Safety Pretraining Datasets
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Collection of datasets for safety pretraining
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Dataset Viewer
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<urn:uuid:765aa8bd-d6e0-472a-92f1-ad5203c5569f> | The Palmetto Trail is a walking and bike path which currently extends through 12 South Carolina counties, running roughly through the center off the state from Oconee County down to Charleston County. Now 235 miles long, plans are in place for it to eventually stretch 425 miles. The trail consists of consists of 23 local segments, called passages, with Spartanburg County having the largest number by far.
The Palmetto Trail is made up of a variety of trail types – from urban bike trails and greenways to Revolutionary War battlefields, and in fact connects many trails that already existed. Once completed, it will be one of only 16 cross-state trails in the country.
First conceived in 1994 by the Palmetto Conservation Foundation, the Palmetto trail is a federally-designated Millennium Legacy Trail. The images below represent various passages along the trail.
Palmetto Trail – Croft Passage
The Croft Passage of the Palmetto Trail runs through Camp Croft State Park, located near downtown Spartanburg. The park takes its name from Camp Croft, a United States army camp used to train 60,000 soldiers during World War II.
The bridge shown here – which forms part of Croft Passage – holds the distinction of being the longest footbridge in any South Carolina state park. It crosses Fairforest Creek.
Palmetto Trail – Peak to Prosperity Passage
This historic railroad bridge is part of the Peak-to-Prosperity Passage in Newberry County. Built in 1890, it crosses the Broad River. An earlier bridge was intentionally burned by Confederate troops during the Civil War to slow the advance of General Sherman’s troops.
Palmetto Trail – High Hills of Santee Passage
This 9.4-mile passage of the Palmetto Trail starts in Poinsett State Park in Sumter County. Its name comes from its location within the “Sand Hills” – a geographical region of the state that sits on a prehistoric shoreline. This former ocean coast once dominated central South Carolina and Georgia.
Curious, the steel bridge from Peak to Prosperity indicates it was built in 1890. There is a plaque on the bridge that clearly states 1904. I’m sure [this was] the completion year, but [did it take] 14 years?
Lynn Taylor says
We love this trai and have seen a lot of wildlife on it. Anytime of year it is beautiful. Wear sturdy trekkers or hiking boots…the granite gravel is a challenge for your feet. Hopeing for a dayhike on Christmas Eve 2012. Great place for lunch in Prosperity at the Frawg Café (lunch till 2 & breakfast 6-10.) We have hiked on the Peak-Prosperity Passage at least eight times or more. Enjoy!!
This was a nice trail, but it sure felt a long longer than 6.4 miles and the gravel on the trail made it that much harder. If you are not in good shape, don’t walk this trail. I still feel it in my feet and legs . We walked from the Alston trailhead to pomaria and back, the railroad trellis were the easiest to walk and you definitely need hiking boots for the gravel and the fact that you can break your ankle or leg very easily in tennis shoes.
Maxine Caughman says
Visited this trail last weekend it was GREAT, I really enjoyed it … they have done a WONDERFUL job! | {
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<urn:uuid:b36603e7-9756-4d7b-accc-da342db8ee02> | A framework of competence in the university experience of students with disabilities
University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology
Liberal education is an approach to learning that allows students to learn practical skills to help deal with the challenges and diversity in the world. Liberal education is important to students with disabilities (SWD) in postsecondary education because of their increased difficulty to secure employment compared to students with no disabilities (SWND). In this study, a survey was conducted using questions that referred to practical skills and designed in a Likert Scale format with responses ranging from 1 (not very much) to 4 (very much). The survey was adapted from the employability skills profile created by the Conference Board of Canada, which is an organization that provides research and insights to complex challenges and issues in the education sector. The questions were grouped in five areas of development: intellectual, personal, interpersonal, academic, and human and civic engagement. The responses of each question were converted into sum scores and grouped within each area of development. The data was then dichotomized while using the median for comparison. The differences between students and their different years of study and the differences between genders were also observed. There was no statistical difference between SWD and SWND. Generally, both groups reported they felt improvement in practical skills from their university experience. In the intellectual area more SWD did not see improvement overall, however, more SWND did find improvement in learning practical skills. No significant difference between students in different years of study were found, however, the trends show that students learn practical skills early in their second year. No significant difference between the responses of genders were found, however, the trends showed that more females are finding improvement than males in learning social skills. The conclusions are that the University does generally provide opportunities for all students to learn practical skills. However further research is needed to investigate the possible differences, gather more participants, and ask more specific questions.
Liberal education , Postsecondary students , University experience , SWD , SWND | {
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<urn:uuid:dd52b1f3-9a2d-4630-aa27-9d20b4891298> | The PRI fossil plant collection contains thousands of plant specimens from the Pennsylvanian Period in Illinois and the Renova Formation of Montana. It also houses a few specimens from the Green River Formation of Colorado.
Mazon Creek and other Pennsylvanian deposits of Illinois
Tropical wetland plants like seed ferns, true ferns, lycopsids, and horsetails thrived in Illinois’ swampy forests approximately 309 million years ago, during the Pennsylvanian subperiod. Debris from these plants was carried by streams and buried in layers of silt, where it was encased and preserved in concretions.
Today, the PRI fossil plant collection houses thousands of these beautifully preserved plant concretions.
Renova Formation of Montana
The Renova Formation was formed during a dynamic point in Earth’s history—the Oligocene epoch (23 million to 33 million years ago), a time of gradual transition from a tropical to a temperate climate in southwest Montana. Thin layers of clay and volcanic ash preserved beautifully the remains of plants and insects in finely laminated shale.
The PRI Paleontology Collection houses thousands of plant specimens—leaves, flowers, and fruits—from the Renova Formation, including a newly acquired collection generously donated by Paul Kirkland.
Green River Formation of Colorado
Located in western Colorado, the Green River Formation is a lacustrine deposit that contains a vast quantity of beautifully-preserved plants, insects, and vertebrates. These organisms were preserved in oil shale during the Eocene epoch, approximately 49.7 million to 50.7 million years ago.
The PRI fossil plant collection contains only a few specimens from this deposit. | {
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<urn:uuid:3341ded4-f94e-4e09-ab13-d4be09daea2d> | Hybrid Computer Uses in Forensics
Listed below are general-purpose and special-purpose hybrid computer uses. These computers are a cross between analog and digital computers and are used for a variety of purposes. In this article, we will examine the differences between the two types of computers and their applications. In addition, we will explore the differences between hybrid and digital computers and examine how they are used in forensics. Hopefully, this article will answer some of your questions. Please feel free to comment or ask more questions in the comments section below.
General-purpose hybrid computers
The two main types of hybrid computers are general-purpose and special-purpose. General- purpose hybrid computers solve a wide range of problems while special-purpose hybrid computers are designed for a single application. They provide the functionalities of both analog and digital computers. They help solve complex mathematical equations quickly and efficiently. Hybrid computers are commonly used in various medical equipment including ICUs and hospitals. They are also used in cell phones to convert signals.
Applications of hybrid computers
There are many applications of hybrid computers. The auto gasoline pump is an example of a hybrid computer. This device measures the amount of petrol in a tank and calculates its value. It is capable of both functions. Other examples of hybrid computers include thermometers in hospitals. These computers can measure patient’s vital signs and convert them into digits. Some hybrid computers are also used in automobiles as speedometers. These hybrid computers can be customized for a particular process.
Comparison between analog and digital computers
A comparison between analog and digital computers can be difficult to make, but there are significant differences between the two. While digital computers rely on numbers, analog machines work with continuous signals, such as voltages. The difference between these two types of computers lies in the way they … Continue reading >>> | {
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<urn:uuid:d2420b11-9c63-4aba-bd31-13f3385d00b5> | Our pioneer forefathers had to use every season to its advantage in order to provide food for their families all year round. I had never done winter crops until two years ago when we planted our first bulbs of garlic.
In the Pacific Northwest, garlic needs to be planted in the fall, around mid-October. Garlic likes well drained soil, so we chose to use raised beds, due to our large amounts of rainfall. Untreated cedar makes a great choice for your raised beds.
Our first year, we planted hardneck garlic. Hardneck garlic can be easier to grow, but it doesn't have as long as shelf life and you can't braid it.
When to harvest garlic
In my garden (zone 7b), garlic tends to start popping out of the ground in March. (To see what else is happening in my garden in March, check out Gardening in March (Garden Tasks by Month).
This year, we went with soft necked. Softneck garlic is ready to harvest when it falls over on it's own.
Hardneck garlic is ready to harvest when the tops begin to turn brown. Both are usually in mid-July when planted the end of September or first part of October.
How to harvest garlic
Loosen the bulbs with your hands (you'll get dirty) and pull them out. You can test the strength of the leaves by pulling, but I've pulled them off and prefer to have the garlic on the leaves in order to braid it. If the ground is soft, I use my fingers to reach down around the bottom of the bulb and pull up, loosening the roots. I'm a get my hands in the dirt kind of gardener.
Or you cab use a shovel to break up the soil around them, be careful not to slice your garlic. Brush most of the dirt, especially the big clods, off of the roots and garlic. But don't remove any of the outside layers, it's okay if they're a little bit dirty. If too much dirt is left on it can hold in moisture and start to mold before it's fully cured.
How to cure garlic
Garlic needs to sit somewhere with good ventilation to cure, for at least two weeks. The area should have good ventilation. We use our covered back deck. It shouldn't be cured in direct sunlight, you can sunburn the bulbs and lose some of the flavor.
We've hung ours on a leftover piece of metal fencing, and this works well if you don't have much deck space or are worried about something getting into it. Another option, especially if you're harvesting a lot, is to put the garlic on a large screen. We harvested 80 bulbs this year and used the screen on top of two saw horses.
Be warned, the first few days it's curing, anytime you venture near the garlic, it will smell like Italian heaven. You're mouth will start to water.
After it's cured, store it in a cool dry place. We don't have a garage, so we've used both our pump house and the pantry in the house.
But with the softneck garlic, I can braid it and hang it in the kitchen for easy access. We use garlic in just about everything we cook and in the wet, sometimes snowy, winter months, I won't have to hoof it out to the pump house.
Do you do winter crops? What's your favorite way to use garlic?
This post is featured at The Homestead Barn Hop. | {
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<urn:uuid:4da4e4a9-b5e9-45d5-9d98-3d1ea1ab4fe2> | Antonio's Raw Chestnut Honey is a deep and malty-tasting tree honey.
It has a beautiful, rich and nutty flavour, which many people adore.
This honey comes from bees feeding on sweet chestnut trees.
It is quite different from the blossom varieties which are light and subtle - this is dark and more potent.
More on the flavour: Antonio's raw chestnut honey is a beautiful, deep-flavoured variety. It has slight caramel notes as well as a deep sweetness and a touch of bitterness too. The nutty flavour of the chestnut carries through as well as a taste a little similar to maple syrup but slightly more rich and malty. Chestnut can lend a bitter taste to honey but not always, it is known to be one of the most varied types of honey in taste, differing greatly from one area to another and from one season to the next.
Colour of this batch : Mid to dark brown, a slight red in the light. Going a paler caramel colour when crystallised.
Where does the honey come from? This variety of chestnut honey comes from the mountains around Burgos in northern-central Spain.
Who produces the honey? The bees of Antonio Simone, a 4th generation beekeeper who takes pride in producing honey in a traditional way without adding or taking away anything.
Antonio's hives are mainly based in the mountains north of Madrid.
What about the plant the honey comes from? The sweet chestnut tree, also known as Castano in Spanish, is a large deciduous tree which produces edible nuts. The bees feed on the tree's sap and blossoms.
Common Uses: Chestnut honey is particularly good to use in different recipes, such as: cakes, cookies, desert toppings, ice creams, warm honey teas, salads and meat glazes. Also, it is delicious poured over cheeses. This is because of the rich, nutty and malty flavour it lends.
More Chestnut Honey Facts: Chestnut honey is often higher in fructose than other types, this serves as good source of energy. Hence, a spoon of chestnut honey helps to relieve fatigue immediately.
For more information on the composition of raw honey please see the Wikipedia link here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey
Please know that raw honey does crystallise and this is a natural process that occurs mainly due to the natural glucose in raw honey. For more information on why honey sets visit this article and for a more scientific explanation go to wikipedia.About Us - Here at The Raw Honey Shop we take honey very seriously and we believe honey should be RAW, unpasteurised and 100% natural. Since 2008 we've been introducing our customers to a whole new world of pure all natural unpasteurised raw honey. With a product catalogue consisting of over 30 different raw and organic honeys we have a variety to suit all tastes.
Thank you for visiting our shop and we look forward to introducing you to a world of raw, pure and truly wonderful natural honey, the way the bees would want it!
*Product photo is representative of this product. Honey colour and texture may vary depending on the season and level of crystallisation. Please check the product title and description for accurate contents.*
Payment & Security
Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information. | {
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<urn:uuid:6f9f786e-bc91-4900-bc80-240b3d0f4dff> | The primary difference between hot chamber and cold chamber die casting is the way the metal melt is injected into the mold cavity. Cold chamber die casting uses a separate furnace that prepares the metal melt. The shot of molten metal is then transferred via an automated ladle to the die.
The cold chamber method is often used for casting non-ferrous metals, such as aluminum and zinc, due to their high melting points. Cold chamber die casting produces lighter, thinner parts. These types of parts are often used in the automotive and aerospace industries. Both methods use different temperatures to cast the metal, and the optimum temperature range is best determined by experienced die casters. If the temperature is too cold, the metal will cool too quickly and will have defects.
You can also check This Blog Different Between Hot Chamber Die Casting and Cold Chamber Die Casting
The difference between hot chamber die casting and cold chamber die casting is in the molten metal source. In cold chamber die casting, the molten metal source is external. This allows for more alloys to be cast. This increases production rates. The two methods are similar in many other ways, but one of them has a specific advantage. Cold chamber die casting is typically faster.
A cold chamber die casting machine uses a reusable mold. The mold is constructed of two steel blocks. The mold is prepared with a coating. The piston then moves forward in a controlled motion. This is essential to minimize heat loss. This method requires a specialized die with a high strength alloy steel.
In both processes, the principal internal defect is influenced by the temperature and the die. In hot chamber die casting, the principal internal defect is fine porosity, while in cold chamber die casting, it is a solidification shrinkage with scattered chill structure. Each process has its own advantages and disadvantages, and it is important to understand the differences.
A hot chamber die casting machine requires higher temperatures. It is ideal for metal alloys with low melting points, as these types of metals are not prone to eroding the die. The cold chamber die casting machine, on the other hand, requires a lower temperature. It also allows for higher casting cycles.
Compared to hot chamber die casting, cold chamber die casting is faster and easier to implement. It produces parts with excellent dimensional accuracy and smooth surface finish. In addition to this, cold chamber die casting has a shorter cycle time, allowing for higher production rates.
While the two techniques are similar in their application, the main difference between hot chamber and cold chamber die casting is the process used. The cold chamber process is more environmentally friendly and less energy-intensive. Cold chamber magnesium die castings have higher porosity, due to the entrapped gases. However, it can be more expensive and difficult to maintain the same quality standard.
Leave a Reply | {
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<urn:uuid:9fc0d543-a211-4d06-ac3f-4bc34b726050> | Carla Israel Estrada Clemente from Mexico
Escondidas, or Hide and Seek, is a traditional children’s game which is popular all over the world. It is still popular in Mexico where many children play it. When I was a child, my friends and I played Escondidas. We played every day after school. It was fun because it is a very active game. It is played outdoors.
Number and Age of Players
You need five or more players to play it. It is good for children who are seven to twelve years old.
How the game is played
First, a child is chosen to be “it.” That child is the one who tries to find the other children. He has to cover his eyes and count from one to thirty. When he counts, the other children run and hide. When he finishes, he says, “Ready or not, now you are going to be found.”
Then he has to find the other players who are hiding. When he finds all the players, the child that he found first becomes the person who is “it” and the game starts again. | {
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<urn:uuid:e58c885f-e8dd-4f6d-b0d1-a4d11d249c43> | Blair Surname Meaning, History & Origin
Blair Surname Meaning
The Blair surname derived from the Gaelic blar, which signified a field clear of woods or a battlefield. It began to appear as a surname at various places around Scotland in the 13th century. The early spelling was Blare. This became Blair sometime around 1400.
Blair Surname Resources on The Internet
- Blair. Blair history.
- Clan Blair Society. Blair clan website.
- Blair Society for Genealogical Research. Blair genealogy.
- Blair Genealogy. Blairs from Scotland to New England.
- The Tales of a Blair Family. Blairs from Scotland to South Carolina.
- Blair Families of Ireland. Descendants of David Blair from Ayrshire in Scotland.
- Blair DNA Project. Blair DNA.
Blair Surname Ancestry
Scotland. There are two very well-documented old Blair families in Scotland, the Blairs of that Ilk (also called the Blairs of Blair) in Ayrshire and the Blairs of Balthayock in Perthshire.
Ayrshire The first of the Ayrshire Blairs was William de Blair, recorded in a contract dated 1205. He took his name from the barony of Blair, land which had been given to his Norman forebears. The Blairs supported Robert the Bruce in the Scottish cause and rose to become one of the most prominent families in Ayrshire.
The direct line ended in 1732 after a reported twenty four generations. Their home, Blair House, was described in 1890 as “the oldest inhabited baronial mansion in Scotland which has not been rebuilt.”
Perthshire. Meanwhile the first of the Perthshire Blairs was Stephen de Blair, son of Vallenus, who in the 12th century held lands in the parish of Blair in Gowrie, now called Blairgowrie. The Blairs of Balthayock remained continuous in Perthshire until the mid 18th century (their story was told in Jack Blair’s 2001 book The Blairs of Balthayock and Their Cadets). The family seat was Balthayock castle.
The Blairs of Blair and the Blairs of Balthayock long disputed the honor of the Blair chiefship. In the late 1500’s James VI decided that “the oldest man, for the time being of either family, should have the precedence.”
Other Blairs. Some Blairs have been related to these families, such as the Hunter Blairs, and Robert Blair, author of The Grave epic poem, and Dr. Hugh Blair, the celebrated sermon writer. However, due to the diversity of Blair names in Scotland, it is likely that there are multiple origins for the various Blair family lines that are around today. Michael Blair was first traced to Glasgow in 1620.
Another Blair family line went back to Renfrewshire in the early 1600’s: “The earliest known members of the family lived on Ladymuir farm in the parish of Kilbarchan west of Paisley. From there the family spread out through surrounding parishes and then throughout southern Scotland and overseas.”
England. Blairs came across the border into England, almost 30 percent of them by the time of the 1891 census.
Among the 18th century arrivals were the Rev. Robert Blair, a rector in Norwich; James Blair, a travelling dentist in Leicester; and Charles Blair of Winterbourne in Dorset, a man who had made money and married well (his descendant was the more down-at-heel Eric Blair, better known by his pen-name George Orwell).
More Blairs, however, were to be found closer to the Scottish border, in particular in Northumberland and Durham. One Blair family farmed at Allendale and Catton during the 19th century. Their son Matthew was a famous northern wrestler in his youth. Others were Durham miners. More recent arrivals were Leo Blair and his wife and a son who went on to become the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair.
Ireland. Blairs in Ireland are primarily descended from Scots who settled in Ulster from the 17th century onwards. Brice Blair from Ayr was an early arrival in 1625. The Blair name appears most common in Derry and county Down. Many of these Scots Irish (including a number of Brice Blair’s descendants) were emigrants to America.
America. The first Blair in America is thought to have been James Blair from Edinburgh who went out to Williamsburgh, Virginia in 1685 as an Episcopalian missionary.
There, after raising money back in England, he founded a seat of academic learning at Williamsburgh which he named the College of William and Mary after the new English King and Queen. He went on to serve as its president for the next forty years. This Blair family remained prominent in early American life and John Blair, an eminent jurist, was appointed to the new US Supreme Court by President Washington.
The Rev. Samuel Blair, a Presbyterian minister, arrived from Ulster as a young man and came to Chester county, Pennsylvania in the 1730’s. He too established a church and school, Fagg’s Manor; while his brother John was one of the founders of Princeton College in New Jersey.
Another Pennsylvania line started with John Blair and his son Alexander, who made his home in Cumberland county in the 1730’s. Descendants moved onto Kentucky, Indiana, and Iowa.
Other Blairs who came in the 18th century were:
- James Blair from Ireland sometime in the 1750’s. He settled in Abingdon, Virginia and his family later crossed into Kentucky. His grandson Francis P. Blair was a prominent political journalist and newspaper man of the 1830’s and 40’s. His house in Washington, Blair House, still stands. Sons Montgomery and Francis were politicians. A great great grandson was the actor Montgomery Clift.
- and John Blair from Perth in Scotland sometime in the 1760’s. He settled in New Jersey. His grandson John, born there in 1802, became a railroad magnate, owning more rail mileage than anyone else in his time. His hometown in New Jersey was renamed Blairstown in his honor and he ran his huge business empire from there.
The Blair Witch Project was the most successful independent film at the time of its release in 1999. The horror revolved around the Blair Witch who was, according to legend, the ghost of a woman executed for witchcraft in 1785 in the Blair township in Maryland.
Caribbean. Blairs were among the early colonists of Jamaica – including Alexander Blair, a surgeon apothecary in the early 1700’s – and the Blair name has continued on the island. Blairs from Glasgow were planters and slave owners in Westmoreland and St. Elizabeth in the early 1800’s. And today Bishop Herro Blair is Jamaica’s political ombudsman.
Australia. Australia attracted Blair immigrants from Ireland as well as from Scotland. John and Ann Blair arrived with their family from county Tyrone in 1850. Ann and her son James ran a hotel The Carter’s Arms in north Melbourne during the 1870’s.
David Blair, Scots Irish from county Monaghan, also came to Melbourne in 1850. He forged a career as a writer and politician there, but with mixed reviews:
“Too dogmatic as a scholar, too unimaginative as a literary man and too principled as a politician, Blair’s contribution came from his role as a man of letters and his talent for journalism. Lack of humility and sympathy led to an unpopularity entirely unrelated to the high standards by which he lived and wrote.”
Meanwhile, William Blair came out from Derry in the 1850’s in search of gold in Bendigo. William and his wife Mary Ann later moved to Naseby in South Island, New Zealand.
Blair Surname Miscellany
The Blairs and the Barony of Blair. The barony of Blair in Ayrshire is believed to have been granted in the late 12th century by the Scottish king William I to a Norman knight named Jean Francois (John Francis in English) as a reward for some unspecified service. The first evidence of ownership was in the 1190’s when work commenced on the construction of a Norman keep.
John Francis’s offspring took on the Blair name. The first recorded was William de Blair in 1205. He is believed to have married a daughter of the King of England, John. His son Bryce took up arms with William Wallace against the English, but was caught and executed by them during the Barns of Ayr massacre in 1296.
Blairs in Scotland and England. Blairs have crossed the border from Scotland into northern England. Some 28 percent of Blairs were in England by the time of the 1891 census.
|1891 Census||Numbers (000’s)||Percent|
James Blair the Travelling Dentist. James Blair had tried his hand as barber, wigmaker and perfumer before choosing dentistry. The following is the advertisement that he placed in the Leicester Journal in 1787 to announce his new trade:
“Blair, dentist Leicester begs leave to inform the public that he removes the tartar from the teeth, fastens them if loose, and brings the gums to a proper colour and hardness; he likewise makes artificial teeth, fixes them without pain, and in such a manner as not to be distinguished from natural ones.
He has likewise prepared a tincture and dentifrice which are much approved and may be had at his shop at Gallowtree gate where the following articles are also sold: Ruspini’s tincture and dentifrice; Ruspini’s styptic; Hemet’s essence of pearl and pearl dentifrice.”
So thinly dispersed were Blair’s potential patients that, like other dentists, he was obliged to travel to find them. For much of the 1790’s he appears to have spent a considerable amount of time away from his shop in Leicester. He made forays to Manchester, Chester, and even to London.
He found his largest customer base to be in the northwest and so he moved, first to Chester and then to Liverpool. Working close to the end, he died in Liverpool in 1817 at the age of seventy. The Chester Chronicle commented: “He has not left behind him one who possesses more integrity or kindness of heart towards his fellow creatures.”
A Scots Irish Blair Family. Brice Blair was born in Ayr, Scotland in 1600. In 1625 he fled to the north of Ireland with his wife, Esther Peden, and their small daughter Nancy.
In the next 250 years many of their descendants emigrated from Ireland to America. Samuel Blair, a rebel leader of an organization known as “Hearts of Steel,” arrived in the 1770’s, having narrowly escaped the hangman’s noose in his homeland. Patrick Blair, Samuel’s nephew, came with his family in 1835.
Samuel and Patrick settled near each other in NW Pennsylvania. In 1846, David and Nancy (Blair) Knox, Samuel’s great niece, came to America and settled in Abbeville, South Carolina.
The descendants of these three families have since spread throughout the nation. They fought and died in its wars, dug for gold, broke sod on the western prairies, built businesses, doctored the sick, were entertainers and sometimes just fought to survive in this often harsh new land.
The Rev. Samuel Blair at Fagg’s Manor. Fagg’s Manor Presbyterian Church in Chester county, Pennsylvania was first organized in 1730. The church got its name because it was located on the northwest corner of what was Sir John Fagg’s Manor and before that a Lenape Indian camp site.
The earliest sermons were held under an oak grove near the present-day location of the church. The first pastor, Rev. Samuel Blair, had come from Ireland in early youth and been educated in nearby Bucks county. He went on to achieve great fame as a scholar and pulpit orator. Many residents would walk six miles to hear his sermons. His career there lasted from 1740 until his death, at the young age of 39, in 1751.
Port Blair in India. Port Blair in India, with a population of 240,000, consists of two island groups in the Bay of Bengal and is situated on the east coast of South Andaman Island. In 1789 Captain Archibald Blair of the Bombay Marine (the East India Company’s Navy), acting under orders from the government of Bengal, established a penal colony on this site. He named it Port Cornwallis in honor of his commander Admiral Sir William Cornwallis.
By 1858 the first European settlers on the islands, who were established near the site of the old penal colony, renamed the place Port Blair in honor of this captain.
Tony Blair’s Ancestry. Tony Blair’s ancestry is English but, in terms of the Blair name, only one generation deep. His father Leo, born in Yorkshire, was the illegitimate son of two travelling English actors, Charles Parsons and Celia Ridgway. They gave up baby Leo and he was first fostered and then adopted by a working class couple, Glasgow shipyard worker James Blair and his wife Mary. Leo would take their Blair name.
Leo Blair married Hazel Corscadden and they had two sons – their second, born in Edinburgh, being Tony. The family lived for a while in Australia before settling in Durham.
- William de Blair was the first of the Ayrshire Blairs; and Stephen de Blair the first of the Perthshire Blairs.
- Dr. Hugh Blair was a celebrated 18th century sermon writer.
- The Rev. James Blair founded the College of William and Mary at Williamsburgh. It is the second oldest seat of learning in America.
- John Insley Blair was one of the biggest American railroad magnates of the 19th century.
- Eric Blair, the English author and journalist, was better known by his pen-name George Orwell.
- Emma Blair is the pen-name of the Glasgow-born romantic novelist Ian Blair.
- Tony Blair was British Prime Minister from 1997 to 2007.
Blair Numbers Today
- 21,000 in the UK (most numerous in West Dumbarton)
- 30,000 in America (most numerous in California)
- 12,000 elsewhere (most numerous in Australia)
Blair and Like Surnames.
From our surname selection here, these are the names of those who have risen in British politics to become Prime Minister from the time the office was first established in the 1730’s (although missing here are noteworthies such as Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Attlee, and Thatcher).
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<urn:uuid:7b34deed-59b2-4817-b308-e8d0477bf9ea> | Помогите плиз разобраться с модальными глаголами
Choose the most appropriate modal verb to complete the dialogue. Listen and check.
We’re having an environmental awareness day at school
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we are there.
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B: Why do you 7) must/have to close the door?
A: To keep the heat in, of course! You 8) should/can never
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<urn:uuid:1ef4ecba-67ea-43e1-b1a7-e2d7a18f5f01> | How to Get a Speech Writing Experience?
The speech writing is a very special and unique field where convincing and persuasive speeches are written for various occasions such as political speech writing, business gathering, or a wedding ceremony, etc.
The speech writing process is quite delicate and must be learned through practice. One can get experience by going through these features of speech writing.
- Here, the first important thing is to identify the occasion where the speech is supposed to be delivered.
- The content of the speech should be easy, simple and clear.
- Many people don’t recognize the importance of the target audience. It’s important to identify the audience where the speech is intended to be delivered.
- Another most important thing is to judge and analyze the mental and academic level of the audience and what is going to be achieved from them as this can make either a positive or negative impact. | {
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<urn:uuid:095f30cc-4192-4ac8-8fba-c4527b188062> | R.S. Snider, W.S. McCulloch and H.W. Magoun
Recent studies on the cerebrum by Dusser de Barenne and McCulloch (1) and the medulla oblongata by Magoun (2) indicate that these suprasegmental regions can act to suppress certain functions of the nervous system. More recent studies indicate that at least one of the cerebral suppressor areas (i.e., 4s) is connected by a direct pathway to the bulbar suppressor area (3). In view of the fact that Sherrington was able to suppress the extensor tone of decerebrate animals by electrical stimulation of the anterior cerebellar lobe (4), and since it has been known for many years that a pathway extends from the nuclei fastigii of the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata—the fastigio-bulbar pathway—it was possible, theoretically at least, that there exists a functional relationship between certain parts of the cerebellum and the suppressor area of the medulla oblongata. The present paper is concerned with experimental data indicating that such a relationship does exist.
Most of the animals used in these experiments were normal cats placed under a surgical level of Dial (Ciba) or Nembutal anesthesia. In approximately one-third of the experiments, the animals were decerebrated at a red nucleus level, vinethene anesthesia being applied during the surgical procedures. Electrical activity was amplified through a Grass 6-channel amplifier and was visualized on a cathode-ray tube. The amplitude of the cortically induced (cerebral) movement or the patellar reflex response was recorded by means of an ink-writing kymograph; the reflex was evoked by a solenoid operating recurrently on a timing circuit. Electrical stimulation of the various parts of the nervous system was carried out by means of a Goodwin stimulator. Silver electrodes of the bipolar type were used for surface stimulation. Recording electrodes whose maximum diameter was I mm. consisted of two nichrome wires which were insulated except at the tips. These electrodes were oriented with the Horsley-Clarke stereotaxic instrument. Lesions were made electrolytically, when desired, by passing 3 ma of current through “unipolar” electrodes for 1 minute. Microscopic examination of frozen sections of the explored areas of the nervous system stained according to a Weil myelin sheath method permitted identification of the sites either stimulated or destroyed.
Stimulation of cortex of anterior cerebellar lobe. That electrical activation of the cerebellar cortex of the anterior lobe will suppress cortically induced (cerebral) movement in the cat is amply shown by Figure 1A, IB and 1C.
In Figure 1A, electrical stimulation of the pericruciate area of the cerebrum with 4.2 volts at 60 pulses per sec., produced abduction of forepaw every 20 seconds. Simultaneous stimulation of the culmen with 20 volts produced no noticeable suppression of the cortically induced movement, but 30 volts produced a slight effect, and 35 volts abolished the response entirely.
Figure 1. A: Electrical stimulation (every 20 sec.) of cerebral pericruciate area of cat under deep Nembutal anesthesia, with 4.2 volts at 60 pulses/sec., to produce abduction of forepaw—simultaneous stimulation of culmen with 20, 30 and 35 volts at 300/sec. Note suppression of cortically induced movement and long post-stimulatory effects. B: Electrical stimulation (every 20 sec.) of cat's pericruciate area under Nembutal anesthesia, with 2.0 volts at 60/sec., to produce extension at wrist—simultaneous stimulation of posterior part of anterior cerebellar lobe with 5 volts at 300/sec. Note suppression of cortically induced movement. C: This record was obtained under experimental conditions similar to those used in A , except that in this case flexor rather than abductor movement was elicited. Note suppression of cortically induced movement.
Figure 2. Effect of changing frequency of cerebellar stimulation upon cortically induced movement. Flexion of right rear leg was induced by applying 4 volts, 50/sec., 10 sigma to pericruciate cortex once per minute for 1 sec. Simultaneous stimulation of anterior cerebellar lobe at (a) 40 volts, 100/sec. for 8 sec.; (b) 40 volts, 200/sec. for 8 sec.; (c) 40 volts, 300 /sec. for 8 sec.; (d) 20 volts, 400/sec. for 8 sec.; (e) 20 volts, 500/sec. for 8 sec.; (f) 20 volts, 40Ö /sec. for 4 sec.; (g) 20 volts, 300/sec. for 4 sec. Note that for a given voltage applied for a given duration, frequency of 300/sec. is most effective one.
In the post-stimulatory period the response came back almost to normal, fell again, and it was many seconds afterward before the responses returned to normal amplitude. This animal was under deep Nembutal anesthesia, which undoubtedly accounts in part, at least, for the high voltages necessary to activate the cerebellum. In Figure 1B is shown the effect of anterior cerebellar lobe stimulation on extensor muscles. In this case 2.0 volts at 60 pulses per sec. were applied to the pericruciate area of the cerebral cortex to produce extension of the wrist. As can be seen from the recorded responses, simultaneous excitation of the posterior part of the anterior cerebellar lobe with 5 volts, 300 pulses per sec., produced profound diminution in height of the responses as well as a decrease in tone. The cerebellar effect continued for several seconds after withdrawal of the stimulus. The experimental record shown in Figure 1C was obtained under conditions similar to those already listed for Figure 1A except that in this case cerebral stimulation produced a flexion. Simultaneous cerebellar stimulation depresses the cerebral induced movement, and it remains temporarily depressed, as was the case in Figure 1A. Thus Figure 1A, IB and 1C shows that anterior cerebellar lobe stimulation can suppress abductor, extensor, and flexor movements, and although the record is not shown, suppression of adductor movements has also been observed.
Throughout these experiments high frequencies of stimulation have been applied to the cerebellar cortex because they proved more effective, as is shown in Figure 2. Cortically induced movement (flexion of right rear leg) was induced by applying 4 volts at 50 per sec. and 10 sigma for 1 second once each minute. If 40 volts at 100 per sec. are applied to the anterior cerebellar lobe for 8 seconds, a slight suppression is produced. However, if the frequency of electrical stimulation is increased to 200 per sec., a greater suppression is produced. If, as is shown in the third record, the frequency of stimulation is increased to 300 per sec. (all other coordinates remaining unchanged), complete suppression of the response results. Now, if the voltage of cerebellar stimulation is reduced to 20 and applied for 8 seconds at 400 per sec., suppression is almost complete. However, if the frequency is increased to 500 per sec., there is very little effect. If, at the same time, cerebellar stimulation at 20 volts is applied for 4 seconds at 400 per sec., there is slight suppression which becomes complete when the frequency is reduced to 300 per sec. Thus, in both cases, i.e., 40 volts for 8 seconds and 20 volts for 4 seconds, frequencies of 300 pulses per sec. prove the most effective for suppressing cortically induced movement. In some animals stimuli at 200 per sec. were equally effective. A similar statement can be made about suppression of reflex activity.
Figure 3. Inhibition of cortically induced movement by simultaneous stimulation of paramedian lobules. Electrical stimulation of pericruciate area of cerebrum of cat under Nembutal anesthesia with 4-5 volts, 30 /sec., .2 sigma to produce extension of left wrist. Simultaneous cerebellar stimulation of right (Rt.) and of left (L.) paramedian lobule with 20 volts, 300/sec., 0.2 sigma produced suppression of movement.
Stimulation of paramedian lobules and surrounding folia. As shown in Figure 3, suppression of cortically induced movement may be obtained by simultaneous stimulation of the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum. The pericruciate area (cerebral) stimulus was 4.5 volts (2 sigma) at 30 per sec., and the cerebellar stimulus was 20 volts (2 sigma) at 300 per sec. The stimulus was applied to the left paramedian lobule (ipsilateral to the extensor
Figure 4. A: Effects of electrical stimulation of nucleus fastigii on cortically (cerebral) induced movement. Abduction of right hind leg of cat under Nembutal anesthesia was produced by applying 4.5 volts, 30/sec., 5 sigma every 20 sec. Suppression of movement was produced by stimulating right nucleus fastigii with 6 volts at 300 pulses/sec.; 2 volts and 4 volts were not effective. Rarely, activation of nucleus fastigii contralateral to movement produced suppression. Note that suppression (after 6 volts) continued for 3.5 minutes after removal of stimulus. B: Same preparation as A except that red nuclei have been destroyed bilaterally, does not interrupt pathway.
Figure 5. A: Effects on patellar reflex of stimulation of anterior cerebellar lobe. Patellar reflex of cat under Dial anesthesia was elicited every 5 sec. by means of a solenoid and recurrent timer. Simultaneous stimulation of culmen at junction with lobulus centralis with 10 volts, 100/sec., 2 sigma produced reduction of reflex response. B: Effects on patellar reflex of stimulation of ipsilateral paramedian lobule. Patellar reflex of cat under Dial anesthesia was elicited every 5 sec. Ipsilateral paramedian lobule was stimulated with 30 volts at 100/sec. C: As B except paramedian lobule contralateral to movement was stimulated. In lightly anesthetized animals voltages as low as 10 volts could be used to produce suppression. D: At 4 points marked “TOUCH” inhibition of knee jerk was produced by lightly touching a cotton swab to pial surface of ipsilateral paramedian lobule. Note that response was decreased by mechanically stimulating cerebellar cortex. Electrical stimulation of same area also caused a diminution of knee jerk.
Figure 6. Effects of electrical stimulation of nucleus fastigii on reflexly induced movements. Patellar reflex of cat under Nembutal anesthesia was elicited every 5 sec. Electrical stimulus of 2.2 volts (300/sec., 0.2 sigma) applied to ipsilateral nucleus fastigii stopped response, while stimuli of 2.0 volts, 1.8 volts, or 1.6 volts depressed its amplitude. Similar stimulation of nuclei interpositus and dentatus did not suppress patellar reflex.
movement of the wrist). It was slightly less effective when applied contralaterally—thus indicating that the paramedian suppressor area exerts its influence bilaterally.
Stimulation of nucleus fastigii. A question then arose as to which of the cerebellar nuclei relays the impulses from the cerebellar cortex to lower centers. That the nucleus fastigii is the chief relay nucleus is shown by Figure 4. In the experiment illustrated in Figure 4A, abduction of the right hindleg was produced by electrically stimulating the left pericruciate area of the cerebral cortex with 4.5 volts at 30 per sec. every 20 seconds. Stimulation of the ipsilateral (occasionally contralateral as well) nucleus fastigii with 6 volts, 300 per sec., produced depression of the cortically induced movement. As can be seen in this experiment 2 and 4 volt stimulations had little effect on the responses. Note that suppression continued for many seconds (in this case, 3.5 minutes) after termination of the cerebellar stimulus. That the red nucleus was not a necessary part of the suppressor pathway is shown in Figure 4B, in which suppression of cerebral induced movement occurred following stimulation (6 volts, 300 per second) of the ipsilateral nucleus fastigii after the red nuclei had been destroyed bilaterally.
Stimulation of the cortex of the anterior cerebellar lobe. In Figure 5A is shown the result of a typical experiment in which the knee jerk was mechanically elicited every 5 seconds by means of a solenoid and recurrent timer. Simultaneous stimulation of the anterior border of the culmen, at the junction with lobulus centralis, with 10 volts (100 per sec., 2 sigma) produced obvious reduction of the reflex response. Stimulation with higher voltages suppressed the responses completely. The most pronounced effects were obtained from electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral anterior lobe although occasionally weak contralateral effects could be detected.
Stimulation of cortex of paramedian lobules and surrounding folia. That inhibition of the patellar reflex can be induced by electrical stimulation of paramedian lobules and surrounding folia is dearly shown in Figure 5B, 5C and 5D.
In the experimental record shown in Figure 5B 30 volts at 100 per sec. were applied to the paramedian lobule, ipsilateral to the knee jerk, for the period of 4 knee jerks, or slightly more than 20 seconds. As can be seen from the record, responses during the period of stimulation were definitely decreased in amplitude. Stimulation with higher voltages stopped the responses altogether. In lightly anesthetized animals complete suppression was obtained with stimuli as low as 10 volts. That stimulation of the contralateral paramedian lobule near the junction with the pyramis also suppresses the patellar reflex is shown in Figure 5C. Note that suppression does not persist during the entire period of stimulation at this voltage (30 volts), which is the same as that applied to the other side. Although it was possible to stop the knee jerk temporarily by applying higher voltage to the cerebellum, contralateral stimulation at a given voltage was never so effective as was ipsilateral stimulation.
Figure 5D shows an interesting record which demonstrates that suppression can be produced not only by electrical stimulation of the cerebellar cortex but by mechanical means as well. At the 4 points marked “touch” a cotton swab was gently applied to the ipsilateral paramedian lobule at the site electrically stimulated in Figure 5B. Each time the pial surface was touched, there was a decreased reflex response.
Stimulation of nucleus fastigii. As shown by the records in Figure 6, the patellar reflex was elicited every 5 seconds. Simultaneous electrical stimulation with 2.2 volts applied to the ipsilateral nucleus fastigii completely suppressed the responses, while 2.0 volts reduced them considerably (in magnitude), and 1.8 and 1.5 volts reduced them slightly. All stimuli to the nucleus were given at 300 per sec. with 0.5 sigma falling phase. Rarely small inhibitory effects could be obtained from the contralateral nucleus fastigii. No effects were observed from the stimulation of the nuclei interpositus or dentatus of either side.
The results of exciting various parts of the cerebellum and recording the altered electrical activity of the bulbar reticular formation by means of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (bipolar pick-up electrodes), are shown in Figure 7. In Figure 7A the cortex of the posterior part of the anterior lobe was stimulated with a single shock at 3 volts and the record illustrates the resulting activity of the ipsilateral bulbar reticular formation. Following the shock artefact (sharp downward deflection) there are three major waves following each other in rapid succession. The peak of the first occurs about 1 msec. after the stimulus and the peaks of each of the other two follow at about 0. 6 msec. intervals. Following the third wave there is sometimes a period about as long as that covered by the three waves during which the spontaneous activity is slightly diminished.
In the experiment illustrated in Figure 7B, the cerebellar cortex was stimulated at the junction of the pyramis and tuber vermis. Except for a small diphasic response of about 1 msec. latency, no altered electrical activity was recorded.
In Figure 7C the ipsilateral nucleus fastigii was stimulated with 2 volts and the record demonstrates the altered activity of the bulbar reticular formation. Note that unlike the record shown in Figure 7A, there is only one large wave which peaks at about 0.3 msec. A slight second and third wave may occasionally appear on the downward slope of the wave, but never were the three waves sharply separated as in Figure 7A. Obviously, the latency of discharge recorded from the bulb is shorter in stimulation of the fastigial nucleus than when the cerebellar cortex is activated. Thus, it is obvious that the cerebellar cortex and the nucleus fastigii can activate the bulbar suppressor area.
The photomicrograph shown in Figure 8 is included to illustrate further evidence concerning the suppressor pathway from the cerebellum. Electrical stimulation in the cerebellum along electrode tracts A or B or in the bulbar reticular formation at the bottom of electrode tracts A or B produced suppression of knee jerk or cortically induced (cerebral) movement. Then an electrolytic lesion was made at C, as shown in the photograph. Subsequent
Figure 7. Electrical activity recorded from ipsilateral bulbar reticular formation while stimulating various parts of cerebellum. A: Electrical stimulation, with 3 volts, of posterior part of anterior lobe of cat under Dial anesthesia. Bipolar pick-up electrodes were in bulbar reticular formation and cathode-ray recording was photographed directly from tube. Note shock artefact and multiple response. B: As A except that cerebellar stimulus was applied at junction of paramedian lobule and tuber vermis. Note shock artefact and small response. C: As A except cerebellar stimulus was applied directly to ipsilateral nucleus fastigii. Note proximity of response to shock artefact. D: Time scale—1000/sec.
Figure 8. Electrical stimulation in cerebellum and in bulbar reticular formation along electrode tracts at A or B produced suppression of reflexly or cortically induced movement. Then an electrolytic lesion was made at C and subsequent stimulation along electrode tracts A or B failed to produce suppression, thus indicating that descending pathway for suppression was interrupted by lesion at C.
Figure 9. Summary of pathways involved in cerebellar suppression of reflexly induced and cortically (cerebral) induced movements. Cells in cortex of anterior cerebellar lobe and paramedian lobules (plus pyramis and surrounding folia) send axons to nucleus fastigii where they synapse with cells whose axons pass to reticular formation of medulla where another synapse takes place and impulses pass down into cord via reticulo-spinal tracts. This system is chiefly, but not entirely, an ipsilateral one.
stimulation in the cerebellum and bulbar reticular formation along electrode tracts A and B failed to produce suppression. It is clear, therefore, that the lesion at C destroyed an intermediate structure in the pathway from the cerebellum to the spinal cord. Upon microscopic analysis this structure proved to be the caudal part of bulbo-reticular formation and reticulospinal tracts descending from it.
An outline drawing summarizing our conception of the pathways involved in cerebellar suppression of reflex and cortically induced (cerebral) activity is shown in Figure 9. Cells in the cerebellar cortex of the anterior lobe and the paramedian lobule discharge into the nucleus fastigii. This, in turn, projects to the bulbar reticular formation where synapses are made with cells whose axons pass down into the spinal cord as reticulo-spinal tracts. This system is chiefly an ipsilateral one and its interruption anywhere between the cerebellum and spinal cord prevents cerebellar suppression of reflexes or cortically induced movement.
Numerous workers have repeated Sherrington's original observation (4) that electrical stimulation of the anterior cerebellar lobe inhibits the extensor tone of decerebrate rigidity and in the present studies it was easy to make similar observations. However, so far as we are aware, this is the first work which shows that cerebellar mechanisms are intimately related to the bulbar reticular formation and act through it to cause inhibition at a spinal level. From our studies it is clear that the pathway from the cortex of the anterior lobe passes through the nucleus fastigii, where it probably synapses; then, as the fastigio-bulbar pathway, it passes into the bulbar suppressor area, where another synapse takes place with cells forming reticulo-spinal tracts, which have been shown by Rhines and Magoun (5) to carry fibers of suppressor function to the spinal cord.
The anterior lobe is not the only cerebellar area which upon stimulation yields suppression because, as Bremer (6) has pointed out, similar effects can also be obtained from the pyramis. In our studies a second inhibitory area was found to be bilaterally represented in the paramedian lobules and pyramis. Electrical stimulation of this area produced suppression of cortically induced and reflexly induced movements identical to that produced by anterior lobe stimulation. The pathway from the paramedian lobules, like that from the anterior lobe, passes through the nuclei fastigii to the bulbar reticular formation.
At this point it is necessary to emphasize that stimulation of the two suppressor areas of the cerebellum suppresses not only the extensor tone of decerebrate rigidity but such cortically induced movements as extension, abduction, and flexion, as well. These data, when interpreted in the light of the influence of the cerebellum on the cerebrum (7) and in the light of our own work on cerebellar facilitation (8), give a versatility to cerebellar function not hitherto suspected. It is obvious that the conclusions which we have drawn as a result of the present experiments are strongly supported by the work of other investigators in this field. As was pointed out earlier in this paper, Sherrington as far back as 1898 (4) demonstrated inhibition of extensor tone of decerebrate rigidity. Bremer (6) was able to obtain inhibition not only from the anterior lobe but also from the pyramis. Allen (9) in a foresighted review indicated the possibility of a cerebellar relationship with the bulbar reticular formation and pointed out that inhibition might result from such a functional relationship. Moruzzi (10) extended the work further when he observed that cerebral-induced movement could be inhibited by cerebellar stimulation.
Electrical stimulation of the cerebellar cortex introduces an interesting series of phenomena in the bulbar reticular formation (see Fig. 7). Instead of a single wave, a single stimulus evokes a series of three or four waves. When this is contrasted with the electrical phenomena resulting from the stimulation of the nucleus fastigii, it can be seen that only one wave of short latency results. Therefore, the multiple waves arise in the cortical circuits or nerve cells. An analysis of these repetitive responses of cortical activities may lead to an understanding of cerebellar function in terms of its fast intrinsic activity. In this connection, it is well to remember that stimulation is most effective with frequencies as high as its spontaneous activity.
When the suppressor areas of the cerebellum are mapped with the tactile areas described by Snider and Stowell, they are nearly coextensive—closely resembling motor areas described by Hampson, Harrison and Woolsey (11) and are homologous with the facilitatory areas as observed in the monkey (8). The presence of motor, sensory, inhibitory, and facilitatory areas confined to these parts of the cerebellum reminds one of another region of the central nervous system where this peculiar combination of functional activities is located—namely, the pericruciate area of the cerebrum of carnivores. Yet, when the deficits of animals with lesions in the pericruciate areas are contrasted with those of animals with lesions in appropriate areas of the cerebellum, there is a striking dissimilarity in behavior. Obviously, more work is necessary before this interesting series of observations can be fitted into a smoothly functioning unit.
1 Reprinted from J. Neurophysiol., 1949, 12:325-334. (This work was presented in its entirety before the American Physiological Society at its annual spring meeting in 1947.)
+ Aided by a grant from the Office of Naval Research.
Dusser de Barenne, J. G. and McCulloch, W. S. Suppression of motor response upon stimulation of area 4s of cerebral cortex. Amer. J. Physiol., 1939, 126: 482.
Magoun, H. W. Bulbar inhibition and facilitation of motor activity. Science, 1944, 100: 549-550.
McCulloch, W. S., Graf. C., and Magoun, H. W. A cortico-bulbo-reticular pathway from area 4s. J. Neurophysiol., 1946, 9: 127-132.
Sherrington, C. S. Decerebrate rigidity and reflex coordination of movements. J. Physiol., 1898, 22: 319-332.
Rhines, R, and Magoun, H. W. Brain stem facilitation of cortical motor response. J. Neurophysiol., 1946, 9: 219-229.
Bremer, F. Contributions è l'étude de la physiologie du cervelet. La fonction inhibitrice du paleo-cérébellum. Arch. int. Physiol., 1922, 19: 189-226.
Walker, A. E. An oscillographic study of cerebello-cerebral relationships. J. Neurophysiol., 1938, 1: 16-23.
Snider, R. S. and Magoun, H. W. Facilitation produced by cerebellar stimulation. Fed. Proc., 1948, 7: 117-118.
Allen, W. F. Formatio reticularis and reticulospinal tracts, their visceral functions, and possible relationships to tonicity and clonic contractions. *J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 1932, 22: 490-495.
Moruzzi, G. Sui rapporti fra cervelletto c corteccia cerebrale. III. Meccanismi e localizzazioni delle azioni inibitrici e dinamogeni del cervelletto. Arch. Fisiol., 1941, 41: 183-206.
Hampson, J. L., Harrison, C. R., and Woolsey, C. N. Somatotopic localization in the cerebellum. Fed. Proc., 1946, 5: 41.
Snider, R. S. and Stowell, A. Receiving areas of the tactile, auditory, and visual systems in the cerebellum. J. Neurophysiol., 1944, 7: 331-357.
Warren McCulloch and Jerome Lettvin Picnic at the McCulloch Farm Old Lyme, Connecticut
(l. to r.) Walter Pitts, Jeannie Davidson, Warren McCulloch, Tim Davidson, 1949
Walter Pitts, 1949
Warren McCulloch and Jerome Wiesner, 1953
Jack Cowan and Leo Verbeek, 1959 M.I.T. Lab
For further research:
Wordcloud: Activity, Anesthesia, Anterior, Applied, Area, Bulbar, Cat, Cerebellar, Cerebellum, Cerebral, Cortex, Cortically, Effects, Electrical, Electrodes, Fastigii, Figure, Formation, Frequency, Induced, Inhibition, Ipsilateral, Lobe, Lobule, Movement, Note, Nucleus, Paramedian, Patellar, Pathway, Per, Pericruciate, Produced, Record, Reflex, Response, Reticular, Sec, Seconds, Shown, Sigma, Simultaneous, Stimulation, Stimulus, Suppression, Suppressor, Tracts, Voltage, Volts, Wave
Keywords: Lobe, Pathway, Areas, Cerebellum, Studies, Area, Life, Oblongata, Paper, Animals
Google Books: http://asclinks.live/llg6
Google Scholar: http://asclinks.live/msvd | {
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<urn:uuid:35d634ef-a48e-4a5c-a5ed-7f85d5fc0083> | Heteranthera multiflora (Griseb.) C.N. Horn
CC = 5
CW = -5
MOC = 19
Family - Pontederiaceae
Habit - Annual emergent aquatic.
Stem - Creeping, with well-separated nodes.
Leaves - Dimorphic. Seedling leaves linear. Main season leaves long-petiolate. Blades to 5 cm, often wider than long, reniform to orbicular, deeply cordate at base, tips broadly rounded, glabrous.
Inflorescences - Produced on specialized flowering stems, sessile, exserted up to 3x spathe length.
Flowers - Perianth of 6 tepals, zygomorphic, purple (rarely white), with tube to 12 mm long, lobes to 6 mm long. Upper 5 tepals clustered, spreading to ascending in fanlike array. Central erect tepal deeper purple at base, with two pale yellow spots. Lower tepal pendent, narrower than others. Stamens 3, unequal, with filaments densely pubescent with purple hairs.
Fruits - Slender, thin-walled capsules, to 2 cm. Seeds numerous.
Flowering - July - October.
Habitat - Open mud, shallow water, agricultural ditches.
Origin - Native to the U.S.
Lookalikes - Other members of the Heteranthera genus.
Other info. - This plant is relatively uncommon in Missouri, being reported from a few widely scattered locations. Its distribution in the continental U.S. is restricted to a few south-central states and a few disjunct populations on the eastern seaboard.
Photographs taken at Otter Slough Conservation Area, Stoddard County, MO, 8-13-2015 and 9-11-2019, near Neelyville, Butler County, MO, 8-27-2015, and near I-70 and Missouri River, St. Louis County, MO, 9-7-2017 (SRTurner). | {
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<urn:uuid:471cbf91-2095-4928-af17-0204dda4e831> | Dog - Goldendoodle Images for kids
Dog - Goldendoodle Activities for kids
Dog - Goldendoodle Facts & Trivia for kids
- The Goldendoodle is not a formally recognized breed of dog.
- The Goldendoodle is a cross between a Golden Retriever and a Poodle.
- There are both standard size and mini Goldendoodles.
- Goldendoodles can weigh up to 75 pounds.
- Goldendoodles are smart, kid-friendly dogs.
- Goldendoodles are low-shedding dogs.
- Goldendoodles may be a good choice for someone with mild allergies.
- Goldendoodles were originally bred to be guide dogs for visually impaired people with allergies.
Dog - Goldendoodle Links for kids | {
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<urn:uuid:6ed40d60-10f4-425b-a1ef-2c911542602a> | Multistage pumps are similar in design to centrifugal pumps in that multiple impellers rotate around a shaft, enabling the pump to reach higher pressures than using just one impeller.
When the impeller diameter reaches a certain level, the friction on the impeller side increases and the pump efficiency decreases, so the pressure that a single impeller can generate is limited. This meant that multiple impellers had to be added along a single axis to generate high pressures while maintaining high efficiency.
The impeller of this design is mounted in an annular section along the shaft. Each annular section consists of an impeller with a suction casing on one side and an impeller with a discharge casing/diffuser on the other.
The impeller draws fluid through the suction casing into the outside of the impeller, and then exits through the discharge casing, repeatedly entering different ring segments until the fluid leaves the outlet.
The annular portions are held together by tie bolts extending along the housing. Internal design depends on the shaft seal and/or bearing at one end of the pump, depending on the job and application.
Increasing the number of impeller stages does not change the flow, but the total lift and shaft power increase proportionally to the number of stages. Each stage consists of an impeller and a diffuser.
Models can be built vertically or horizontally, depending on whether a space-saving design is required. It can also stay in place without removing the motor.
The multistage design of the pump is also used in a submersible pump design called a borehole pump. In this case, water must be pumped at high pressure to extract water from deep wells or to supply water from the sea surface to offshore platforms. Immersion pumps can also be equipped with multiple impellers to provide high pressure from deep wells.
There are several reasons to use such devices.
1. If a high-lift centrifugal pump is required but exceeds the working range of the single-stage centrifugal pump, the maximum discharge pressure of the single-stage centrifugal pump is usually 150M, and the multi-impeller design is 1000M.
Some applications require high discharge pressures, such as supplying domestic water to the upper floors of skyscrapers. This can mean long flow paths, high friction losses commonly found in pressurized applications, or filtration processes that require filtering of low viscosity liquids. It passes through fine filters such as reverse osmosis membranes.
2. When a cost-effective high-pressure cleaning solution is required, a more efficient multi-stage design can be used. This is because the impeller is not only small, but also efficient at full impeller size and low rpm.
The single-stage design is trimmed to the operating point with a large gap between the impeller edge and the casing, resulting in low efficiency.
What is Vertical Multistage Centrifugal Pump
A vertical multistage centrifugal pump is a high-efficiency pump that can be used for a variety of applications. It is a durable and reliable pump that is designed for long-term use. The pump is easy to operate and maintain, and it can be used in a wide range of operating conditions.
Address : No. 2, Xiayang Industrial Zone, Deqing County, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China.Email : email@example.com Mobile： +86-136-6574-2262 Phone： 86-0572-8355383 | {
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<urn:uuid:f0140e32-49fe-4b6d-b6c8-4b06df43bc79> | 200 species face extinction on Hainan Island, says govt report
The Department of Land, Environment and Resources of Hainan Province has released statistics revealing that more than 200 species on the island province are on the verge of extinction, China Environment News reports.
Hainan is well-known for its variety of green plants and animals. But according to the statistics, at least 6 species of plant are already extinct, including the maytenus hainanensis and the sciaphila tenella. More than one hundred of the total 362 bird species on the island have become hard to trace. Many species which were once commonly seen on the island are now considered rare.
Related ecological experts have stated that the invasion of exotic species alongside human-induced damage of the environment, produced by increased levels of tourism, extensive deforestation and the discharging of pollutants, provide the main reasons for the crisis.
whatsonsanya.com does not necessarily endorse their views or the accuracy of their content. For copyright infringement issues please contact firstname.lastname@example.org | {
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<urn:uuid:f7c4016b-3fc9-4e18-9c20-cddb352e9bbf> | Life cycle assessment and cradle-to-cradle: friends or foes?
There are many different sustainability tools, ranging from simple to complex and covering the various aspects of sustainability: environmental, social and economic sustainability. The popularity of these tools waxes and wanes.
A well-known sustainability tool is life cycle assessment (LCA). It has been around for more than 20 years, and during this time it has experienced waves of higher and lower popularity. At the same time, other tools and approaches have come and gone in similar waves. In recent years, cradle-to-cradle (C2C) is one of the most discussed sustainability approaches, with more and more companies stating their efforts to implement C2C. While both LCA and C2C aim for sustainability, it is interesting to investigate the differences and similarities. Could these two approaches work together? If so, how?
Life cycle assessment
LCA focuses on the environmental side of sustainability. It follows a quantitative approach, where the whole life cycle of a product is investigated and all used substances and materials are defined. This is a bottom-up approach, where the collected data is used to calculate the potential environmental impact of the whole product life cycle.
LCA has a strong scientific basis, building on many years of research regarding the effect substances have on the environment. It has many possible uses, ranging from reporting, benchmarking and monitoring to identifying improvement opportunities and doing ecodesign. When it comes to ecodesign, LCA is mostly concerned with identifying hotspots or main contributors to the environmental impact. This information can then be used to attempt to reduce the impact.
Cradle to cradle
C2C includes aspects from both the environmental and social sides of sustainability. It takes a qualitative approach, using a top-down perspective. It starts with a vision of what a sustainable world looks like and what role a product can fulfill in this world. This means that the whole product system can be reimagined to fit the vision. For example, C2C does not ask ’How can we design a better car?’, but rather ‘How can we provide personal transportation?’. Only then does the product itself come into focus.
C2C uses a certification system that allows for storytelling and easy communication. Whether a product can be certified as a cradle-to-cradle product is investigated using a list of mostly qualitative criteria. These include material health, material reutilisation, renewable energy and carbon management, water stewardship and social fairness. The product is scored on each of these criteria, and the lowest score becomes the product’s overall mark. When it comes to ecodesign, C2C is all about closing loops and creating beautiful and elegant products that are ‘more good, not less bad’.
Friends or foes?
LCA and C2C are two very different sustainability tools. Where LCA is about quantitative calculations and measurements, C2C is about qualitative visions and storytelling. They both have their advantages and disadvantages. For example, LCA does not include social aspects or positive effects. On the other hand, C2C does not measure whether a certified product actually has a lower overall environmental impact, so a C2C-certified product may end up having a shifted or even increased burden.
In 2011, a position paper about the usability of LCA for C2C purposes concluded that LCA is not suitable to assess and communicate the beneficial qualities of a C2C product. However, that does not mean that the two cannot complement each other. Combining them has the potential of providing a beautiful vision that can be clearly communicated while also providing quantitative insight into the environmental impact and avoiding the shifting of burdens. In that way, life cycle assessment and cradle-to-cradle can be strong allies in working towards a sustainable world.
When I established PRé in 1990 I ran a design consultancy, then I decided to do ecodesign. But, how do I tell the good from the bad? And how can I measure ‘eco’? So I started on a journey together with a few pioneers in the emerging LCA scene and gave up designing. I realized then that these same questions need to be answered by any company embarking on the route to more sustainable products and services, preferably in a scientific, honest, and businesslike way. Providing good transparent tools, data, and methodologies to empower organizations to make the transition to sustainability, that is my drive.
My background in industrial design made it clear to me that the current system of consumption and disposal cannot be maintained in the long run. I quickly became interested in quantifying sustainability, so that well-supported decisions can be made in our move towards a more sustainable world. LCA provides the ability to focus on the facts. | {
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<urn:uuid:3b71df7b-296c-44c4-90ad-91d2bd41d664> | Programming Vs Coding
While coding and programming have one common origin, both the terms will vary meanings. Coding involves https://www.deadbeats.at/coding-vs-programming-for-beginners/ the creation of software applications and renovating human language into binary commands. Coding requires a skilled approach as well as the knowledge of an intermediate dialect. Programmers should strategies basic logic behind the chosen dialect, the syntax and the key keywords. There are pros and cons with each. Here are some of this key differences between programming and code.
Programming and coding will be two different jobs, and while these two conditions sound comparable, they are really very different. Frequently , people mistake the two conditions and employ them interchangeably, however the difference between two is normally significant. You can study coding and programming not having necessarily studying either one separately. Both of these skills are essential for development of applications and the maintenance of custom-coded programs. So , which one if you decide to focus on?
Coding involves developing computer applications that translate machine-readable code. Though basic code is possible with wordpad or online publishers, the real skill comes in when you’re writing intricate programs or applications. A programmer contains the knowledge of the programming ‘languages’, and the ability to discover and fix bugs. But coding can be not for everybody. It can lead to a fulfilling job if you’re well-rounded in application development.
The primary difference between programming and code is that coding uses equipment code, when coding uses man language to communicate with a pc. The latter uses binary language to get in touch with hardware. When coding includes using binary codes, encoding is more complicated. The difference is in the language plus the complexity of programming. The is a subtle one, nevertheless one that can affect your career choice. Also keep in mind that coding can be placed on any industry, not just to software. | {
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<urn:uuid:c2c0d404-d4c8-4db0-8a13-3db32e59922c> | Book Review - Let's talk about my feelings by Ritika Subash
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Let's talk about my feelings by Ritika Subash
Let’s talk about my feelings is a book that introduces children to emotions and it’s vocabulary through short stories.
Talking about feelings:
Talking about our feelings can help us stay in good mental health and is a way to cope with a problem. But it’s not always easy to describe how we are feeling. It’s always easier to talk about our feelings if we know how we feel and why. Considering that even many adults are unable to articulate their feelings, it is necessary that we start young and encourage kids to talk about their feelings. This book by Ritika Subash – Let’s talk about my feelings is a step in that direction.
Short stories to introduce feelings:
Let’s talk about my feelings introduces children to emotions and it’s vocabulary through short stories. Each story revolves around themes like friendship, bullying, gender stereotyping, child abuse, etc. The themes are relevant to real life situations most children come across in their daily life. In addition to emotions and feelings, the book also talks about social skills like behaviour and basic manners.
The story presents a topic and is followed by a thought-provoking question that encourages the child to connect with the characters of the story and think about the issue from the character’s perspective. The stories are presented as rhymes and is very simple for young children to read. The book has a neat little section for children who can write their answer to the question on every page, making this book a jump pad to journaling.
The stories are wonderful to read-aloud and is a great way for parents to talk to their children about emotions and situations and how to handle them. Apart from bonding time, this helps build a strong foundation in open communication, trust and problem solving. Readers will take away the fact that all of us have feelings, in different intensities and we must acknowledge them and reach out for help when needed.
The bright and colourful illustrations make it inviting for the children to pick and read or look through the book. What’s more? There is a table with the list of vocabulary for the 5 core emotions – happy, sad, angry, afraid, ashamed - organized by intensity of its feeling. We often observe children using the word “depressed” when they are just “upset”. This table will help parents guide children on the right word to use to express their emotions.
The words are simple and the text lucid and the prose is apt even for kids as young as 6. This book is definitely a must-read for anyone looking to introduce children to talking about their emotions. This adaptable resource can also be used in educational settings.
Buy this book Now!
You can also buy the e-book or Kindle version of the book. Let's Talk About My Feelings (E-Book/Kindle)
- Book Title: Let's talk about my feelings
- Author: Ritika Subash
- Publisher: Goya Publishing
- For Ages: 5-10 years
- Type: Picture book
- Format: Paperback
- Price: ₹299
- No. of page: 34
After reading this book:
Though we believe that the aim of reading a picture book should be for pleasure and not be to "learn", it is inevitable that children learn even without any push. Here are some activities that you can do that will complement this book to make the reading even more fun! These activities are for varied age groups, so we suggest you read and use them appropriately.
1. Make flash cards of situations similar to the ones in this book and engage children in conversation
2. This book and the flash cards can be used as an icebreaker or even in the form of a game with individual kids or as a small group.
3. For older kids, provide a situation and ask to identify the emotion they’d feel. Then ask them to think about situations that would make their emotions increase or decrease in intensity and write the right word on a scale. Then discuss how they would handle each one.
Have you read this book? What is your opinion? Share it with us in the comments.
Last modified on Sunday, 04 July 2021 18:01
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Make sure you enter all the required information, indicated by an asterisk (*). HTML code is not allowed. | {
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<urn:uuid:7c07a13e-61e4-4273-975f-c8007e0df4b5> | Photoshop Elements Tutorial: Creating a text effect in Photoshop Elements
What you’ll learn in this Photoshop Elements Tutorial:
This tutorial provides you with a foundation for working with text effects in Adobe Photoshop Elements. It is the twelfth lesson in the Adobe Photoshop Elements 10 Digital Classroom book.
Photoshop Elements Tutorial: Creating a text effect in Photoshop Elements
Text doesn’t only have to be just functional; it can also be a lot of fun. So far, you have mostly used the filters in Photoshop Elements to alter and correct images, but you can also use them to apply some very interesting special effects to both text and images.
When completed, the text should appear to be zooming toward you.
In this exercise, you will create a fun text effect that you sometimes see where the text seems to be zooming toward the viewer.
1 Choose File > New > Blank File. Type Kids in the Name text field. Choose U.S. Paper from the Preset drop-down menu and make sure the Size is set to Letter. Choose RGB Color from the Color Mode drop-down menu, if it is not already selected, and press OK to create the new document.
The New dialog box includes presets for a variety of different projects.
2 Choose Edit > Fill Layer. In the Contents section, choose Black from the Use drop-down menu. Leave all other settings at their defaults and press OK. This fills the document background with black.
The Fill Layer dialog box allows you to fill a layer with a solid color or a pattern of your choosing.
3 Choose the Type tool () from the Toolbox. In the Options bar at the top of the workspace, choose Arial Black or Arial Bold from the Font Family drop-down menu and type 100 in the Font Size text field. Change the text color to white (R: 255, G: 255, B:255) by clicking on the Set the text color option in the options bar.
Change the type settings in the Options bar.
Click in the middle of your document with the Text tool and type KIDS in all caps. Click the green checkmark at the top of the workspace to commit the change and deselect the active text. Because filters really can’t be used on live text, after a few adjustments to the position of the text, the next step will be to convert the text into a graphic by combining it with the background layer.
4 Choose the Move tool () from the Toolbox and select the KIDS text layer from the Layers pane to activate it. Hold down the Shift key on your keyboard and click the Background layer so that they both become selected.
5 In the Options bar, press the Align button () and select Vertical Centers from the drop-down menu that appears. Press the Align button again and choose Horizontal Centers.
To use the Align commands, two or more layers must be selected.
6 Select the KIDS text layer from the Layers panel, and press Ctrl+E (Windows) or Command+E (Mac OS) on the keyboard to merge the KIDS text layer with the background layer.
Alternately, you can use the menu command Layer > Merge Layers. This works as long as the text layer is selected, and above the layer you want to merge it with.
7 Select the new merged Background layer and choose Filters > Blur > Gaussian Blur. Type 1.5 in the Radius text field. This blurs the text shape to produce a soft edge. Press OK.
You can experiment with values that are slightly lower or higher based upon your preference and taste.
The Gaussian Blur filter creates a hazy effect around the edges of the text.
8 Choose Filter > Stylize > Solarize. The Solarize filter doesn’t have any options to set but instead automatically converts the black letters into an outline of the text and blends the positive and negative areas of an image. This is why blurring was necessary. Blurring pushed some of the white outside the edges of the text, resulting in more of an outline around the text after using the Solarize filter. Without the blur, there would not have been enough of a text outline when the Solarize filter was used.
The Solarize filter reverses the positive and negative areas of an image.
9 Choose Enhance > Adjust Color > Adjust Hue/Saturation. In the Hue/Saturation dialog box, click the Colorize checkbox. Type 75 in the Saturation text field or move the slider to 75, make sure the Hue and Lightness text fields are set to 0, and then press OK. This results in changing the white outline to red around the text. If you have a hard time seeing it, it is probably due to your zoom level. To change your zoom level choose View > Zoom In.
The Hue/Saturation effect allows you to control the color in your image.
10 Choose Filter > Distort > Polar Coordinates and select the Polar to Rectangular radio button. Press OK.
The Polar Coordinates filter creates a distortion in which a selected layer’s contents are converted from a rectangular coordinate system to a polar system, or vice versa. While there are some interesting uses of this filter, it is most commonly seen as an intermediary step in tutorials.
The distortion caused by the Polar Coordinates filter is used as an intermediary step in this lesson.
11 Choose Image > Rotate > 90° Right.
The Rotate command rotates an image 90 degrees left or right, 180 degrees, and arbitrary values.
12 Choose Filter > Stylize > Wind. In the Wind dialog box, choose Wind from the Method section and choose From the Left in the Direction section. Press OK. Press Ctrl+F (Windows) or Command+F (Mac OS) twice to run the filter two more times. The next few steps will return the image to a viewable state.
The Wind filter simulates the effect of wind blowing against a surface and pieces being blown off.
13 Choose Image > Rotate > 90° Left.
14 Choose Filter > Distort > Polar Coordinates, and choose the Rectangular to Polar radio button.
15 Choose the Crop tool () from the Toolbox. Click and drag to draw a marquee around the text. Click the green checkmark just below the proposed cropped area to commit the change.
When completed, the text should appear to be zooming toward you.
16 Choose File > Save As. Navigate to the Lessons folder you copied to your hard drive. Confirm that the format is set to Photoshop and that the file is named Kids.psd, then press Save.
Reversing the text effect
The text appears to have a motion trail behind it. This creates the impression that it is zooming toward the viewer. With a few simple changes, the results of this effect can be completely reversed along with the direction of the motion trail.
This variation on the tutorial follows the exact same steps right up to step 11.
- Choose Image > Rotate > 90° Left.
- Choose Filter > Stylize > Wind. In the Wind dialog box, choose Wind from the Method section, then choose From the Left in the Direction section. Press OK. Press Ctrl+F (Windows) or Command+F (Mac OS) twice to run the filter two more times.
- Choose Image > Rotate > 90° Right.
- Choose Filters > Distort > Polar Coordinates and choose Rectangular to Polar from the options at the bottom of the dialog box.
Reversing the effect.
Adding text to the background
When you have two images, you can combine them together using your selections and the Copy and Paste commands.
1 Double-click the Kids.psd file, located in the Project Bin, to make it active or choose Window > Kids.psd.
2 Choose Select > All to select the entire document.
The Select All command creates a marquee around the entire image area.
3 Choose Edit > Copy or use the keyboard shortcut, Ctrl+C (Windows) or Command+C (Mac OS). This copies the image to your computer’s clipboard, so that it can be pasted in the next step.
4 Double-click the Scrap Book Page.psd file, located in the Project Bin or choose Window > Scrap Book Page.psd, to make it active. Choose Edit > Paste or use the keyboard shortcut, Ctrl+V (Windows) or Command+V (Mac OS), to paste the file into the document. In the Layers panel, double-click the new layer named Layer 1. In the Layer properties dialog box, type text in the Name text field and press OK.
When using the Copy and Paste commands, new layers are created for the pasted artwork and are placed above the selected layer in the destination document.
The text file includes a black background that just doesn’t fit with the wood texture of the page. You will remove the background color layer using blending modes.
5 Choose the Move tool () from the Toolbox, then click and drag the text to the top of the document.
6 In the Layers panel, make sure the text layer is selected and choose Screen from the Blending mode drop-down menu. This blending mode removes the darkest areas from a layer and leaves only the lightest, which in this case would be the lettering.
Blending modes are used to control how light from lower layers is visible through the layers above.
Now, the text is too light to easily be seen. A quick reversal should change this.
7 With the text layer selected, choose Filter > Adjustments > Invert, or use the keyboard shortcut, Ctrl+I (Windows) or Command+I (Mac OS), to reverse the color values of the targeted layer. Choose Multiply from the Blending mode drop-down menu in the Layers panel. This blending mode has the exact opposite effect of the Screen blending mode and makes the text easier to see.
The finished project.
8 Choose File > Save As or use the keyboard shortcut, Shift+Ctrl+S (Windows) or Shift+Command+S (Mac OS). Close the Kids.psd file by double-clicking it in the Project Bin and choosing File > Close. Leave the Scrap Book Page.psd file open, as you will need it in the next step.
Add images and create a border
Now that you have a background and title in place, you will proceed to edit and add images to fill in the rest of the page. Three images have been prepared for use in this exercise. You will import one of them into your scrapbook page document and add a few effects to it for emphasis. At the conclusion of the exercise, you will be given the opportunity to continue this project on your own so that you can add your own artistic flair.
1 With the Scrap Book Page.psd file open, select the Wood layer in the Layers panel. Choose File > Place and, in the resulting Place dialog box, navigate to the Lessons folder. Select the scrapbook_01.psd file and press Place. This imports the file as a new layer.
It was important to select the Wood layer in this step because when you use the Place command, the file you are placing is inserted on a new layer right above the currently highlighted layer. When working on a project that uses both text and images, you usually want to keep the text on top of all other layers.
2 When a file is placed into Photoshop Elements, you are given the opportunity to resize, rotate, and move it into the position you like before finalizing it. In the Options bar at the top of the workspace, click the checkbox next to Constrain Proportions, if it is not already checked. Type 65 in the Width text field. Because you have the Constrain Proportions option checked, the image’s height will automatically change.
In Photoshop Elements, the Options bar allows you to set the options for the tools you are currently working with.
Click the green checkmark located on a tab attached to the bottom of the placed photo to commit the current changes to the layer.
3 In the Layers panel, double-click the scrapbook_01 layer. In the Layer Properties dialog box, type museum in the Name text field, and press OK.
Drag the museum layer to the upper right of the document.
4 Choose the Move tool () from the Toolbox, then click and drag the photograph to the upper right corner of the Scrap Book Page document, but below the text.
5 Hold down the Ctrl (Windows) or Command (Mac OS) key and click the Smart Object thumbnail () located on the bottom right corner of thumbnail in the museum layer. This selects everything on the layer that isn’t transparent. In this case, that would be the entire photo. This is referred to as loading the opacity mask of the layer.
6 Choose Select > Modify > Expand to open the Expand Selection dialog box. Type 15 into the Expand By text field and press OK to enlarge the selection by 15 pixels.
7 At the bottom of the Layers panel, press the Create a New Layer button () to add a new layer above museum. Double-click the new layer, named Layer 1, and, in the Layer Properties dialog box, type border in the Name text field. Press OK. Click and drag the border layer below the museum layer in the Layers panel.
8 Choose Edit > Fill Selection. In the Fill Layer dialog box that appears, choose White from the Use drop-down menu in the Contents sections and leave all other settings at their default. Press OK.
The Fill Layer dialog box can be used to add color or a pattern to a layer or selection area.
9 Press the Create a New Layer button in the Layers panel to add a new layer above the border layer. Double-click the new layer, named layer 1 again, and, in the Layer Properties dialog box, type border2 in the Name text field. Press OK. Click and drag the new border2 layer below the border layer in the Layers panel.
10 Choose Select > Modify > Expand to open the Expand Selection dialog box. Type 10 in the Expand By text field, then press OK to enlarge the selection by 10 pixels.
11 Choose Edit > Fill Selection. In the Fill Layer dialog box that appears, choose Black from the Use drop-down menu in the Contents section and press OK.
12 In the Layers panel, the border2 layer should still be highlighted. Hold down the Shift key on the keyboard and select the border and museum layers to highlight them as well.
13 Choose Layer > Merge Layers to combine all three layers together into one. The new layer is named museum.
When selected layers are merged, they take on the name of the topmost layer.
14 Choose Select > Deselect or use the keyboard shortcut, Ctrl+D (Windows) or Command+D (Mac OS), to remove the selection border.
The double border on the photograph is used to add emphasis and separate it from the background.
15 Chose File > Save or press Crtl+S (Windows) or Command+S (Mac OS) on your keyboard to save your file.
16 Now it’s all up to you. Import the other two images (scrapbook_02.psd and scrapbook_03.psd) and use your imagination to come up with your own creative results. Here are a few things you might try:
- When you place an image, rotate it slightly to give it a sense of movement.
- Instead of using black and white, try varying the color of the borders you use. Try using the same brown color that you used in the wood-textured background.
- Change the stacking order of the layers and overlap the photos to create a more interesting composition.
- Add drop shadows from the layer effects to the photos.
The variations available on a project like this are unlimited.
17 Save and close Scrap Book Page.psd. | {
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<urn:uuid:57aaebb9-1665-4f10-ab45-43d9ab50258c> | The course is part of this learning path
This course introduces the basic ideas of computing, networking, communications, security, and virtualization, and will provide you with an important foundation for the rest of the course.
The objectives of this course are to provide you with an understanding of:
- Computer system components, operating systems (Windows, Linux and Mac), different types of storage, file systems (FAT and NTFS), memory management. The core concepts and definitions used in information security
- Switched networks, packet switching vs circuit switching, packet routing delivery, routing, internetworking standards, OSI model, and 7 layers. The benefits of information security
- TCP/IP protocol suite, types of addresses, physical address, logical address, IPv4, IPv6, port address, specific address, network access control, and how an organisation can make information security an integral part of its business
- Network fundamentals, network types (advantages and disadvantages), WAN vs LAN, DHCP
- How data travels across the internet. End to end examples for web browsing, sending emails, using applications - explaining internet architecture, routing, DNS
- Secure planning, policies, and mechanisms, Active Directory structure, introducing Group Policy (containers, templates, GPO), security and network layers, IPSEC, SSL / TLS (flaws and comparisons), SSH, Firewalls (packet filtering, state full inspection), application gateways, ACL's
- VoIP, wireless LAN, Network Analysis and Sniffing, Wireshark
- Virtualization definitions, virtualization models, terminologies, virtual models, virtual platforms, what is cloud computing, cloud essentials, cloud service models, security amd privacy in the cloud, multi-tenancy issues, infrastructure vs data security, privacy concerns
This course is ideal for members of cybersecurity management teams, IT managers, security and systems managers, information asset owners, and employees with legal compliance responsibilities. This course acts as a foundation for more advanced managerial or technical qualifications.
There are no specific pre-requisites to study this course, however, a basic knowledge of IT, an understanding of the general principles of information technology security, and awareness of the issues involved with security control activity would be advantageous.
We welcome all feedback and suggestions - please contact us at email@example.com if you are unsure about where to start or if would like help getting started.
Welcome to this video on network computing.
In it you’ll learn about some of the fundamental concepts involved with network computing and introduce some of the key components of a computer network.
What do I mean by a network? Simply put, a network it is a collection of computing devices that are able to communicate with each other, via whatever means. The basic reasons for having computers networked are that it allows users to share data easily, quickly, and efficiently. They are also able to share access to accessories such as printers. Having one network printer service hundreds of users is far more cost-effective than each of those users having their own printer on their desk.
There are two basic types of computer networks. In a Peer-to-Peer, commonly referred to as P2P network, no single provider is responsible for being the server. Each computer stores files and acts as a server. Each computer has equal responsibility for providing data.
The client-server model is the relationship between two computers in which one, the client, makes a service request from another, the server.
The key point about a client-server model is that the client is dependent on the server to provide and manage the information. For example, websites are stored on web servers. A web browser is the client which makes a request to the server, and the server sends the webpage data back to the browser.
Popular websites need powerful servers to serve thousands or millions of clients, all making requests at the same time. The client side of a web application is often referred to as the front end. The server side is referred to as the back end. We will also look at the different scales we can have for networks, depending on the geographical areas they cover.
There are a number of advantages to be gained from the establishment of a P2P network:
- They’re easy to install and configure
- Don’t require a dedicated server
- Users control their own shared resources
- They’re inexpensive to purchase and operate
- They don’t require additional equipment or software
- They don’t require dedicated administrators
- And work best with 10 or less users
One example of these advantages is that P2P is ideal for sharing files amongst a small group of users. Conversely, there are a number of disadvantages:
- Security applies to a single resource at a time
- Users may have many different passwords
- The server must back up each machine individually to help ensure data is protected from loss or destruction
- Machines sharing resources may suffer reduced performance
- There is no centralised organisation scheme to locate or control access to data
- It doesn’t usually work well with more than 10 users
One example of these disadvantages is that P2P would be unsuitable for a service such as booking tickets, as one server needs to keep track of how many tickets are left.
As mentioned previously, an everyday example of a server-based, or client/server network, is the Internet. The web servers hold the information we want to access. We use our web browser client program to make a request to the web server, which can then service that request. In a business environment, a company’s data will likely be held on a central server resource, rather than on individual end-user machines. This affords a greater level of control over the data, as when a client requests access, the data can be vetted to ensure that only those with the correct level of permission will be able to access the information.
Servers need to have sufficient computing power and connectivity to be able to handle requests from many clients at once. In a server-based network, there is the capability to share out the workload amongst several servers. Servers can be designated to handle certain types of client requests, such as requests to login to the system, and be granted access to requested data or resources. This task can be handled by one or more servers that will verify that users are who they say they are, and grant them access only to data or resources they are allowed to see.
There are a number of advantages with the server-based model:
- It simplifies network administration
- Centralises user accounts, security, and access controls
- Has more powerful equipment
- It provides more efficient access to network resources
- Requires only a single password for network login
- And is the best choice for networks with 10 or more users, or networks with heavily-used resources
There are also disadvantages:
- At worst, server failure renders the network unusable
- Server failure causes loss of network resources
- It is more expensive
- It requires expert staff to handle complex server software
- And it requires dedicated hardware and specialised software
We have now arrived at what is known as the Client-Server paradigm. The client–server model is a distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients.
Often clients and servers communicate over a computer network, and exist on separate hardware, but both client and server may reside in the same system.
A server host runs one or more server programs which share their resources with clients. A client does not share any of its resources, but requests a server's content or service function. Clients therefore initiate communication sessions with servers, which await incoming requests. Examples of computer applications that use the client–server model are Email, network printing, and the World Wide Web.
There are different scales of network. The first is a Local Area Network, or LAN. These are typically confined to a small geographical area. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) states that this area is 6 miles or less in radius, but most commonly you will encounter LAN’s within one building or site.
In order to connect computers across greater distances, you must employ a Wide Area Network, or WAN. The IEEE suggest that the distances involved in a WAN would be in excess of 60 miles.
In essence, a WAN can actually be thought of as a collection of LAN’s, which have been joined together over distance.
The two elements required to join LANs to a larger WAN are the transmission lines – cables or some other medium, capable of carrying signals from one LAN to another; and switching elements, also known as routers. These are specialised networking equipment able to connect two or more transmission lines, and correctly route data along these from one LAN to another.
Let’s consider two computers communicating via a LAN, and compare them to two computers communicating via a WAN: You want to establish which pair will be exchanging data more quickly, and which pair will be communicating in the most secure fashion. By its very nature, a WAN will be moving data over a further distance, routing it through many way-stations along that route. This tells us that a WAN is likely to be both slower and potentially less secure as the data will be travelling via cables and way-stations that are not under the local control of the data owner.
Let’s look at the four basic tenets for networking. Firstly, in order to have a network, there must be a link between computers. We can join together separate networks and links, to make an Internetwork. The term Internetwork is the root of the term Internet. If we have multiple networks joined together, then we need to have some means of routing the communications data to firstly the correct network, and then on to the correct end computer.
Applications and programs that need to communicate across a network will have specific requirements that must be met by that network. In a simple LAN, you need a way to get your data communicated from one point, to its intended destination within the LAN. You can achieve this by using a switch.
A switch, in the context of networking, is a high-speed device that receives incoming data packets and redirects them to their destination on the LAN. A LAN switch operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) or the network layer of the OSI Model and, as such it can support all types of packet protocols. We will discuss the concept of packets later on in this course.
Packet switching: Packet-switched describes the type of network in which relatively small units of data called packets are routed through a network based on the destination address contained within each packet.
Breaking communication down into packets allows the same data path to be shared among many users in the network, or for the individual packets to choose one of many routes through the network in order to reach their destination.
Circuit Switching: A type of communication in which a dedicated channel (or circuit) is established for the duration of a transmission. The most ubiquitous circuit-switching network is the telephone system, which links together wire segments to create a single unbroken line for each telephone call.
A packet switched network (PSN) is one of the most commonly used computer networks. It is widely implemented on local networks and the Internet. A PSN generally works on the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite.
For data to be transmitted over a network, it is first broken down into small packets, which depend on the data's protocol and overall size. Each packet contains various details, such as a source IP address, destination IP address and unique data and packet identifiers.
The segregation of data into small packets enables efficient data transportation and better utilisation of the network medium/channel.
More than one user, application and/or node may take turns sending and receiving data without permanently retaining the underlying medium/channel, as in a circuit switched network.
Previously, I mentioned Internet Protocol, or IP, addresses. These addresses are one of the ways that you can direct your communications around networks, but there are other address schemes that you need to consider.
Every device that can connect to a network does so via some sort of network interface card or NIC. Every NIC in the world has a unique identifying address, known as the Media Access Control or MAC address. To route your communications to the correct device, you need to have some means of marrying up the MAC address, which as a rule does not change, to an IP address which can be somewhat dynamic in nature.
Within your LAN, you will use Address Resolution Protocol, or ARP to achieve this.
The devices on your network will use ARP to establish and maintain lists of which IP address are associated with which MAC address at any given time. ARP relies on a feature of networking called Broadcasting.
On screen you can see the process of a broadcast message being issued to the LAN from one computer, to ask which MAC address is currently associated with the IP address 22.214.171.124. The reply comes back from one computer, stating that the given MAC address is currently associated with that IP address. The originating computer will update its list of MAC to IP address mappings, storing this information in its local ARP table.
There are different variants of broadcasting available in our networks.
Broadcast transmission is supported on most LANs, and may be used to send the same message to all computers on the LAN.
Network layer protocols (such as IPv4) also support a form of broadcast that allows the same packet to be sent to every system in a logical network.
The multicast process involves a single sender and multiple receivers as opposed to Systems that are designed to be connection-dependent, like a client-server system. User datagram protocol (UDP) is the most common protocol used with multicasting. Email is the best example of multicast, when a user can choose to send an email to many different addresses, rather than a complete contact list. Another example is the one-to-many multicasting of a streaming video toward many users from a single server.
Unicast is a common network model where packets are sent to a single network destination with a particular address. The basic idea of unicast is that there is a specific channel created for the user. This is helpful when content transmission is based on a 'single-tenant’ model, for example, when a content or service provider needs to send personalised and accurate information to individual users.
Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network, or between or across multiple networks. Routing is performed for many types of networks, including circuit-switched networks, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN), computer networks such as the Internet, as well as in networks used in public and private transportation, such as the system of streets, roads, and highways in national infrastructure.
In packet switching networks, routing is the higher-level decision making that directs network packets from their source toward their destination through intermediate network nodes by specific packet forwarding mechanisms.
Packet forwarding is the transit of logically addressed network packets from one network interface to another.
In order to facilitate the selection of a route, network devices maintain a map of routes that they discover, in a routing table. These routing tables can be shared amongst network devices, and in fact this automatic sharing of information underpins the efficiency of all networks. For the original iterations of the Internet, routing tables were maintained by hand, and regularly updated by human operators. In todays connected world, this would be an impossible task!
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet-switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet.
The main design goal of TCP/IP was to build an interconnection of networks, referred to as an Internetwork, or Internet, that provided universal communication services over heterogeneous physical networks.
Networks must support a wide range of applications and services, as well as operate over many different types of physical infrastructures.
As the Internet, and networks in general, evolve, there are four basic characteristics that the underlying architectures need to address in order to meet user expectations: fault tolerance, scalability, quality of service, and security.
You will learn more about TCP/IP in a later course in more detail.
One of the ways in which networking was codified in its early days was via the Open Systems Interconnection, or OSI, model.
This model detailed seven layers involved in the communication of data across a network:
- The Physical Layer - This layer is responsible for transmission of digital data bits from the Physical layer of the sending, or source, device over a network-communications-media to the Physical layer of the receiving (or destination) device.
- The Data Link Layer - when obtaining data from the Physical layer, the Data Link layer checks for physical transmission errors and packages bits into data 'frames'. The Data Link layer also manages physical addressing schemes such as MAC addresses.
- The Network Layer - adds the concept of routing above the Data Link layer. When data arrives at the Network layer, the source and destination addresses contained inside each frame, are examined to determine if the data has reached its final destination. Layer 3 formats the data into packets to be delivered up to the Transport layer. To support routing, the Network layer maintains logical addresses, such as IP addresses, for devices on the network.
- The Network layer also manages the mapping between these logical addresses and physical addresses. In IP networking, this mapping is accomplished through the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).
- The Transport Layer - delivers data across network connections. TCP is the most common example of a Layer 4 network protocol. Different transport protocols may support a range of optional capabilities including error recovery, flow control, and support for re-transmission.
- The Session Layer - manages the sequence and flow of events that initiate and tear down network connections. At Layer 5, it is built to support multiple types of connections that can be created dynamically and run over individual networks.
- The Presentation Layer - handles syntax processing of message data such as format conversions and encryption / decryption needed to support the Application layer above it.
- The Application Layer - supplies network services to end-user applications. Network services are typically protocols that work with user's data. For example, in a Web browser application, the Application layer protocol HTTP, packages the data needed to send and receive Web page content.
This brings us to the end of this video.
Paul began his career in digital forensics in 2001, joining the Kent Police Computer Crime Unit. In his time with the unit, he dealt with investigations covering the full range of criminality, from fraud to murder, preparing hundreds of expert witness reports and presenting his evidence at Magistrates, Family and Crown Courts. During his time with Kent, Paul gained an MSc in Forensic Computing and CyberCrime Investigation from University College Dublin.
On leaving Kent Police, Paul worked in the private sector, carrying on his digital forensics work but also expanding into eDiscovery work. He also worked for a company that developed forensic software, carrying out Research and Development work as well as training other forensic practitioners in web-browser forensics. Prior to joining QA, Paul worked at the Bank of England as a forensic investigator. Whilst with the Bank, Paul was trained in malware analysis, ethical hacking and incident response, and earned qualifications as a Certified Malware Investigator, Certified Security Testing Associate - Ethical Hacker and GIAC Certified Incident Handler. To assist with the teams malware analysis work, Paul learnt how to program in VB.Net and created a number of utilities to assist with the de-obfuscation and decoding of malware code. | {
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<urn:uuid:85426a0b-49b0-476c-942a-c58605e479a2> | Tilapia Aquaculture Project: Fisheries
- 20 Aug 2022
- 8 min read
For Prelims: India’s Fisheries Sector, Tilapia Aquaculture Project, Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojna, Aquaculture.
For Mains: Significance of India’s Fisheries Sector.
Why in News?
Inspired by Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), the Technology Development Board (TDB) has extended support to the Tilapia Aquaculture Project with Israeli Technology.
- Technology Development Board (TDB) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Science and Technology.
What is Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana?
- Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) scheme was announced in September 2020 to provide financial support for the acquisition of technologically advanced fishing vessels, deep sea fishing vessels for traditional fishermen, and fishing boats and nets for traditional fishermen.
- It envisages enhancing fish production to 220 lakh metric tons by 2024-25, at an average annual growth rate of about 9%.
- The ambitious scheme also aims to double the export earnings to Rs.1,00,000 crore and generate about 55 lakhs direct and indirect employment opportunities in the fisheries sector over a period of the next five years.
- Despite various issues faced by the sector during Covid – 19 pandemic, India has achieved all-time high exports of marine products worth USD 7,165 million from April to February 2021-22.
What is Aquaculture?
- The term aquaculture broadly refers to the cultivation of aquatic organisms in controlled aquatic environments for any commercial, recreational or public purpose.
- The breeding, rearing and harvesting of plants and animals takes place in all types of water environments including ponds, rivers, lakes, the ocean and man-made “closed” systems on land.
- Food production for human consumption,
- Rebuilding of populations of threatened and endangered species,
- Habitat restoration,
- Wild stock enhancement,
- Production of baitfish, and
- Fish culture for zoos and aquariums.
What is Tilapia?
- Tilapia, also dubbed aquatic chicken, has emerged to be one of the most productive and internationally traded fish foods in the world.
- The culture of tilapia has become commercially popular in many parts of the world and due to its quick growth and low maintenance cultivation, it was dubbed aquatic chicken.
- Tilapia is tolerant of a variety of aquaculture environments, it can be farmed in brackish or salt water and also in pond or cage systems.
What is the State of Fisheries in India?
- Fishing is the capture of aquatic organisms in marine, coastal and inland areas.
- Marine and inland fisheries, together with aquaculture, provide food, nutrition and a source of income to millions of people around the world, from harvesting, processing, marketing and distribution.
- For many it also forms part of their traditional cultural identity.
- One of the greatest threats to the sustainability of global fishery resources is illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.
- Fisheries is one of the fastest growing sectors amongst the primary producing sectors.
- India is the second largest fish producing country in the world accounting for 7.56% of global production and contributing about 1.24% to the country’s Gross Value Added (GVA) and over 7.28% to the agricultural GVA.
- India is the 4th largest exporter of fish in the world.
- The sector plays a vital role in economic and overall development of the country, also referred as the “Sunrise Sector”, it is poised to bring in immense potential through equitable and inclusive growth.
- The sector is recognized as a powerful engine for providing employment to 14.5 million people and sustaining livelihood for the 28 million fishermen community of the country.
- The fisheries sector has witnessed three major transformations in the last few years:
- The growth of inland aquaculture, specifically freshwater aquaculture.
- The mechanization of capture fisheries.
- The successful commencement of brackish water shrimp aquaculture.
- The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) points out that nearly 90% of the global marine fish stocks have either been fully exploited or overfished or depleted to the extent that recovery may not be biologically possible.
- Discharge of harmful substances like plastics and other waste into water bodies that cause devastating consequences for aquatic life.
- Changing climate.
What are the Government Initiatives for Fisheries?
UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ)
Q. Under the Kisan Credit Card scheme, short-term credit support is given to farmers for which of the following purposes? (2020)
- Working capital for maintenance of farm assets
- Purchase of combine harvesters, tractors and mini trucks
- Consumption requirements of farm households
- Post-harvest expenses
- Construction of family house and setting up of village cold storage facility
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
- The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was introduced in 1998 for providing adequate and timely credit support from the banking system under a single window with flexible and simplified procedure to the farmers for their cultivation and other needs like purchase of agriculture inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc. and draw cash for their production needs.
- The scheme was further extended in the year 2004 for the investment credit requirement of farmers viz allied and non-farm activities.
- Kisan Credit Card is provided with the following objectives:
- The short-term credit requirements for cultivation of crops,
- Post-harvest expenses, hence 4 is correct.
- Produce marketing loan,
- Consumption requirements of farmer household, hence 3 is correct.
- Working capital for maintenance of farm assets and activities allied to agriculture, like dairy animals, inland fishery, etc., hence, 1 is correct.
- Investment credit requirement for agriculture and allied activities like pumpsets, sprayers, dairy animals, etc. However, this segment forms the long term credit limit portion.
- The Kisan Credit Card Scheme is implemented by Commercial Banks, RRBs, Small Finance Banks and Cooperatives.
- The short-term credit support is not given to farmers for Purchase of combine harvesters, tractors and mini trucks and Construction of family house and setting up of village cold storage facility. Hence, 2 and 4 are not correct.
- Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
Q. Defining blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India. (2018) | {
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<urn:uuid:06c9aab7-2d8f-45c5-b6aa-6cd387a1c13e> | During my lifetime, the use of plastics has expanded exponentially. When I was young, shampoo bottles were glass, trash bags were wax coated paper, wax paper were used to wrap food and drinks from milk to soda came in glass bottles. Plastic is a wonder, but is also one of the most commonly littered items in the world.
Plastics that we use once and discard, or single-use plastics, are a growing problem of critical global proportion. Plastic is to be found littering beaches and landscapes and clogging our waste streams and landfills, the exponential growth of plastics is now threatening the survival of our planet.
Scientists studied the amount of plastics that have been manufactured since 1950’s and determined it’s fate and found that virtually all the plastic we ever made is non-degradable and is still with us. Much of the plastic ends up in landfills, or worn into smaller particles in the soil, in the ocean, or in our rivers, streams, lakes and estuaries, even in the air we breath.
The scientists estimated that more than 9,000 million metric tons of virgin plastics have been produced since the dawn of the age of plastics and found that around 9% of which had been recycled, 12% was incinerated, and 79% was accumulated in landfills or the natural environment. The amount of plastic waste keeps growing.
Plastic bottles cannot be recycled into new plastic bottles- the fibers cannot be used to make food quality plastic and have to be used for fleece, carpeting or other product. In addition, the one bin recycling which for a time was used everywhere in the U.S. became a mixed and dirty waste bin. When China adopted it National Sword policy in 2018 which essentially halted plastic and mixed waste imports that practice stopped. China once imported about half of the world’s recyclable waste. No more.
In May of last year the parties to the Basel Convention voted to amend the treaty to include waste plastic. Effective January 1, 2021 the export of import of plastic waste is prohibited by Basel parties. This will close all ports to U.S. plastic waste exports and we will have to address our problem. The Basel Convention regulates the movements around the globe of hazardous and other wastes including; toxic, poisonous, explosive, corrosive, flammable, ecologically toxic and infectious wastes. The goal of the Basel Convention is to ensure that wastes are managed and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner.
In the U.S. plastic manufacturing is regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency. However, plastic waste is mostly managed by the states under the Solid Waste Disposal Act. This is beginning to change with the U.S. EPA EPA’s the Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015
and the EPA’s Trash Free Waters program
. I have not generally, been in favor of regulations directed to change consumer behavior, but the ubiquity of plastic waste requires a coordinated action.
The most recent attempt is the Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act of 2020
which stalled out after introduction in the house. The bill makes producers of products (e.g., packaging, paper, single-use products, beverage containers, or food service products) fiscally responsible for collecting, managing, and recycling or composting the products after consumer use. In addition, the bill tries to increase the percentage of recycled content in beverage containers.
The need for some action is obvious when I’m standing in the grocery store and see shopper after shopper with carts full of single serving soda and water bottles many of the type I see again at our river cleanups. However, I do not see a way to make corporations responsible for what includes a large portion of consumer behavior. Even during the recent Covid-19 lockdown when we were all at home near the glasses we could fill with water from the sink (or our filter pitchers or refrigerator filters). Single serve, single use bottles continued to be cleared off the shelves. This is not good decision making. According to Consumer Reports (June 2020 CR.org) the U.S. our plastic recycling rates are pathetic (though better than the global averages) 76% of plastic garbage goes to landfills, 16% is incinerated, 1% is littered, and the rest recycled. This data is from a time when China was taking everything we put in the recycle bin. What we really need to do is eliminate the use of traditional plastic in many short life applications.
On solution is refillable water bottles. Another is biodegradable plastics. Chitin
can be used as a substitute for plastics in food packaging or bottles and for foam products, microbeads and other application that have made plastics so ubiquitous. Found in the exoskeletons of arthropods (shrimp, crab, lobster, insects), chitin is the second most abundant organic polymer in nature, cellulose is the most abundant. The chitin and its derivative chitosan, offers many of plastic’s desirable properties and takes only weeks or months to biodegrade, rather than centuries that petroleum based polymers take to degrade. | {
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<urn:uuid:0ae097a0-de82-4af2-b799-9ad46d65fa8c> | Worksheets, examples, and solutions to help Grade 2 students learn how to use attributes to identify and draw different quadrilaterals including rectangles, rhombuses, parallelograms, and trapezoids.
Common Core Standards: 2.G.1, 2.MD.1
Common Core Math Resources, Lesson Plans & Worksheets for all grades
Common Core Math Video Lessons, Math Worksheets and Games for Grade 2
Common Core Math Video Lessons, Math Worksheets and Games for all grades
Download Worksheets for Grade 2, Module 8, Lesson 4 (Pdf)
Lesson 4 Concept Development and Homework
Try the free Mathway calculator and
problem solver below to practice various math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own
problem and check your answer with the step-by-step explanations.
We welcome your feedback, comments and questions about this site or page. Please submit your feedback or enquiries via our Feedback page. | {
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<urn:uuid:eec10c62-17ff-4e5a-903f-ecc00f54b823> | Salt Fork of the Arkansas River
My rambles last weekend took me west into Oklahoma. A family function – fortunately not a funeral for once – was the main reason for the trip, but while there I decided it would be a good time for a return visit to the Great Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge. Located in northwestern Oklahoma near the town of Cherokee — about 120 miles west of Tulsa — the refuge presents an interesting blend of geological and natural history.
The area officially became a protected wildlife refuge in 1930 because of its position as a part of the western American flyway. More than 300 species of birds use the 32,000-acre site as a stopover during fall and spring migration or as a breeding ground. This area is critically important for the endangered whooping crane population that stops by on its fall migration. It is the single most important site for migratory wading shore birds such as sandpipers, bitterns and others.
My rambles in late March had me in the Kansas City area where I stumbled onto Fort Osage, the first trading “factory” established in 1808 on the Missouri River. There, I learned of George Sibley, the head of the factory, who had good relationships with the Osage. At the time the Osage considered all of the Ozarks, much of Kansas and a big swath of Oklahoma as their territory, including the salt plains region on the Salt Fork of the Arkansas River. In 1811, he made an expedition to the region, becoming the first European to venture into this part of the prairie region. There he found Osage collecting salt and trading with other tribes to cure buffalo hides.
The refuge is divided almost equally into a barren salt flat crusted white with salt, lake and forested area, providing for the habitat needs for all the creatures that call it home. Though the area looks more or less flat, the salt flat is the low point of a bowl, so over the eons salt and other minerals have accumulated. About two feet below the surface of the flat you strike a salty brine that provides the salty solution that is left behind on the surface when water evaporates.
But in this salty substrate a second kind of crystal is formed, one called selenite – basically a crystalline form of gypsum. There is an open season on crystal digging – from April 1 through October 15 – when the weather is warm enough to make mucking around in the wet mud more pleasant and to not interfere with the migration of any of the bird species that stop there. I made my visit on opening weekend and grubbed around with a hundred or so families as they sought these buried gems.
Truthfully these are not the prettiest crystals. Instead of being colorless, each crystal forms with an hour-glass shaped inclusion of brown clay trapped inside the otherwise clear crystal. Once we got the hang of finding them, they were plentiful. On top of the sandflat was a layer of about four inches of sand. Beneath that was a layer of silty red soil. It was in the top few inches of this layer where the crystals formed.
Unlike the lead and zinc crystals found in the Tri-State mining district that formed from minerals welling up from great depths, these form from the concentration of surface minerals being washed into the shallow bowl surrounding the salt flats. Surface evaporation concentrates the brine and the crystals grow.
Most of the crystals were pinkie-finger wide but flattened and about two inches in length and shaped like a stiletto blade. The slightly offset crystal line down the length of the crystal ends in a 45-degree angle on each side of the tip. A few large ones were the size of my thumb but nowhere near the size of selenite crystals found in a mine in Mexico that were over 40 feet long and weight 70 tons. But, because they were so easy to find and appeared in such abundance, digging them up was a lot of fun. The families with little children were having similar luck, so a good time was had by all.
Apparently, my trip was a bit late to see any sandhill cranes and at the wrong season to see the pelicans, but the preserve is a place worth stopping to see what species might be moving through the area at various times during the year. | {
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<urn:uuid:55324b21-f9f4-4449-abd7-956bb2b9e8ed> | Education systems worldwide face the challenge of balancing a desire to raise young readers’ attainment, whilst simultaneously seeking to create vibrant reading communities of readers within and beyond school. Many countries, cognisant of the bidirectional relationship between reading attainment and positive attitudes to reading, evidenced, for example, in the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study and Programme for International Student Assessment data, are now paying increased attention to the concepts of reader engagement and reading for pleasure in both policy and practice. Research too is examining related issues such as: gender, parental involvement, the tensions which exist for schools when reading for pleasure is mandated, practices which purport to foster reader engagement, the role of rich texts in nurturing young readers, and the relationship between and influences upon teachers’ and students’ identities as readers.
This Special Issue of Literacy seeks to bring into the spotlight accounts of recent empirical research which foreground the issue of volitional reading by children and young people in the context of the English and/or literacy classroom in a range of educational settings and beyond. We invite scholars researching in this area to submit abstracts to both the co-editors for consideration by 13 February 2017 or to submit full papers by 31 July 2017.
Special Issue Editors: Teresa Cremin and Gemma Moss.
Deadline for submissions: 31st July 2017
Date of publication: May 2018:
Please use the Wiley Scholar One system: https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/literacy
Please see author guidelines on the Literacy homepage: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1741-4369/homepage/ForAuthors.html | {
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<urn:uuid:451080e3-2489-470e-80dc-b1890c50c33a> | Many predictions to the outcome of the humans and artificial intelligence take an either/or approach.
Skynet is determined to end the human race in The Terminator. In The Matrix, the machines have learned to farm humans for battery power. Then, there are the reports that AI beats the best Go and Chess players in the world, and there is no shot for a human victory.
These views make it seem that in order to win, humans must exist free of computer control. A more likely outcome—a better picture of success—is to say, “We found our peace through AI/human augmentation.”
AI/human augmentation is a view that sees the story of humans and machines as one of cooperation. It puts the human in the driver seat and focuses on how AI becomes assistive to enhancing human capabilities—like with hearing, seeing, and making decisions. Communication is an important factor to AI human augmentation. Communication can happen through sensors, human-in-the-loop learning, user surveys. Finally, our ability to create, detect, and communicate with these AIs, depends on how we believe they work.
AI/human augmentation is the most plausible look at the future of human computer interactions and deserves more attention.
What is human augmentation?
“Computers are like a bicycle for our minds.”–Steve Jobs
Computers were a leap in tool-building that made people far more capable than before. Computers allowed people to:
- Solve a problem once.
- Write lines of code to perform it.
- Let a computer perform the task over and over.
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has inserted itself as a prologue to these steps in problem solving. It is in this step of human decision-making that AI is having its profound impact.
AI has allowed a developer to solve how to make a decision around the same problem. Before, when a similar problem presented itself, a developer would have to sit down and write another program to tackle this new variation in the problem. But with AI, the developer is tasked with defining the scope of the problem, and then allowing the AI to make the decision for what the outcome should be.
AI/human augmentation example
In a brief example, an engineer must meet the requirements to construct the design of a building. An engineer needs to know whether 2x6s or 2x12s can cover the span from wall to wall. If there is a second floor, can the joists support the weight of the people walking on the floor? If there is a roof load passed to the floor system, are the beams and joists large enough to support the weight passed to them?
Given the design, the engineer has options on how to best engineer the ceiling and roof system in order to:
- Cost the least amount of money in timber costs
- Continue to support the structure
If the engineer were a computer developer, however, perhaps they could create a program with a guided set of rules to engineer the house for them. The limitation in previous computer programs has been that, for each new house the engineer would build, he would have to create a new program to do the engineering of the house. Every new design will be governed by the same rules (a 2×6 can only support so much weight—its variable is constant across houses).
Here is where the AI comes into play: AI lets the engineer write a piece of software that can do the engineering for all houses instead of having to write a new one each time a new design comes across their table.
AI helps humans
When the AI is created to make decisions around common problems, and used to assist in making decisions, the relationship between person and AI actually transforms who people are.
The very things people can accomplish changes. The day-to-day activities people perform changes. People are no longer set to fixate in one domain, solving the same problem over and over. Instead, people can:
- Travel across many domains.
- Understand a domain’s problem.
- Create an AI to tackle that problem.
Benefits of AI (Does AI destroy jobs—or do we?)
In the human-AI dance, aside from human extinction, the primary concern people have is that AI is going to eliminate many jobs.
I must say, jobs have always had a lifecycle. Airline pilots used to be a top-of-society, high-end job. Banking and finance took a top spot in the ‘80s. These things change based on:
- Skill levels
- Available technologies
Next, having old jobs persist into the future is not an appropriate standard by which to measure society.
If, suddenly, there were no more oil jobs because everyone worked at nuclear plants—because that is the energy in demand—that is not a bad thing. It is an adjustment to the times. If there were still floors of telephone switchboard operators in existence in today’s labor market, it’d be easy to wonder, “Why is that company still doing things that way?”
Instead of being concerned about AI eliminating jobs, the real questions we ask should be:
- Are there enough new jobs for people to get into?
- Are training and education easily accessible and affordable?
- Is there plenty of investment money in circulation to take risks on new industries and new ideas that lead to creating places for new workers to work?
The effect AI/human augmentation has on the market is, of course, eliminating old ones—but that is not the only thing, nor is that a bad thing.
AI helps focus people, work
AI’s entering the marketplace will also remove the remedial day-to-day tasks and let people work on the things that matter.
It can remove those parts of the workday nobody looks forward to doing. Whether it is because it is a communication hell or it is a lot of minute, detailed work, alone in a dark room which has to get done so food can be put on the table…all those things, AI is ripe to assist with!
People can use AI to eliminate the dull times, and place greater human attention on those things that matter. People can perfect their roles in certain areas. It is the elimination of simple tasks. It is more quality time spent doing the things that matter. Some will be gone, but new ones will also be created.
In photo or video editing, for instance, instead of spending hours editing a photo to include a person who was not present in the original photo, the editing can just be done by using the Photoshop technology with perfect blurring, lighting, and blending techniques. Honestly, you might not even know there is AI being used in the background.
The features and the things that you are capable of will increase—and they’ll increase in complexity. (But only for those who knew how it used to be done. Young eyes get to start with this tech and see how it transforms over time.)
The photo’s creator just has to give direction to what exactly they want. The photographer can spend more time trying to communicate their message, and less time doing the actual engineering.
AI enables people as creative curators
If an AI can fill in a lot of the processing steps, people have more time to iterate over different designs before selecting their final one.
In architecture, the design process might work similar to photos. The designers can say, we want walls here, here, and here. Then the AI, which can do all the structural engineering to ensure the building stands and passes city codes, can figure out how to construct the layout. If it is not liked, the designers can undo it, and try another variation.
In a perfect setup, people’s roles can shift from doing the grunt work to actually designing. Industries where people’s roles turn into creative curators:
Perfect elimination of the grunt work is a look at the ideal, but there will always be some form of new thing. As people relieve themselves from one challenging endeavor, they start using their newly freed time to push the boundaries of the new technology, ultimately creating a new problem.
Animation has been happening through various technological forms for 100+ years, and, even with computers and AI used to help, there are now more people working on a team to create an animated film than there were 100 years ago.
People as relatable entities
People are still the best at being people. This is both good and valuable. It sets the parameters around the human entity.
While machines might assist with making decisions, there still exist lots of emotional tensions, struggles, and hardships that people help each other get through. There will always be this necessary component.
Human augmentation example: AI in education
I think one opportunity where AI/human augmentation can present a clear and present shift is with teachers. I am the son of a high school teacher, and I only speak about this from the heart.
Like how an AI can make better moves across a chess board to defeat an opponent, an AI might become the best at selecting the “when and how” to dispense knowledge to educate a student. The AI could do the laborious tasks:
- Creating a curriculum
- Designing a syllabus
- Grading tests
The value of using an AI is to define the problem space and allow the AI to create many unique solutions. That means an AI can create a unique educational path for each student—which is far beyond the capabilities of any educational institution today.
The best organizational structure schools have found, thus far, is to create two or three different paths with a base-level path, then one or two accelerated path options (i.e.; AP and IB classes). More variation comes in the extracurriculars students get themselves into.
For education, this use of AI actually sounds great: Students can take a path suited to them, driven by their curiosity, and move down it at their own pace.
With AI in the mix, the teacher’s role is necessary because the presentation of new information is always met with resistance by a learner, and students handle the moment in various ways. The teacher becomes the students’ guide to instill discipline when approaching new topics. They:
- Encourage to persist through the struggle
- Act as a soundboard for feedback
And, with their lesson planning offloaded, teachers have the time to tend to this core responsibility. Teachers act as guides to knowledge acquisition, not dispensers of knowledge.
AI supports focused problem solving
The clear definition of success makes the use of AI in education possible. Papers are graded, and, by the end, the goal is to have a higher-level understanding of the maths, sciences, and the humanities.
Outside the educational world, however, once a person enters life—“the real world”—the path to success is not so clearly defined. It is not agreed upon, and it is not measured by passing grades, nor has another level of achievement.
Life is harder, maybe even impossible, to define what a “win” might be, yet we continue attempting to define the game. For example, there are paths through college, careers, family-planning, homeownership, and probably… I have lost a few people already in what qualifies as a successful path through life.
What is a successful life? This is far too broad of a problem for AI to solve. And it’s likely the wrong way of thinking about this.
Because AIs have limitations, the kinds of applications that come from AI/human augmentation are therefore limited. An AI cannot assist with broad problems like designing choices through life, but it can assist with narrow scopes like:
- Improving your grammar
- Making your choices on a chess board better
- Knowing when a person has a grasp on algebra, and what math comes next
Challenges of AI (AIs require new work)
AI presents its own challenges to operate. AI is not a perfectly running machine. It has all its own maintenance requirements.
In the new, booming AI industry, new jobs arrive that have both low-skill and high-skill labor options. The upkeep requirements to build and maintain a good AI in turn creates other jobs.
(Learn more about data annotation, technical debt & performance monitoring.)
AI/human augmentation is the step towards AGI
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is the holy grail of the AI world right now. AGI is built around the idea that a single AI can have the general intelligence of a human. But, because of how varied the human intellect is, and how fragmented all data collection and uses are, at present, it is infeasible to build an AGI.
The success of an AGI is dependent on:
- The number of points of contact between AI and human
- The kinds of data which passes between the two
It only makes sense, then, that AI/human augmentation is a necessary step towards building an AGI because it creates more points of contact though the apps that get created, and the data flow will continue to increase as the complexity of the interfaces increase. Whether an AGI is the goal or not, AI applications will continue to be developed to enhance human ability—which only helps the cause of AGI and makes its outcome seem certain.
- AGI requires more data to map human behaviors and decision-making.
- AI/human interfaces provide exactly this.
So, AGI is going to be built at some point. Whether there exists any fear over this depends on how you choose to grant an entity the right to communicate and engage with negotiation, and, in a similar vein, but from another angle, which devil you choose to assume exists.
The science of communication
The tech isn’t itself the problem. The blame comes down to the person designing it. An AGI isn’t necessarily bad, but, through its design, maybe it comes off as tyrannical.
Norbert Wiener is considered the originator of cybernetics, defined as the science of communication as it relates to living things and machines. The key here being communication. The communication between machines and living things has many potential states: It can exist, not exist, grow dull, be adversarial, and so much more.
His book Human Use of Human Beings (1950) has stood the test of time, and rings with clarity today. He articulates a particular aspect of human-computer interactions which define the human, how communication occurs, and how machines learn. Furthermore, it defines the kinds of cultural visions, the goods and bads, of what should be believed in if we are to be successful in our human pursuits to live.
Wiener places limits on chaos and what the nature of that chaos should be if a scientist is to make any progress in their pursuit to understand it. This is precisely the consideration that needs to take place if people are to create a superintelligent AI. If AGI is to ever reach beyond the point of interpretability, then designers need to create aims towards making it the AI’s goal to make itself communicable and predictable so scientific judgements can be made.
In such a case, Wiener defines two kinds of opponents— ‘devils’ as he calls them—a person can face when trying to communicate. In Wiener’s view, there are the Manichaen and Augustinian devils.
- The Manichean Devil is the tricky and crafty opponent. He keeps his policy of confusion secret. If we show we are ever close to figuring out its secret, it will change its policy to keep us in the dark.
- The Augustinian Devil can be understood and does not actively try to confuse.
In communication between entities, if the result is to reach understanding and an agreement, it is the Augustinian Devil people wish to be in a game with. The intent of the AGI will be to reach some understanding. But, if the opponent is Manichaen, the two parties can never reach any kind of understanding because the Manichaen devil will actively change if it ever sees us as getting close to understanding. Wiener says, the devil the scientist faces “is the devil of confusion, not of wilful malice”.
So, the question we must ask is:
Will the AI that is created work towards an understanding (be Augustinian) or work towards mystifying and confusion (be Manichean)?
The answer people give to this question defines whether the AI and human relationship will work in harmony or with contention.
(See how people harness AI for cyberattacks.)
When is AI too far?
In an AI-assisted world, through the view of augmented AI, it is not AI or AGI which should cause fear. Likely the “willful malice” that could get baked into an AI would be built by a person, and not an outcome determined by the AI itself.
Caution, then, is not of the technology itself, but of people who do not know when to stop. The caution is about those who are trying to build the path to God. Those who wish to extend far beyond their own limitations and make the world a better place. They think they can tread on old grounds, people’s homes, and show a better way.
As much as computer technology is advancing, so too can progress be made in cultural and societal technologies so people grow an understanding for:
- Who and what they are
- How to partake in societies
- What their limits are
- Where their freedoms lie
No matter how great or successful a person, or a people, becomes, they must always operate in time. Time is the great equalizer. And, in the great song of life, as much as you think you can pull people along, and accelerate their lives and their situations, you can only rush the beat.
AGI is not the threat, but people who think their technological answer is everyone’s answer run the risk of destroying the harmonies of the song. Ensembles can gather to a new beat once multiple locations recognize where the beat should be, and more and more people dance to its pulse.
- BMC Machine Learning & Big Data Blog
- 4 Types of Artificial Intelligence
- Data Architecture Explained: Components, Standards & Changing Architectures
- Supervised, Unsupervised & Other Machine Learning Methods
- DataOps Explained: Understand how DataOps leverages analytics to drive actionable business insights
- Data Ethics for Companies | {
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