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closed_qa
[ { "content": "Marketing Automation is a subset of customer relationship management (CRM) or customer experience management (CXM) that focuses on the definition, segmentation, scheduling and tracking of marketing campaigns. The use of marketing automation makes processes that would otherwise have been performed manually much more efficient and makes new processes possible. Marketing Automation can be defined as a process where technology is used to automate several repetitive tasks that are undertaken on a regular basis in a marketing campaign.\n\nMarketing Automation platforms allow marketers to automate and simplify client communication by managing complex omnichannel marketing strategies from a single tool. Marketing Automation assists greatly in areas like Lead Generation, Segmentation, Lead nurturing and lead scoring, Relationship marketing, Cross-sell and upsell, Retention, Marketing ROI measurement. Effective marketing automation tools leverage data from a separate or integrated CRM to understand customer impact and preferences. What is Marketing Automation?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Marketing Automation is software that helps marketers to do create efficient online and offline campaigns. It's part of CRM suite and people usually integrate it with their salesforce application and marketing website. The Marketing Automation platform allows marketers to automate and simplify customer communication by managing multi communication channels. This includes personalized email, dynamic web pages, digital banners, social media and more. People use it for lead generation, segmentation and nurturing and lead scoring. Post-sales marketers also use Marketing Automation for cross-sell, upsell and retention marketing. In", "role": "assistant" } ]
Marketing Automation is a subset of customer relationship management (CRM) or customer experience management (CXM) that focuses on the definition, segmentation, scheduling and tracking of marketing campaigns. The use of marketing automation makes processes that would otherwise have been performed manually much more efficient and makes new processes possible. Marketing Automation can be defined as a process where technology is used to automate several repetitive tasks that are undertaken on a regular basis in a marketing campaign. Marketing Automation platforms allow marketers to automate and simplify client communication by managing complex omnichannel marketing strategies from a single tool. Marketing Automation assists greatly in areas like Lead Generation, Segmentation, Lead nurturing and lead scoring, Relationship marketing, Cross-sell and upsell, Retention, Marketing ROI measurement. Effective marketing automation tools leverage data from a separate or integrated CRM to understand customer impact and preferences. What is Marketing Automation?
general_qa
[ { "content": "What is Fascism and what is the historical context?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Historians, political scientists, and other scholars have long debated the exact nature of fascism. Historian Ian Kershaw once wrote that \"trying to define 'fascism' is like trying to nail jelly to the wall. Each different group described as fascist has at least some unique elements, and many definitions of fascism have been criticized as either too broad or too narrow.\n\nFascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition. Belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation and race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. Since the end of World War II in 1945, few parties have openly described themselves as fascist; the term is more often used pejoratively by political opponents. The descriptions of neo-fascist or post-fascist are sometimes employed to describe contemporary parties with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th-century fascist movements. \n\nThe first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, before spreading to other European countries, most notably Germany. Fascism also had adherents outside of Europe. Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought massive changes to the nature of war, society, the state, and technology. Fascism rejects assertions that violence is inherently bad and views imperialism, political violence and war as means to national rejuvenation. Fascists often advocate for the establishment of a totalitarian one-party state. Fascism's extreme authoritarianism and nationalism often manifests as belief in racial purity or a master race, usually blended with some variant of racism or bigotry against a demonized \"Other\" that is seen as an existential threat.", "role": "assistant" } ]
What is Fascism and what is the historical context?
creative_writing
[ { "content": "Write an email to a butcher asking how much and what types of meats would be best for a BBQ for 20 people. And ask for a quote.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Hi <name of Butcher>, I need to organise a meat order for an upcoming BBQ for 20 people. Could you please suggest some cuts of meat and some quantities for that number of people. Could I also please get a quote for the total quantity. Kind regards, <name>.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Write an email to a butcher asking how much and what types of meats would be best for a BBQ for 20 people. And ask for a quote.
open_qa
[ { "content": "What is the capital of Alaska?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Juneau is the capital", "role": "assistant" } ]
What is the capital of Alaska?
classification
[ { "content": "Is Dosa a South Indian Food?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "A dose, also called dosai, dosey, dwashi, dosa or dosha is a thin pancake in South Indian cuisine made from a fermented batter of ground black lentils and rice.\n\nDosas originated in South India, but its precise geographical origins are unknown. According to historian P. Thankappan Nair, dosa originated in the town of Udupi in present-day Karnataka. However, according to food historian K. T. Achaya, references in the Sangam literature suggest that dosa was already in use in the ancient Tamil country around the 1st century CE. Achaya states that the earliest written mention of dosa appears in literature of present-day Tamil Nadu, in the 8th century, while the earliest mention of dosa in the Kannada literature appears a century later.\n\nIn popular tradition, the origin of the dosa is linked to Udupi, probably because of the dish's association with Udupi restaurants. The Tamil dosai is softer and thicker. The thinner and crispier version of dosa was first made in present-day Karnataka. A recipe for dosa can be found in Manasollasa, a 12th-century Sanskrit encyclopedia compiled by Someshvara III, who ruled from present-day Karnataka.\n\nAfter the Independence of India, South Indian cuisine became gradually popular in the North. In Delhi, the Madras Hotel in Connaught Place became one of the first restaurants to serve South Indian cuisine. It arrived in Mumbai with the Udupi restaurants in the 1930s.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Is Dosa a South Indian Food?
classification
[ { "content": "Tell me whether these songs are performed by Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds or by Radiohead: Karma Police, The Good Son, The Mercy Seat, Creep, Planet Telex, Deanna, Pyramid Song, Airbag, Tupelo, Into My Arms, The National Anthem, Morning Bell, Lament, Idioteque, Red Right Hand, Straight To You", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The following songs are performed by Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds:\nThe Good Son, The Mercy Seat, Deanna, Tupelo, Into My Arms, Lament, Red Right Hand, Straight To You\nThe following songs are performed by Radiohead:\nKarma Police, Creep, Planet Telex, Pyramid Song, Airbag, The National Anthem, Morning Bell, Idioteque,", "role": "assistant" } ]
Tell me whether these songs are performed by Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds or by Radiohead: Karma Police, The Good Son, The Mercy Seat, Creep, Planet Telex, Deanna, Pyramid Song, Airbag, Tupelo, Into My Arms, The National Anthem, Morning Bell, Lament, Idioteque, Red Right Hand, Straight To You
general_qa
[ { "content": "I am thinking of going to yoga. What type of class is good for me?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "It depends upon many factors. If you are a beginner there are low heat classes like yin or hatha or restore. If you would like a good workout, you can go to a high heat vinyasa class.", "role": "assistant" } ]
I am thinking of going to yoga. What type of class is good for me?
brainstorming
[ { "content": "What are five totally distinct, creative ways to describe the usefulness of a broken stapler?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "While a broken stapler may not have many obvious uses, there are a few ways to find utility from this broken piece of office equipment. First, and as long as the stapler is broken, Stephen Root, otherwise known as Milton from Office Space, would no longer have a reason to take revenge on Initech. Secondly, you can use the broken stapler to store additional staples for staplers that are in fact working. A third use, depending on the nature of the break, would be to use the stapler to get a refund from Office Max. Fourth, it could be used as a prank in the office to watch people attempt to staple pieces of paper after using the copy machine (as long as the copy machine, another notoriously broken piece of office equipment, actually works). Lastly, and probably most obvious, a broken stapler could be used as a paper weight.", "role": "assistant" } ]
What are five totally distinct, creative ways to describe the usefulness of a broken stapler?
summarization
[ { "content": "The citric acid cycle (CAC)—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The Krebs cycle is used by organisms that respire (as opposed to organisms that ferment) to generate energy, either by anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration. In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids, as well as the reducing agent NADH, that are used in numerous other reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest components of metabolism and may have originated abiogenically. Even though it is branded as a 'cycle', it is not necessary for metabolites to follow only one specific route; at least three alternative segments of the citric acid cycle have been recognized.\n\nThe name of this metabolic pathway is derived from the citric acid (a tricarboxylic acid, often called citrate, as the ionized form predominates at biological pH) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. The cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, releasing carbon dioxide. The NADH generated by the citric acid cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.\n\nIn eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, which lack mitochondria, the citric acid cycle reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.\n\nFor each pyruvate molecule (from glycolysis), the overall yield of energy-containing compounds from the citric acid cycle is three NADH, one FADH2, and one GTP. Give me a summary of how the citric acid cycle works", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The citric acid cycle is used by organisms to generate energy. This is achieved through a series of chemical reactions that occur in mitochondria to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.", "role": "assistant" } ]
The citric acid cycle (CAC)—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The Krebs cycle is used by organisms that respire (as opposed to organisms that ferment) to generate energy, either by anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration. In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids, as well as the reducing agent NADH, that are used in numerous other reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest components of metabolism and may have originated abiogenically. Even though it is branded as a 'cycle', it is not necessary for metabolites to follow only one specific route; at least three alternative segments of the citric acid cycle have been recognized. The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from the citric acid (a tricarboxylic acid, often called citrate, as the ionized form predominates at biological pH) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. The cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, releasing carbon dioxide. The NADH generated by the citric acid cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP. In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, which lack mitochondria, the citric acid cycle reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. For each pyruvate molecule (from glycolysis), the overall yield of energy-containing compounds from the citric acid cycle is three NADH, one FADH2, and one GTP. Give me a summary of how the citric acid cycle works
brainstorming
[ { "content": "What are your favorite musical instruments?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Guitar, flute, bagpipes, cello, saxophone.", "role": "assistant" } ]
What are your favorite musical instruments?
closed_qa
[ { "content": "David Allan Farrish (born August 1, 1956) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played 430 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the New York Rangers, Quebec Nordiques, and Toronto Maple Leafs between 1976 and 1984. He featured in the 1979 Stanley Cup Finals with the Rangers.\n\nHe also played in the American Hockey League and won the Eddie Shore Award as the league's best defenceman during the 1981–82 season. After his playing career Farrish worked as a coach. Given a reference text about David Allan Farrish, tell me how many games he played in the NHL.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "David Allan Farrish played 430 games in the NHL.", "role": "assistant" } ]
David Allan Farrish (born August 1, 1956) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played 430 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the New York Rangers, Quebec Nordiques, and Toronto Maple Leafs between 1976 and 1984. He featured in the 1979 Stanley Cup Finals with the Rangers. He also played in the American Hockey League and won the Eddie Shore Award as the league's best defenceman during the 1981–82 season. After his playing career Farrish worked as a coach. Given a reference text about David Allan Farrish, tell me how many games he played in the NHL.
brainstorming
[ { "content": "Give me some tips for cooking the best bolognese sauce.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "In order to cook bolognese sauce, it is important to use quality ingredients. You're going to need the following: Italian tomato sauce, onion, celery, carrot, minced meat, extra virgin olive oil, salt, white or red wine and milk. Here are some useful tips:\n\n- Take your time. Cooking a great bolognese sauce takes at least 4 hours. Set the stove level at low.\n- Start by cooking the \"sofritto\". This is a mix of chopped onions, celery and carrots. -\n- Add the meat to the \"sofritto\". Be sure to seal it so it doesn't leak water into your sauce. \n- Add some wine and boil it completely.\n- When there is no liquid left, add the tomato sauce and some water, and cook it for at 3 to 5 hours. You can add more water during the process if needed.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Give me some tips for cooking the best bolognese sauce.
information_extraction
[ { "content": "There are many different types of cheese. Cheeses can be grouped or classified according to criteria such as length of fermentation, texture, methods of production, fat content, animal milk, and country or region of origin. The method most commonly and traditionally used is based on moisture content, which is then further narrowed down by fat content and curing or ripening methods. The criteria may either be used singly or in combination, with no single method being universally used. From the provided paragraph, write a bulleted list of how cheeses can be grouped.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "* Length of fermentation\n* Texture\n* Methods of production\n* Fat content\n* Animal milk\n* Country or region of origin", "role": "assistant" } ]
There are many different types of cheese. Cheeses can be grouped or classified according to criteria such as length of fermentation, texture, methods of production, fat content, animal milk, and country or region of origin. The method most commonly and traditionally used is based on moisture content, which is then further narrowed down by fat content and curing or ripening methods. The criteria may either be used singly or in combination, with no single method being universally used. From the provided paragraph, write a bulleted list of how cheeses can be grouped.
summarization
[ { "content": "Pinot noir's home is France's Burgundy region, particularly Côte-d'Or. It is also planted in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, northern parts of Croatia, Czech Republic, England, the Republic of Georgia, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Hungary, Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, New Zealand, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Switzerland, Ukraine, United States, and Uruguay. The United States has increasingly become a major pinot noir producer, with some of the best regarded coming from Oregon's Willamette Valley, and California's Sonoma County with its Russian River Valley and Sonoma Coast appellations. Lesser-known appellations are found in Mendocino County's Anderson Valley, the Central Coast's Santa Lucia Highlands appellation, the Santa Maria Valley, and Sta. Rita Hills American Viticulture Area in Santa Barbara County. In New Zealand, it is principally grown in Martinborough, Marlborough, Waipara, and Central Otago. From this paragraph please summarize the notable California regions where pinot noir is produced.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Notable California regions that produce pinot noir include Sonoma County (Russian River Valley and Sonoma Coast), Mendocino County (Anderson Valley), Central Coast (Santa Lucia Highlands), and Santa Barbara County (Santa Maria Valley, Sta. Rita Hills American Viticulture Area).", "role": "assistant" } ]
Pinot noir's home is France's Burgundy region, particularly Côte-d'Or. It is also planted in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, northern parts of Croatia, Czech Republic, England, the Republic of Georgia, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Hungary, Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, New Zealand, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Switzerland, Ukraine, United States, and Uruguay. The United States has increasingly become a major pinot noir producer, with some of the best regarded coming from Oregon's Willamette Valley, and California's Sonoma County with its Russian River Valley and Sonoma Coast appellations. Lesser-known appellations are found in Mendocino County's Anderson Valley, the Central Coast's Santa Lucia Highlands appellation, the Santa Maria Valley, and Sta. Rita Hills American Viticulture Area in Santa Barbara County. In New Zealand, it is principally grown in Martinborough, Marlborough, Waipara, and Central Otago. From this paragraph please summarize the notable California regions where pinot noir is produced.
general_qa
[ { "content": "Why is security important for organizations?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Organizations are typically focused on executing on their mission and taking care of their customers' needs. Security often feels like it is an unnecessary overhead, it actually slows one down from being able to focus on the core of their mission - kind of feels like brakes on a car. How fast would you go in a car without brakes? It turns out that security (like brakes) does slow you down, but also is the reason you are willing to go fast.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Why is security important for organizations?
open_qa
[ { "content": "What is industrial espionage?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Industrial espionage, economic espionage, corporate spying, or corporate espionage is a form of espionage conducted for commercial purposes instead of purely national security. \nWhile political espionage is conducted or orchestrated by governments and is international in scope, industrial or corporate espionage is more often national and occurs between companies or corporations.", "role": "assistant" } ]
What is industrial espionage?
brainstorming
[ { "content": "Why is my car making a funny noise?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "There are many reasons why vehicles make abnormal noises. It is recommended that a mechanic is involved to take a look at the car. Potential problems may include: broken transmission, old brakes, battery needs to be replaced, an old or flat tire.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Why is my car making a funny noise?
classification
[ { "content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Onavillu, Lotar", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Lotar is string, Onavillu is percussion.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Onavillu, Lotar
closed_qa
[ { "content": "The Three-Body Problem (Chinese: 三体; lit. 'Three-Body') is a science fiction novel written by the Chinese writer Liu Cixin. The title refers to the three-body problem in orbital mechanics. It is the first novel of the Remembrance of Earth's Past (Chinese: 地球往事) trilogy, but the whole series is often referred to as Three-Body. The trilogy's second and third novels are The Dark Forest and Death's End, respectively.\nThe first volume of The Three-Body Problem was originally serialized in Science Fiction World in 2006 and published as a standalone book in 2008, becoming one of the most successful Chinese science fiction novels of the last two decades. The novel received the Chinese Science Fiction Yinhe (\"Galaxy\") Award in 2006 along with many more over the years. By 2015, a Chinese film adaptation of the same name was in production.\n\nThe English translation by Ken Liu was published by Tor Books in 2014. Thereafter, it became the first Asian novel ever to win a Hugo Award for Best Novel, and was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel.\n\nThe series portrays a fictional past, present and future where, in the first book, Earth encounters an alien civilization in a nearby star system that consists of three solar-type stars orbiting each other in an unstable three-body system. tell me about the three body problem novel", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Three body problem is a breaking through science friction book written by Cixin Liu,a chinese novelist. The book has a macro imagination and profound perspective about human beings, society , nature and the entire universe. It is considered the number one science fiction book in China.", "role": "assistant" } ]
The Three-Body Problem (Chinese: 三体; lit. 'Three-Body') is a science fiction novel written by the Chinese writer Liu Cixin. The title refers to the three-body problem in orbital mechanics. It is the first novel of the Remembrance of Earth's Past (Chinese: 地球往事) trilogy, but the whole series is often referred to as Three-Body. The trilogy's second and third novels are The Dark Forest and Death's End, respectively. The first volume of The Three-Body Problem was originally serialized in Science Fiction World in 2006 and published as a standalone book in 2008, becoming one of the most successful Chinese science fiction novels of the last two decades. The novel received the Chinese Science Fiction Yinhe ("Galaxy") Award in 2006 along with many more over the years. By 2015, a Chinese film adaptation of the same name was in production. The English translation by Ken Liu was published by Tor Books in 2014. Thereafter, it became the first Asian novel ever to win a Hugo Award for Best Novel, and was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel. The series portrays a fictional past, present and future where, in the first book, Earth encounters an alien civilization in a nearby star system that consists of three solar-type stars orbiting each other in an unstable three-body system. tell me about the three body problem novel
classification
[ { "content": "Classify each instrument as a woodwind, string, brass, or percussion: trumpet, violin, oboe, french horn, bassoon, cymbal, cello, clarinet, trombone, triangle, piccolo, flute, harp, tuba, snare drum", "role": "user" }, { "content": "A violin, cello, and harp are classified as a string instrument. An oboe, bassoon, clarinet, piccolo, and flute are classified as a woodwind instrument. A trumpet, french horn, trombone, and tuba are classified as a brass instrument. A triangle, cymbal, and snare drum are classified as a percussion instrument.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Classify each instrument as a woodwind, string, brass, or percussion: trumpet, violin, oboe, french horn, bassoon, cymbal, cello, clarinet, trombone, triangle, piccolo, flute, harp, tuba, snare drum
open_qa
[ { "content": "Where does the sun rise and set?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The sun rises in the east, and sets in the west.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Where does the sun rise and set?
classification
[ { "content": "Which items on this list are scientific instruments and which are musical instruments: guitar, microscope, drums, petri dish, piano, trumpet, and bunsen burner.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The scientific instruments on this list include the microscope, petri dish and bunsen burner, and the musical instruments are the guitar, drums, piano, and trumpet.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Which items on this list are scientific instruments and which are musical instruments: guitar, microscope, drums, petri dish, piano, trumpet, and bunsen burner.
classification
[ { "content": "Tell me whether these are alcoholic drinks or non-alcoholic drinks: soda, wine, milk, beer, fruit juice, sparkling water, vodka, tequila", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Soda: non-alcoholic\nWine: alcoholic\nMilk: non-alcoholic\nBeer: alcoholic\nFruit juice: non-alcoholic\nSparkling water: non-alcoholic\nVodka: alcoholic\nTequila: alcoholic", "role": "assistant" } ]
Tell me whether these are alcoholic drinks or non-alcoholic drinks: soda, wine, milk, beer, fruit juice, sparkling water, vodka, tequila
open_qa
[ { "content": "What is Intel Xeon good for?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Intel's Xeon line of processors is intended for business workstations and servers. For servers and workstations running data-intensive applications, particularly those that are mission-critical, Xeon CPUs are the best option.", "role": "assistant" } ]
What is Intel Xeon good for?
classification
[ { "content": "Categorize the below types of organisms.\nbacteriophages, coccus, bacillus, spiral, coryneform, filamentous", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Bacteria - coccus, bacillus, spiral, coryneform, filamentous\nVirus - bacteriophages", "role": "assistant" } ]
Categorize the below types of organisms. bacteriophages, coccus, bacillus, spiral, coryneform, filamentous
summarization
[ { "content": "House (also called House, M.D.) is an American medical drama television series that originally ran on the Fox network for eight seasons, from November 16, 2004, to May 21, 2012. The series' main character is Dr. Gregory House (Hugh Laurie), an unconventional, misanthropic medical genius who, despite his dependence on pain medication, leads a team of diagnosticians at the fictional Princeton–Plainsboro Teaching Hospital (PPTH) in New Jersey. The series' premise originated with Paul Attanasio, while David Shore, who is credited as creator, was primarily responsible for the conception of the title character. How many seasons is House the TV series?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "House, M.D. is an American medical drama television series that originally ran for eight seasons.", "role": "assistant" } ]
House (also called House, M.D.) is an American medical drama television series that originally ran on the Fox network for eight seasons, from November 16, 2004, to May 21, 2012. The series' main character is Dr. Gregory House (Hugh Laurie), an unconventional, misanthropic medical genius who, despite his dependence on pain medication, leads a team of diagnosticians at the fictional Princeton–Plainsboro Teaching Hospital (PPTH) in New Jersey. The series' premise originated with Paul Attanasio, while David Shore, who is credited as creator, was primarily responsible for the conception of the title character. How many seasons is House the TV series?
classification
[ { "content": "Categorize these exercises as either upper body or lower body exercises: squat, bench press, strict press, deadlift, barbell row, dumbbell curls, pull-ups, chin-ups, leg extensions, leg curls, calve raises, wall sits, plank.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Lower body exercises are: squat, deadlift, leg extensions, leg curls, calve raises, wall sits.\nUpper body exercises are: bench press, strict press, barbell row, dumbbell curls, pull-ups, chin-ups, plank.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Categorize these exercises as either upper body or lower body exercises: squat, bench press, strict press, deadlift, barbell row, dumbbell curls, pull-ups, chin-ups, leg extensions, leg curls, calve raises, wall sits, plank.
closed_qa
[ { "content": "Since the 1980s, while Colnago continued to produce high-end steel bikes, they began to produce cycle frames using material other than steel, including titanium, aluminum, carbon fiber and mixed materials. One unique frame from this period, the Bititan, has a dual titanium down tube. Crimped and oversize tubes were used on the Tecnos–one of the lightest production steel bikes produced. Similarly crimped oversized aluminum tubes were used on the Dream frame. In 1981 Colnago prototyped the CX Pista–a full monocoque carbon fiber cycle with disc wheels, which was shown at the Milan bike show. Subsequently, Colnago worked with Ferrari to develop new carbon fiber technology, and Ernesto also credits their engineers for challenging him regarding fork design, which led to Colnago's innovative Precisa straight-bladed steel fork (1987). Colnago also experimented with multi-material frames, including the CT-1 and CT-2 constructed with titanium main tubes, carbon fiber forks and rear stays, and a similarly constructed (although short-lived) Master frame constructed with steel main tubes, carbon forks and stays. Given this paragraph about bicycle manufacturer Colnago, what Italian automobile company did Colnago work with to develop new carbon fiber technology?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Colnago worked with Ferrari to develop new carbon fiber technology.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Since the 1980s, while Colnago continued to produce high-end steel bikes, they began to produce cycle frames using material other than steel, including titanium, aluminum, carbon fiber and mixed materials. One unique frame from this period, the Bititan, has a dual titanium down tube. Crimped and oversize tubes were used on the Tecnos–one of the lightest production steel bikes produced. Similarly crimped oversized aluminum tubes were used on the Dream frame. In 1981 Colnago prototyped the CX Pista–a full monocoque carbon fiber cycle with disc wheels, which was shown at the Milan bike show. Subsequently, Colnago worked with Ferrari to develop new carbon fiber technology, and Ernesto also credits their engineers for challenging him regarding fork design, which led to Colnago's innovative Precisa straight-bladed steel fork (1987). Colnago also experimented with multi-material frames, including the CT-1 and CT-2 constructed with titanium main tubes, carbon fiber forks and rear stays, and a similarly constructed (although short-lived) Master frame constructed with steel main tubes, carbon forks and stays. Given this paragraph about bicycle manufacturer Colnago, what Italian automobile company did Colnago work with to develop new carbon fiber technology?
open_qa
[ { "content": "What is the difference between pets and cattle?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Although both are animals at the end of the day, however, the main difference comes partially in the form of perception and, historically, the relationship of humans with certain animals. Pets, e.g. dogs, cats, etc., are used more for companionship and not for food. On the contrary, cattle, e.g. cows, pigs, chickens, etc., are primarily raised for food, i.e. meat, milk, eggs, etc.", "role": "assistant" } ]
What is the difference between pets and cattle?
classification
[ { "content": "Which of the following are considered functional programming languages and which are not: OCaml, Scala, Python, C, and Java.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "OCaml and Scala are considered functional languages, while Python C, and Java are not.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Which of the following are considered functional programming languages and which are not: OCaml, Scala, Python, C, and Java.
brainstorming
[ { "content": "Why do people like the band 'My Morning Jacket?'", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Many committed fans gravitate to their unique sound including traditional rock n roll elements like guitar, drums, bass guitar, and keyboard, but also including unique sounds like slide guitar, saxophone, acoustic guitar, and an Omnichord. My Morning Jacket's lead singer, guitarist, and songwriter, Jim James, has an incredible voice and is an amazing live performer. Further, many dedicated fans love their unique live performances and will travel around the world to attend their concerts.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Why do people like the band 'My Morning Jacket?'
closed_qa
[ { "content": "Annapolis (/əˈnæpəlɪs/ (listen) ə-NAP-ə-lis) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Maryland and the county seat of, and only incorporated city in, Anne Arundel County. Situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River, 25 miles (40 km) south of Baltimore and about 30 miles (50 km) east of Washington, D.C., Annapolis forms part of the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area. The 2020 census recorded its population as 40,812, an increase of 6.3% since 2010. Annapolis is the capital city of which state?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Annapolis is the capital city of Maryland.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Annapolis (/əˈnæpəlɪs/ (listen) ə-NAP-ə-lis) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Maryland and the county seat of, and only incorporated city in, Anne Arundel County. Situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River, 25 miles (40 km) south of Baltimore and about 30 miles (50 km) east of Washington, D.C., Annapolis forms part of the Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area. The 2020 census recorded its population as 40,812, an increase of 6.3% since 2010. Annapolis is the capital city of which state?
open_qa
[ { "content": "How many continents are there on Earth?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "There are 7 continents - Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.", "role": "assistant" } ]
How many continents are there on Earth?
summarization
[ { "content": "The \"PayPal Mafia\" is a group of former PayPal employees and founders who have since founded and/or developed additional technology companies such as Tesla, Inc., LinkedIn, Palantir Technologies, SpaceX, Affirm, Slide, Kiva, YouTube, Yelp, and Yammer. Most of the members attended Stanford University or University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign at some point in their studies. How does UIUC relate to PayPal?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Most of the members of the PayPal Mafia the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign (UIUC) at some point, as well as Stanford University.", "role": "assistant" } ]
The "PayPal Mafia" is a group of former PayPal employees and founders who have since founded and/or developed additional technology companies such as Tesla, Inc., LinkedIn, Palantir Technologies, SpaceX, Affirm, Slide, Kiva, YouTube, Yelp, and Yammer. Most of the members attended Stanford University or University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign at some point in their studies. How does UIUC relate to PayPal?
open_qa
[ { "content": "How are people from the Netherlands called (in English)?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "People from the Netherlands are commonly referred to as \"Netherlanders\" in English.", "role": "assistant" } ]
How are people from the Netherlands called (in English)?
general_qa
[ { "content": "Who is the Patron Saint of Ireland?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "St. Patrick is Ireland's main patron saint and on March 17, the world celebrates the feast day of St. Patrick, a zealous, fifth-century British bishop who became famous for spreading Christianity in Ireland.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Who is the Patron Saint of Ireland?
open_qa
[ { "content": "Who is the best football team in history?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Liverpool Football Club", "role": "assistant" } ]
Who is the best football team in history?
summarization
[ { "content": "\"Disko\" (Slovene pronunciation: [ˈdíːskɔ]) is a 2022 song by Slovenian pop band Last Pizza Slice. The song represented Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Turin, Italy, after winning EMA 2022, Slovenia's national final.\n\nRelease\nThe song was released on 26 November 2021, along with all other songs competing in EMA 2022. It was officially released to streaming services on 1 April.\n\nMusic video\nAn animated music video of \"Disko\" would come out on 11 April, with artwork by Manca Matelič, a school classmate of the band, and Matevž Bervar. The video features a man getting dumped by his girlfriend at a nightclub. The man ends up being depressed, drinking at the nightclub. One day, while seeing his ex-girlfriend kiss her boyfriend at a bridge, the man falls over into a river. While it is unknown if the man drowned or hallucinated, underwater, he eventually meets another girl, and becomes happy again.[citation needed]\n\nThe music video is inspired by the lead singer, Filip Vidušin, having a real life experience of getting dumped at a disco and watching his ex-girlfriend dance with another man. What is \"Disko\"?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "\"Disko\" is a 2022 song by Slovenian pop band Last Pizza Slice.", "role": "assistant" } ]
"Disko" (Slovene pronunciation: [ˈdíːskɔ]) is a 2022 song by Slovenian pop band Last Pizza Slice. The song represented Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Turin, Italy, after winning EMA 2022, Slovenia's national final. Release The song was released on 26 November 2021, along with all other songs competing in EMA 2022. It was officially released to streaming services on 1 April. Music video An animated music video of "Disko" would come out on 11 April, with artwork by Manca Matelič, a school classmate of the band, and Matevž Bervar. The video features a man getting dumped by his girlfriend at a nightclub. The man ends up being depressed, drinking at the nightclub. One day, while seeing his ex-girlfriend kiss her boyfriend at a bridge, the man falls over into a river. While it is unknown if the man drowned or hallucinated, underwater, he eventually meets another girl, and becomes happy again.[citation needed] The music video is inspired by the lead singer, Filip Vidušin, having a real life experience of getting dumped at a disco and watching his ex-girlfriend dance with another man. What is "Disko"?
summarization
[ { "content": "Bacardi 151 is a discontinued brand of highly alcoholic rum made by Bacardi Limited of Hamilton, Bermuda. It is named for its alcohol concentration level of 151 U.S. proof, that is, 75.5% alcohol by volume. This is much higher than typical rum, which averages around 35%–40% alcohol by volume. Bacardi 151 was sold in the United States and Canada from at least 1963 until 2016, when its production was discontinued.\n\nSafety and lawsuits\nBecause of its high alcohol content, Bacardi 151 was particularly flammable among liquors. For this reason it was often used as the ignition source for \"flaming shots\" and even for at-home pyrotechnic stunts. The bottle carried a warning label advising consumers, among other things, \"do not use this product for flaming dishes or other drinks.\" Bottles were also equipped with a stainless steel flame arrester crimped onto the neck of the bottle to prevent the rum inside the bottle from igniting. Nevertheless, Bacardi faced at least two lawsuits from consumers who claimed to have been badly injured by the product's flames. While the company never issued a formal statement regarding the product's discontinuation, it has been speculated that \"it's a pretty good guess that Bacardi got sick of being sued.\"\n\nMixed drinks\nBacardi 151 was typically used in sweet drinks, such as the Hurricane and Caribou Lou, which combine rum and fruit juices. Why was Bacardi 151 discontinued in the US?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Because of its high alcohol content, Bacardi 151 was particularly flammable among liquors. Bacardi faced at least two lawsuits from consumers who claimed to have been badly injured by the product's flames. It has been speculated that \"it's a pretty good guess that Bacardi got sick of being sued.\"", "role": "assistant" } ]
Bacardi 151 is a discontinued brand of highly alcoholic rum made by Bacardi Limited of Hamilton, Bermuda. It is named for its alcohol concentration level of 151 U.S. proof, that is, 75.5% alcohol by volume. This is much higher than typical rum, which averages around 35%–40% alcohol by volume. Bacardi 151 was sold in the United States and Canada from at least 1963 until 2016, when its production was discontinued. Safety and lawsuits Because of its high alcohol content, Bacardi 151 was particularly flammable among liquors. For this reason it was often used as the ignition source for "flaming shots" and even for at-home pyrotechnic stunts. The bottle carried a warning label advising consumers, among other things, "do not use this product for flaming dishes or other drinks." Bottles were also equipped with a stainless steel flame arrester crimped onto the neck of the bottle to prevent the rum inside the bottle from igniting. Nevertheless, Bacardi faced at least two lawsuits from consumers who claimed to have been badly injured by the product's flames. While the company never issued a formal statement regarding the product's discontinuation, it has been speculated that "it's a pretty good guess that Bacardi got sick of being sued." Mixed drinks Bacardi 151 was typically used in sweet drinks, such as the Hurricane and Caribou Lou, which combine rum and fruit juices. Why was Bacardi 151 discontinued in the US?
classification
[ { "content": "Classify these emotions as positive or negative: Love, Joy, Awe, Happiness, Interest, Excitement, Sad, Fear, Distrust, Anxiety, Anger, Disgust, Trust, Apathy, Annoyance, Exuberance, Rage", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Positive: Love, Joy, Awe, Happiness, Interest, Excitement, Trust, Exuberance\nNegative: Sad, Fear, Distrust, Anxiety, Anger, Disgust, Apathy, Annoyance, Rage", "role": "assistant" } ]
Classify these emotions as positive or negative: Love, Joy, Awe, Happiness, Interest, Excitement, Sad, Fear, Distrust, Anxiety, Anger, Disgust, Trust, Apathy, Annoyance, Exuberance, Rage
information_extraction
[ { "content": "The aircraft involved in the accident was a 4-year-old Airbus A330-203, with manufacturer serial number 660, registered as F-GZCP. Its first flight was on 25 February 2005, and it was delivered 2 months later to the airline on 18 April 2005. At the time of the crash, it was Air France's newest A330. The aircraft was powered by two General Electric CF6-80E1A3 engines with a maximum thrust of 68,530 or 60,400 lbf (304.8 or 268.7 kN) (take-off/max continuous), giving it a cruise speed range of Mach 0.82–0.86 (470–493 knots or 870–913 kilometres per hour or 541–567 miles per hour), at 35,000 feet (11,000 m) of altitude and a range of 12,500 km (6,700 nmi; 7,800 mi). The aircraft underwent a major overhaul on 16 April 2009, and at the time of the accident had accumulated about 18,870 flying hours. From the given text, can you please extract all possible technical details of the aeroplane in the JSON format {key:value} where key is the attribute and value is the data for the attribute.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Here are the technical details of the aeroplane that I could parse and format it in JSON format {key:value}.\n\n{\n\"age in years\":\"4\",\n\"aircraft manufacturer\":\"Airbus\",\n\"aircraft model\":\"A330-203\",\n\"manufacturer serial number\":\"660\",\n\"aircraft registration number\":\"F-GZCP\",\n\"first flight date\":\"25 February, 2005\",\n\"airline delivery date\":\"18 April, 2005\",\n\"airline name\":\"Air France\",\n\"aircraft engine type\":\"General Electric CF6-80E1A3\",\n\"aircraft engine maximum thrust\":\"60400\",\n\"aircraft engine maximum thrust unit\":\"lbf\",\n\"aircraft cruise speed range\":\"Mach0.82-0.86\",\n\"aircraft cruise speed attitude\":\"35000\",\n\"aircraft cruise speed attitude unit\":\"feet\",\n\"aircraft range\":\"12500\",\n\"aircraft range unit\":\"km\",\n\"aircraft major overhaul date\":\"16 April, 2009\",\n\"aircraft accumulated flying hours\":\"18870\"\n}", "role": "assistant" } ]
The aircraft involved in the accident was a 4-year-old Airbus A330-203, with manufacturer serial number 660, registered as F-GZCP. Its first flight was on 25 February 2005, and it was delivered 2 months later to the airline on 18 April 2005. At the time of the crash, it was Air France's newest A330. The aircraft was powered by two General Electric CF6-80E1A3 engines with a maximum thrust of 68,530 or 60,400 lbf (304.8 or 268.7 kN) (take-off/max continuous), giving it a cruise speed range of Mach 0.82–0.86 (470–493 knots or 870–913 kilometres per hour or 541–567 miles per hour), at 35,000 feet (11,000 m) of altitude and a range of 12,500 km (6,700 nmi; 7,800 mi). The aircraft underwent a major overhaul on 16 April 2009, and at the time of the accident had accumulated about 18,870 flying hours. From the given text, can you please extract all possible technical details of the aeroplane in the JSON format {key:value} where key is the attribute and value is the data for the attribute.
general_qa
[ { "content": "When looking to purchase a bicycle, you need to understand a number of factors. These include the primary use of the bicycle being either for transportation or pleasure. When choosing a bicycle for transportation you want to factor in cost, weight and durability. When choosing a bicycle for pleasure, comfort is the main factor.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "As part of the buying process, getting expert opinions will be helpful. You want to discuss your purchase with people who have made a similar purchase so that you can make an educated decision.", "role": "assistant" } ]
When looking to purchase a bicycle, you need to understand a number of factors. These include the primary use of the bicycle being either for transportation or pleasure. When choosing a bicycle for transportation you want to factor in cost, weight and durability. When choosing a bicycle for pleasure, comfort is the main factor.
brainstorming
[ { "content": "Sea or Mountain", "role": "user" }, { "content": "I believe Mountain are more attractive but Ocean has it's own beauty and this tropical weather definitely turn you on! SO 50% 50%", "role": "assistant" } ]
Sea or Mountain
information_extraction
[ { "content": "When Guettel took up music composition in his mid-teens, he was encouraged by his family. His mother said that she offered him advice for around a year, \"After that, he was so far beyond anything I could ever have dreamed of, I just backed off.\" Richard Rodgers, who died when Guettel was 15, overheard an early composition, said he liked it and asked him to play it louder. Guettel has qualified the compliment, noting that \"He was literally on his deathbed on the other side of the living-room wall.\" In his high school and collegiate years and into his early twenties, Guettel worked as a rock and jazz musician, singing and playing bass, before realizing \"that writing for character and telling stories through music was something that I really loved to do, and that allowed me to express love.\" List all the names of people mentioned in this passage. Use a numbered list.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "1. Guettel\n2. Richard Rodgers", "role": "assistant" } ]
When Guettel took up music composition in his mid-teens, he was encouraged by his family. His mother said that she offered him advice for around a year, "After that, he was so far beyond anything I could ever have dreamed of, I just backed off." Richard Rodgers, who died when Guettel was 15, overheard an early composition, said he liked it and asked him to play it louder. Guettel has qualified the compliment, noting that "He was literally on his deathbed on the other side of the living-room wall." In his high school and collegiate years and into his early twenties, Guettel worked as a rock and jazz musician, singing and playing bass, before realizing "that writing for character and telling stories through music was something that I really loved to do, and that allowed me to express love." List all the names of people mentioned in this passage. Use a numbered list.
closed_qa
[ { "content": "Pampaneira is a village located in the province of Granada, Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), the village has a population of 355 inhabitants.\n\nIt is one of three mountain villages of the Barranco de Poqueira in the Alpujarras region. The other two villages, Bubión and Capileira, are located higher in the Poqueira gorge.\n\nThe Poqueira gorge starts below the mountain peak of Mulhacén, where the river Poqueira rises. There are many opportunities for hiking in the area. Guided walks are arranged by the local tourist offices which also sell mountain hiking equipment. Other companies can plan self-guided treks through the area. The nearest major town is Órgiva. One of the highest all year-round lived-in mountain village in Spain, Trevélez is located nearby in the mountains to the east of the three villages.\n\nAccommodation is available in all of the three villages but Capileira has the biggest range of facilities.\n\nAt the north side opens the Sierra Nevada (Spain) range with one of the highest peaks in Spain ; Mulhacén and Alcazaba (Sierra Nevada).\n\nThe village is located at about 1060 metres above sea level.\n\nThere are many craft shops selling ceramics, leather and clothes. Also on offer are the locally produced specialities of cheese and ham.\n\nDuring the winter the Sierra Nevada and the Alpujarra mountains get covered in snow but the villages are rarely affected by snow for more than a few days a time.\n\nThere are bus connections running every day from the town of Granada, Spain. Given a reference text about Pampaneira, tell me how many people live there, where it's located, and its elevation above sea level.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Pampaneira is located in the province of Granada, Spain and is 1060 metres above sea level. 355 people live in Pampaneira according to the 2005 census.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Pampaneira is a village located in the province of Granada, Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), the village has a population of 355 inhabitants. It is one of three mountain villages of the Barranco de Poqueira in the Alpujarras region. The other two villages, Bubión and Capileira, are located higher in the Poqueira gorge. The Poqueira gorge starts below the mountain peak of Mulhacén, where the river Poqueira rises. There are many opportunities for hiking in the area. Guided walks are arranged by the local tourist offices which also sell mountain hiking equipment. Other companies can plan self-guided treks through the area. The nearest major town is Órgiva. One of the highest all year-round lived-in mountain village in Spain, Trevélez is located nearby in the mountains to the east of the three villages. Accommodation is available in all of the three villages but Capileira has the biggest range of facilities. At the north side opens the Sierra Nevada (Spain) range with one of the highest peaks in Spain ; Mulhacén and Alcazaba (Sierra Nevada). The village is located at about 1060 metres above sea level. There are many craft shops selling ceramics, leather and clothes. Also on offer are the locally produced specialities of cheese and ham. During the winter the Sierra Nevada and the Alpujarra mountains get covered in snow but the villages are rarely affected by snow for more than a few days a time. There are bus connections running every day from the town of Granada, Spain. Given a reference text about Pampaneira, tell me how many people live there, where it's located, and its elevation above sea level.
information_extraction
[ { "content": "Marvel Comics is an American comic book publisher and the flagship property of Marvel Entertainment, a division of The Walt Disney Company since September 1, 2009. Evolving from Timely Comics in 1939, Magazine Management/Atlas Comics in 1951 and its predecessor, Marvel Mystery Comics, the Marvel Comics title/name/brand was first used in June 1961.\n\nMarvel was started in 1939 by Martin Goodman as Timely Comics, and by 1951 had generally become known as Atlas Comics. The Marvel era began in June 1961 with the launch of The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others. The Marvel brand, which had been used over the years and decades, was solidified as the company's primary brand.\n\nMarvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Doctor Strange, Hulk, Daredevil, Wolverine, Black Panther and Captain Marvel, as well as popular superhero teams such as the Avengers, X-Men, Fantastic Four, and Guardians of the Galaxy. Its stable of well-known supervillains includes the likes of Doctor Doom, Magneto, Ultron, Thanos, Kang the Conqueror, Green Goblin, Galactus, Loki, and Kingpin. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with most locations mirroring real-life places; many major characters are based in New York City, New York, United States. Additionally, Marvel has published several licensed properties from other companies. This includes Star Wars comics twice from 1977 to 1986 and again since 2015. From the passage provided, extract the well-known superheroes from Marvel comic books.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Well-known superheroes from Marvel include Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Doctor Strange, Hulk, Daredevil, Wolverine, Black Panther, and Captain Marvel. Many Marvel superheroes also are part of teams such as the Avengers, X-Men, Fantastic Four, and Guardians of the Galaxy.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Marvel Comics is an American comic book publisher and the flagship property of Marvel Entertainment, a division of The Walt Disney Company since September 1, 2009. Evolving from Timely Comics in 1939, Magazine Management/Atlas Comics in 1951 and its predecessor, Marvel Mystery Comics, the Marvel Comics title/name/brand was first used in June 1961. Marvel was started in 1939 by Martin Goodman as Timely Comics, and by 1951 had generally become known as Atlas Comics. The Marvel era began in June 1961 with the launch of The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others. The Marvel brand, which had been used over the years and decades, was solidified as the company's primary brand. Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Doctor Strange, Hulk, Daredevil, Wolverine, Black Panther and Captain Marvel, as well as popular superhero teams such as the Avengers, X-Men, Fantastic Four, and Guardians of the Galaxy. Its stable of well-known supervillains includes the likes of Doctor Doom, Magneto, Ultron, Thanos, Kang the Conqueror, Green Goblin, Galactus, Loki, and Kingpin. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with most locations mirroring real-life places; many major characters are based in New York City, New York, United States. Additionally, Marvel has published several licensed properties from other companies. This includes Star Wars comics twice from 1977 to 1986 and again since 2015. From the passage provided, extract the well-known superheroes from Marvel comic books.
general_qa
[ { "content": "Could you please describe the winter of Seattle?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The winters in Seattle can be very cold and unpredictable. Some days are rainy, some are snowy, and some are just plain cold. The winters used to be difficult to tolerate. My family had to escape to Hawaii or other places to get some sunshine in the mid of the winter. However, since I started to ski with my son, the winter became fun. I started to looking forward the coming of the winter.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Could you please describe the winter of Seattle?
creative_writing
[ { "content": "Write a short story about a person who discovers a hidden room in their house. The story should include a plot twist and a clear resolution at the end.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "It was going to be a long day. With her brother-in-law out of town, Lisa had agreed to watch her niece Stella for the afternoon and the little girl was known to be a bit of a handful. Her plan had been to spend the afternoon at the park to let Stella run and climb, to wear her out a bit. Unfortunately, this outing was foiled by the constant downpour of rain so Lisa resigned herself to a day inside with the tiny tyrant. Stella arrived early and excited to play. Lisa decided to begin with a game of hide and seek, after all this could take up a good part of the morning without too much trouble. Stella ran off to hide and Lisa sat quietly drinking coffee while calling out to the little girl, pretending to seek. Eventually she set off to find the little girl but soon she realized that something was wrong. No matter where she looked, Stella was nowhere to be found. The house wasn't that large, making her disappearance even more perplexing. Lisa had only recently moved into the home that she bought from her great aunt shortly before her death and she hasn't even moved out all of the existing furniture. Maybe Stella had gotten stuck somewhere behind the large wardrobe in the bedroom or she had climbed up into a cupboard in the laundry room. Panic was starting to settle in as she moved the wardrobe further from the wall, where only a small child could have hidden before. Suddenly, saw a small crack in the wall, and then realized it was a small door that she never knew was there. The door was slightly ajar and she eventually moved the wardrobe enough to open the door and climb inside. What was this place? The entrance opened up to reveal a small room that Lisa never knew existed! It was full of treasure, gold bars and jewels. Stella sat in the middle of the room quietly playing with the treasure, unaware of the immense value she was surrounded by. Lisa had known her aunt was a secretive woman but this was an incredible find and would change her life forever. Stella's visit was the good luck charm she needed to unlock this bounty and she would be forever grateful to the little girl! Time to call her brother-in-law to thank him for letting Stella visit.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Write a short story about a person who discovers a hidden room in their house. The story should include a plot twist and a clear resolution at the end.
open_qa
[ { "content": "Why is Massachusetts known as the Bay State?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Massachusetts' nickname, the “Bay State,” refers to one of the state's most famous bays, Cape Cod, where the Pilgrims first settled. It also honors the royal charter that was given to the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629 to promote and encourage settlement to the land.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Why is Massachusetts known as the Bay State?
classification
[ { "content": "Identify which car manufacturer is British or American: Mini, RAM", "role": "user" }, { "content": "RAM is American, Mini is British", "role": "assistant" } ]
Identify which car manufacturer is British or American: Mini, RAM
closed_qa
[ { "content": "Gennady Petrovich Lyachin (Russian: Геннадий Петрович Лячин; 1 January 1955 – 12 August 2000) was a Russian navy officer. He was the commanding officer of the Russian submarine Kursk when the vessel suffered a series of explosions and sank on 12 August 2000.\n\nLyachin was born in Sarpinsky in Volgograd Oblast. He entered the Navy in 1972 and graduated from the Higher Naval School of Submarine Navigation named for Lenin Komsomol in 1977 and was commissioned as an officer. He served as a weapons officer aboard the diesel-electric Juliett class cruise missile submarine K-58. From 1984 to 1986, as Captain 3rd Rank, he served as the executive officer of the K-77, also a Juliett Class. In 1986 he attended Advanced Special Officers' Classes during which time he was promoted to Captain 2nd Rank.\n\nIn October 1988, Lyachin received his first command, the K-304 also a Juliett class. He held this position until the K-304 was decommissioned after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIn April 1991, he was appointed executive officer of a nuclear submarine, the Project 949A Antey class (NATO reporting name Oscar-II) K-119 Voronezh and served aboard through 1996. He and the newly formed crew spent the time between September 1991 and March 1993 undergoing training in Obninsk.\n\nLyachin was promoted to the rank of Captain 1st Rank in 1996 and given command of the Voronezh's sister ship, the ill-fated K-141 Kursk, the very last Project 949A submarine to be completed, which had been commissioned only two years earlier. When the Kursk sank on August 12, 2000, Lyachin perished along with the rest of the 117 crew members. Given a reference text about Gennady Petrovich Lyachin, tell me when he joined the navy and when he was decommissioned.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Gennady Petrovich Lyachin joined the Navy in 1972 and was decommissioned in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Gennady Petrovich Lyachin (Russian: Геннадий Петрович Лячин; 1 January 1955 – 12 August 2000) was a Russian navy officer. He was the commanding officer of the Russian submarine Kursk when the vessel suffered a series of explosions and sank on 12 August 2000. Lyachin was born in Sarpinsky in Volgograd Oblast. He entered the Navy in 1972 and graduated from the Higher Naval School of Submarine Navigation named for Lenin Komsomol in 1977 and was commissioned as an officer. He served as a weapons officer aboard the diesel-electric Juliett class cruise missile submarine K-58. From 1984 to 1986, as Captain 3rd Rank, he served as the executive officer of the K-77, also a Juliett Class. In 1986 he attended Advanced Special Officers' Classes during which time he was promoted to Captain 2nd Rank. In October 1988, Lyachin received his first command, the K-304 also a Juliett class. He held this position until the K-304 was decommissioned after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. In April 1991, he was appointed executive officer of a nuclear submarine, the Project 949A Antey class (NATO reporting name Oscar-II) K-119 Voronezh and served aboard through 1996. He and the newly formed crew spent the time between September 1991 and March 1993 undergoing training in Obninsk. Lyachin was promoted to the rank of Captain 1st Rank in 1996 and given command of the Voronezh's sister ship, the ill-fated K-141 Kursk, the very last Project 949A submarine to be completed, which had been commissioned only two years earlier. When the Kursk sank on August 12, 2000, Lyachin perished along with the rest of the 117 crew members. Given a reference text about Gennady Petrovich Lyachin, tell me when he joined the navy and when he was decommissioned.
summarization
[ { "content": "Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by the availability of food. It occurs mainly in the northern hemisphere, where birds are funneled onto specific routes by natural barriers such as the Mediterranean Sea or the Caribbean Sea. Why do birds migrate north to south for the colder months in the north?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Birds primarily migrate due to the availability of food in warmer climates. The north is a breeding ground, while the south is their wintering ground.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, and is driven primarily by the availability of food. It occurs mainly in the northern hemisphere, where birds are funneled onto specific routes by natural barriers such as the Mediterranean Sea or the Caribbean Sea. Why do birds migrate north to south for the colder months in the north?
general_qa
[ { "content": "Why do babies cry?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Babies can cry from a variety of reasons. Either the baby is hungry, uncomfortable, needs a change of diaper or just in need of a hug. Babies cannot speak so the only way they express their emotions is via crying or smiling. When a baby cries they are typically looking for attention or for you to address a matter for them. Try to see what is making your baby uncomfortable and try to address the root cause. When a baby cries uncontrollably and you cannot decipher the cause, check with your pediatrician.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Why do babies cry?
open_qa
[ { "content": "Name some TV shows that American actor David Duchovny has been in.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The X-Files, Californication, Twin Peaks, The Red Shoe Diaries, Aquarius", "role": "assistant" } ]
Name some TV shows that American actor David Duchovny has been in.
general_qa
[ { "content": "Are spicy foods healthy?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Eating spicy foods has several health benefits, as various studies had shown that spicy foods can help boosting metabolism, lowering mortality rate, decreasing blood pressure, and even fighting cancer cells. However, overeating spicy food or eating super spicy food could lead to side effects, such as acne and stomach pain, to some people.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Are spicy foods healthy?
information_extraction
[ { "content": "The Roberson Museum and Science Center is located in Binghamton, New York. The museum's exhibits focus on art, local history, science and natural history. Where is located the Roberson Museum and Science Center?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Roberson Museum and Science Center is located in Binghamton, New York. The museum's exhibits focus on art, local history, science and natural history.\n\nThe centerpiece of the museum is the 1904 Roberson Mansion, which was designed by local architect C. Edward Vosbury. More contemporary additions to the mansion were added in the 1960s and 1980s, which expanded the exhibit space, included a planetarium, added offices, and upgraded the vaults and collections preparation space.\n\nThe museum features changing exhibits and a large model train layout that depicts regional landscapes in the 1950s. The museum hosts annual special events, including decorating the Roberson Mansion for the Christmas holidays, a food and wine festival, Halloween activities, science fiction conventions, a model train and doll fair, and more.", "role": "assistant" } ]
The Roberson Museum and Science Center is located in Binghamton, New York. The museum's exhibits focus on art, local history, science and natural history. Where is located the Roberson Museum and Science Center?
open_qa
[ { "content": "What was the first Pink Floyd album", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Piper at the gates of dawn", "role": "assistant" } ]
What was the first Pink Floyd album
brainstorming
[ { "content": "What should I do in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam for a day?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "If you are visiting Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam for a day, there are several must-visit attractions located in the heart of the city center.\n\nOne of the most famous tourist attractions is the Saigon Notre Dame Cathedral, which was constructed by French colonists in the 19th century and features a unique combination of Roman and Gothic styles that sets it apart from many other buildings in the city.\n\nAnother famous French-inspired architecture is Ho Chi Minh City Post Office. Every detail inside this tourist destination in Saigon surprises visitors with its delicate beauty. The unique design style from the roofs, arched doorways, tile floors… This is really a tourist destination in Saigon that you should not miss on your trip.\n\nThe Independence Palace, also known as the Reunification Convention Hall, is just a few minutes walk from the Notre Dame Cathedral. This iconic building is a symbol of the culture and history of the nation. Originally used as the home and workplace of the president of the Republic of Vietnam, it became a national monument when a North Vietnamese Army tank crashed through its gate during the Fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, bringing an end to the 20-year war with the USA.\n\nOne of the most popular tourist attractions in Saigon is the Ben Thanh Market, which offers visitors hundreds of traditional and modern items to choose from. The market is not only a great place to find unique souvenirs, but it's also a food lover's paradise, where you can sample delicious traditional dishes at affordable prices.\n\nFor those who appreciate professional art performances, a visit to the Ho Chi Minh City Opera House is a must. This beautiful building, designed by multiple architects, boasts an impressive exterior that showcases its grandeur and majesty. Once inside, visitors are treated to a modern, sophisticated ambiance, complete with state-of-the-art lighting and sound technology. The Ho Chi Minh City Opera House is a must-see destination for anyone interested in the arts and modern architecture.\n\nAnother popular tourist destination in Saigon is the Vietnam History Museum, located on the former site of the Blanchard de la Brosse Museum. Built in 1929, the museum is home to tens of thousands of artifacts, 25,000 books, and many precious documents. Visitors can comfortably admire the historical value of these artifacts and gain knowledge about archeology, history, and ethnology. The Vietnam History Museum is an excellent place to explore and learn more about Vietnamese history and culture. With its impressive collection of artifacts and documents, visitors can gain a deeper understanding of the country's past and present. Whether you're a history buff or just looking for a unique cultural experience, a visit to the Vietnam History Museum is well worth your time.\n\nIf you're looking to immerse yourself in the vibrant and modern atmosphere of Ho Chi Minh City 1, a visit to Bui Vien Walking Street is a must. The street is famous for its bustling shopping and entertainment activities and is known for never sleeping. And there are many street artists, performing arts, and the vibrant sounds of the bars and pubs, all of which create a lively and modern city vibe. Tourists and locals alike flock to Bui Vien Street, not just for the energetic atmosphere, but also for the diverse and delicious selection of food on offer. Whether you're looking for a fun night out or a quick bite to eat, Bui Vien Street has something for everyone.\n\nThese attractions are conveniently located in the city center and offer a glimpse into Ho Chi Minh City's rich history and cultural heritage.", "role": "assistant" } ]
What should I do in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam for a day?
general_qa
[ { "content": "Let's play a game of tic tac toe. I'll be X and you be O. Unplayed squares will be \"_\". I'll get first.\n\n_ _ _\n_ O _\n_ _ _", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Fun! Here's my next move:\n\n_ _ _\n_ O X\n_ _ _", "role": "assistant" } ]
Let's play a game of tic tac toe. I'll be X and you be O. Unplayed squares will be "_". I'll get first. _ _ _ _ O _ _ _ _
brainstorming
[ { "content": "Best Tea in the World", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Assam Tea is the best. It has it's own aroma and distinct taste", "role": "assistant" } ]
Best Tea in the World
general_qa
[ { "content": "What are the main components of Apache Kafka?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Apache Kafka is a distributed system that is composed of several components. The main components of Apache Kafka are:\n- Topics: A topic is a category or feed name to which producers can send messages and read by consumers. It’s append-only and immutable. Consumers can use an offset to track read messages.\n- Brokers: A Kafka cluster is composed of one or more brokers that manage the storage of messages in topics and serve as intermediaries between producers and consumers.\n- Producers: Applications that produce data and publish it to one or more topics in a Kafka cluster. They control how events are assigned to partitions within a topic.\n- Consumers: Applications that subscribe to one or more topics and consume published messages. The only metadata retained on a per-consumer basis is the offset or position of that consumer in a topic. This offset is controlled by the consumer.\n- Partitions: Kafka uses partitions to split a topic's messages across multiple brokers for scalability and performance. Events with the same event key, such as the same customer identifier or vehicle ID, are written to the same partition, and Kafka guarantees that any consumer of a given topic partition will always read that partition’s events in exactly the same order as they were written.\n- Replication: Multiple brokers always have a copy of the data to guarantee high availability and fault tolerance. This replication is performed at the topic partition level.", "role": "assistant" } ]
What are the main components of Apache Kafka?
classification
[ { "content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Klong khaek, Sanshin", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Sanshin is string, Klong khaek is percussion.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Klong khaek, Sanshin
open_qa
[ { "content": "How much money comes in a game of Monopoly?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Newer (September 2008 and later) U.S. editions provide a total of $20,580—30 of each denomination", "role": "assistant" } ]
How much money comes in a game of Monopoly?
information_extraction
[ { "content": "A study published in 2009 showed that the world population of the northern rockhopper had declined by 90% since the 1950s, possibly because of climate change, changes in marine ecosystems and overfishing for squid and octopus by humans. Other possible factors in the decline include disturbance and pollution from ecotourism and fishing, egg-harvesting, and predation and competition from subantarctic fur seals (Arctophoca tropicalis). Surveys show that the birds are at risk of infection by goose barnacles. House mice (Mus musculus) have been introduced into their environment by human sea expeditions. The mice have proven to be invasive, and consume northern rockhopper eggs, as well as hunt their young. In order to preserve the birds, a culling of the mice is being considered. The climate change conditions alter food availability since it reduces nutrients and productivity. This causes an effect on the body mass, causing a negative impact on their reproductivity success. What are some of the causes for the decline of the northern rockhopper?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Some of the causes of the decline of the northern rockhopper include climate change, overfishing and introduction of invasive species such as mice.", "role": "assistant" } ]
A study published in 2009 showed that the world population of the northern rockhopper had declined by 90% since the 1950s, possibly because of climate change, changes in marine ecosystems and overfishing for squid and octopus by humans. Other possible factors in the decline include disturbance and pollution from ecotourism and fishing, egg-harvesting, and predation and competition from subantarctic fur seals (Arctophoca tropicalis). Surveys show that the birds are at risk of infection by goose barnacles. House mice (Mus musculus) have been introduced into their environment by human sea expeditions. The mice have proven to be invasive, and consume northern rockhopper eggs, as well as hunt their young. In order to preserve the birds, a culling of the mice is being considered. The climate change conditions alter food availability since it reduces nutrients and productivity. This causes an effect on the body mass, causing a negative impact on their reproductivity success. What are some of the causes for the decline of the northern rockhopper?
summarization
[ { "content": "Sonova Holding AG (Phonak Holding AG before 1 August 2007) is an internationally active Swiss group of companies headquartered in Stäfa that specializes in hearing care (hearing instruments, cochlear implants, wireless communication). The Sonova group operates through its core business brands Phonak, Unitron, Hansaton, Advanced Bionics, AudioNova and Sennheiser. It is one of the largest providers in the sector worldwide. The group and its brands hold 24% of the global hearing aid market in sales. As of 11 September 2022, Sonova is a component of the Swiss Market Index. Who is the company Sonova", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Sonova Holding AG (Phonak Holding AG before 1 August 2007) is an internationally active Swiss group of companies headquartered in Staefa that specializes in hearing care (hearing instruments, cochlear implants, wireless communication). \n\nThe Sonova group operates through its core business brands Phonak, Unitron, Hansaton, Advanced Bionics, AudioNova and Sennheiser. It is one of the largest providers in the sector worldwide. The group and its brands hold 24% of the global hearing aid market in sales. As of 11 September 2022, Sonova is a component of the Swiss Market Index.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Sonova Holding AG (Phonak Holding AG before 1 August 2007) is an internationally active Swiss group of companies headquartered in Stäfa that specializes in hearing care (hearing instruments, cochlear implants, wireless communication). The Sonova group operates through its core business brands Phonak, Unitron, Hansaton, Advanced Bionics, AudioNova and Sennheiser. It is one of the largest providers in the sector worldwide. The group and its brands hold 24% of the global hearing aid market in sales. As of 11 September 2022, Sonova is a component of the Swiss Market Index. Who is the company Sonova
general_qa
[ { "content": "Which part of the world Egypt is located?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Egypt is in the north east part of Africa.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Which part of the world Egypt is located?
classification
[ { "content": "Which is an imperial or a metric measurement: foot, metre", "role": "user" }, { "content": "foot is imperial, metre is metric", "role": "assistant" } ]
Which is an imperial or a metric measurement: foot, metre
brainstorming
[ { "content": "What are a few different ways to spend a free weekend", "role": "user" }, { "content": "- Write LLM Prompts\n- Go hiking\n- Play Video Games\n- Watch Netflix\n- Cook Molecular Gastronomy dishes", "role": "assistant" } ]
What are a few different ways to spend a free weekend
classification
[ { "content": "Which is a species of fish? Finger or Fingerfish", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Fingerfish", "role": "assistant" } ]
Which is a species of fish? Finger or Fingerfish
classification
[ { "content": "Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: Goldfish, Sika deer", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Sika deer is wild, Goldfish is domesticated.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: Goldfish, Sika deer
open_qa
[ { "content": "Who is Charlie McCarthy", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Charles McCarthy (born 1946) is an Irish former hurler who played as a left corner-forward at senior level for the Cork county team.\n\nBorn in Tower Street, Cork, McCarthy first played competitive hurling during his schooling at Sullivan's Quay CBS. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of sixteen when he first linked up with the Cork minor teams as a dual player, before later joining the under-21 hurling side. He made his senior debut during the 1965 championship. McCarthy immediately became a regular member of the starting fifteen and won five All-Ireland medals, nine Munster medals and four National Hurling League medals. The All-Ireland-winning captain of 1978, he was an All-Ireland runner-up on two occasions.\n\nAs a member of the Munster inter-provincial team on a number of occasions, McCarthy won one Railway Cup medal. At club level he is a two-time All-Ireland medallist with St Finbarr's. In addition to this he has also won four Munster medals and five championship medals, after beginning his career with Redmonds.\n\nMcCarthy's career tally of 24 goals and 149 points ranks him as Cork's fifth highest championship scorer of all-time.\n\nThroughout his career McCarthy made 45 championship appearances. His retirement came following the conclusion of the 1980 championship.\n\nIn retirement from playing McCarthy became involved in team management and coaching. After serving as coach of the Cork minor and senior teams he guided club side St Finbarr's to championship success.\n\nMcCarthy is widely regarded as one of the greatest hurlers of his era. During his playing days he won three All-Star awards. He has been repeatedly voted onto teams made up of the sport's greats, including at right corner-forward on the Club Hurling Silver Jubilee Team and the Supreme All-Stars team. McCarthy was also chosen as one of the 125 greatest hurlers of all-time in a 2009 poll.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Who is Charlie McCarthy
closed_qa
[ { "content": "A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks.\n\nProperties\nThough the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design.\n\nThough trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to \"memorize\" a great quantity of facts during training.\n\nHallucinations\nMain article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence)\nIn artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a \"hallucination\" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.\n\nEmergent abilities\n\nOn a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities.\nUnpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called \"emergent abilities\". Researchers note that such abilities \"cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models\". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs.\n\nArchitecture and training\nLarge language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or \"filling in the blanks\", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus.\n\nThe earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens.\n\nLLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million.\n\nA 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters).\n\nApplication to downstream tasks\nBetween 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via \"prompting\" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions.\n\nFine-tuning\nMain article: Fine-tuning (machine learning)\nFine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be \"frozen\", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen).\n\nPrompting\nSee also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing)\nIn the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In \"few-shot prompting\", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows:\n\nReview: This movie stinks.\nSentiment: negative\n\nReview: This movie is fantastic!\nSentiment:\n\nIf the model outputs \"positive\", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be \"The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is\".\n\nFew-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering.\n\nInstruction tuning\nInstruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt \"Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet.\" might provide a completion such as \"A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17.\" In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, \"self-instruct\", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples).\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model Given these paragraphs about Large language models, what corpus was the first model in OpenAI's GPT series trained in 2018 on?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "BookCorpus.", "role": "assistant" } ]
A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks. Properties Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design. Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training. Hallucinations Main article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence) In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data. Emergent abilities On a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities. Unpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called "emergent abilities". Researchers note that such abilities "cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs. Architecture and training Large language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or "filling in the blanks", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus. The earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens. LLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million. A 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters). Application to downstream tasks Between 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via "prompting" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions. Fine-tuning Main article: Fine-tuning (machine learning) Fine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be "frozen", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen). Prompting See also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing) In the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In "few-shot prompting", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows: Review: This movie stinks. Sentiment: negative Review: This movie is fantastic! Sentiment: If the model outputs "positive", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be "The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is". Few-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering. Instruction tuning Instruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt "Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet." might provide a completion such as "A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17." In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, "self-instruct", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model Given these paragraphs about Large language models, what corpus was the first model in OpenAI's GPT series trained in 2018 on?
summarization
[ { "content": "The first skateboards started with wooden boxes, or boards, with roller skate wheels attached to the bottom. Crate scooters preceded skateboards, having a wooden crate attached to the nose (front of the board), which formed rudimentary handlebars. The boxes turned into planks, similar to the skateboard decks of today.\n\nSkateboarding, as it exists today, was probably born sometime in the late 1940s, or early 1950s, when surfers in California wanted something to do when the waves were flat. This was called \"sidewalk surfing\" – a new wave of surfing on the sidewalk as the sport of surfing became highly popular. No one knows who made the first board; it seems that several people came up with similar ideas at around the same time. The first manufactured skateboards were ordered by a Los Angeles, California surf shop, meant to be used by surfers in their downtime. The shop owner, Bill Richard, made a deal with the Chicago Roller Skate Company to produce sets of skate wheels, which they attached to square wooden boards. Accordingly, skateboarding was originally denoted \"sidewalk surfing\" and early skaters emulated surfing style and maneuvers, and performed barefoot.\n\nBy the 1960s a small number of surfing manufacturers in Southern California such as Jack's, Kips', Hobie, Bing's and Makaha started building skateboards that resembled small surfboards, and assembled teams to promote their products. One of the earliest Skateboard exhibitions was sponsored by Makaha's founder, Larry Stevenson, in 1963 and held at the Pier Avenue Junior High School in Hermosa Beach, California. Some of these same teams of skateboarders were also featured on a television show called Surf's Up in 1964, hosted by Stan Richards, that helped promote skateboarding as something new and fun to do.\n\nAs the popularity of skateboarding began expanding, the first skateboarding magazine, The Quarterly Skateboarder was published in 1964. John Severson, who published the magazine, wrote in his first editorial:\n\nToday's skateboarders are founders in this sport—they're pioneers—they are the first. There is no history in Skateboarding—its being made now—by you. The sport is being molded and we believe that doing the right thing now will lead to a bright future for the sport. Already, there are storm clouds on the horizon with opponents of the sport talking about ban and restriction.\n\nThe magazine only lasted four issues, but resumed publication as Skateboarder in 1975. The first broadcast of an actual skateboarding competition was the 1965 National Skateboarding Championships, which were held in Anaheim, California and aired on ABC's Wide World of Sports. Because skateboarding was a new sport during this time, there were only two original disciplines during competitions: flatland freestyle and slalom downhill racing.\n\nAnimated cartoons of the time occasionally featured skateboard gags. Two Road Runner cartoons made in 1965, Shot and Bothered and Out and Out Rout, feature Wile E. Coyote riding a skateboard.\n\nOne of the earliest sponsored skateboarders, Patti McGee, was paid by Hobie and Vita Pak to travel around the country to do skateboarding exhibitions and to demonstrate skateboarding safety tips. McGee made the cover of Life magazine in 1965 and was featured on several popular television programs—The Mike Douglas Show, What's My Line? and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson—which helped make skateboarding even more popular at the time. Some other well known surfer-style skateboarders of the time were Danny Bearer, Torger Johnson, Bruce Logan, Bill and Mark Richards, Woody Woodward, and Jim Fitzpatrick.\n\nThe growth of the sport during this period can also be seen in sales figures for Makaha, which quoted $4 million worth of board sales between 1963 and 1965. By 1966 a variety of sources began to claim that skateboarding was dangerous, resulting in shops being reluctant to sell them, and parents being reluctant to buy them. In 1966 sales had dropped significantly and Skateboarder Magazine had stopped publication. The popularity of skateboarding dropped and remained low until the early 1970s. Please give me a summary of the text on the origins of skateboarding.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Sidewalk surfing, known today as skateboarding, originated in the late 1940s out of the desire of California surfers hoping to still ride when waves were flat. By the 1960s, a small number of surfing manufacturers began selling skateboards hoping to bring more attention to the sport. Skateboarding began to rapidly increase in popularity in the 1970s due to improvements to the design elements and materials used on the boards.", "role": "assistant" } ]
The first skateboards started with wooden boxes, or boards, with roller skate wheels attached to the bottom. Crate scooters preceded skateboards, having a wooden crate attached to the nose (front of the board), which formed rudimentary handlebars. The boxes turned into planks, similar to the skateboard decks of today. Skateboarding, as it exists today, was probably born sometime in the late 1940s, or early 1950s, when surfers in California wanted something to do when the waves were flat. This was called "sidewalk surfing" – a new wave of surfing on the sidewalk as the sport of surfing became highly popular. No one knows who made the first board; it seems that several people came up with similar ideas at around the same time. The first manufactured skateboards were ordered by a Los Angeles, California surf shop, meant to be used by surfers in their downtime. The shop owner, Bill Richard, made a deal with the Chicago Roller Skate Company to produce sets of skate wheels, which they attached to square wooden boards. Accordingly, skateboarding was originally denoted "sidewalk surfing" and early skaters emulated surfing style and maneuvers, and performed barefoot. By the 1960s a small number of surfing manufacturers in Southern California such as Jack's, Kips', Hobie, Bing's and Makaha started building skateboards that resembled small surfboards, and assembled teams to promote their products. One of the earliest Skateboard exhibitions was sponsored by Makaha's founder, Larry Stevenson, in 1963 and held at the Pier Avenue Junior High School in Hermosa Beach, California. Some of these same teams of skateboarders were also featured on a television show called Surf's Up in 1964, hosted by Stan Richards, that helped promote skateboarding as something new and fun to do. As the popularity of skateboarding began expanding, the first skateboarding magazine, The Quarterly Skateboarder was published in 1964. John Severson, who published the magazine, wrote in his first editorial: Today's skateboarders are founders in this sport—they're pioneers—they are the first. There is no history in Skateboarding—its being made now—by you. The sport is being molded and we believe that doing the right thing now will lead to a bright future for the sport. Already, there are storm clouds on the horizon with opponents of the sport talking about ban and restriction. The magazine only lasted four issues, but resumed publication as Skateboarder in 1975. The first broadcast of an actual skateboarding competition was the 1965 National Skateboarding Championships, which were held in Anaheim, California and aired on ABC's Wide World of Sports. Because skateboarding was a new sport during this time, there were only two original disciplines during competitions: flatland freestyle and slalom downhill racing. Animated cartoons of the time occasionally featured skateboard gags. Two Road Runner cartoons made in 1965, Shot and Bothered and Out and Out Rout, feature Wile E. Coyote riding a skateboard. One of the earliest sponsored skateboarders, Patti McGee, was paid by Hobie and Vita Pak to travel around the country to do skateboarding exhibitions and to demonstrate skateboarding safety tips. McGee made the cover of Life magazine in 1965 and was featured on several popular television programs—The Mike Douglas Show, What's My Line? and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson—which helped make skateboarding even more popular at the time. Some other well known surfer-style skateboarders of the time were Danny Bearer, Torger Johnson, Bruce Logan, Bill and Mark Richards, Woody Woodward, and Jim Fitzpatrick. The growth of the sport during this period can also be seen in sales figures for Makaha, which quoted $4 million worth of board sales between 1963 and 1965. By 1966 a variety of sources began to claim that skateboarding was dangerous, resulting in shops being reluctant to sell them, and parents being reluctant to buy them. In 1966 sales had dropped significantly and Skateboarder Magazine had stopped publication. The popularity of skateboarding dropped and remained low until the early 1970s. Please give me a summary of the text on the origins of skateboarding.
brainstorming
[ { "content": "What are some types of sorting algorithms?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "1. Bubble Sort\n2. Quicksort\n3. Insertion Sort\n4. Merge Sort\n5. Heap Sort\n6. Radix Sort", "role": "assistant" } ]
What are some types of sorting algorithms?
open_qa
[ { "content": "How many keys does a full piano have?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "88; 52 keys are white and 36 are black.", "role": "assistant" } ]
How many keys does a full piano have?
information_extraction
[ { "content": "Multipurpose trees or multifunctional trees are trees that are deliberately grown and managed for more than one output. They may supply food in the form of fruit, nuts, or leaves that can be used as a vegetable; while at the same time supplying firewood, adding nitrogen to the soil, or supplying some other combination of multiple outputs. \"Multipurpose tree\" is a term common to agroforestry, particularly when speaking of tropical agroforestry where the tree owner is a subsistence farmer.\n\nWhile all trees can be said to serve several purposes, such as providing habitat, shade, or soil improvement; multipurpose trees have a greater impact on a farmer's well-being because they fulfill more than one basic human need. In most cases multipurpose trees have a primary role; such as being part of a living fence, or a windbreak, or used in an ally cropping system. In addition to this they will have one or more secondary roles, most often supplying a family with food or firewood, or both.\n\nWhen a multipurpose tree is planted, a number of needs and functions can be fulfilled at once. They may be used as a windbreak, while also supplying a staple food for the owner. They may be used as fencepost in a living fence, while also being the main source of firewood for the owner. They may be intercropped into existing fields, to supply nitrogen to the soil, and at the same time serve as a source of both food and firewood.\n\nCommon multipurpose trees of the tropics include:\n\nGliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) – the most common tree used for living fences in Central America, firewood, fodder, fixing nitrogen into the soil.\nMoringa (Moringa oleifera) – edible leaves, pods and beans, commonly used for animal forage and shade (it does not fix nitrogen as is commonly believed)\nCoconut palm (Cocos nucifera) – used for food, purified water (juice from inside the coconut), roof thatching, firewood, shade.\nNeem (Azadirachta indica) – limited use as insect repellent, antibiotic, adding nitrogen to the soil, windbreaks, biomass production for use as mulch, firewood.\nIdeally most trees found on tropical farms should be multipurpose, and provide more to the farmer than simply shade and firewood. In most cases they should be nitrogen fixing legumes, or trees that greatly increase the farmer's food security. Which of the tree species mentioned in the text are used as a source of food for humans?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Moringa(Moringa oleifera) and Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) are used as a source of food for humans.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Multipurpose trees or multifunctional trees are trees that are deliberately grown and managed for more than one output. They may supply food in the form of fruit, nuts, or leaves that can be used as a vegetable; while at the same time supplying firewood, adding nitrogen to the soil, or supplying some other combination of multiple outputs. "Multipurpose tree" is a term common to agroforestry, particularly when speaking of tropical agroforestry where the tree owner is a subsistence farmer. While all trees can be said to serve several purposes, such as providing habitat, shade, or soil improvement; multipurpose trees have a greater impact on a farmer's well-being because they fulfill more than one basic human need. In most cases multipurpose trees have a primary role; such as being part of a living fence, or a windbreak, or used in an ally cropping system. In addition to this they will have one or more secondary roles, most often supplying a family with food or firewood, or both. When a multipurpose tree is planted, a number of needs and functions can be fulfilled at once. They may be used as a windbreak, while also supplying a staple food for the owner. They may be used as fencepost in a living fence, while also being the main source of firewood for the owner. They may be intercropped into existing fields, to supply nitrogen to the soil, and at the same time serve as a source of both food and firewood. Common multipurpose trees of the tropics include: Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) – the most common tree used for living fences in Central America, firewood, fodder, fixing nitrogen into the soil. Moringa (Moringa oleifera) – edible leaves, pods and beans, commonly used for animal forage and shade (it does not fix nitrogen as is commonly believed) Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) – used for food, purified water (juice from inside the coconut), roof thatching, firewood, shade. Neem (Azadirachta indica) – limited use as insect repellent, antibiotic, adding nitrogen to the soil, windbreaks, biomass production for use as mulch, firewood. Ideally most trees found on tropical farms should be multipurpose, and provide more to the farmer than simply shade and firewood. In most cases they should be nitrogen fixing legumes, or trees that greatly increase the farmer's food security. Which of the tree species mentioned in the text are used as a source of food for humans?
brainstorming
[ { "content": "What are the new 7 Wonders Cities:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "These are the new 7 Wonders Cities:\n\n- Durban, South Africa\n- Vigan, Philippines\n- Havana, Cuba\n- Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia\n- Beirut, Lebanon\n- Doha, Qatar\n- La Paz, Bolivia", "role": "assistant" } ]
What are the new 7 Wonders Cities:
general_qa
[ { "content": "What style of music is the Grateful Dead?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Grateful Dead span many genres and have bene influenced by many styles of music, which is evident in the variety one experiences across albums, live shows and eras throughout the band's history. They have also had many band members come and go and each have brought a different influence to the bands repertoire. Many evident styles are folk, jazz, ragtime, rock and roll, and country. The broad spectrum of styles is likely the reason they have such a large following.", "role": "assistant" } ]
What style of music is the Grateful Dead?
general_qa
[ { "content": "What is freedom?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Freedom could mean different things to different people. Often times the definition of freedom is based on the geo location, age, gender even your mood. For example, people in the United States sometimes associate freedom with the ability to speak, think and feel as they wish.", "role": "assistant" } ]
What is freedom?
creative_writing
[ { "content": "Tell me about the history of Data Warehousing. Make it entertaining", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Data Warehousing is an evolution of data storage that began in the 1960s. The original goal was to store data in a centralized location for easier retrieval and analysis. This was achieved through the development of databases and the introduction of data warehouses. In the early 2000s, data warehousing evolved into a more advanced process that enables organizations to analyze data in real-time and make better decisions. Today, data warehousing is used to store, manage, and analyze data to help organizations make better decisions and improve their business processes.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Tell me about the history of Data Warehousing. Make it entertaining
classification
[ { "content": "Classify each of the following as a streaming service or cable channel: Netflix, Hulu, Disney+, QVC, ABC, Comedy Central", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Netflix: Streaming Service\nHulu: Streaming Service\nDisney+: Streaming Service\nQVC: Cable Channel\nABC: Cable Channel\nComedy Central: Cable Channel", "role": "assistant" } ]
Classify each of the following as a streaming service or cable channel: Netflix, Hulu, Disney+, QVC, ABC, Comedy Central
open_qa
[ { "content": "Name some famous Sci-Fi movies", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Some famous Sci-Fi movies are Star Wars, 2001: A Space Odyssey and Blade Runner", "role": "assistant" } ]
Name some famous Sci-Fi movies
closed_qa
[ { "content": "Lee Kuan Yew (16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), born Harry Lee Kuan Yew, often referred to by his initials LKY, was a Singaporean lawyer, politician and statesman who served as the inaugural Prime Minister of Singapore between 1959 and 1990, and Secretary-General of the People's Action Party between 1954 and 1992. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Tanjong Pagar from 1955 until his death in 2015. Lee is widely recognised as the founding father of Singapore. When was Lee Kuan Yew born and when did he rule as the Prime Minister of Singapore?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923 and he served as the inaugural Prime Minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Lee Kuan Yew (16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), born Harry Lee Kuan Yew, often referred to by his initials LKY, was a Singaporean lawyer, politician and statesman who served as the inaugural Prime Minister of Singapore between 1959 and 1990, and Secretary-General of the People's Action Party between 1954 and 1992. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Tanjong Pagar from 1955 until his death in 2015. Lee is widely recognised as the founding father of Singapore. When was Lee Kuan Yew born and when did he rule as the Prime Minister of Singapore?
general_qa
[ { "content": "What is the biggest company in the world in terms of market capitlization?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "In terms of market capitalisation, Apple, Inc. is the biggest company valued at around 2.5 trillion dollars.", "role": "assistant" } ]
What is the biggest company in the world in terms of market capitlization?
classification
[ { "content": "Tell me whether these are indoor or outdoor games. \nCricket, Table Tennis, Soccer, Carom", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Cricket- Outdoor Game, Table Tennis - Indoor Game, Soccer- Outdoor Game, Carom - Indoor Games", "role": "assistant" } ]
Tell me whether these are indoor or outdoor games. Cricket, Table Tennis, Soccer, Carom
closed_qa
[ { "content": "Lollapalooza /ˌlɒləpəˈluːzə/ (Lolla) is an annual American four-day music festival held in Grant Park in Chicago. It originally started as a touring event in 1991, but several years later, Chicago became its permanent location. Music genres include but are not limited to alternative rock, heavy metal, punk rock, hip hop, and electronic dance music. Lollapalooza has also featured visual arts, nonprofit organizations, and political organizations. The festival, held in Grant Park, hosts an estimated 400,000 people each July and sells out annually. Lollapalooza is one of the largest and most iconic music festivals in the world and one of the longest-running in the United States.\n\nLollapalooza was conceived and created in 1991 as a farewell tour by Perry Farrell, singer of the group Jane's Addiction. Given a reference text about Lollapalooza, where does it take place, who started it and what is it?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Lollapalooze is an annual musical festival held in Grant Park in Chicago, Illinois. It was started in 1991 as a farewell tour by Perry Farrell, singe of the group Jane's Addiction. The festival includes an array of musical genres including alternative rock, heavy metal, punk rock, hip hop, and electronic dance music. The festivals welcomes an estimated 400,000 people each year and sells out annually. Some notable headliners include: the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Chance the Rapper, Metallica, and Lady Gage. Lollapalooza is one of the largest and most iconic festivals in the world and a staple of Chicago.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Lollapalooza /ˌlɒləpəˈluːzə/ (Lolla) is an annual American four-day music festival held in Grant Park in Chicago. It originally started as a touring event in 1991, but several years later, Chicago became its permanent location. Music genres include but are not limited to alternative rock, heavy metal, punk rock, hip hop, and electronic dance music. Lollapalooza has also featured visual arts, nonprofit organizations, and political organizations. The festival, held in Grant Park, hosts an estimated 400,000 people each July and sells out annually. Lollapalooza is one of the largest and most iconic music festivals in the world and one of the longest-running in the United States. Lollapalooza was conceived and created in 1991 as a farewell tour by Perry Farrell, singer of the group Jane's Addiction. Given a reference text about Lollapalooza, where does it take place, who started it and what is it?
summarization
[ { "content": "Born and raised in Alabama, Williams learned guitar from African-American blues musician Rufus Payne in exchange for meals or money. Payne, along with Roy Acuff and Ernest Tubb, had a significant influence on Williams' musical style. Williams began his professional career in Montgomery in 1937 when local radio station WSFA hired him to perform on a 15-minute program. He formed the Drifting Cowboys backup band, which was managed by his mother, and dropped out of school to devote his time to his career. When several of his band members were drafted during World War II, he had trouble with their replacements, and WSFA terminated his contract because of his alcoholism. Who were Hank Williams early musical influences?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "As a child Hank Williams was influenced by popular country artists such as Roy Acuff and Earnest Tubb, but he was also influenced by African-American blues musician Rufus Payne. Payne taught Williams how to play guitar, and was a significant influence on his musical style.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Born and raised in Alabama, Williams learned guitar from African-American blues musician Rufus Payne in exchange for meals or money. Payne, along with Roy Acuff and Ernest Tubb, had a significant influence on Williams' musical style. Williams began his professional career in Montgomery in 1937 when local radio station WSFA hired him to perform on a 15-minute program. He formed the Drifting Cowboys backup band, which was managed by his mother, and dropped out of school to devote his time to his career. When several of his band members were drafted during World War II, he had trouble with their replacements, and WSFA terminated his contract because of his alcoholism. Who were Hank Williams early musical influences?
summarization
[ { "content": "Landscaping requires both study and observation, and the process varies in different parts of the world. Landscaping varies according to different regions. Therefore, normally local natural experts are recommended if it is done for the first time. Understanding of the site is one of the chief essentials for successful landscaping. Different natural features and phenomena, like the position of the Sun, terrain, topography, soil qualities, prevailing winds, depth of the frost line, and the system of native flora and fauna must be taken into account What are the key components to landscaping?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Landscaping is a blend of art and science. In order to be a proficient landscaper, one must scientifically understand which types of plants react to which types of elements and conditions. In order to create a thriving landscape, the science must make sense amongst these elements for the ecosystem to thrive. Landscaping is also artistic in the sense of creating something that fits into the surroundings and is pleasing to the eye. The best landscapers understand the science and also have an artistic ability to express beauty.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Landscaping requires both study and observation, and the process varies in different parts of the world. Landscaping varies according to different regions. Therefore, normally local natural experts are recommended if it is done for the first time. Understanding of the site is one of the chief essentials for successful landscaping. Different natural features and phenomena, like the position of the Sun, terrain, topography, soil qualities, prevailing winds, depth of the frost line, and the system of native flora and fauna must be taken into account What are the key components to landscaping?
general_qa
[ { "content": "Which state is the city of Springfield from in the Simpsons?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The popular and long running show The Simpsons have intentionally left out from which state the home town of Springfield is with the intention of relating to everyone's Springfield. There have been several references to possible states to keep fans guessing and has become part of the playful nature of the show. Alas, in 2012, the show's creator revealed that it is based on Springfield, Oregon.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Which state is the city of Springfield from in the Simpsons?
general_qa
[ { "content": "How should I decorate my living room wall? Can you provide some tips and ideas?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "First, you need to consider what type of style you wish to convey in the entire living room. This will dictate how you should decorate the living room wall. If you have a \"statement piece\" such as a large plant somewhere in your living room, design the wall as a counterpart to it.\n\nYou can decorate a living room wall with far more than a painting, although having a painting or other artwork be the central focus is not necessarily bad. Consider a variety of wall art including wall sculptures, mirrors, clocks, floating shelves, plants, and bright, bold colors.\n\nDraw a few sketches out on paper or a computer program before you start to get a general idea of what you want to convey on the wall. And most importantly, have fun!", "role": "assistant" } ]
How should I decorate my living room wall? Can you provide some tips and ideas?
general_qa
[ { "content": "How do I apply for a single-entry e-visa to Uzbekistan as a US citizen for tourism? What potential pitfalls do I need to look out for?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "US citizens traveling for tourism who are under the age of 16 or over the age of 55, do not need an e-visa to enter Uzbekistan. Those between the ages of 16 and 55, will need to apply for an e-visa at the following website: https://e-visa.gov.uz/main. Applicants will need a US passport valid for at least 90 days from the date of the e-visa issuance. Applicants will also need to upload a passport photo (35x40mm size, 300 dip resolution, and less than 1MB file size), a photo (also less than 1MB file size) of page 2 of the passport, and $20 USD plus service fee chargeable to a VISA credit card.\n\nPlease note that although the e-visa application will ask the applicant to enter dates they will be in Uzbekistan, the e-visa will be valid beginning 30 days after the application date. Therefore, it is recommended that applicants apply between 30-60 days before they plan to enter Uzbekistan. If the applicant plans to visit Uzbekistan starting June 1, they should apply for the e-visa no later than May 1.\n\nUzbekistan e-visa windows are 90 days, but are only valid 30 days once the applicant enters Uzbekistan. For example, if the applicant applies for an e-visa on May 1, they will receive an e-visa window permitting them to single-entry into country anytime between June 1 – August 31. If the applicant enters Uzbekistan on June 1, the visa will be valid until June 30.\n\nIt is recommended that an applicant not apply more than 90 days than the date the applicant plans to exit Uzbekistan. For example, if the applicant intends to visit Uzbekistan between June 1 – June 15, the earliest the applicant can apply is March 15. The e-visa issued would be valid between April 15 – June 15. \n\nOnce the application is submitted, the applicant will receive an email to submit payment for the visa. Uzbekistan e-visas are nonrefundable. If there is a mistake in the details or dates, the e-visa should be considered invalid and the applicant must begin a new application and pay the fee again.\n\nPlease allow at least 3 business days for processing after payment. Afterward, the applicant will receive a link to download the pdf of their e-visa to Uzbekistan. The applicant should verify for accuracy and ensure that the e-visa dates are valid during their dates of travel.", "role": "assistant" } ]
How do I apply for a single-entry e-visa to Uzbekistan as a US citizen for tourism? What potential pitfalls do I need to look out for?
classification
[ { "content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Naqareh, Liuqin", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Liuqin is string, Nagareh is percussion.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Naqareh, Liuqin
brainstorming
[ { "content": "What are 6 different types of pizza toppings?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Pepperoni, Sausage, Onions, Peppers, Ham, Bacon", "role": "assistant" } ]
What are 6 different types of pizza toppings?
creative_writing
[ { "content": "how to solve a Rubik's cube", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Start with one side: Begin by choosing one side of the cube to solve. Usually, people choose the white or yellow side as it's easier to see the colors. Look for a center piece of the color you've chosen and place it in the center of that side.\n\nBuild the first layer: Now, turn the cube so that the side you just solved is facing down. Look for the edges that match the center color and put them in their respective places on the first layer. This layer will be completed when you have all four matching edge pieces in place.\n\nBuild the second layer: Once the first layer is complete, turn the cube over and find the middle row. Look for the edge pieces that belong on this layer, and move them into place with an algorithm. The goal is to build a complete layer with the same color as the center.\n\nBuild the final layer: The final layer can be tricky, but with practice, it becomes easier. First, align the corners of the final layer with the corresponding edges. Then, apply an algorithm to move the corners to their correct positions. Once the corners are in place, use another algorithm to position the edges.\n\nFinish the cube: After completing the final layer, you may have some misaligned pieces. Don't worry, as a simple algorithm can fix them. Keep using the algorithm until all the sides of the cube are in place.\n\nWith practice, solving a Rubik's Cube can be achieved in under a minute. It's important to remember that it's all about pattern recognition and memorizing algorithms, so keep practicing and soon you'll be able to solve it without even thinking!", "role": "assistant" } ]
how to solve a Rubik's cube
open_qa
[ { "content": "What is the difference between a stand up paddle board and a kayak?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Stand up paddle boards and kayaks are both non-motorized water crafts. Typically a kayak is either sit on top or sit in water craft, the user paddles through the water from a seated position. Most kayaks are made from polyethylene but some kayaks are made from kevlar or fiberglass, there are also inflatable kayaks. A stand up paddle board typically allows the user to paddle while standing up but they can also paddle while sitting if desired. Stand up paddle boards come in a variety of materials, hard paddleboards are made of fiberglass that is wrapped around a foam core, or polyethylene, inflatable paddleboards are made of stitching together pvc.", "role": "assistant" } ]
What is the difference between a stand up paddle board and a kayak?
classification
[ { "content": "Which of these is not like the other? Baseball, basketball, rock, puck,", "role": "user" }, { "content": "rock", "role": "assistant" } ]
Which of these is not like the other? Baseball, basketball, rock, puck,
general_qa
[ { "content": "What color is an orange fruit?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "A ripe orange fruit is typically orange unless it is a blood orange in which case it can have a slight red tinge. An unripe orange fruit is green. A rotten orange fruit is not orange or green or red, it is brown or black.", "role": "assistant" } ]
What color is an orange fruit?
general_qa
[ { "content": "As a golfer, how can I fix my slice?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "A common swing fault in golfers is a slice which is caused when the face of the club isn't aligned properly to the swing path of the club. What will typically happen is at the time of impact, the face is open in relation to the target (ie aimed to the right if you are a right handed golfer) and the swing path is closed in relation to the target (ie aimed to the left if you are a left handed golfer). When there is a large difference between the path of the swing and the face of the club, the impact will generate a high degree of lateral spin on the ball causing the flight of the ball to curve away from the target. Here are some ways to fix this swing fault:\n\n1. Grip the club with a stronger grip. This means the v formed between your thumb and pointer finger on back hand is pointed to your rear shoulder and your opposite hand it also gripping the club more from the back. This will help you close the face of the club at impact.\n2. Focus on keeping the face closed in the backswing. One fault many amateurs have is the club face opens toward the sky on the backswing too far meaning that the face will need to turn more on the downswing to get to square at impact. Creating less rotation on the backswing can help with this. \n3. Keeping hips down and back in the downswing. One fault that can cause inconsistent contact as well as a slice is when the hips thrust forward during the downswing causing the golfer to lift up to counter being too close to the ball which can often cause an over the top, out-to-in swing path. Try to keep the hips back through the swing and focus on rotating the body to keep forward or lateral movement to a minimum. \n\nA slice is a very common issue among golfers but knowing the causes and swing faults that lead to a slice can help you think about how you can improve your swing to fix it.", "role": "assistant" } ]
As a golfer, how can I fix my slice?
open_qa
[ { "content": "what is elasticsearch?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Elasticsearch is a search engine based on the Lucene library. It provides a distributed, multitenant-capable full-text search engine with an HTTP web interface and schema-free JSON documents.", "role": "assistant" } ]
what is elasticsearch?
general_qa
[ { "content": "Why should you workout in the morning if you work remotely ?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Working out in the morning have several benefits:\n1. It gives you a purpose to wake up early in the morning.\n2. It fills you with sense of accomplishment early in the day.\n3. It releases dopamine and make your mood better for the whole day.\n4. Helps you follow routines such as intermittent fasting and you feel energetic until afternoon till you have your fist meal.\n5. You can take out 1-2 hours of time for yourself before sending time with anything else during the day.\n6. There is more fat burning if you work out in the morning as body is depleted for resources and has to tap in fat reserves to provide energy for workout.", "role": "assistant" } ]
Why should you workout in the morning if you work remotely ?