataset drift) that may impact the safety and performance of the model as it is used by the Human-AI team. | {
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<urn:uuid:27b41f19-345d-4e24-bc71-96e861f7d70b> | It is now certain that the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary 66 Ma ago coincided with the impact of a ~10 km diameter asteroid that produced the infamous Chicxulub crater north of Mexico’s Yucatán peninsula. Whether or not this was the trigger for the mass extinction of marine and terrestrial fauna and flora – the flood basalts of the Deccan Traps are still very much in the frame – the worldwide ejecta layer from Chicxulub coincides exactly with the boundary that separates the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras. As well as shocked quartz grains, anomalously high iridium concentrations and glass spherules the boundary layer contains abundant elemental carbon, which has been widely ascribed to soot released by vegetation that went up in flames on a massive scale. Atmospheric oxygen levels in the late Cretaceous were a little lower than those at present, or so recent estimates from carbon isotopes in Mesozoic to Recent ambers suggest (Tappert, R. et al. 2013. Stable carbon isotopes of C3 plant resins and ambers record changes in atmospheric oxygen since the Triassic. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 121, p. 240-262,) – other estimates put the level substantially above that in modern air. Whatever, global wildfires occurred within the time taken for the Chicxulub ejecta to settle from the atmosphere; probably a few years. It has been estimated that about 700 billion tonnes of soot were laid down, suggesting that most of the Cretaceous terrestrial biomass and even a high proportion of that in soils literally went up in smoke.
Charles Bardeen and colleagues at the University of Colorado, Boulder, have modelled the climatic and chemical effects of this aspect of the catastrophe (Bardeen, C.G. et al. 2017. On transient climate change at the Cretaceous−Paleogene boundary due to atmospheric soot injections. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; doi:10.1073/pnas.1708980114). Despite the associated release of massive amounts of CO2 and water vapour by both the burning and the impact into seawater, giving increased impetus to the greenhouse effect, the study suggests that fine-grained soot would have lingered as an all enveloping pall in the stratosphere. Sunlight would have been blocked for over a year so that no photosynthesis would have been possible on land or in the upper ocean, the temperatures of the continent and ocean surfaces would have dropped by as much as 28 and 11 °C respectively to cause freezing temperatures at mid-latitudes. Moreover, absorption of solar radiation by the stratospheric soot layer would have increased the temperature of the upper atmosphere by several hundred degrees to destroy the ozone layer. Consequently, once the soot cleared the surface would have had a high ultraviolet irradiation for around a year.
The main implication of the modelling is a collapse in both green terrestrial vegetation and oceanic phytoplankton; most of the food chain would have been absent for long enough to wipe out those animals that depended on it entirely. While an enhanced greenhouse effect and increased acidification of the upper ocean through CO2 emissions by the Deccan flood volcanism would have placed gradually increasing and perhaps episodic stresses on the biosphere, the outcome of the Chicxulub impact would have been immediate and terrible.
2 thoughts on “Wildfires and climate at the K-Pg boundary”
“the outcome of the Chicxulub impact would have been immediate and terrible”
But (Dear Steve), don’t we also have to demonstrate that these effects of the impact were worldwide, or nearly so? For example, how geographically extensive are all these soot deposits? Otherwise, the devastation would only have been regional and so probably not enough to cause global extinctions on its own account.
And are not some of the said outcomes of an impact indistinguishable from those caused by Deccan Traps eruptions? For example, both these ever-popular and well-known rival causes of end-Cretaceous extinctions would likely have affected bio-productivity, and even ultimately survival, of photosynthetic organisms. Certainly in the case of my own specialist subject, coral reefs and reef corals, I found that extinctions were greater amongst the latter, these being photosymbiotic and photosynthetic (cf. zooxanthellate corals) than amongst azooxanthellate corals. I argued that this result on its own does not tease out the ‘impact vs volcanism’ alternatives, and presumably much the same applies to all other photosynthetic organisms that went ‘preferentially’ extinct at the end of the Cretaceous.
Hi Brian, and thank you for your comment. As far as I know, the soot particles occur in all the occurrences of the K-T(Pg) event layer along with the other indicators of a major impact – shocked grains, melt spherules, high iridium etc. Interestingly though, it now seems that late-Cretaceous atmospheric oxygen levels were below those at present rather than far higher as once believed by the originators of the ‘global wildfire’ hypothesis back in the lat 80s.
I’m sure you are right that impact- and volcanic-related extinctions cannot be distinguished. But I’m pretty sure that outcome of the Chicxulub impact would have been immediate and terrible – the equivalent of a small mountain falling out of the sky at about 15 km per second would have delivered well over a thousand years’ worth of global solar energy input in less than a second…
The trouble with Earth-Pages is that I am limited to 700 words max for each item, and as they say, ‘I could go on…’!
Coincidentally I have just received Michael Rampino’s slim volume to review for New Scientist and had just sat down to bash out a few opening comments when I saw the alert from Earth-Pages that you had made a comment.
I really appreciate comments from all and sundry and wish that many more people would have a shot – nothing in the geosciences is cut and dry except perhaps the Law of Superposition, and a former graduate student of mine pointed out that even Steno’ initial contribution to stratigraphy doesn’t apply in palaeosols! | {
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<urn:uuid:df774246-51aa-4ad7-97c0-5131c5b2e928> | What’s the Difference Between kWh and KW?
It’s easy to get kilowatt (kW) and kilowatt-hours (kWh) mixed up when talking about energy consumption. The main difference between kWh and kW is in what they measure. To put it simply, a kilowatt is a measure of power and a kilowatt-hour is a measure of energy; power is the rate at which something uses energy, and energy is the capacity to do work.
On your energy bill, the kWh measures the amount of energy that an appliance or device needs to run for one hour. Let’s break the definitions down a little further:
A kilowatt is simply a measure of how much power an electric appliance consumes—it’s 1,000 watts to be exact. You can quickly convert watts (W) to kilowatts (kW) by diving your wattage by 1,000:
1,000W 1,000 = 1 kW.
A kilowatt-hour measures the energy an appliance uses in kilowatts per hour. For example, if you clean your floors with a 1,000-watt vacuum cleaner for one hour, you consume 1 kWh of energy.
Your kilowatt-hour consumption factors in how many watts your appliances use and how often you use them. When you see kWh on your monthly energy bill, it’s a measurement of your electric appliances’ wattage and the amount of time you use them.
The difference between kWh and kW, and what you see on your bill, is that kW reflects the rate of electricity you use, and kWh indicates the amount of electricity you use. Let’s go over a few examples of kW vs kWh in the context of low- and high-power appliances to give you a better idea of how these two units affect each other:
- Lower watts: If you are using a 100-watt device, such as a plasma TV, you would have to watch your favorite shows for 10 hours before reaching 1 kWh.
- Higher watts: If you are running a 2,000-watt appliance, such as a clothes dryer, you only need to power it for 30 minutes to reach 1 kWh.
The power you use on a daily basis can quickly add up to 1 kWh if you are frequently using high-wattage appliances in your home. Keep this in mind, as energy companies typically charge for power on a per-kWh basis.
How Do You Calculate kWh vs. kW?
Knowing the difference between kW and kWh can give you powerful insights to help monitor and manage your electricity consumption. To calculate the kWh of your appliance, estimate the amount of time you use it and write down the appliance’s wattage (generally found on the label). Remember that one kilowatt equals 1,000 watts, so don’t forget to divide your wattage by 1,000 to convert to kilowatts.
Let’s use a 1500W dishwasher you use for two hours per day as an example for calculating kW and kWh on a monthly basis:
- Divide the wattage by 1,000 to calculate kW: 1500 watts 1,000 = 1.5 kW
- Multiply the kilowatts by the hours of daily use: 1.5 kW X 2 hours = 3 kWh per day
- Find the total energy usage for a month (30 days): 3 kWh X 30 days = 90 kWh per month
Now that we know the monthly kWh for this device, let’s estimate the energy costs. Multiply the kWh by your electricity provider’s monthly electricity rates. For the sake of this example, we’ll say it’s $.07 per kWh:
90 kWh X $.07 per kWh = $6.30 per month
Make a list of appliances that you frequently use and do the same calculations. You can then start to balance your usage by examining which appliances require the most power (kW) and energy (kWh).
How Do Companies Measure My Usage?
Utility companies measure your kWh with digital meters right outside of your home where the power line goes into the property. While traditional meters require a utility service to come to your home, newer digital meters have an electronic display that uses a high-frequency signal to send data to the utility companies.
Monitor Your Electricity kWh
Now that you have a better understanding of kW versus kWh, and the different uses of electricity, you can take a closer look at your bill and begin to analyze your energy consumption. For a more detailed understanding, consider investing in a home energy monitor. Many monitors available today are wireless and display your home’s energy consumption in an app. Depending on which monitor you choose, you may even be able to turn appliances on and off when you’re away from home using the app.
Lower Your Energy Costs
You can lower your electricity bill by being energy conscious and following some easy energy-saving practices. Replace incandescent lightbulbs with energy-saving LEDs and get in the habit of turning off the lights whenever you leave a room. Unplug or turn off appliances if you’ll be away from home for a few days, and resist the urge to leave your devices on standby when you don’t need them.
Look into buying smart power bars for parts of your home with several electronic devices (e.g. entertainment center, office). You can set a timer on a smart power bar so that it automatically turns off power to the devices overnight. Some smart power bars also cut power to all devices once you turn a specific device off. For example, you could program a smart power bar to cut power to your sound system and television as soon as you turn your gaming console off.
What Appliances Are Energy-Efficient?
Once you know your usage per appliance, you can use this newfound knowledge to invest in energy-efficient home products. Most appliances and electronic devices have energy-efficient options. Look for the yellow ENERGY STAR® symbol on the appliance. ENERGY STAR® appliances are certified as energy-efficient and perform at the same or better level than similar products on the market.
So, when you’re ready to buy that new washer or dryer, be sure to check out the kW and kWh ratings and make some energy-saving adjustments, like washing with cold water and hang-drying your clothes.
Utilize Our Resources
As your Alberta energy company and neighbour, we’re here to offer guidance on energy use and home improvement. From finding out about Alberta regulated electricity prices and natural gas rates to learning how energy is measured, we’re here to help! Contact us anytime at 1.866.420.3174. | {
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<urn:uuid:c6b6c59a-31ce-4acb-af9d-7e5371c4e023> | You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The pie charts below show the average household expenditures in a country in 1950 and 2010.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
The two pie charts give information about household expenditure on goods and services in 1950 and 2010. It is immediately obvious that there are some quite significant differences between the two charts.
In 2010 the largest proportion of expenditure was on food whereas in 1950 it was on housing, with food for just 11.2%. There is a great difference in terms of housing expenditure between the two years. In 1950 72.1% of the total household budget went towards housing, compared to only 22% in 2010.
There has been a notable increase in the amount of money spent on transportation between the two dates. In addition, the charts show a significant rise in the proportion of money spent on health care in 2010 compared to 1950.
There are some similarities, however. For example, in both 1950 and 2010 the proportion of education expenditure was roughly the same. | {
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<urn:uuid:86785d4f-2637-47ad-83b1-2217f2e36b6f> | Project Career: A New Program to Support College Students with Traumatic Brain Injuries
A study funded by the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR).
A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is lasting brain damage from an external force, such as a fall or a car accident. TBI is the leading cause of death or lifelong disability in Americans under age 45, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People with TBI may develop a variety of disabilities including vision or hearing loss, trouble walking, or trouble with mental tasks such as long- and short-term memory, concentration, planning, and organization. These challenges may make it especially difficult for college students with TBI to do well in school or to find and keep jobs.
Cognitive Support Technologies (CST) and Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) are two supports that can assist college students with TBI. CST consist of equipment and apps to help with memory, planning, and other tasks. Examples of CST range from watches, calendars, and desk planners to complex electronic reminder systems. VR is an individualized case-management approach to employment in which clients receive services tailored to their particular needs, such as career counseling, job search assistance, or on-the-job coaching. College students with TBI may not be aware of the supports available to them on their campuses or through state VR agencies. In a recent NIDILRR-funded study, researchers developed and tested a new program called Project Career which combines CST with individualized VR services for college students with TBI. They wanted to find out what challenges the students with TBI had when they began the program, what kinds of CST they already used, and how the new program could help the students do better in college and find jobs.
Researchers at Project Career: Development of an Interprofessional Demonstration to Support the Transition of Students with Traumatic Brain Injuries from Postsecondary Education to Employment looked at data from 146 students with TBI enrolled in the Project Career program at 33 different 2- or 4-year colleges or universities between 2013 and 2018. As part of the program, each student worked individually with a Technology and Employment Coordinator (TEC). The TEC interviewed the student to find out about their academic and employment activities, what challenges they experienced as a result of their TBI, what supports they had used such as their school’s disability services, and their attitudes toward technology. Then, each student was given an iPad with specific apps that were selected by the TEC and the student based on the student’s particular technology-related needs and preferences. The TEC were in regular contacts with each student in person, in virtual or phone meetings, or by email to find out how they were doing, to see if they needed different apps, and to provide help for their academics and job search. During these contacts, the TECs also assisted the students with other academic and vocational support such as counseling, helping them find internships and mentors, and helping them access vocational rehabilitation services or on-campus Disability Support Services. Finally, the TECs repeated the assessment interview at six- and twelve-months after the student joined the program to see if they reported changes in their academic or employment status, challenges they encountered or addressed, or in their attitudes and feelings toward technology.
The researchers looked at information from the first assessment to learn about the most common challenges reported by the students. The researchers also looked at notes from the meetings between the students and the TECs to find out what apps the students used during the program and how many days they used the apps. To find out whether the program helped the students, the researchers also looked at all the notes from the meetings to find out what kind of help the students asked for and what changes they noticed (good and bad) while they worked with the TEC.
The researchers found that when students first entered Project Career, the students most often described having challenges with memory, concentration, planning, and organizing. Other challenges included feeling anxious or depressed, having trouble with social relationships, or having visual or hearing impairments.
After receiving their iPads, each student reported using an average of 5.8 cognitive support apps for an average of 125 days. The most common types of apps were those designed to help with planning and organizing, educational/academic topics, and notetaking.
When the researchers looked at the notes from the case meetings between the students and the TECs, they found that the most commonly discussed topics and service requests were in the areas of academic counseling, app use, employment, and accessibility supports on campus. Some of the students also requested assistance with other issues, such as housing, health insurance, and Social Security Disability.
Finally, the researchers found that the students generally reported positive changes while being in the Project Career program. Many of the students said that the cognitive support apps helped them to improve their class grades and test performance. Others were able to secure employment, mentorship, or new social connections with the help of their TECs. After working with the TECs, students often noted taking action on their own to make changes or address challenges, such as changing their class schedules or disclosing their TBI and requesting disability supports. By the end of the project, 28% of the students had graduated with their degrees, and all but one of these students was either employed, pursuing further education, or both.
The authors noted that college students with TBI may not have access to services or may not be fully utilizing the services available to help them in school and work. These students may benefit greatly from individualized case management combined with specific CST solutions to help with academic tasks and find jobs. The authors noted that the students in this study reported improvements in their overall quality of life, not just in their academic performance, and often took the initiative to self-advocate for their needs. The case management services may have helped these students to overcome social and emotional challenges as well as those related to academic performance and employment. Future research may be useful to standardize the Project Career program and identify which specific parts of the program are most helpful for college students with TBI.
To Learn More
Learn more about Project Career and find resources for students with TBI: http://www.projectcareertbi.org/
Learn more about how TBI affects memory, cognition, and emotions with factsheets, videos, and more from the Model Systems Knowledge Translation Center http://www.mkstc.org/tbi
Students with TBI and other disabilities can learn about their rights to accommodations and services in school and how to advocate on their own behalf through the Access to Success online course developed by the University of Kansas. https://accesstosuccess.ctb.ku.edu/
To Learn More About this Study
Leopold, A., Rumrill, P., et al. (2019) A mixed-methodological examination of participant experiences, activities, and outcomes in a technology and employment project for postsecondary students with traumatic brain injuries. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 50(1), 3-11. This article is available from the NARIC Collection under Accession Number J80550. | {
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<urn:uuid:bfce3645-45c7-4156-a300-1a7e2ff0c035> | If you put a racemic mixture through a ball mill, one of the enantiopure forms will come out the other side within a few hours. The Franco-Belgian researchers claim to be the first to ‘deracemise’ with mechanochemistry in Chemistry – A European Journal.
A racemic mixture consists of a set of mirror-image isomers (enantiomers) in equal proportions. However, for many (biologically relevant) applications, only one of the two enantiomers is needed. The other form may even be harmful. Researchers are therefore looking for a simple way to separate these enantiomers. Chrystal Lopes, Tom Leyssens and colleagues from UC Louvain and Université Rouen de Normandie appear to be using brute force: by grinding a powdered form of a near-racemic mixture with small beads, they obtained an enantiomeric excess of up to 97%.
Specifically, they looked at the precursor of paclobutrazol: 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-one (see figure). Paclobutrazol is a plant growth inhibitor and is supplied as a racemic mixture, although the two enantiomers have different biological roles. Viedma ripening is the usual method for separating this type of enantiomer. In a nutshell, you dissolve your substance in crystalline form and crush it, forcing the crystals to grow into a single enantiomer due to the chiral crystal structure. The downside of this technique is that, in this example at least, it takes several days to get a separated mixture and it also consumes a lot of solvent.
However, Lopes and colleagues managed to do it a bit faster: it took only three hours to react a mixture with a small enantiomeric excess (10%) to an enantiomeric excess of 77-97% in a high-energy milling process. Furthermore, they only needed a catalytic amount of water and a little base to get the reaction going. Although they do not yet fully understand the underlying mechanisms, the step towards ‘greener deracemisation’ seems to have been taken, say the authors.
Lopes, C. et al. (2023) Chem. Eur. J. e202300585, DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300585
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<urn:uuid:a16dc64f-93d4-40df-bd29-5b74f767027f> | Health libraryBack to health library
Wet bed blues
If your child has trouble staying dry through the night, chances are good he or she will outgrow the problem.
It seems we start wishing for it almost as soon as our baby is born: the time when we no longer have to change diapers or wash wet sheets.
Most kids are toilet trained when they are 2 to 4 years old, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). But even after they've mastered daytime toilet training, many kids will need extra time to stay dry at night all of the time. Bedwetting (called enuresis) affects 15% of 5- and 7-year-olds, according to the AAP.
Causes of bedwetting
Bedwetting may occur for many reasons. For example, the child may be a deep sleeper and not wake up to the feel of a full bladder. Or the child's bladder may not be big enough or mature enough to hold urine all night.
Medical problems, such as constipation (which can put pressure on the bladder), can also contribute. So can being overly tired or stressed out. In some cases, a kidney or bladder problem may be the cause.
Family history may also play a role. According to the AAP, most kids who wet the bed have a parent who had the same problem as a child.
When to seek help
If your child starts wetting the bed again after being toilet trained for six months, talk to a doctor. These symptoms are also reasons to talk with your child's doctor:
- Pain, burning or straining during urination.
- A very small or narrow stream of urine, or dribbling that is constant or happens just after urination.
- Cloudy or pink urine; or bloodstains on underpants.
- Wetting during the day as well as the night.
- Urinating after a strain, such as coughing or lifting.
- Poor bowel control.
What you can do
If your child's bedwetting is not caused by a medical problem, the best cure may be time. Bedwetting tends to drop off as a child's body matures, according to the AAP.
In the meantime, your child needs to know that he or she is not to blame. He or she will also need lots of support. You can reward your child for nights when he or she does not wet the bed. But never punish a child for wetting the bed.
The AAP says to keep these tips in mind when dealing with bedwetting:
- Be sensitive to your child's feelings. Don't make a big deal out of bedwetting. Also, set a no-teasing rule in the family.
- Take preventive steps. For example, limit fluids before bed and make sure your child uses the toilet just before bed. You can also try waking the child to use the toilet one to two hours after he or she goes to sleep.
- Use a plastic mattress cover to protect the bed.
- Let your child change the sheets and blankets. This will teach responsibility and help the child avoid embarrassment. However, don't do this if your child sees it as a punishment.
If your child still isn't staying dry at night after you've tried these tips for one to three months, your child's doctor might recommend that you try a bedwetting alarm.
Medicines are available to treat bedwetting in older kids. They almost never cure the problem, though they may help a child go to a sleepover or camp, according to the AAP.
Talk to your child's doctor
If you or your child has questions or concerns about bedwetting, consult the child's doctor. Also talk with your child's doctor before your child starts any bedwetting treatment program. Many products or programs falsely advertise costly "cures" for bedwetting, according to the AAP. | {
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<urn:uuid:3e41474c-8e76-417f-b1e6-c1de1df1aab5> | How Yunnan Became China’s Immigration Frontline
When China’s National Bureau of Statistics published the results of the 2020 population census this May, there was one item in particular that caught my attention: The number of residents from Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and foreign countries living in southwestern China’s Yunnan province had multiplied roughly eight-fold over the previous 10 years, from 47,000 in 2010 to 379,000.
That figure becomes all the more staggering when compared to other regions in China. Over that same 10-year period, the number of such residents living in the Chinese mainland grew by less than 50%, from 1.02 million to 1.43 million. Remove Chinese who were born outside of the mainland from the equation, and it’s likely that Yunnan is now home to China’s largest foreign population, surpassing Shanghai, Guangdong, and other coastal regions.
There are statistical explanations for this astounding result. Using more advanced technology and more precise data collection methods, the 2020 population census likely produced a more accurate picture of groups that have been historically hard to count, including cross-border migrant workers. The pandemic, too, played a role, as the census recorded major drops in the foreign populations of Shanghai and Beijing. But it’s also true that Yunnan, despite its reputation as a remote inland province, has for centuries been a hub for large-scale, cross-border movement.
In particular, with its more than 4,000 kilometer-long border with Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar, Yunnan has always had a large “foreign” population, though that word may not be particularly appropriate in this case. As anthropologists like Peng Zhaorong have noted, the cultural boundaries created by Southeast Asia’s various ethnic and cultural groups are “far broader than modern definitions of national boundaries, with more layers and in more forms.” Movement, trade, and marriages between ethnic groups on either side of the border are common.
In addition to geographic and blood ties, cross-border movement in China’s Southwest is also being driven by disparities in the region’s labor market. Both Vietnam and Myanmar have an abundance of surplus labor, and both countries’ GDP per capita and average wages are notably lower than Yunnan’s. That has attracted significant numbers of migrants to Yunnan, just as many Yunnanese have been lured to China’s more affluent coastal cities over the past few decades, leaving behind a labor shortage that perfectly fits many immigrants’ needs and skills. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the city of Ruili, situated on the border between China and Myanmar, had a total population of 200,000 people. Of these, 50,000 were cross-border migrant workers from Myanmar.
Another major source of migrants is the region’s cross-border marriage market. Over the years, many women in China’s border regions have “married out” to men in more economically developed places, like the Pearl River Delta, leaving behind a sizeable surplus of marriage-aged men in their hometowns. As a result, many Yunnanese are supportive of cross-border movement, especially cross-border marriages. Surveys of cross-border marriages in Yunnan’s 12 border counties and cities have found more than 30,000 such unions, with that number growing by 10% annually.
According to the chain migration theory of immigration, large-scale migration triggers a chain reaction, with ramifications for both the migrants’ place of origin and their destination. Institutions and mechanisms that facilitate migration gradually emerge, decreasing the costs and risks of moving, and enticing more migrants to make the journey.
This is what’s happening in Yunnan. Whether for marriage, commerce, or work, a transnational network has sprung up in the province’s border areas which provides information, financial aid, and other forms of assistance to later immigrants. For instance, many of the early immigrant sugar cane cutters in Yunnan and the neighboring Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were Vietnamese and Burmese laborers with family ties to sugar cane farmers in China. As the demand for cane cutting labor in China’s border regions grew, those early migrants became intermediaries, bringing entire villages of people to work in China, sometimes far afield from border regions.
Meanwhile, on the Chinese side, an emerging sector of private labor agencies applied experience they had gained from facilitating the domestic labor migration process to the business of cross-border labor. Finally, countries across the region set up state-run agencies to oversee and regulate the cross-border movement of labor. In 2015, China designated Ruili and Mohan, two border cities in Yunnan, as pilot zones for development and opening-up and encouraged them to realize “stability through prosperity” by way of cross-border economic cooperation.
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has put a dent in these plans. That year, fewer than 3 million people passed through Ruili’s border post, an 80% decrease from the previous year. However, the decline mirrored trends elsewhere in the province, and there is little evidence that the pandemic hit border cities harder than anywhere else. Even now, the driving forces motivating the influx of foreigners into Yunnan remain in place. If anything, they may have gotten stronger given that China brought the virus under control much earlier than other countries, allowing its economy to recover sooner. Compare that to Myanmar, whose unemployment rate shot up to over 15%.
It’s worth noting that the existence of an immigration chain doesn’t mean that Yunnan’s foreign population will continue to grow at its current rate forever. Most researchers acknowledge that cross-border activity in the region will not return to pre-pandemic levels anytime soon, especially now that the emergence of COVID-19 has caused outbreaks in countries relatively unscathed by the pandemic, like Vietnam.
Changes in the labor market might also reshape the pattern of cross-border migration in the region. Faced with rising labor costs and uncertainties over the cross-border movement of labor, some companies in Yunnan have already scaled back production. This includes the low-margin sugar companies that once employed vast numbers of immigrant cane cutters. Other firms have invested in automation, like logistics enterprises that previously depended on immigrant porters.
In both industries, the demand for immigrant workers may gradually decline. Yet, at the same time, new economic models have sparked renewed demand for labor and cross-border movement in other industries. In Ruili, for instance, the gemstone industry’s embrace of livestreaming e-commerce has created tens of thousands of jobs, some of which explicitly trade on the faces of immigrants as a guarantee of “authenticity.” Yunnan may not overtake Shanghai in the Western imagination anytime soon, but that shouldn’t blind us to its importance as a hub for immigrants — and immigrant communities — in the near- and long-term.
Translator: Katherine Tse; editors: Cai Yineng and Kilian O’Donnell; portrait artist: Zhou Zhen.
(Header image: A young woman from Myanmar works on a production line at a factory in Longchuan County, Yunnan province, June 2020. Liu Ranyang/CNS/People Visual) | {
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<urn:uuid:39517105-20d9-4e99-bfab-421bbe6f1da9> | NGC 2275 is classified as a flocculent spiral galaxy, located 67 million light-years away in the constellation of Cancer.
Millions of bright, young, blue stars shine in the complex, feather-like spiral arms, interlaced with dark lanes of dust. Complexes of these hot, blue stars are thought to trigger star formation in nearby gas clouds. The overall feather-like spiral patterns of the arms are then formed by shearing of the gas clouds as the galaxy rotates. The spiral nature of flocculents stands in contrast to the grand design spirals, which have prominent, well defined-spiral arms. Maya is strong; the immediate illusion is that there is a star in the centre of this galaxy. Here, we look to Jnatum, Drashtum, Praveshtum – Knowing, Visualising, Entering.
First, one must learn about the precious truths contained in the sacred texts from veterans in the field. When you learn about them you naturally take an interest in them. Then you develop an urge to visualise those truths at any cost. This is the first stage of Knowing.
In the second stage, you carefully peruse, examine and collect such sacred texts wherever they may be available. You read and directly visualise them. With great perseverance you enquire, comprehend and enjoy them. Thus you derive some satisfaction that you have discerned certain profound truths. This is the second stage of Visualising.
It is not enough if you make progress in the first two stages. You must experience what is known and seen. By entering the arena of experience, one should feel complete identification with the Ideal. If one lies down after having consumed food it will cause indigestion. However, if one consumes daily the requisite quantity of food and undertakes some physical work it will be digested and, converted into blood, will offer nourishment. In the same manner, we should translate into experience and action what we have known and seen, by assimilating it and utilising it for the progress of our country as well as for the welfare of humanity.
It is easy to memorise passages from books and deliver lectures. Knowledge acquired merely through the reading of books is bookish knowledge. This is quite an ordinary type of knowledge. What has been heard, seen and understood should be put into practice at least to some extent. This is the stage of Entering. (Bhagavad Gita 11:54) (Sathya Sai Vahini 21) | {
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<urn:uuid:c13fa0bb-4034-4dd7-877d-a970c9548c1b> | When we consider the value of personal data, what price are organisations placing on it and how do individuals protect and retain its worth? If you’ve been involved in implementing a new system or technology, you may have completed a data protection impact assessment (DPIA). The DPIA was introduced in 2018 but how useful are they today and are they still necessary? There is a new ISO standard on anonymisation and de-identification. We review the details below.
Read the latest Data Protection Blog by Jackie Barlow at Xcina Consulting.
What is an individual’s personal data worth?
A class action lawsuit brought against Facebook’s parent firm Meta* in the Competition Appeal Tribunal alleged that Facebook (FB) had abused its market dominance in setting an unfair price for free use of Facebook US users’ personal data.
FB forced its users to give up their valuable personal data in order to receive personalised, targeted advertising and access to the social network. The data was ‘harvested’ between 2015 and 2019 and provided information on internet use, helping FB make large profits.
Another significant case that involved a class action (and personal data), was Lloyd v Google**. This also highlighted the value of personal data as an asset, but the FB case is more complicated as it considers both sides; the value of the data to the individual using FB and the commercial value of that data to the firm.
The value an individual attributes to their personal data is subjective. It will be important to strike a balance between users who are happy that their data is monetised but want a return and those that see the return as the value of the service they are receiving. The FB case has a key role here.
*Meta faces billion-pound class-action case – BBC News
**Lloyd v Google: the funder perspective | Feature | Law Gazette
**Top UK court blocks legal action against Google over internet tracking | UK supreme court | The Guardian
Why it matters
The sheer volume of data being captured by social media companies demonstrates that data has a value, whether it is commercial, economic or both! From a privacy perspective, the important issue for organisations is protecting the rights of individuals rather than facilitating large profits and this is where GDPR can support the FB case.
Mergers and acquisitions that have taken place in the retail sector, have demonstrated that the value of a business is not seen as its stock or physical assets but its customer database and its intellectual property. The World Economic Forum’s definition of data gives weight to this. The forum describes personal data as a ‘new asset class that is generating a new wave of opportunity for economic and societal value creation’. Personal Data: The Emergence of a New Asset Class (weforum.org)
If personal data is in the public domain, is it fair for companies to make a profit from that data? If so, are individuals happy to give up their data for free or should they be incentivised?
The outcome of the FB case will hopefully answer this question. The case has brought to light, the tension between personal data as a right and personal data as a saleable asset. It is important now, for the law to strike a balance. What is the value of data and who is the data valuable to?
The future regulation of the internet will be important, and also the provision of online services on digital platforms. The outcome of the FB case will provide a benchmark in terms of assessing the value that can be attributed to personal data and it might well change how businesses and individuals view this going forward. In time this could lead to changes in regulation that provide more guidance on the monetisation of, and protection given to personal data.
The FB and Google cases have shown that personal data is valuable and that is demonstrated by the way it is used in such large volumes by many organisations.
What do you believe your own data is worth to an organisation? Is it more valuable to you than to organisations who collect it and would you expect something in return if they want to use it for marketing or other purposes?
Have you been involved in implementing a new technology or system? If so, did you complete a data protection impact assessment?
In September 2021 North Ayrshire Council decided to implement a system using facial recognition technology (FRT) in nine school dining rooms. They used photographs of pupils, and these were matched with their identities contained in school records. This enabled the schools to automatically deduct the correct charges according to the lunches consumed.
The intention of installing the ‘cashless’ system was designed to create more efficiencies and prevent queues which usually occurred due to pupils forgetting passes or not having the correct amount of money to pay.
In this case, collecting photographs, matching them to school records and charging each respective child’s account, is processing of personal data and this needs to comply with data protection legislation. Furthermore, this type of biometric data is classed as ‘special category data’, so as well as one of the ‘usual’ lawful bases for processing being necessary, an additional condition is needed as this type of data is more sensitive.
When implementing any new technology that is likely to present a high risk to individuals, a formal data protection impact assessment (DPIA) needs to be undertaken.
- This will help to identify all the data protection risks involved so that these can be addressed.
- The DPIA asks whether the processing is justified and proportionate and whether it is the best way to achieve the aim. This is especially important where children’s data is concerned.
- The DPIA also covers transparency i.e. it is important that individuals have been told about the processing and whether there is a lawful basis for it.
Unfortunately, once the new FRT system was implemented at the schools, press reports and complaints resulted in an ICO investigation within a few weeks. The system was soon withdrawn, and all images deleted.
Why it matters
This case has highlighted that when introducing a new system or technology (like FRT) it’s important to address all privacy risks before implementation.
A DPIA must be completed at the outset, particularly when processing special category data. In this case, a DPIA had been completed, but it had not adequately covered off all the data protection risks.
There was a lack of transparency and information was not clearly provided to pupils and parents. Additionally, the retention of pupils’ images was not data protection compliant.
There had been no consultation with pupils and parents and no sign off of the DPIA by a senior staff member.
Details of the ICO’s letter to North Ayrshire Council and the BBC article on this case can be found at the links below.
Using FRT in schools – letter to North Ayrshire Council | ICO
ICO watchdog ‘deeply concerned’ over live facial recognition – BBC News
Have you been involved in the implementation of any new systems or technologies that involve processing individuals’ personal data?
If so, did you complete a data protection impact assessment at the outset to assess the risks?
Completing a DPIA will ensure that an organisation adheres to the practice of ‘Data Protection by Design and Default’. This refers to article 25 of UK GDPR which makes it a legal obligation for data controllers to implement organisation controls which make sure data protection issues are addressed at the design stage of any project.
The ICO has provided information on this at Data protection by design and default | ICO
ISO publishes a new anonymisation standard
In November 2022 the international Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) published a new data protection standard ISO/EC 27559; known as a ‘Privacy enhancing data de-identification framework’.
It is the result of a 5-year effort and the standard will be important in establishing best practice for the re-use and sharing of personal data.
The aim of the new ISO framework is to identify data protection risks and mitigate them by anonymising personal data where possible. Anonymisation is achieved when the risk of identifying individuals has been reduced to a sufficiently remote level. Anonymisation of data aligns nicely with data protection principles such as ‘data minimisation’ and ‘data security’.
Anonymising data wherever possible is encouraged particularly where sensitive personal data is involved. In this way, sensitive data can be re-used for lots of purposes, for example to improve services, look for new opportunities and insights that can shape an organisation and create data products to serve people’s needs.
Privacy experts will recall that the ICO issued a consultation calling for views on anonymisation, pseudonymisation and privacy enhancing technologies guidance at the end of 2022. The ICO’s draft guidance can be found here.
Why it matters
If there is no need to process personal data, for the purposes you need it for, it is always good practice to anonymise it.
The new ISO standard should promote more anonymisation and will provide a way forward for the safe and responsible use of personal data, especially ‘special category data’ (more sensitive data).
Privacy experts will be able to rely on this new framework when putting forward best practices for the re-use and sharing of individuals’ personal data.
ISO standards are widely respected in providing strong compliance practices, so adopting this standard may enable organisations to have a competitive edge. The standard will give stakeholders confidence that an implemented process involving anonymisation is reliable and compliant.
A preview of the new framework can be found at ISO – ISO/IEC 27559:2022 – Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection – Privacy enhancing data de-identification framework
Do you think the new standard will lead to more anonymisation of personal data?
Do you think that many organisations are likely to adopt it? | {
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<urn:uuid:e73e9273-5c93-4103-b72e-7add9c990d64> | This wasp, Vespula maculifrons, was found near the Levine Science Research Center. Vespula maculifrons is also known as the Eastern yellow jacket, and is one of the most common wasps in the Eastern United States. Their most distinguishing feature is the yellow and black stripes on their abdomen, in a pattern that differs between the queen, adult males, and adult females. They build nests in the ground or in stumps and logs. Females of Vespa mate and are fertilized in autumn. These females overwinter and found colonies the next spring, of which they become the queens. Her offspring are sterile females that expand the nest and take care of the young. These wasp are fierce predators that primarily hunt other insects to fed to their larvae in the nest. They also feed on nectar, which is used as an energy source for flight.
Vespula maculifrons on Bugguide.net
Vespula maculifrons on Wikipedia
(2) Andrews, C, The Lives of Wasps and Bees, (1969) London, Chatto and Windus.
(3) Milne, L.J. and M. Milne, National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Insects and Spiders, (1980), New York, A.A. Knopf. | {
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<urn:uuid:21ea45a0-b349-4f18-8001-1b05a4e3dfa0> | Catawba County News
Learn About Pollinators and the Gardens That Help Them Thrive
Published: May 13, 2021
Do you love seeing the landscape brighten with blooms each spring? Do you enjoy keeping a garden of your own? Are you concerned about the decreasing population of beneficial insects?
If the answer to any of these questions is ‘yes,’ you’ll want to attend the Catawba County Library’s virtual program on pollinator gardens. Entitled ‘Butterflies & Blooms,’ it will underscore the importance of pollinators and talk about how to attract them with plants they find appealing.
The program takes place at 4 pm on Monday, May 17. Register to attend at tinyurl.com/ccls-Pollinators or by calling 828.465.8664.
Guest presenter Samantha Derr will define what a pollinator is (not just insects!) and explain how pollinators do the essential work of helping plants thrive and produce. She’ll also explain how you can create a beautiful and useful pollinator garden in your yard, even if you have limited space.
You’ll learn why pollinator gardens can be a jumping-off point for developing a healthier ecosystem, not only on your property but in the community at large. Getting the neighborhood involved can expand the scope of your efforts and beautify the local environment too. Even on a small scale, providing a haven for a few pollinators can have a powerful effect on the world.
Prior to the session, jot down any questions you’d like to have answered: How do pollinators get nutrients? Where do they find shelter? Do they need water? What seasons are they most active? The more you know about these fascinating creatures, the more you can support their earth-friendly work and see how it affects our own lives and well-being. | {
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<urn:uuid:baddc074-e219-42f0-bfc5-9456de71f17b> | One of the most critical issues users of Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps (AODD) face is failure due to premature wear of the pump diaphragms. Below we will try to identify the main reasons that cause this problem and how it can be avoided:
Diaphragm Pumps Running dry.
When a pump runs dry, with no fluid in it, the pump will run faster than when it transfers fluid. Additionally, the consumption of compressed air increases dramatically, wasting energy.
We face two issues when a pump runs dry:
- Energy loss: a big volume of compressed air is wasted.
- Maintenance cost: an excessive pump speed means increased wear and diaphragms life reduction.
Running dry is probably the most common reason for premature wear failure in AODD (Double Diaphragm) pumps. It can easily be solved by:
- Using run-dry protection.
- Monitoring pump speed using external sensors.
We can identify when a pump has ran dry finding a circular tear of the diaphragm, Cavitation, which is produced when the pump suction is restricted, also produces premature wear with similar effects.
When priming a pump for the first time, we shall increase air pressure gradually while keeping the outlet valve open. The pump is primed once the fluid begins to flow uniformly/evenly through the outlet valve.
The air pressure exerts a force on each diaphragm that can create an excessive deformation., If the air pressure exceeds certain limit, it can permanently damage the diaphragm. In order to avoid these permanent damages, air pressure shall not exceed 8 bar – 115 psi.
To avoid excessive air pressure, specific regulators must be used. An air pressure regulator contributes to adapt pump speed to the application needs, controlling the air inlet pressure, and thus optimizing diaphragms life.
Pump’s Proper Torqueing
Specially in case of plastic pumps, it is highly recommended to fasten all bolts before using the pump for the first time, since fasteners may get loose during transportation. In order to do this, torque specifications, as mentioned in all manuals, must be observed.
- If diaphragms are over torqued: diaphragms may show cuts on the outside edge
- If diaphragms are under torqued: diaphragms may be pulled.
Pumping very abrasive fluids, like inks or slurries, produces abrasion of the pump. To reduce it ,the two following factors should be taken into account:
- Pump Size: the bigger, the better.
- Pump Speed: the slower, the better.
A good practice for pumping abrasive fluids, is to oversize the pump and to operate it slowly.
Impurities in the pump
Although AODD pumps can handle fluids with some solids in suspension, when pumping fluids with a large concentration of solids, the use of filters is highly recommended. Filters avoid impurities and particles from entering the pump and damaging the diaphragms.
In order to prevent any discolouration, cracking, bubbling or any other similar failure, the following temperature working ranges shall be observed depending on the pump materials:
|PTFE||5ºC – 105ºC / 41ºF – 221ºF|
|NBR||10ºC – 80ºC / 50ºF – 176ºF|
|ACETAL||10ºC – 90ºC / 50ºF – 194ºF|
|HYTREL®||10ºC – 90ºC / 50ºF – 194ºF|
|SANTOPRENE®||-29ºC – 135ºC / -20ºF – 275ºF|
|VITON®||-40ºC – 176,7ºC / -40ºF – 135ºF|
|POLYPROPYLENE®||10ºC – 80ºC / 50ºF – 176ºF|
|POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE (PVDF)||-12,2ºC – 107,2ºC / 10ºF – 225ºF|
SAMOA Industrial offers only diaphragms manufactured with first grade and high-quality raw materials to guarantee longer diaphragm life. PTFE diaphragms are formed with three bonded layers, an air-side layer of EPDM, a central textile layer, and a fluid-side PTFE layer, to form a one-piece diaphragm that dramatically extends its working life. Bonded
Discover our DIRECTFLO Technology and the NEW PIVOT Series: | {
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<urn:uuid:028ea29d-6de4-40dd-8d11-9c8b11e93424> | What is Diabetes Type 2?
Diabetes is a serious disease that millions of people struggle with every day. It is a condition that causes high blood sugar levels, and it can lead to many health problems if not controlled. If you have diabetes, it is important to learn as much as possible about the disease and how to manage it. Below is basic information about diabetes, including the causes, symptoms, and complications.
What is diabetes, type 2?
Diabetes, type II, is a long-term illness in which the body’s ability to keep blood sugar at just the right level is lost. It happens when the pancreas stops producing enough insulin or when the body’s cells are unable to fully utilize what insulin it does produce.
As a result, there is far too much sugar in the circulation-diabetes, type II, is most often diagnosed in adults over the age of 40, but it is becoming more common in children and teenagers. While it used to be considered a disease of affluence, it is now known that diabetes, type II, can affect anyone, regardless of income or lifestyle.
There is no cure for diabetes, type II, but it can be managed through diet, exercise, and medication. With proper treatment, people with diabetes can live long and healthy lives. If you have been diagnosed with diabetes, type II, it is important to see your doctor regularly and follow their treatment recommendations.
Complications of diabetes type 2
Several complications can arise from diabetes type II, some more serious than others. These include:
1. Heart disease and stroke.
Diabetes greatly increases your risk of both heart disease and stroke. This is because diabetes can cause damage to your blood vessels and nerves. The good news is that you can greatly reduce your risk of heart disease and stroke by making healthy choices and controlling your blood sugar levels.
2. High blood pressure.
About 65% to 80% of people with diabetes have high blood pressure. The pressure forces your heart to work harder. Over time, this can damage your heart and lead to heart disease.
It can also damage the blood vessels in your kidneys. This can result in kidney disease or failure. High blood pressure is often referred to as “the silent killer” because it has no symptoms. That’s why it’s important to have your blood pressure checked regularly if you have diabetes.
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in persons aged 20 to 74. Diabetic retinopathy usually affects both eyes. It often has no early symptoms, so you may not know you have it. If you have diabetes, it is important to see an eye doctor at least once a year. A comprehensive dilated eye exam can detect early signs of diabetic retinopathy.
Many nontraumatic lower-limb amputations are performed in persons with diabetes in the United States. More than half of these procedures are associated with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Persons with diabetes have a fourfold increased risk for PAD and a two- to threefold increased risk for lower-limb amputation compared with persons without diabetes.
5. Skin conditions.
Skin problems are common in people who have diabetes. High blood sugar can cause the skin on your body to become dry, itchy, and cracked. You may also get a fungal infection called athlete’s foot. If you have nerve damage from diabetes, you might not feel pain if you get a cut or an infection on your foot. That’s why it’s important to check your feet every day for cuts, sores, or redness. If you have any of these, call your doctor right away.
6. Hearing impairment.
Diabetes can cause hearing impairment for several reasons. First, high blood sugar can damage the tiny vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the cochlea, a key part of the inner ear. This damage can lead to death of the nerves and loss of hearing. Additionally, diabetes can cause changes in fluid levels in the body, including increased fluid in the inner ear, leading to hearing loss.
If you have diabetes, it’s important to have your hearing checked regularly. If you notice any changes in your hearing, see a doctor right away. Hearing loss from diabetes is treatable if it’s caught early.
7. Sleep apnea.
Sleep apnea is a condition in which your breathing pauses or becomes very shallow while you sleep. People with diabetes are more likely to have sleep apnea, especially if they are overweight. Sleep apnea can cause daytime fatigue and irritability and increase your risk for heart disease and stroke. If you think you might have sleep apnea, talk to your doctor.
How to manage Diabetes Type 2.
Diabetes Type II can be managed through diet, lifestyle changes, and medication. There are three primary goals in managing diabetes:
- Reduce the risk of complications
- Achieve and maintain near-normal blood sugar levels
- Prevent or delay the onset of diabetes-related problems such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, nerve damage, and blindness.
Diet is a critical part of managing diabetes. Foods high in sugar and carbohydrates can cause spikes in blood sugar levels, so eating a balanced diet that includes plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats is important. It is also important to limit sugary drinks and foods high in saturated fat.
Signs and symptoms.
Diabetes Type II is a chronic condition that can lead to complications if left untreated. Symptoms include:
- Increased thirst
- Frequent urination
- Extreme fatigue
- Blurry vision
- Slow-healing wounds or sores
If you experience any of these symptoms, be sure to contact your doctor. With proper treatment, you can live a long and healthy life.
Diabetes type ll is a serious condition that can lead to many health complications. If you have type II diabetes, it is important to work with your healthcare team to manage your condition. With proper management, you can live a long and healthy life.
It’s important to remember that type 2 diabetes is a progressive condition. This means that it will get worse over time. However, you can slow the progression of the disease and live a long and healthy life.
Leave a Reply, You Matter! | {
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<urn:uuid:1e8f02fe-818d-41f4-9629-420c44bb56ae> | Reducing mine water use in arid areas through the use of a byproduct road dust suppressantRevista : Journal of Cleaner Production
Volumen : 230
Páginas : 46-54
Tipo de publicación : ISI Ir a publicación
Water scarcity is a critical global-scale social risk. Several factors are affecting the availability of fresh water, like global population growth and the increase of industrial activities. Particularly in the mining industry, water is a critical resource for mineral production and road maintenance. Haul roads in surface mining operations are traditionally treated with large amounts of water to reduce dust emissions caused by large trucks that generate up to 97% of mine dust that reduces safety and mining productivity. An alternative to reduce dust in mining roads is the use of Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate (6H2O·MgCl2), which is a byproduct of the local lithium. So far, there is no scientific evidence that combines laboratory and field research to assess the effectiveness of an industrial byproduct used as a dust control for mining haul roads. This paper reports a quantitative analysis of the effectiveness of 6H2O·MgCl2 in reducing operational water based on a laboratory and field study. Laboratory results show an important water retention effect in 6H2O·MgCl2 treated soils compared to untreated soils. In addition, results showed that soils exposed to higher air relative humidity increases the water absorption from the air, confirming the hygroscopic property of 6H2O·MgCl2. Field results collected for a year in a copper mine located in an arid area of Chile showed that water consumption in haul roads treated with water only is on average 153 times higher than water consumption in roads treated with 6H2O·MgCl2 brine. In other words, 6H2O·MgCl2 brine treatment allows approximately 99% of water saving. The dust monitoring system using a laser device demonstrated that, on average, dust emissions are 3.4 times higher in roads treated with water only than in roads treated with 6H2O·MgCl2 brine. Overall, the study concludes that using 6H2O·MgCl2 brine effectively reduces water consumption used for dust suppression in haul roads, demonstrating that the use of 6H2O·MgCl2 byproduct is a very promising material for addressing water management issues in the mining industry. | {
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<urn:uuid:8b273344-ae11-4f64-9b17-39021cefdd20> | Activity 3: Developing Intuition about Significance: Fair Coins If we are flipping a coin, how large a proportion of heads do we need to get in order to claim evidence that the coin is biased to give more heads than tails? If the coin is fair, the proportion of heads should be 0.5 , so our null and alternative hypotheses are H0:p=0.5 vs Ha: p>0.5, where p is the proportion of heads. First For each situation below, make a guess about whether or not you think that sample outcome would give convincing evidence for a biased coin (Yes or No) Second Now using Statkey (using at least 5,000 simulated samples) find the p-value in each case above and indicate whether (at a 5% level) there is convincing evidence that the coin is biased. If you are working in a group, consider divide and conquer, before discussing results. Examine the results from the p-values. Consider each of the factors below. Decide whether or not each has an impact on whether or not a sample proportion shows significance. 1. The sample size 2. The sample proportion 3. The number of simulated samples in the randomization distribution. | {
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<urn:uuid:055478e6-cb9a-4b6b-94e6-6db10cad9bb3> | DRC: Study circles, a tool to improve the quality of education and promote trade unionism
Education unions affiliated with Education International in the Democratic Republic of Congo have been evaluating the use of study circles to improve the quality of education and promote trade unionism in schools.
After the programme had been running for one year, Education International (EI) and its member organisations in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Centrale de l’Education Nationale et de la Recherche Scientifique (CSC-Enseignement), the Fédération nationale des enseignants du Congo and the Syndicat des Enseignants du Congo (SYECO), carried out an initial evaluation. The scheme is designed to promote trade union unity and is jointly financed by the Centrale des syndicats du Québec(CSQ)/Canada, Lärarförbundet/Sweden and EI. The programme is based on study circles and aims to introduce a culture of dialogue into the workplace to deal with problems in the teaching profession, a concept that has been tried on every continent. In Africa it is called PanAf (the Pan-African Programme) and is made up of trade union organisations from 18 French-speaking and English-speaking countries.
Between March 18 and March 24, a one-day workshop was held to evaluate the scheme in three of the six regions, Kinshasa, Matadi and Mbuji-Mayi. In these three regions, the 30 facilitators met to carry out a detailed assessment of the difficulties encountered, requirements, suggestions for tackling problems, and so on.
The aim of the programme, introduced in March 2017, was to train the trainers. It was deployed throughout the regions in two stages: in 2018, in the first three regions, then the remaining three. In each region, 30 schools were targeted and in each school a facilitator, a union member, followed a five day training course, based on a manual.
Among the positive aspects of the study-circle approach, a participant in a women's study group acknowledged that, "for the first time, I was able to have my say in Church".
A participant in another study circle said that, "it has improved the relationship between teachers. It has made it possible for us to get to know each other and to get to know ourselves better too".
In fact, where there was little or no team work in schools before; this programme has improved working relationships, reduced conflict between teachers and between teachers and school managers. There have been improvements in other areas too, for example, in staff meetings and in the classroom.
The study circles have led to a very welcome culture of dialogue and promoted the spread of trade unionism. In study circles, teachers can discuss the problems they face and work out solutions for them. This is similar to the African tradition of the meeting places known as “meeting trees”, and with the origins of the trade union movement; let’s get together and rely on our own resources.
Among the main problems reported by the facilitators was the fact that some heads of institutions were afraid of the unions and wary of this new type of assembly. There was practically no union life in some schools before as officials refused to let the teachers get together at all. Through dialogue and meetings with union officials, some of these restrictions have been lifted, but not all.
A method based on a manual
Study circles are organised around a manual that is divided into two sections.
The first section describes the method itself, which adopts a disciplined approach and serves primarily to instil a culture of respect for the opinions of other people, to encourage them to listen to all sides of the argument, to organise meetings with a specific agenda, to meet once a week or once a month, to limit the number of participants to 13, etc.
A measure of flexibility is necessary. The evaluation carried out by EI, CSQ and Lärarförbundet showed a need for such flexibility in order to adapt to the local situation, for example, by increasing the number of participants so that people do not feel excluded.
The second part of the manual consists of information specific to education, the education system, the status of teaching staff, etc. With two unions out of three already having their own union guidebook, these have been merged into one to produce the second section of the manual.
Local and national issues
It is also important to distinguish between local problems and national problems.
Local issues include a lack of teaching materials in schools, defective toilets, and conflicts between teachers and parents or management. These types of problems can be tackled locally through dialogue.
In contrast, school curriculums, salaries, exams, bonuses, educational career paths, social benefits and pensions, are all subjects that are important national issues.
Issues can be both local and national and call for solutions at several levels, such as "taking responsibility", which, in reality, means that, even in the country’s public schools, parents have to pay for schooling, otherwise their child will be excluded, a course of action normally associated with the private sector. In fact, because some public school teachers may not be paid at all, parents pay their salaries directly, in what is euphemistically known as "teacher motivation".
The main challenge, strengthening the trade union movement
When the issues are at a national level, union intervention is clearly essential.
One of the objectives of the evaluation was to find out if the number of dues-paying members had increased, which turned out to be the case. The unions must be strengthened by encouraging the regular payment of union fees. This would then result in improved trade union solidarity and would encourage grassroots unionism in the workplace.
With the seeds of trade unionism having been sown in 30 schools, region by region, the challenge is now to expand this activity even further. Facilitators should set up study circles in schools close to their own and leave them to run autonomously after a certain number of sessions.
It is also important that the study circles do not remain isolated and are eventually networked in order to share their positive and negative experiences.
Study group reports sent to the regional union management represent yet another opportunity. If these reports show mutual regional concerns, the regional union leader should then send these up to the national union level. So, upstream and downstream communication must be improved. These reports represent a practical aid to decision-making, by giving the national leaders a more detailed understanding of what is going on at a local level.
This is all the more crucial as the DRC is a huge country. Travel is almost impossible and virtually no province is accessible by road. In addition, the level of poverty in the regions is high and there are frequent power cuts, so access to the Internet is very limited. Exchanging information by email or WhatsApp is almost impossible, due to the lack of an adequate telephone network, and study group meetings are usually organised over the phone.
"Notwithstanding the challenging environment, EI member union officials in the DRC are demonstrating a high level of commitment and are fighting for the interests of education workers and the success of the study circle scheme", said EI General Secretary, David Edwards. | {
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<urn:uuid:06958fff-86ca-49b3-ad0c-7de7bf16a75a> | Finding Better Ways to Image the Retina
Posted on by Dr. Francis Collins
Every day, all around the world, eye care professionals are busy performing dilated eye exams. By looking through a patient’s widened pupil, they can view the retina—the postage stamp-sized tissue lining the back of the inner eye—and look for irregularities that may signal the development of vision loss.
The great news is that, thanks to research, retinal imaging just keeps getting better and better. The images above, which show the same cells viewed with two different microscopic techniques, provide good examples of how tweaking existing approaches can significantly improve our ability to visualize the retina’s two types of light-sensitive neurons: rod and cone cells.
Specifically, these images show an area of the outer retina, which is the part of the tissue that’s observed during a dilated eye exam. Thanks to colorization and other techniques, a viewer can readily distinguish between the light-sensing, color-detecting cone cells (orange) and the much smaller, lowlight-sensing rod cells (blue).
These high-res images come from Johnny Tam, a researcher with NIH’s National Eye Institute. Working with Alfredo Dubra, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, Tam and his team figured out how to limit light distortion of the rod cells. The key was illuminating the eye using less light, provided as a halo instead of the usual solid, circular beam.
But the researchers’ solution hit a temporary snag when the halo reflected from the rods and cones created another undesirable ring of light. To block it out, Tam’s team introduced a tiny pinhole, called a sub-Airy disk. Along with use of adaptive optics technology to correct for other distortions of light, the scientists were excited to see such a clear view of individual rods and cones. They published their findings recently in the journal Optica
The resolution produced using these techniques is so much improved (33 percent better than with current methods) that it’s even possible to visualize the tiny inner segments of both rods and cones. In the cones, for example, these inner segments help direct light coming into the eye to other, photosensitive parts that absorb single photons of light. The light is then converted into electrical signals that stream to the brain’s visual centers in the occipital cortex, which makes it possible for us to experience vision.
Tam and team are currently working with physician-scientists in the NIH Clinical Center to image the retinas of people with a variety of retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss in older adults. These research studies are ongoing, but offer hopeful possibilities for safe and non-intrusive monitoring of individual rods and cones over time, as well as across disease types. That’s obviously good news for patients. Plus it will help scientists understand how a rod or cone cell stops working, as well as more precisely test the effects of gene therapy and other experimental treatments aimed at restoring vision.
Noninvasive imaging of the human rod photoreceptor mosaic using a confocal adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscope. Dubra A, Sulai Y, Norris JL, Cooper RF, Dubis AM, Williams DR, Carroll J. Biomed Opt Express. 2011 Jul 1;2(7):1864-76.
In-vivo sub-diffraction adaptive optics imaging of photoreceptors in the human eye with annular pupil illumination and sub-Airy detection. Rongwen L, Aguilera N, Liu T, Liu J, Giannini JP, Li J, Bower AJ, Dubra A, Tam J. Optica 2021 8, 333-343. https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.414206
Get a Dilated Eye Exam (National Eye Institute/NIH)
How the Eyes Work (NEI)
Eye Health Data and Statistics (NEI)
Tam Lab (NEI)
Dubra Lab (Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA)
NIH Support: National Eye Institute
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Posted In: Snapshots of Life
Tags: adaptive optics techology, age-related macular degeneration, AMD, cone cells, cones, confocal adaptive optics scanning, dilated eye exam, eye, imaging, neurons, occipital cortex, photoreceptor cells, retina, retinal diseases, retinal imaging, rod cell, rods, sub-Airy disk, vision, vision loss, visual cortex | {
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<urn:uuid:ded80134-5dce-4deb-a945-cfa971d27940> | Nesting season is beginning again in Costa Rica’s Tortuguero National Park, home to one of the world’s largest green turtle (Chelonia mydas) populations, as well as a haven for more than half the world’s species of large marine turtles. Costa Rica was a leader in conservation efforts, establishing the park and limiting human contact with the turtles as far back as 1970. The chief natural enemies of the green turtle are only large sharks, and humans. At least until recently. The turtles are a favorite of conservationists and eco-tourists alike. In marketing terms, they are considered a flagship species, i.e. “a species used as the focus of a broader conservation marketing campaign based on its possession of one or more traits that appeal to the target audience” (Wikipedia definition).
The first sanctuary for the jaguar (Panthera onca) was established in Bélize in 1986, although conservation efforts had begun earlier in response to the decimation of the species during the 1960s and 70s. Jaguars are considered an ‘umbrella’ species, i.e. “a species with large area requirements for which protection of the species offers protection to other species that share the same habitat – usually higher vertebrates” (Wikipedia again). Jaguars roam over large areas and there is a proposal, the Paseo del Jaguar, to establish safe jaguar corridors between protected habitats stretching from Mexico to Argentina to support the stability and robustness of the big cat population.
The chief threat to jaguars at this point is not hunting any more (trade in pelts is illegal, although in some countries sport hunting is still legal), but loss of habitat due to farming. This has become more pressing with the growth of livestock farms for meat production – not only does this encroach on habitat, but jaguars are drawn to the livestock and then eliminated. Jaguars, like most endangered big cats, inspire conservationists and donors alike. They are also considered a flagship species.
Last year, a report was published detailing how loss of habitat and availability of prey in Costa Rica had driven jaguars closer to the coastline around Tortuguero National Park, where they presumably discovered the ease and delight of dining on green turtles during nesting season.
It’s easy enough to draw battle lines between those who want to expand human territory and those who want to preserve natural territory. Even the most collaborative of conservation projects will find itself at odds with the economic needs and desires of other humans at some point.
But what about the territories staked out by conservation efforts themselves? It’s not just about the animals or the habitats – it’s about competition for the limited span of awareness most people have for conservation issues and the amount of funding required for research and donor drives. What to do when two flagship species collide? I can say with certainty that if I were one of the conservationists directly involved with the protection of either of these species, my natural inclination would be to dig in my heels and fight for my side. Competition and staking out our territory is what we do, whether it’s on the playground, in the board room or on a beach full of jaguars and turtles. It seems to be our natural inclination, even when we know there won’t be any winners if what we draw are battle lines rather than chart paths to one another.
The report states that it “…is important to manage not only the ecological and behavioural interactions between these species but also the relationships between stakeholders such as local communities, conservation organizations and foreign donors. Management strategies need to take into account the human context and be effectively communicated to all relevant stakeholders.”
I searched for more recent information as to what new management strategies might look like for the Tortuguero clash of species, but have been thus far unsuccessful in finding any new publications. According to Mr. Diogo Verissimo, lead author of the jaguar-turtle report, this topic is currently being researched at Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), University of Kent, UK.
So: this might be a good conservation challenge – overcoming our own competitive nature where it does more harm than good.
Jaguar (Panthera onca) predation of marine turtles: conflict between flagship species in Tortuguero, Costa Rica – D. Verissimo, D.A. Jones, R. Chaverri, S.R. Meyer
Mr. Verissimo’s webpage is: http://www.diogoverissimo.com/ | {
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<urn:uuid:900f143f-bbfc-4e23-8b56-57b83cb49ef6> | Guitar tuners today have become very efficient and accurate. There was a time when they were kind of clunky and not very easy to use. New technology used today has the ability to tune to even vibrations! This has become very handy and is a must for beginners. But what is a chromatic tuner, and how does it work?
What is a Chromatic Tuner?
A chromatic tuner can detect and display all 12 possible pitches, or notes. Every tone that’s available on the guitar fretboard. These notes are part of the chromatic scale. It’s detailed enough for the tuning arrangements important to the guitar. Right down to the exact octave.
A regular monophonic tuner is not quite as sophisticated. It’s only really capable of showing you how flat or sharp the string is. This is when tuned to standard: EADGBE.
It will not display a semitone as a chromatic tuner will. But why choose one over the other? Who can benefit from either technology?
How to Use a Chromatic Tuner
There are a few different types of chromatic tuners on the market today. Technology in this area has provided some convenient devices, but they don’t all work the same. Some are in the form of an effects pedal and come in a metal enclosure.
While others can simply be clipped to your guitar and sense the vibration of the strings. But the general idea is the same and, besides the connection methods, the process will be similar. Here we will focus on standard tuning, which is EADGBE.
- Connect the chromatic tuner as required. This might mean using patch cables and providing power. Or could simply be clipping it onto the guitar.
- Play the first string starting from the top. This will be the 6th. As you play it open, pay attention to the tuner and what the display reads. This string will need to be an E and so depending on the reading, you will need to adjust it.
- Once you have been provided a reading, proceed to turn the tuners. Clockwise will loosen and counter-clockwise will tighten the string. If the pitch is lower than E, tighten the string. If it’s high, loosen it.
- Once you have adjusted the string and got the right note name, you can move on to the rest. If the notes are out by a lot, don’t worry about fine-tuning. Get them all close to the start.
- Once the notes are all correct, fine-tune them. This will need closer attention to the readout and if there are any needles that help your accuracy.
- Play a chord. If something doesn’t sound right, you may be out an octave on one of the strings. Proceed to perform the steps again, paying closer attention to the note name.
Chromatic Tuner Pedal
The pedal-style chromatic tuner is very handy if you have a large board. Most players will require a proper and accurate device, especially if playing live. It isn’t always quiet enough on stages to accurately adjust. And so a proper bright display is a necessity. The benefit of the chromatic tuner pedal is that you can set it and forget it.
Once on the board, first in the chain, you can turn it on and off, tune up and get back to rocking. They are normally powered by an external supply, so there isn’t much to do once it is installed correctly. And if you tune your guitar down a step or two, a chromatic is the only way to go.
Clip On Type
The clip-on style tuner is also a very handy little device. This unit can be stored in your case, only taken out when needed. They are usually battery-powered, so they may need a new one occasionally. But the operation is quite simple.
You simply clip the unit onto the guitar and turn it on. It’s normally clipped to the headstock where it is in perfect view. Then play a note and read the display. Adjust as necessary and you’re done.
This is great for acoustics without electronics, but is not limited to that alone. It’s another great device for beginners or even seasoned players who need a tuner in a loud room.
Some chromatic tuners come with built-in microphones. These can also be handy if you are not in a very loud room. Noise will limit the accuracy of the device, so it’s best used at home. A good number of them come with a microphone built in to give you a few different options.
But this method is not quite as popular as the clip-on or direct connection types. They have their place and are a nice option to have built-in. Sometimes you can also find a built-in metronome, which then makes it a 2-in-1 device.
For Your Phone
Most people carry around a smartphone, and one quick and easy way to tune on the fly is with an app! Boss makes a great app that you can load to your phone. The chromatic tuner is ready to be loaded onto your phone and is quite accurate.
While we wouldn’t recommend the app for any professional situation, it is handy to have it in a pinch. The app is available on smartphones as well as tablets and so you can always have one with you just in case!
Chromatic Tuner Online
Another option is a chromatic tuner online. Some websites provide the ability to use a computer’s microphone and play a string. The online tuner will then provide a reading and allow you to adjust your instrument as needed.
This can be handy if you play at a desk with a computer. It’s quick, easy, and free. But again, it’s not a professional application and will exhibit a degree of error.
So what is a chromatic tuner? Well, it’s the end of struggling to get your instrument in tune, that’s for sure. If you are in the market for a tuner, then a chromatic model is a real benefit. Their range will cover every note on the guitar. They are great when exploring different pitches.
Down tuning has never been easier with this type. Skill level doesn’t matter with this device. It will benefit players from all levels and provide accurate guitars quickly. | {
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<urn:uuid:35da175c-ef89-4eda-acc5-3e5e34f6dfce> | VART2507 Type Design (1.5 units)
- VART1006 OR any GE-course offered by AVA
- VART2506 Typography
- Medium of Instruction:
Type design is the art and process of designing typefaces. Designing a typeface does not only involve carefully studying the shapes of each letter, but also systematically building the structure of a typeface in its entirety. The ability to create unique typefaces allows graphic designers to explore typography in a micro level, and enriches the boundaries of creativity.
VART2507 Type Design focuses on developing different skills for producing digital typefaces – basic lettering, digitizing letterforms, publishing digital files, learning new software and applying the newly created typefaces into use.
Please note that this course only offer type designing in roman alphabets. However, the skills learned through this course will be helpful for designing other written languages.
No result found. | {
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<urn:uuid:30ae5263-accc-4337-bc47-920e0edbebbb> | Where is New York State’s Biggest Tree?
New York state is known for having the best of everything. Whether it's related to food, nowhere else can compare to our pizza, bagels and bacon, egg and cheese options.
Living in New York, especially the Hudson Valley is having the best of both worlds. There is always something scenic and beautiful to gaze at in the mountains or on the trails. The option of traveling to city life or even traveling to the Big Apple is easily accessible.
No wonder why people continue to live in New York, it truly is one of the best states. As of recently, the biggest tree was discovered in New York state.
New York State's Biggest Tree Was Discovered
Social media allows us to connect with others, learn more and also educate ourselves. I find myself constantly learning about the Hudson Valley and New York state and all of its rich history.
Scenic Hudson provided information to tree lovers all over the world.
"Scenic Hudson preserves land and farms and creates parks that connect people with the inspirational power of the Hudson River, while fighting threats to the river and natural resources that are the foundation of the valley’s prosperity."
They are also known as,
"Hudson Valley’s Largest Environmental Organization".
From a recent social media post, it was shared that New York's biggest tree is located near the Hudson River.
Where Is New York State's Biggest Tree?
Scenic Hudson provided the following message for us to get excited together about the news.
"TREE HUGGERS REJOICE!!! Arborist Fred Breglia has found New York's largest tree. The eastern cottonwood resides in a floodplain near the #HudsonRiver in Rensselaer County. At 108 feet tall and 33 feet 9 1/4 inches in circumference, it *might* also hold the record for largest of its kind the nation!"
What Kind Of Tree Is Known As New York State's Biggest Tree?
According to Scenic Hudson, Fred Breglia is an arborist who found the largest tree in New York. He claims that it's an eastern cottonwood.
How Old Is New York State's Biggest Tree?
According to New York Upstate,
"Cottonwoods are also among the shortest lived trees in the U.S., Leopold said, averaging 75-100 years old. Breglia estimates that the Schaghticoke cottonwood is somewhere between 200-300 years old, but Leopold says it’s unlikely the tree is older than 150 years."
"Pinpointing the tree’s exact age would require a core sample, but it’s simply too big, and too old, to drill, Breglia said. They don’t make bits big enough for the job, and some of the tree’s interior is probably rotten."
SEE ALSO: Nature-Lover's Oasis: Explore The Hudson Valley's Secret Boardwalk
Are You Curious About The Trees In Your Yard?
There's a website and app called, iNaturalist. I have used it to identify plants and animals in the summer, it was a lot of fun.
It can also help you identify what's in your backyard. I found a Hudson Valley guide for trees that we can explore together. Maybe this will help you find your hidden treasure within mother nature in the Hudson Valley.
I identified mysterious birds and was able to figure out which plants were in my backyard.
Where have you noticed the biggest tree that you have ever seen? Which state did this take place in? Share with us below. | {
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<urn:uuid:afccd19c-b5d8-4bb6-a0bd-b363ad4422a5> | As if it were a sci-fi movie “2001: A Space Odyssey”, a huge metallic object appeared stuck in an unknown location in Australia. More precisely, on a sheep farm farm in a remote area near the snowy mountains of New South Wales, about a five-hour drive southwest of Sydney.
biggest piece He sank vertically on the property of Australian farmer Mick MinerWhile about 80 centimeters and about 15 kilograms were found inside the land of his neighbor Jock Wallace.
this Thursday, The Australian Space Agency confirmed in a statement that the charred debris came from one of the SpaceX missions, business magnate Elon Musk. He asked local residents to inform the company of any additional findings.
“(Australia’s space agency) has confirmed that the remains are from the SpaceX mission and continues to communicate with its US counterparts,” as well as other federal and local agencies in the country, to address the matter “as appropriate,” according to the notice.
The wreck is believed to have fallen to Earth on July 9.
On July 31, astrophysicist Brad Tucker, an expert at the Australian National University, released images and information on space debris. It is believed to belong to the Space X Crew-1, the uncompressed part associated with the capsule that transports astronauts to and from space..
“It was exciting and strange at the same time,” said the astrophysicist, who visited the site after being contacted by local farmers.
He added that most space debris falls into the sea, but with the emergence of space industries around the world, the amount of collision with Earth is likely to increase. “We have to realize that there is a potential risk of hitting a populated area once and what that means“, alert.
The remains of the device entered Earth’s atmosphere about 20 months after it was launched in November 2020 in Cape Canaveral (United States), according to the astrophysicist. NASA said NEWSWEEK SpaceX has confirmed that the object is likely to be discarded equipment from the Crew-1’s return to the International Space Station on May 2, 2021.
The Australian Space Agency, which did not rule out the discovery of other SpaceX debris, indicated in its statement that this government agency is working on a plan to re-enter space debris outlining the roles and responsibilities of various entities in the country.
(with information from the EFE and AFP) | {
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<urn:uuid:59b703c4-b69a-4a11-b752-c27690d48090> | The current high level of deforestation in tropical countries requires that agriculture and its needs be included in conservation planning (buy GSK2118436 Vandermeer and Perfecto 2007) and be orchestrated by teams composed of farmers, social organizations, conservation groups, and governmental agencies dedicated to forestry conservation selleck products (Scherr and McNeely 2008). The fact that rural communities strongly depend on certain ecosystem services that cannot be provided by radically transformed landscapes creates the opportunity for farmers, once they understand the
sources of these services, to create environments that better retain critical native biodiversity (Scherr and McNeely 2008). The vegetation management we propose is rooted in these concepts and has the potential to identify landscape components whose conservation can assist fruit production in tropical Mexico by providing pest reduction services likely to be lost in highly modified landscapes. Such out-of-field biological control services have been valued, for US farms at $4.5 billion annually (Losey and Vaughan 2006) but currently are not appreciated in many tropical areas. For example, in Mexico the National Campaign to Combat Fruit Flies spends US $521 to produce a million parasitoids for augmentative release (personal communication by J.M. Gutiérrez Ruelas, National Coordinator of Mexican Campaign for Fruit Flies).
Considering that in one mango season, the number of parasitoids needed to reduce fly infestation is around 33,000 parasitoids/ha Stattic (Montoya et al. 2000), the cost of augmentative biological control in 1 ha of mango is US $ 17.19 at current exchange rates. For un-capitalized growers in Latin America this cost is acceptable, but could be reduced if the use of parasitoid reservoir trees was implemented to produce thousands of parasitoids in situ. By increasing the value of forest and vegetation patches to farmers, the rate of loss of these
areas due to agricultural conversion might be slowed. This program provides a path by which small landholders and orchard owners in Veracruz who control a substantial part of the land of the region can be steered toward more environmentally friendly pest control and sustainable forest management, reducing damage to wildlife and protecting farmers Dapagliflozin from health risks associated with pesticide-intensive fruit production. Future research needs Our model identifies the tree species whose conservation is necessary and the timing of their fruiting, but additional work is needed to quantify the per tree output of flies and parasitoids from each tree type and the timing of their emergence. How many trees and of what types will be required, and how close they must be to orchards, are examples of questions for which answers must be determined experimentally to foster connectivity between parasitoid reservoirs and orchards. | {
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<urn:uuid:737c6a7d-f992-45d2-a364-c5264be26c0a> | Post-general election meetings of Congress, which have become routine in recent decades, are commonly known as “lame-duck” sessions. The unflattering descriptor alludes to the senators and representatives who have lost reelection or whose terms are almost up but can still help make laws for a few more weeks.
Lame-duck sessions historically were used to wrap up pending business, and more recently to cut last-minute budget deals. But none in the nearly five decades for which data is available has been as legislatively productive as the lame-duck session of the 116th Congress, which wrapped up on Jan. 3.
More than four-in-ten bills that became law out of the 116th Congress (151 of 344, or 44%) were passed in the final two months of its two-year term. That’s the highest share of lame-duck legislation since at least the 93rd Congress of 1973-74, the first years of our analysis. Among the bills enacted during the recent lame-duck session was a $900 billion economic relief bill that had been the subject of a congressional standoff for months leading up to Election Day.
This post is the latest in a series, starting in 2014, examining the productivity of Congress. Laws aren’t widgets, of course, and legislative productivity can be measured in many different ways – by counting the number of pages in the statute book, how many votes were taken, comparing bills introduced with bills enacted, and so on.
We’ve chosen a fairly straightforward approach: how many laws (public laws in most cases, as opposed to private laws that apply to single individuals) each Congress actually enacted. We also distinguish between substantive and ceremonial laws. In general, substantive laws are those that have some real-world impact, no matter how small – be it spending federal dollars, setting policy, adjusting the boundaries of a national park or merely correcting a typographical error in an earlier law.
Ceremonial laws are those intended primarily to honor or recognize an individual, group or cause – for example, naming or renaming post offices, courthouses and other federal facilities, authorizing commemorative coins or congressional gold medals, or authorizing outside groups to erect memorials on federal land. (In earlier years Congress also designated dozens of special days, weeks and months in honor of various causes, such as National Next Door Neighbor Day, Nicolaus Copernicus Week and National Arthritis Month. However, that practice was largely abandoned in the mid-1990s.)
As our source for laws enacted, we’ve relied on congress.gov, an online repository of legislative data and information maintained by the Library of Congress. Congress.gov goes back to the 93rd Congress (1973-74), so that’s where our analysis of lame-duck sessions starts. Our more detailed look at substantive vs. ceremonial laws begins with the 101st Congress (1989-90). For each Congress, we reviewed the text of each law passed to sort it into the appropriate category.
In most cases we refer to each Congress using the two calendar years that make up the bulk of the time each Congress is in session, though a Congress formally ends in the subsequent odd-numbered year (for example, the 115th Congress of 2017-18 concluded on Jan. 3, 2019).
Despite its late burst of activity, the 116th was overall one of the least legislatively productive Congresses of the past five decades. Of the 24 Congresses we analyzed, only four passed fewer laws than the 116th – three of them within the past decade.
The 116th Congress sent 353 bills to President Donald Trump’s desk, according to the Library of Congress’ congress.gov site. Trump vetoed 10 of them, and all but one of those vetoes was upheld or not challenged. (The exception was the National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal 2021.) He signed the last of the remaining bills from the 116th Congress into law on Jan. 13.
By our deliberately generous criteria, only about two-thirds of the laws enacted by the recently concluded Congress (68%) were “substantive” – meaning they changed written law, spent money or established policy, no matter how minor. Ceremonial laws – those that rename post offices and Veterans Affairs clinics, authorize commemorative coins and the like – accounted for nearly a third (32%) of legislative output, the highest rate since the 110th Congress of 2007-08. (Our analysis considers only public laws, which are laws of general applicability. Private laws, which affect specific individuals or small groups, typically are used to settle claims against the federal government or make an exception to agency policy in a particular case; their use has declined markedly in the past few decades, with only one enacted since 2013.)
Among the more significant legislation enacted by the 116th Congress were four major bills and several minor ones responding to the coronavirus pandemic; a major conservation and public-lands law; a free trade agreement between the United States, Canada and Mexico that replaces NAFTA; and a measure to reform the governance of Olympic sports so as to protect young athletes from abuse.
Of course, the 116th Congress did have its distractions – an impeachment, a pandemic, a contentious election and its even more contentious aftermath. And much of the 116th’s relatively low level of productivity may be due to conflicts between the Democratic-majority House and the Republican-run Senate (not to mention those between Congress and Trump). In the 115th Congress of 2017-18, by comparison, Republicans controlled both legislative chambers and passed 442 laws, 69% of them substantive.
Other factors that likely helped hold down the 116th Congress’ output include the senatorial filibuster, which effectively means all but the least controversial measures need a 60-vote supermajority to move forward. Another potential factor is the long-term trend of bills growing in length as they shrink in number. The 84th Congress of 1955-56, for example, enacted more than 1,000 public laws, but they averaged fewer than two pages apiece, according to the Brookings Institution’s Vital Statistics on Congress database. By contrast, the 442 laws enacted by the 115th Congress of 2017-18 averaged nearly 18 pages each. (Vital Statistics doesn’t yet have final figures for the 116th.)
It’s also become more common for Congress to pass mammoth “omnibus” or “consolidated” bills that bundle multiple smaller and largely unrelated bills in one “must-pass” package. Last month, for instance, Congress passed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, which at nearly 5,600 pages in draft form was one of the longest pieces of U.S. legislation ever passed. It contained dozens of measures that in years past would have stood alone, among them 12 appropriations bills, a new coronavirus relief package, a pipeline safety law, the annual intelligence authorization act, and a raft of water development projects. It also included bills on energy policy, intellectual property and aircraft safety, foster youth and families, simplifying the process of applying for federal student aid, and much, much more – including 27 pages of “extensions and technical corrections” to other laws.
Lame-duck sessions, meanwhile, weren’t especially common before the 2000s, and when they did occur, they typically accounted for about a fifth of a given Congress’ legislative output. (The 1994 lame duck was held for just one purpose: considering a bill to approve and implement the Uruguay Round trade agreement, which led to the creation of the World Trade Organization.)
Since 2000, however, there’s been a lame-duck session at the end of every Congress, and they’ve gradually accounted for more and more of the legislature’s output. The 2014-15 lame-duck session, which ran almost to the end of the 113th Congress’ term, generated 38% of that Congress’ entire corpus of laws – second only to the late output of the just-concluded 116th. | {
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<urn:uuid:aa65ea85-8936-482e-a32a-b59a429bfe1c> | Plumerias (commonly called frangipanis) are considered by to be the most beautiful and fragrant trees in the plant world. They are all natives of the New World tropics. The word plumeria connotes perfume. The genus consists of 7 species and over 200 named varieties. From their native habitat in the American tropics, they have been introduced to all tropical areas of the world with great success. Plumeria flowers are what most leis are made of in Hawaii.
Their growth habits, shape and leaf and floral beauty are unrivaled among trees. Depending on the specie, their height may average from 12-15 ft, up to 25-30 feet. There are also a few dwarf varieties which average only 6-8 feet. In general, the taller growing varieties require more sun and bloom fewer months of the year.
Of the 200+ named varieties, the fragrances of plumeria flowers are can smell like coconut to jasmine and including citrus, rose, honeysuckle, raspberry, spice, apricot, peach…or even none at all. Flower color varies from pure white to deep red with yellows, golds, oranges, roses, pinks and all combinations in between. In the collector’s world, the most sought after plumeria is a super dwarf, highly spiced and with a variegated pink and orange bloom.
Plumeria are very easy to grow, with very few insect or disease problems. In tropical areas, such as the Yucatan, they can be planted permanently outside. They are cold hardy to 38°F, or zone 10. Below this, they will freeze and rot. They prefer full sun, but will tolerate moderate shade, and are willing to be understory trees.
Plumerias are also tolerant of many soil types, including alkaline, coral-based soils, and they can tolerate highly mineral water. It will not grow on the beach. However, in these environments, it requires soil amendments during planting, and protection from sea winds.
One of the unique aspects of the plumeria is that it likes to go dormant for at least several weeks each year. In tropical climates, this usually occurs in mid to late January, when the leaves develop a yellow fungus, after which they lose their leaves. There is no need to spray the leaves, this is the part of their cycle.
The need for dormancy in the plumeria, makes it a very easy tropical plant to grow in colder climates. When the night temperatures dip to 40 degrees F, simply defoliate the plant and place it in a temperature protected space for the next several months. Garages work wonderfully for this. The plant can be either potted or barerooted.
Finally, plumerias, are wonderful to share with gardening friends. Simply cut off a non-blooming branch, and de-foliate the leaves (note the sap is sticky). Let the cut end dry a few days, and then plant or share!
Diana L. Harris
TCLP, TMGA, NTMN
From the Gardens of La Sirena Condominios, Half Moon Bay Akumal North Yucatan Mexico
Leave a comment | {
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<urn:uuid:6956b600-a425-4276-a59e-f8a558bd6a38> | St Louis GNS …An Active Community!
Our whole school community in St Louis GNS continue to ensure that our pupils keep active and healthy during break times. We promote a variety of activities including hula hooping, skipping, basketball, handball and Gaelic. Our classes have ‘Brain Breaks’ each day. These can include movement breaks in our classrooms as well as outdoors. Brain breaks have many benefits. Along with the main benefit of helping us focus, brain breaks can help us feel calmer. Getting up and moving can help us relax and refocusing. This is essential to help us accomplish and achieve our potential and also can also help boost our confidence and self-esteem. Many classes are also engaging with the Daily Mile Initiative which is excellent for improving fitness levels, while boosting positive mental health.
Why get active?
Did you know that four out of five children in the Republic of Ireland are still not getting enough exercise, posing serious risks to their health and wellbeing? We know that the effects of inactivity are frightening but there is no doubt that regular physical activity has huge physical and mental benefits for our younger generation. The benefits of being active for physical and mental health are huge. Being active helps release chemicals in your brain (endorphins), which have a positive effect on your mood, not to mention the benefits to your heart, lungs, muscles and bones. Getting out and being active is also a great way to manage stress.
10 Health Benefits
Physical activity helps a child to…
- Improve agility, balance and co-ordination.
- Feel more energised – endorphins are released into their bloodstream during activity.
- Feel happier, by reducing feelings of stress, anxiety and depression.
- Burn and generate more energy.
- Improve their physical and mental wellbeing.
- Maintain healthy weight.
- Prevents sickness and illness because physical activity can help build a healthy heart, develop strong muscles and bones and may help reduce the risk of some chronic diseases that may occur in later life.
- Improve concentration.
- Improve self-esteem and helps them feel good about themselves.
- Develop friendships. | {
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<urn:uuid:61d7bdc3-c808-4c1c-a356-0fb58ec488c8> | Where is the closest Comerica Bank?
The Comerica Bank stands as the lightning light of power through Civil Wars, World Wars, Great Depression, the 20th century economic and political turmoil, the Great Recession, and more than two-decade into the 21st century.
This light was bright in Detroit for the first time in more than 170 years and now hits Arizona, California, Florida, Michigan, and Texas markets across Canada.
On August 17, 1849, Comerica opened a city full of boatyards, river trading and snaking factories, caravans, and dirt roads. Comerica is known originally as Detroit Capital Fund Institute. The same day it had six clients with a total of $41 in receipts. The support rose to more than 300 in two years and the tally to 25,000 dollars.
The Institute, unlike the majority of the banks, paid interest on deposits, did not have any shareholders or shareholders, and was controlled by unpaid trustees. The Institute enjoyed steady growth, reaching $1 million in 1870, courting working-class clients, traders, and even children.
Over the next 30 years, the business has undergone many changes, including a new name, the Detroit Savings Bank, and over 6 million dollars in deposits.
Detroit experienced a boom at the turn of the century when the automotive industry was born. Detroit Savings Bank flourished in favor of a meteoric rise in the next two decades until the fatal collapse of its stock market in October 1929.
The stock market devastation meant capital shortages, which culminated in a lack of car sales and eventually layoffs in Detroit. The bank industry encountered a crisis with declining deposits, decreasing savings accounts, and credit default, though Detroit Savings Bank remained unchanged. In 1933, the flood of cash and new customers was unusual.
In addition to actively pursuing commercial accounts, Detroit has agreed with improved faith and customer service to help Detroit retrieve its financial footprint and become the first area bank to sell mortgages to the Federal Housing Administration.
A new name was the Detroit Bank, more branches, and the chance to retain and broaden commercial accounts, which saw the end of the narrow 1930s. With the start of the second world war, over 100 of the Bank's respected workers went to war. When the majority of the male counterparts leave to support the fight, women take the opportunity to become members of the bank and fill vacant roles.
During the war, Bank President Joseph M. Dodge was an employee who made a big difference. Dodge signed contracts with the Air Force, led the War Contract Council, and after the war, served in collaboration with the German and Japanese governments in helping to rebuild the economy. He was awarded the highest civil war decoration, the Merit Medal, and the Japanese emperor also honored him.
Detroit's adventure as Detroit stepped into the fascinating 1950s poodle skirts, sock hops, television, and rock music. A big move forward was made and in 1956, Detroit Bank and Trust were established with the National Bank of Birmingham, Ferndale National Bank, and the Wabeek Bank & Trust Company.
What began more than 100 years earlier in the years of innocence with a mere $41 went into the tumultuous 1960s with over one billion dollars of assets. Personally as well as professionally, people were on the move and the Bank helped develop their houses, vehicles, and educational activities. The Bank installed its first computer for processing and recording checks to keep track of the times.
Typical Hours of Operation
Mo 9:00 - 17:00
Tu 9:00 - 17:00
We 9:00 - 17:00
Th 9:00 - 17:00
Fr 9:00 - 17:00
Sa 9:00 - 12:00
Locations: 445 locations in 24 states and 204 cities.
- ATM Locations | {
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<urn:uuid:f2720eed-b776-4d8e-819a-ffa84db575c6> | The Younger Dryas was a major and abrupt change of the world climate which happened from roughly 12,900 to around 11,700 before present time (BP). This means that the event took place about 13,000 years ago and lasted for about 1,300 years. The temperatures dropped massively entering into a near-glacial period where it was cold and windy and this is what is known as the Younger Dryas (YD). This happened almost immediately after there was an increase of temperatures after the previous glacial period (14,500 years ago) leading to sudden warming that in turn put an end to the Ice Age period which had lasted for approximately 100,000 years
The warming led to the melting of massive ice deposits in North America and Europe and a climatic maximum called the “Boiling-Allerød” was attained. The conditions, however, changed again soon after entering the YD period that ended after 1,300 years when the climate became warm again with Greenland recording a 10°C temperature increase in a decade. This period got its name from Dryas Octopetala which is wildflower whose leaves thrive in the cold and became common during the YD period. Apart from the fact that it is an interesting event in history, the way it ended abruptly is what amazes even more.
Causes of the Younger Dryas
The question as to what caused the YD is also a very debatable area among scientist. This has led to many explanations being put forward to explain the event. One of the most common explanations and also widely accepted is that water from Lake Agassiz in North America broke its bank and released freshwater into the Labrador Sea and in turn floated on the salty water. This blocked the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation current which transports heat to the north using its warm waters. This blockade, therefore, led to northern Europe freezing. This is also the Thermohaline Circulation (THC) disruption where the North Atlantic froze while the South Atlantic warmed up. However, this explanation is discredited because research shows a similar water release happened after the end of the YD and led to questions as to why climate was not affected similarly. It is also at the same time supported by research showing that if the Thermohaline Circulation was disrupted then less heat would reach the north from the south.
A closely related theory related to this is that the water stream changed its course and went northward caused by the melting ice sheet in North America. This, in turn, led to an increased amount of rain in the North Atlantic which sufficed to disrupt the THC. Another explanation is about the El Nino-Southern Oscillation in response to the changes that occurred in Earth orbital patterns. This explanation is discredited because it cannot explain how such an event affects regions far from the tropics. The eruption of the Lacher See Volcano and how it came to cause temperature changes is also another lacking theory.
Impacts of the Younger Dryas
The Younger Dryas event was not like any normal climate change as therefore was bound to have impacts on the world. It is said that temperature fluctuations not only occurred before and after but also during the phenomenon. In England, the glaciers started to form which was caused by extremely low temperatures while in Holland the temperatures were below -20°C when the winter season came. Of all regions affected by the YD, in Greenland, the effects were felt the most with the ice cores recording a temperature drop of 15°C. The trees were also affected in most of Europe and alpines and tundra were dominant after the trees retreated. This period affected even Syria where drought hit the ancient community of Abu Hurerya.
Scientists suggest that the period led to the extinction of mammals like the mammoth and the disappearance of the people of Clovis in North America. An explanation has been put forward that the cooling was caused by a cosmic impact which left a lot of debris that cooled the climate fast and in turn eliminate certain species including the Clovis to whom, the conditions were too extreme.
This period is very important to scientists when it comes to research about global warming. It is wonderful but terrifying at the same time. The explanations put forward are not enough and therefore this discussion is far from over and research still continues. There are also examples of similar climate fluctuations over the past 50,000 years like the Heinrich, Dansgaard phenomenon, and the Akkadian Collapse. | {
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<urn:uuid:0c36dc47-aaf9-4a91-833f-d1c320545d3f> | About heart disease
Some heart attacks are sudden and intense. But most
start slowly, with mild pain or discomfort. It’s important not to ignore the symptoms you are having.
Here are some of the signs that can mean a heart attack is happening:
- Chest discomfort. Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or that goes away and comes back. It can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain.
- Discomfort in other areas of the upper body. Symptoms can include pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw or stomach.
- Shortness of breath. May occur with or without chest discomfort.
- Breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or lightheadedness.
- With women, the most common heart attack symptom is chest pain or discomfort. But women are more likely than men to have some of the other common symptoms, particularly shortness of breath, nausea/vomiting, and back or jaw pain.
- Face Drooping
- Arm Weakness
- Slurred Speech
If you exhibit any of the 3-signs above, it's time to Call 9-1-1! Immediately!
- Call 9-1-1 even if you’re not sure it’s a heart attack - call immediately.
2. Contact your local emergency medical services (EMS) such as the fire department or ambulance.
3. EMS staff can begin treatment when they arrive — up to an hour sooner than if someone gets to the hospital by car.
4. Patients with chest pain who arrive by ambulance usually receive faster treatment at the hospital.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease in which the heart muscle (myocardium) becomes abnormally thick (hypertrophied). The thickened heart muscle can make it harder for the heart to pump blood
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy often goes undiagnosed because many people with the disease have few, if any, symptoms and can lead normal lives with no significant problems. However, in a small number of people with HCM, the thickened heart muscle can cause shortness of breath, chest pain or problems in the heart’s electrical system, resulting in life-threatening abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias).
Free Heart Attack Survival Kit
No posts found! | {
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<urn:uuid:3fd23312-9515-4f77-a972-1c00422b920c> | Controls file system control operations.
Standard C Library (libc.a)
int fscntl ( vfs_id, Command, Argument, ArgumentSize)
The fscntl subroutine performs a variety of file system-specific functions. These functions typically require root user authority.
At present, only one file system, the Journaled File System, supports any commands via the fscntl subroutine.
Note: Application programs should not call this function, which is reserved for system management commands such as the chfs command.
|vfs_id||Identifies the file system to be acted upon. This information is returned by the stat subroutine in the st_vfs field of the stat.h file.|
|Command||Identifies the operation to be performed.|
|Argument||Specifies a pointer to a block of file system specific information that defines how the operation is to be performed.|
|ArgumentSize||Defines the size of the buffer pointed to by the Argument parameter.|
Upon successful completion, the fscntl subroutine returns a value of 0. Otherwise, a value of -1 is returned and the errno global variable is set to indicate the error.
The fscntl subroutine
fails if one or both of the following are true:
|EINVAL||The vfs_id parameter does not identify a valid file system.|
|EINVAL||The Command parameter is not recognized by the file system.|
This subroutine is part of Base Operating System (BOS) Runtime.
The chfs command.
The stat.h file.
Understanding File-System Helpers in AIX 5L Version 5.1 General Programming Concepts: Writing and Debugging Programs explains file system helpers and examines file system-helper execution syntax. | {
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