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msmarco_passage_00_710594888 | Deaf Jam | New Day Films | Deaf Jam | New Day Films
Deaf Jam
Deaf Jam is the story of deaf teen Aneta Brodski's bold journey into the spoken word slam scene. In a wondrous twist, Aneta, an Israeli immigrant living in the Queens section of New York City, eventually meets Tahani, a hearing Palestinian slam poet. The two women embark on a collaboration creating a new form of slam poetry that speaks to both the hearing and the Deaf.
*Streaming - Spanish Subtitled version - 1 year streaming option
"Lively and illuminating...the combination of expressive freedom and unique discipline proves a winner for the students who absolutely shine here."
T. Keogh - Video Librarian Vol. 29 No.3 (May-June 2014 issue)
Synopsis:
"Poetry, friendship and respect transcend politics; delightful and endearing, utilizing upbeat music and clever graphics, Deaf Jam immerses us in the richness and complexity of deaf culture and gives us a unique perspective into a world so vibrant, so diverse, it may forever change the way we see the non-hearing."
Barbara Pokras, A.C.E., Woodstock Film Festival.
Available in 70 minute theatrical version or 53 minute broadcast version
Recommended for courses in:
Cinema/Film Studies, Diversity, Multicultural Studies, Women and Gender Studies, Human Rights, Literature, Sociology, Leadership and Performance Studies.
Educational DVD includes:
Beginning to advanced ASL poetry assignments
Complete versions of two poems featured in the film
Additional resources for workshops and use in the classroom
Click on the download button to the right to access the guide. |
msmarco_passage_00_713564756 | Mark W. Bidwell, Attorney at Law - Hawaiian Timeshare, Interval and Vacation Deeds Ready to begin? 714-846-2888 Mark@DeedAndRecord.com | Mark W. Bidwell, Attorney at Law - Hawaiian Timeshare, Interval and Vacation Deeds Ready to begin? 714-846-2888 Mark@DeedAndRecord.com
Home
Options
How to Own
Pricing and Payment
Do It Yourself
Timeshares
Trust Transfers
Post Death Trust Transfers
Husband and Wife
California Quit Claim Deeds
Death of Parent or Relative
Hawaii Timeshares
Florida Timeshares
California Timeshares
Expedited Probate of California Timeshares
Nevada Timeshares
Time Share Gifting
Ancillary Administration for California
Avoid Probate
Hawaiian Timeshare, Interval and Vacation Deeds
Ready to begin? 714-846-2888 Mark@DeedAndRecord.com
Change ownership of Hawaiian timeshare and intervals
Divorce
Marriage
Add a joint tenant
Fund a trust
Death of a joint tenant
Death of a tenant-by-the-entirety
What we do
We prepare Hawaiian deeds and affidavits
We email you the document for your signature
We record electronically and return to you the recorded document.
What you do
You provide us with some basic information
You return signed documents either by scan or mail.
You provide a copy of the recorded deed to the resort company to update their records.
If You Are Ready To Explore Your Options and Get Started, Contact Us Now . . ."
Email Mark@DeedAndRecord.com
Call 714-846-2888
"Excellent !! This was so seamless and easy. Thank you so much If we end up needing your services in the future we will be turning to you. Mahalo" - F
"Thank you very much for all your help. If I ever need to do something like this in the future I will definitely use you again." -- David
"I received the recorded document. Thanks for navigating waters unfamiliar to me! I will keep your cards for future needs or referrals." -- Mark
The problem: Can’t use the timeshare but the maintenance fees must be paid.
First: Look up the market value.
https://www.baytreesolutions.com
http://www.myresortnetwork.com
Options:
List the timeshare for sale.
Find a friend or family member who will use the timeshare. Make sure they understand the maintenance fee situation.
Contact the resort and ask if they will take back the timeshare.
With either option, we can prepare the deed to transfer ownership of your Hawaiian timeshare.
Common Questions
Q. Why prepare Form P-64B?
A. Conveyance tax is imposed on all transfers of ownership or interest in real property through deed unless the transfer is specifically exempted. Transfers into living trusts, transfers due to divorce and gifted timeshares are exempt. But to qualify for the exemption, Form P64B must accompany the deed when the deed is recorded.
Q. What is the difference between a quit claim deed and a warranty deed?
A. Quit claim deeds convey property "as is" and do not involve escrow and title insurance. Warranty deeds guarantee actual ownership and full disclosure of status of ownership. In transfers between spouses, former spouses and trusts it does not matter the type of deed used. For gifts the quit claim deed is used.
Q. What is the "Bureau of Conveyances?"
A. Hawaii is the only state in the nation with a single statewide recording office. There are two systems of recording in the State of Hawaii, the “Land Court” and the “Regular System.” The Regular System basically serves to give "notice" that something is on record. The Regular System is similar to recording by county found in all other states. The Land Court issues a certificate of title to the new owner. As of July 1, 2011, the Land Court will not accept any document affecting timeshare ownership. All timeshares deeds are recorded in the Regular System with the Bureau of Conveyances.
Deed and Record offers two ways to communicate with you: by email or by phone.
Online service at the website DeedAndRecord.com. Mark@DeedAndRecord.com.
Call 714-846-2888
The internet has many options to sell Hawaiian timeshares, but has limited options to change ownership or title due to death, divorce, gifts or trust funding. DeedAndRecord.com is an independent service for deeds to change ownership and title in the growing ownership of timeshares in Hawaii.
Documents prepared
Interval Conveyance Deed
Interval Deed
Interval Ownership Deed
Interval Warranty Assignment
Time Interval Ownership Conveyance
Vacation Ownership Interest
Vacation Plan Conveyance Document
Islands served
Oahu
Kauai
Island of Hawaii
Maui
What to do with a timeshare in Hawaii when retired.
The problem: Can’t use the timeshare but the maintenance fees must be paid.
First step: Look up the market value.
https://www.baytreesolutions.com/resorts/ for search by resort
http://www.myresortnetwork.com search by state and resort
Most likely your timeshare will have nominal resale value.
Options:
List the timeshare for sale
Find a friend or family member who will use the timeshare. Make sure they understand the maintenance fee situation.
Deed and Record prepares and records Hawaiian deeds for timeshares, intervals and vacation ownerships. New electronic service reduces recording time from months to next day.
What are Deeds?
Deeds are used to remove a spouse due to divorce, add a spouse due to marriage, add or remove a co-owner, gift or fund a trust.
"Deeds” include quit claim deeds, warranty deeds, inter-spousal deeds, vacation ownership deeds and interval deeds.
We prepare deeds in the format and manner required by Hawaiian law, including legal description, demarcation and interval control number. Deeds are recorded electronically and returned to the customer by email. The customer provides a copy of the recorded deed to the Vacation Resort Club to update their records.
What are Affidavits?
Affidavits are used to recognize the death of a trustee, joint tenant or tenant-in-the-entirety. An affidavit is a statement in writing, sworn before a notary that notifies the State of Hawaii the death of a timeshare owner. The affidavit also identifies either the surviving owner or the successor trustee who has the authority to sell or change ownership of the timeshare. Affidavits are recorded electronically and provided to the customer by email.
Divorce and Dissolution of Marriage
In divorces and dissolution of marriage, a timeshare in Hawaii is awarded to one spouse. Until the non-owning spouse is removed as owner, he or she remains liable for property taxes and maintenance fees and has access to the timeshare. If title remains in tenancy-in-the-entirety the ex-spouse will automatically inherit the timeshare on the death of the timeshare owner.
To remove a former spouse, the former spouse signs a deed conveying his or her interest to the owning spouse. This deed is often referred to as an inter-spousal deed.
Marriage
A newlywed wants to add his or her new spouse as owner of the timeshare. To add the spouse a deed must be prepared granting joint ownership to the new spouse. The deed is signed by the owning spouse and recorded with the Bureau of Conveyances.
Husband and wife take title as tenants-in-the-entirety. On the death of the first spouse, the surviving spouse becomes the sole owner by filing an affidavit of death with the Bureau of Conveyances. After the affidavit is filed, the surviving spouse has full control to sell or transfer ownership of the timeshare.
Trusts
Timeshares are often overlooked in funding of living trusts. A trust is created. But if title ownership is not changed to the trust, the timeshare will require probate. A deed transferring ownership from the individual to the individual’s trust avoids probate and court supervision.
On the death of the Trust’s trustee the successor trustee files an affidavit death of trustee and a deed. The affidavit notifies the Bureau the trustee has died and who is the successor trustee. The successor trustee signs a deed to transfer ownership from the trust to the beneficiary identified in the trust. The beneficiary becomes the owner of timeshare.
Joint Tenants
As an alternate to trusts some timeshare owners add a child or relative as a joint tenant owner. In joint tenancy the deceased owner’s interest disappears by operation of law. The surviving joint tenant becomes the sole owner. The document to record the death is an “affidavit death of joint tenant.”
Gift
Timeshare owners who can no longer use the timeshare still incur maintenance fees. The resale market for timeshares is not robust. To avoid ongoing resort an owner should consider selling the timeshare for nominal value or gifting the timeshare. The cost of formal escrow may be avoided by quit claiming the timeshare.
In a “quit claim” the owner conveys ownership “as is” with no promises of the condition of the timeshare. The new owner is willing to accept a quit claim because he or she has not paid anything of real value and has little or no risk in the transfer of ownership.
Summary
Title, ownership change to remove a spouse due to divorce, add spouse due to marriage, add or remove a co-owner, to gift and to fund trusts is provided by Deed and Record. Service now includes next day electronic filing of Hawaiian timeshares in vacation resorts and clubs. For more information call 714-846-2888 or email Mark@DeedandRecord.com.
Most timeshare units are divided into one week timeshares. There are 10,201 timeshares. Assuming each timeshare unit has 50 timeshare owners, the math implies today there are about 500,000 individual owners of Hawaiian timeshares.
Islands with resorts
Hawai'i Island
Kaua'i
Maui
Moloka'i
O'ahu
We provide service for the following Resorts in Hawaii
Alii Kai II (ALI)
Alii Kai Resort (2201)
Aloha Beach Resort (8750)
Aqual Hotel - Park Shore Resort
Aston at the Maui Banyan - Holiday Network (7700)
Aston Kaanapali Shores - Holiday Network (8497)
Banyan Harbor (0266)
Bay Club at Waikoloa Beach Resort (3684)
Castle Kamaole Sands - Rental (8242)
Castle Kiahuna Plantation - Rental (8244)
Castle Kona Reef - Rental (8243)
Celebrity Resorts Waikiki (0245)
Cliffs Club (5124 CLF)
Cliffs Resort (3656)
Club Intrawest-Kauai (6416 BHA)
Diamond Resorts - Ka'anapali Beach Club (4985 EGK)
Diamond Resorts - Point at Poipu (3682 EPP)
Fairway Villa (Diamond Resorts) (0535 FRN)
Gardens at West Maui (TGW)
Grand Waikikian by Hilton Grand Vacations Club
Hanalei Bay Resort (HAN)
Hawaiian Princess at Makaha Beach (HAP)
Hawaiian Sun Holidays at The Waikiki Banyan (BYN, SWB)
High Country Club Maui Palms at Wailea ()
Hilton Grand Vacations Club at the Hilton Hawaiian Village - Kalia Tower (7499)
Hilton Grand Vacations Club at the Hilton Hawaiian Village - Lagoon Tower (5996)
Hilton Grand Vacations Club at Waikoloa Beach Resort (Kohala Suites) (8599)
Hilton Grand Vacations Club Kings' Land Resort (7978)
Hololani (Vacation Internationale) (0524 HOL)
Holua Resort at Mauna Loa Village (Shell) (6460)
Hono Koa (2620 HOK)
Imperial Hawaii Vacation Club (2605)
Imperial Hawaii-World Wide Vacations Club (0961)
Islander on the Beach (8722)
Kahana Beach Vacation Club (KAH)
Kahana Falls (2788)
Kahana Villa Vacation Club (KVV)
Kamaole Beach Club (1287)
Kapaa Shore (Vacation Internationale) (0526 KPA)
Kapulanikai Vacation Suites (2652)
Kauai Beachboy Hotel (3887)
Ke Nani Kai (KNK)
Kihei Akahi (2486)
Kihei Kai Nani (Vacation Internationale) (0534 KIH)
Kona Billfisher (0029)
Kona Coast Resort I (2326 KOC, KSO, KO1, KC1)
Kona Coast Resort II (4861 KON, KOS, KOT, KSR, KT1, KS1, KR1, KN1, KT2, KT3)
Kona Hawaiian Resort (Wyndham) (5971)
Kona Islander Vacation Club (KOI)
Kona Reef (Diamond Resorts) (6979 KOF)
Kuhio Banyan Club (1297)
Kuleana Club (0030)
Lawai Beach Resort (5080 LAW, LBL)
Lea Casa (0279)
Makaha Resort & Golf Club (MGX)
Makai Club at Princeville (1254)
Makai Club Cottages (1580)
Marriott's Kauai Beach Club (MKW)
Marriott's Kauai Lagoons (MKI)
Marriott's Ko Olina Beach Club (MKO)
Marriott's Maui Ocean Club - Lahaina and Napili Villas (MM1)
Marriott's Maui Ocean Club (MMO)
Marriott's Waiohai Beach Club (MAW)
Maui Banyan Vacation Club (MBN)
Maui Beach Vacation Club (MBV)
Maui Lea at Maui Hill (0755)
Maui Oceanfront Inn Vacation Club (8427)
Maui Schooner (LMB)
Maui Sunset (0192)
Maui Sunset II (0439)
Mauna Loa Village by the Sea (4908)
MROP at Kauai Beach Villas (6050)
Na Pali Kauai Club (NPP)
Nihi Kai Villas (0451)
One Napili Way (ONP)
Outrigger Palms at Wailea - Holiday Network (6118)
Outrigger Waikiki on the Beach ()
Pacific Fantasy (2487)
Pahio at Bali Hai Villas (Wyndham) (3031)
Pahio at Ka'Eo Kai (Wyndham) (1376 PAK)
Pahio at Kauai Beach Villas (Wyndham) (3681)
Pahio at the Shearwater (Wyndham) (2638)
Paki Maui Beach Villas (BEV)
Paniolo Greens (3977)
Papakea (Vacation Internationale) (0533 PAP, P1P)
Papakea Resort (Diamond Resorts) (4074 PKK)
Pono Kai (Vacation Internationale) (0525)
Pono Kai Resort (2491)
RHC/Ka'Eo Kai Resort (2975)
Royal Aloha Keauhou-Kona/RAVC (1677 KKS)
Royal Aloha Vacation Club - Village By The Sea (VBS)
Royal Aloha Vacation Club/Waikiki (0082 WST)
Royal Aloha Village by the Sea/RAVC (1678)
Royal Hawaiian Adventure Club (0037)
Royal Kuhio ( Lifetime in Hawaii ) (1138)
Royal Kuhio (Vacation Internationale) (7575 KUH)
Royal Sea Cliff (Wyndham) (6939)
Sands of Kahana (5541 SOK)
Sea Mountain (Diamond Resorts) (0530 SEM, S1M)
Sea Village (Diamond Resorts) (0528 SEV, S1V)
Shell Vacations Club at Holua Resort at Mauna Loa Village (5851)
Shell Vacations Club at Kauai Coast Resort at the Beachboy (5852)
Shell Vacations Club at Paniolo Greens (6092)
Shell Vacations Club at The Kona Coast Resort II (6096)
Shell Vacations Club at Waikiki Marina Resort at the Ilikai (7775)
SVC @ Kauai Coast Resort at Beachboy (6454)
Sweetwater at Kauai (0495)
Sweetwater at Waikiki (0381)
Tropical Trades at Paki Maui (TRO)
Valley Isle (Vacation Internationale) (0529 VAI)
Waikiki Beach Walk (Wyndham) (8667)
Westin Ka'anapali Ocean Resort Villas (KAA, KA1)
Westin Ka'anapali Ocean Resort Villas North (KAN)
Westin Princeville Ocean Resort Villas (WPV , WV1)
Whaler (WHA, WHL)
WorldMark Kapaa Shore (2669 WAK,KPA)
WorldMark Kihei (6494 WKI)
WorldMark Kona (4935 WKN)
WorldMark Valley Isle (2283 WAM) |
msmarco_passage_00_715013415 | What does FDG mean? - Miscellaneous - Definition and Meaning of FDG - Definition Meaning | What does FDG mean? - Miscellaneous - Definition and Meaning of FDG - Definition Meaning
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FDG
What does FDG mean?
This page is all about the meaning, abbreviation and acronym of FDG explaining the definition or meaning and giving useful information of similar terms.
FDG Stands For : FluoroDeoxyGlucose
What is FDG ?
There may be more than one meaning of FDG , so check it out all meanings of FDG one by one.
FDG definition / FDG means?
The Definition of FDG is given above so check it out related information.
What is the meaning of FDG ?
The meaning of the FDG is also explained earlier. Till now you might have got some idea about the acronym, abbreviation or meaning of FDG
. What does FDG mean? is explained earlier. You might also like some similar terms related to FDG to know more about it. This site contains various terms related to bank, Insurance companies, Automobiles, Finance, Mobile phones, software, computers,Travelling, School, Colleges, Studies, Health and other terms. |
msmarco_passage_00_7206288 | 21st Century Cabinetry – Custom Cabinets | 21st Century Cabinetry – Custom Cabinets
Welcome to 21st Century Cabinetry
Quality, Beauty & Affordability
Kitchen Cabinet Distributors
21st Century Cabinetry partners with home improvement showrooms and remodeling contractors throughout the United States to provide high quality, beautiful and affordable kitchen cabinets. We strive to be one of the leading cabinet distributors, offering dozens of styles and color combinations, as well as exclusive cabinetry accessories. Our handmade, custom cabinets are crafted using the finest materials with great attention to detail. Styles range from traditional to functional and contemporary, at 21st Century Cabinetry we offer designs to fit your client’s unique aesthetic and lifestyle. From sales to shipping and customer service, we’re dedicated to exceeding your high expectations. Learn how your company can become an exclusive dealer & partner with 21st Century Cabinetry!
Wholesale Cabinet Distributors
When your clients are ready to transform their kitchen, they’ll appreciate the stunning yet affordable options from the cabinet distributors line from 21st Century Cabinetry. Our large warehouse, located in Moorestown, NJ, is stocked with every line of cabinets we sell wholesale & ready to ship to your business location. Orders are fulfilled quickly and generally out for shipping within 1 business day! As part of our commitment to success, we offer personalized service and support to all of our dealers. Not only are our cabinets are priced for profit, we offer exceptional warranties on all products within our line.
To see our cabinets in different kitchens
Click Here
HIGH-QUALITY, ALL WOOD CABINETRY
Elegant Cabinets To Complement Any Home
From the beginning, we have known that quality is fundamental to our business, our partners/dealers and your customers. The goal and mission of 21st Century Cabinetry is to design & construct cabinets of the highest quality at an affordable price. As professional cabinet distributors, our cabinetry is crafted for those who want a variety of features & quality, but with more affordability and value than the chain stores. Furthermore, our extensive selection of cabinetry accessories can be integrated with standard cabinets to beautifully & uniquely transform your kitchen space. 21st Century Cabinetry is proud to be one of the leading providers of cabinetry solutions to our partners in the local area & throughout the United States.
If you’re interested in becoming a dealer and selling our exclusive lines of cabinetry, visit our Dealer page to fill out the form. Once we receive the form, we’ll review the information and get back to you within a few business days. Also, take a few minutes to review our Policy page to get an idea of our ordering & return processes.
Crystal Maple
Charlton
Perla
Wildwood
Avalon
Ebony Shaker
Dover White Shaker
Sedona
Sterling
Glacier |
msmarco_passage_00_73648798 | Mung Bean InJeolMi | Mung Bean InJeolMi
Mung Bean InJeolMi
녹두 인절미, NokDu InJeolMi
March 8, 2013 by AeriLee Leave a Comment
Injeolmi (인절미) is a type of Korean rice cake. It is sticky rice cakes rolled in some kind of powder or crumbs. Depending on the powder or crumbs, the name for the rice cakes are different. Today I will make injeolmi rolled in mungbean crumbs, which we call “nokdu injeolmi.” Chewy rice cakes, covered with the sweet and nutty flavor of mung brean crumbs, tastes very delicious.
Yield: 40 Pieces
Short Korean Lesson
BiDeum (비듬) = Dandruff
BangGui (방귀) = Fart
Video Instructions
YouTube
Aeri's Kitchen
187K subscribers
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Korean Mung Bean Rice Cakes (녹두 인절미, NokDu InJeolMi) | Aeri's Kitchen
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Rice Cake Ingredients
3 Cups Sweet Rice Flour
2½ Cups Water
¼ Cup Sugar
1 tsp Salt
Mung Bean Crumbs Ingredients
1 Cup Dried Peeled Mung Beans
¼ Cup Sugar
½ tsp Salt
Directions
Wash 1 cup of dried, peeled mung beans several times.
Soak the washed beans in water for about 2 hours.
After 2 hours, drain.
Put a metal steamer in a big pot, or use a bamboo steamer. Pour some water into the pot.
Put wet cheese cloth (or some other thin cloth for steaming) over the steamer.
Put the drained beans on the cheese cloth. Spread the beans out evenly.
Boil the water. Steam the beans for about 20 to 30 minutes.
Rub a cooked bean with your thumb and second finger. If the bean smashes easily, they are done. However, be careful not to over cook the beans, or else you will not get the right texture for this food.
Quickly pour and spread the cooked beans onto a wide plate.
Sprinkle ½ tsp of salt evenly on the beans. Let them completely cool down.
You do not want your beans to be wet, so try to get them dried. You can toast them in a pan on the stove, or bake them a little in the oven. Either way, be careful not to burn the beans. Put the beans in a zipper bag, and smash them with something like a French rolling pin, until half of the beans become powdery, but some chunks are still remaining.
Add about ¼ cup of sugar in the bag and shake it to mix everything. Depending on your tastes, you can adjust the sugar amount in this step.
Spread the beans on a wide plate. Set them aside while you are making the sticky rice cakes.
Mix 3 cups of sweet rice flour, 2½ cups of water, ¼ cup of sugar, and 1 tsp of salt in a large mixing bowl.
Cover the bowl with plastic wrap loosely.
Cook for about 3 minutes on high in the microwave. Take it out from the microwave and mix. Keep repeating this until the batter has completely cooked. When it is cooked, the color changes from white to a little yellowish color. It took about 6 minutes in my microwave.
Knead the rice cake dough with a fork first.
And then forcefully hit it with the end of a French rolling pin, or similar tool. This will help your rice cakes to have a nicer, chewier texture. Do this step for about 10 minutes.
Spread ⅓ of the cooked mung beans on a cutting board.
Put the rice cake dough on top of the bean crumbs.
Put another ⅓ of the beans on top of the rice cake dough. Flatten the rice cakes into a square shape with about a ½-inch thickness. The beans help the dough to not stick to the board or your hands, making it is easier to work with them.
Dip the knife in water and then cut the rice cakes into 2-inch wide strips. I divided mine into 4 strips.
Take each strip and slice it into about 10 pieces.
Roll each piece on the remaining bean crumbs, so that the entire surface of each cake is covered with crumbs.
You can freeze some and eat them later. When you eat the frozen rice cakes, you can thaw them out at room temperature or microwave them a little. They will taste just as fresh as when you first made them. Try them someday. |
msmarco_passage_00_739930219 | GREY | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary | GREY | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary
Meaning of grey in English
grey
adjective
(US usually gray) uk
Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio
/ ɡreɪ / us
Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio
/ ɡreɪ /
grey adjective (COLOUR)
A1
of the colour that is a mixture of black and white, the colour of rain clouds:
a grey sky
C2
having hair that has become grey or white, usually because of age:
He started to go/ turn grey in his mid-forties.
B2
used to describe the weather when there are a lot of clouds and little light:
Night turned into morning, grey and cold.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
Black, white & grey
coal black
cream
dark
dove grey
gray
greyness
jet black
milky
off white
pearl
pearly
pitch-dark
sombre
steel grey
steel-gray
virgin
white
whiten
whiteness
whitish
See more results »
You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics:
Hair colour
Describing bad weather
Precipitation: clouds, dew, fog & steam
Want to learn more?
Improve your vocabulary with English Vocabulary in Use from Cambridge.
Learn the words you need to communicate with confidence.
grey adjective (BORING)
C1
boring and sad:
He saw a grey future stretch ahead of him.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
Tedious and uninspiring
anonymous
banal
basic
be (as) dull as ditchwater idiom
bland
leaden
lifelessness
marginal
meh
menial
middle-aged
slow
staid
stale
staleness
stodgy
stolidly
stuffy
tame
turgid
See more results »
grey
noun [ C or U ]
(US usually gray) uk
Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio
/ ɡreɪ / us
Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio
/ ɡreɪ /
A2
the colour that is a mixture of black and white, the colour of rain clouds:
She was dressed in grey.
Pinghung Chen/EyeEm/GettyImages
Paul wore pale grey trousers with a black jacket.
She walked through the city centre with its drab, grey buildings and felt depressed.
Her face was gaunt and grey.
It was a grey and sunless day and our spirits were low.
She was dressed very soberly in a plain grey suit.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
Black, white & grey
coal black
cream
dark
dove grey
gray
greyness
jet black
milky
off white
pearl
pearly
pitch-dark
sombre
steel grey
steel-gray
virgin
white
whiten
whiteness
whitish
See more results »
grey
verb [ I ]
(US usually gray) uk
Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio
/ ɡreɪ / us
Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio
/ ɡreɪ /
grey verb [I] (HAIR)
If a person or their hair greys, their hair becomes grey or white, usually because of age:
I'm greying at the sides.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
Black, white & grey
coal black
cream
dark
dove grey
gray
greyness
jet black
milky
off white
pearl
pearly
pitch-dark
sombre
steel grey
steel-gray
virgin
white
whiten
whiteness
whitish
See more results »
You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics:
Hair
grey verb [I] (GET OLDER)
If a group of people is greying, it contains an increasing number of older people:
Italy is greying faster than any other European country.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
Describing people who are old
aged
ageing
ageless
as old as Methuselah idiom
auntie
elderly
for a man/woman/person of his/her years idiom
gaga
geriatric
grand old age idiom
gray
have had its/your day idiom
have one foot in the grave idiom
hoary
pensionable
senile
sprightliness
sprightly
spry
superannuated
See more results »
(Definition of grey from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
grey | American Dictionary
grey
adjective
esp. Cdn Br us
Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio
/ ɡreɪ /
gray
(Definition of grey from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
grey | Business English
grey
adjective [ before noun ]
UK ( US gray) uk
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/ ɡreɪ / us
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COMMERCE, ECONOMICS
used to describe an unofficial but not illegal system in which products are bought in a foreign country and sold more cheaply than in the manufacturer's usual distribution system:
Grey trade goods
Compare
parallel
MARKETING
used to describe people over about 50, considered as a group:
The grey generation are turning their backs on employment and starting their own businesses.
(Definition of grey from the Cambridge Business English Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
Translations of grey
in Chinese (Traditional)
顏色（的）, 灰色的，灰白色的, （通常因年老而）頭髮灰白的…
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in Chinese (Simplified)
颜色（的）, 灰色的，灰白色的, （通常因年老而）头发灰白的…
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in Spanish
gris…
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in Portuguese
cinza, grisalho…
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in more languages
in Japanese
in French
in Catalan
in Arabic
in Czech
in Danish
in Indonesian
in Thai
in Vietnamese
in Malay
in German
in Norwegian
in Korean
in Italian
灰色の, グレーの, 灰色…
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gris, grisonnant, grisonner…
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gris…
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رَمادي, اللَّون الرُمادي…
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šedý, šedivý, šedá (barva)…
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grå, gråhåret, gråt…
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abu-abu, beruban, kelabu…
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ที่มีสีเทา, หงอก, สีเทา…
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xám, có tóc hoa râm, màu xám…
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kelabu, beruban…
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grau, das Grau, ergrauen…
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grå, gråhåret, grått…
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회색의, 회색…
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grigio, diventare grigio…
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grenadier
grenadine
grew
Grexit
grey
grey area
grey eminence
grey goods
grey knight
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English American Business Translations |
msmarco_passage_00_743551596 | REFERENDUM | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary | REFERENDUM | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary
Meaning of referendum in English
referendum
noun [ C ]
uk
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/ ˌref.əˈren.dəm / us
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/ ˌref.əˈren.dəm / plural referendums or formal referenda uk / ˌref.əˈren.də / us / ˌref.əˈren.də / (formal plebiscite)
C2
a vote in which all the people in a country or an area are asked to give their opinion about or decide an important political or social question:
Is it more democratic to hold a referendum, rather than let the government alone decide?
More examples
A nationwide referendum will be held to decide the issue.
The opposition are demanding a referendum on the issue.
A referendum was held on the question of whether the U.K. should remain a member of the European Community.
The proposed referendum is consultative only and is not binding on Parliament.
There has been much debate over the exact wording of the referendum.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
Elections
absentee
absentee ballot
absentee vote
absentee voter
absentee voting
barnstorm
enfranchise
enfranchisement
entrance poll
exit poll
first-past-the-post
proxy
proxy vote
psephologist
psephology
punch card
vote sth down
whistle-stop
write sb in
X, x
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(Definition of referendum from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
referendum | American Dictionary
referendum
noun [ C ]
us
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/ ˌref·əˈren·dəm / plural referendums or referenda us / ˌref·əˈren·də /
a vote in which all the people in a country or an area decide on an important question
(Definition of referendum from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
Examples of referendum
referendum
In the case of the president's party, the relationship between performance and the vote contradicts standard referendum theories of economic voting.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
It does this when it elects those in government or gives support to one or another policy in a referendum.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
However, we should not forget that casting a vote in a referendum is not exactly the same as advancing an opinion in a survey.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
In calling for this referendum and appealing directly to the people, the government side-stepped the existing amendment procedures.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Yet, it must be noted that the referendum was purely a procedural measure seeking to institutionalise a process of demilitarisation that had already taken place.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
These referenda were obviously launched by leftist parties and trade unions (table 2).
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Therefore, under the constitution the multiparty question is left to a future referendum and not definitively settled.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Up until 1945, the optional referendum represented an efficient veto point for groups opposing the welfare state to dilute state-interventionist social policies.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
While the referendum is supposed to have braking effects and a tendency to reinforce the status quo, constitutional (popular) initiatives imply important indirect innovation effects.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
In the hypothetical survey referendum in each location between 70 to 89 per cent voted for paying $20 annually to support global warming prevention.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Still, not knowing how to vote in a referendum presupposes that one does not have an unequivocal opinion about the issue at stake.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Making the central bank independent should not be a significant obstacle if a referendum can be won.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
A constitutional assembly and referendum were, according to the government, appropriate in a transition from a dictatorial or one-party regime.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
One of them was to hold a referendum on the fourth nuclear power plant, which has been an important movement claim since late 1980s.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
All four of these referendums successfully generated an antinuclear majority, as activists predicted.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.
Collocations with referendum
referendum
These are words often used in combination with referendum.
Click on a collocation to see more examples of it.
bond referendum
The present courthouse replaced it in 1902 after a $72,000 bond referendum passed.
From
Wikipedia
This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license.
national referendum
This debate took place at all levels of society and in political institutions, by expert groups' assessments and by a national referendum.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
popular referendum
Whether there is a popular referendum or parliamentary ratification, this is the moment when positions must be made clear.
From null
These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.
See all collocations with referendum
Translations of referendum
in Chinese (Traditional)
（就重大政治或社會問題進行的）全民公決，全民公投…
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in Chinese (Simplified)
（就重大政治或社会问题进行的）全民公决，全民公投…
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in Spanish
referéndum…
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in Portuguese
referendum, referendo…
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in more languages
in Japanese
in Turkish
in French
in Catalan
in Arabic
in Czech
in Danish
in Indonesian
in Thai
in Vietnamese
in Polish
in Malay
in German
in Norwegian
in Korean
in Italian
in Russian
国民投票, 住民投票…
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halk oylaması, refrandum…
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référendum…
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referèndum…
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استِفتاء…
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referendum…
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folkeafstemning…
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referendum…
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ประชามติ…
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cuộc trưng cầu dân ý…
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referendum…
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pungutan suara…
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der Volksentscheid…
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folkeavstemning…
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국민 투표…
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referendum…
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референдум…
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reference group
reference library
reference point BETA
referenda
referendum
referent
referential BETA
referral
referral marketing
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English American Examples Collocations Translations |
msmarco_passage_00_74805275 | Missouri Small Estate Affidavit - Free Small Estate Affidavit Form | Missouri Small Estate Affidavit - Free Small Estate Affidavit Form
Missouri Small Estate Affidavit
Missouri Legal Document 5 Star Rating:
When someone in Missouri dies and the size of the estate is less than $40,000, the estate may qualify for a simplified process for administering small estates. This process requires much less documentation and time.
This procedure involves the use of a Missouri Small Estate Affidavit. A Missouri Small Estate Affidavit is a sworn statement signed under oath by an heir or heirs of an estate attesting that the estate’s value is worth less than $40,000.
A Missouri Small Estate Affidavit is a device used to distribute assets that belonged to a Decedent in a summary distribution manner to survivors without full probate administration.
The Missouri Affidavit of Small Estate is extremely useful when heirs need quick access to the deceased’s bank accounts and securities to make funeral arrangements.
Click here to start a free, customizable Missouri Small Estate Affidavit.
The Missouri Small Estate Affidavit should be prepared by the executor of the deceased’s will or the person with the most knowledge of the deceased’s assets. If the Decedent dies without a will, then the spouse and heirs must prepare the Missouri Affidavit of Small Estate.
Information and documentation needed when drafting a Missouri Small Estate Affidavit:
Thirty days have elapsed since the passing of the Decedent.
An itemized list of the fair market value of the assets.
Copies of the Death Certificate and social security card.
Confirmation that the deceased is a former resident of the county in Missouri.
The status at death, intestate or testate.
List of all heirs and addresses for each.
A list of all unpaid expenses and debts of the Decedent, including funeral costs.
The Missouri Small Estate Affidavit is used to inform a probate court that a particular estate meets the requirements of Missouri Small Estate laws. Missouri caps the value of a small estate at $40,000 in real and personal property.
A Missouri Small Estate Affidavit is filed in the Missouri Court where the Decedent lived at the time of death. It can also be filed in any county in Missouri where the Decedent owned property. The Missouri Affidavit of Small Estate informs the Court of the value of the deceased’s assets.
Once the Missouri Affidavit of Small Estate is filed, the Missouri Court issues an order approving the Affidavit and transferring the property to the heirs.
Click here to start a free, customizable Missouri Small Estate Affidavit.
|
msmarco_passage_00_748231394 | INTENSIFY | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary | INTENSIFY | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
Meaning of intensify in English
intensify
verb [ I or T ]
us
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/ ɪnˈten.sə.faɪ / uk
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/ ɪnˈten.sɪ.faɪ /
C2
to become greater, more serious, or more extreme, or to make something do this:
Fighting around the capital has intensified in the last few hours.
Synonym
escalate
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
Increasing and intensifying
a snowball effect idiom
accretion
accumulate
accumulative
add fuel to the fire idiom
balloon
blaze
fade
go into the stratosphere idiom
go up
growing
heighten
hot up
multiply
redouble
resurge
rocket
scale sth up
soaring
spike
See more results »
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(Definition of intensify from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
intensify | Intermediate English
intensify
verb [ I/T ]
us
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/ ɪnˈten·səˌfɑɪ /
to make something stronger or more extreme, or to become stronger or more extreme:
[ T ] He intensified his training, running 45 miles a week.
[ I ] Fighting around the capital has intensified.
(Definition of intensify from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
Examples of intensify
intensify
This way of dealing with the language has intensified.
From The New Yorker
In the last few years, the fear of layoffs and firing has only intensified.
From International Business Times
More examples
Fewer examples
As the weather warmed up each year, panic over polio intensified.
From NPR
But as fighting over the border has intensified and the outflow of refugees increased, the atmosphere has turned more volatile.
From Reuters
The shaking continued and intensified for several long minutes.
From Huffington Post
She says as the fight against organized crime has intensified, the criminals have become more aggressive.
From NPR
And so that's a wonderful way that we're making sure we're intensifying where it's necessary.
From NPR
Needless to say, this only served to intensify the rumors.
From The New Yorker
Heavier traffic congestion would also intensify local air pollution, slowing or reversing the substantial progress toward cleaner urban air in recent decades.
From Heritage.org
This approach both reflected and intensified the polarization between the two parties.
From The New York Review of Books
But if land use is intensified or changed, which of these factors - species diversity or asynchrony - is more important?
From Phys.Org
However, one must also note several extremely disturbing trends dating from the same period -- trends which have intensified since.
From Huffington Post
Its military provocations have intensified and it has become increa-singly unpredictable.
From Chicago Tribune
Great customer experience is both a necessity and an advantage as competition for customers intensifies.
From Wired
Online communication can intensify other unpleasant tendencies, too.
From Huffington Post
These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.
Translations of intensify
in Chinese (Traditional)
加強，增強, 強化…
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in Chinese (Simplified)
加强，增强, 强化…
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in Spanish
intensificar (se), intensificarse…
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in Portuguese
intensificar (-se)…
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in more languages
in French
in Czech
in Danish
in Indonesian
in Thai
in Vietnamese
in Malay
in German
in Norwegian
in Italian
(s’)intensifier, (s’) intensifier…
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zesílit…
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intensivere, forstærke…
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meningkat…
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ทำให้รุนแรงขึ้น…
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tăng cường…
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meningkatkan…
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intensivieren, (sich) verstärken…
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bli mer intens, bli sterkere, intensifisere…
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intensificare…
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intensely
intensification
intensified
intensifier
intensify
intensifying
intensional BETA
intensity
intensive
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English Intermediate Examples Translations |
msmarco_passage_00_748860119 | PAIN | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary | PAIN | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
Meaning of pain in English
pain
noun [ C or U ]
us
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/ peɪn / uk
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/ peɪn /
A2
a feeling of physical suffering caused by injury or illness:
Her symptoms included abdominal pain and vomiting.
Are you in (= suffering from) pain?
She was in constant pain.
These pills should help to ease the pain.
I felt a sharp pain in my foot.
He's been suffering various aches and pains for years.
Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
pain
pain There are drugs you can take to ease the pain.
agony Mothers will often talk about the agony of childbirth.
soreness If you sailed through the exercises without soreness, you can move on.
ache I developed a dull ache in my jaw.
discomfort Sometimes receding gums can cause discomfort.
sting Bee stings can cause an allergic reaction in some people.
See more results »
B2
emotional or mental suffering:
It's a movie about the pains and pleasures of parenthood.
The parents are still in great pain over the death of their child.
Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
emotional pain
pain Divorce can cause a lot of pain and suffering.
hurt The hurt caused by the break-up was almost unbearable.
grief After his death, her grief was unbearable.
heartache After all the tears and heartache, there is light at the end of the tunnel.
heartbreak Many of us have known our share of heartbreak.
See more results »
More examples
She cried out in pain as the bullet grazed her shoulder.
He collapsed, groaning with pain.
I felt a sharp pain and looked down to see blood pouring from my leg.
She went to the doctor complaining of chest pains.
Aspirin reduces pain and inflammation.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
Pain & painful
be murder on sth idiom
brain freeze
cluster headache
dully
dysmenorrhea
excruciating
give sb hell idiom
grief
groan
pang
sciatic
sciatica
sharpness
sore
soreness
sting
stitch
tenderness
throbbing
tingle
See more results »
You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics:
Sadness and regret
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Idioms
on/under pain of death
a pain (in the neck)
a pain in the ass/butt
pain
verb [ T ]
formal us
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/ peɪn / uk
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/ peɪn /
If something pains you, it causes you to feel sad and upset:
[ + to infinitive ] It pains me to see animals being mistreated.
Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
to hurt someone emotionally
hurt I'm sorry, I didn't mean to hurt you.
hurt someone’s feelings Don't say anything - you'll hurt her feelings.
upset I'm sorry the news upset you.
wound He had wounded her pride more than she would ever have admitted.
pain It pains me to admit it, but there's nothing I can do to change the situation.
grieve It grieved him that he had been the cause of all the bitterness.
See more results »
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
Making people sad, shocked and upset
aback
amiss
appall
bite
bother
haunt
heartbreaker
heartbreakingly
hit/touch a (raw) nerve idiom
horrify
mess
nose
sensitivity
shake
take sb aback
tear
tear sb apart
tear sb's heart out idiom
tie sb (up) in knots idiom
torture
See more results »
(Definition of pain from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
pain | Intermediate English
pain
noun [ C/U ]
us
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/ peɪn /
a bad or unpleasant physical feeling, often caused by injury or illness, that you want to stop, or an emotional feeling of this type:
[ U ] Your whole perspective on life changes when you’re in pain.
[ C ] He was admitted to the hospital with chest pains.
pain
verb [ T ] us
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/ peɪn /
fml
It pained him when he did not make the high school football team.
painful
adjective us
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/ ˈpeɪn·fəl /
A painful leg injury forced her to withdraw from the competition.
Idiom
a pain (in the neck)
(Definition of pain from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
Examples of pain
pain
In discussing pain and discomfort avoidance, he also emphasises the interplay of physical and psychological factors.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
An additional patient-blaming tactic is to ascribe psychological causes as the source of pain.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Hypnosis does seem to be a useful option, as patients reported an average of 36% reduction in pain scores after their session.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
She taught him to feel pleasure in their favourable, and pain in their unfavourable regard.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
But there is always the pain and the loss that the calculating tables of insurance companies are not able to express, calculate, or compensate for.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
As noted earlier, three subjects dropped out of the study because of pain and worsening of clinical symptoms.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Patients were selected for this trial if they had suffered from nonspecific low back pain for at least 6 weeks.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Patients suffering from systemic diseases, referred pain, or severe biomedical or psychiatric disorders were excluded.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Their discipline has been sufficient to cause pain at the micro level of everyday life for the children.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
We believe that the existing, well-established principles of behavior analysis are sufficient to account for the wide range of pain behavior phenomena.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Similarly, attempts to suppress pain expression can be understood as a function of the relationship between patient and caregiver.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
There is probably no bigger issue for human and animal welfare than understanding and controlling pain and suffering.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
The treatment pathways for acute chest pain are clearly defined.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
The peripheral target of these afferents is unknown, thus, their potential role in visceral pain is obscure.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Intuitively, parents have always taken pains to assist their children in this task.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
See all examples of pain
These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.
Translations of pain
in Chinese (Traditional)
（肉體上的）痛，疼痛, （感情或心理上的）痛苦, 使痛苦…
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in Chinese (Simplified)
（肉体上的）痛，疼痛, （感情或心理上的）痛苦, 使痛苦…
See more
in Spanish
dolor, dolor [masculine, singular]…
See more
in Portuguese
dor, tristeza…
See more
in more languages
in Japanese
in Turkish
in French
in Catalan
in Arabic
in Czech
in Danish
in Indonesian
in Thai
in Vietnamese
in Polish
in Malay
in German
in Norwegian
in Korean
in Italian
in Russian
（身体的な）痛み, 悲しみ, （心の）痛み…
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ağrı, sızı, acı…
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douleur [feminine], mal [masculine], souffrance [feminine]…
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dolor, mal, pena…
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ألَم, حُزن, وَجع…
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bolest, trápit…
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smerte, lidelse, irritere…
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nyeri, menyakitkan…
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ความเจ็บปวด, ทำให้ปวดร้าว…
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đau, làm bị đau…
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ból, sprawiać przykrość, boleć…
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kesakitan, menyeksakan…
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der Schmerz, schmerzen…
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smerte [masculine], smerte, pine…
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고통, 슬픔…
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dolore, sofferenza, tristezza…
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боль, страдание, горе…
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paid-up (share) capital
paid-up policy
paid-up share
pail
pain
pain and suffering
pain relief
pain reliever
pained
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English Intermediate Examples Translations |
msmarco_passage_00_749595192 | SELF-IMAGE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary | SELF-IMAGE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
Meaning of self-image in English
self-image
noun [ C usually singular ]
us
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/ ˌselfˈɪm.ɪdʒ / uk
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/ ˌselfˈɪm.ɪdʒ /
the way a person feels about his or her personality, achievements and value to society:
Having a decent job contributes to a good self-image.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
Science of psychology & psychoanalysis
behaviorism
behaviorist
cathartic
cognitive
cognitive bias
cognitive dissonance
mess sb up
psychiatric
psychiatry
psychic
psychoanalysis
psychoanalytic
psychopathic
psychopathology
reverse psychology
Rorschach test
screw
subconsciously
sublimate
word association
See more results »
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(Definition of self-image from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
self-image | Intermediate English
self-image
noun [ C ]
us
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/ ˈselfˈɪm·ɪdʒ /
your opinion of yourself, esp. how you appear to other people:
Her self-image doesn’t depend entirely on professional success.
(Definition of self-image from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
Examples of self-image
self-image
A great deal of my adult self-image had been fostered and developed there.
From Huffington Post
Most competitive types want to be generous; it improves their self-image, and competitive types never lose sight of their self-image.
From Huffington Post
These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.
More examples
Fewer examples
Here, the fierce grip of our self - image softens as we begin to mature in forgiveness for ourselves and for others.
From Huffington Post
One explanation - which rings true for my own experience - is the bias towards presenting a perfect self - image .
From Business Insider
But rapid assimilation is a source of great irritation to malcontents on the left who wish to remake our culture and our self - image .
From Baltimore Sun
A majority of the memories associated with a particular self - image came from the very same year that the self - image developed.
From Slate Magazine
When the narcissist feels his idealized self - image to be threatened, he may go on the attack to defend it.
From The Atlantic
That kind of innocent viewing may have an impact on young girls' self - image, the study suggests.
From TIME
My strict upbringing shaped so much of my self - image and self-esteem.
From Huffington Post
And the more people felt themselves grow during a relationship, the more likely they were to experience a blow to their self - image after the breakup.
From The Atlantic
Fear and suffering often exist at the edge of your self - image .
From Huffington Post
He feels that indie is a matter of self - image .
From Wired
In the past, it took some kind of human connection, or tricky photography, to capture your self - image .
From CNN
Translations of self-image
in Chinese (Traditional)
in Chinese (Traditional)
in Chinese (Simplified)
自我形象…
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自我形象…
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What is the pronunciation of self-image ?
Browse
self-harming
self-healing
self-help
self-identify
self-image
self-immolation
self-importance
self-important
self-importantly
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English Intermediate Examples Translations |
msmarco_passage_00_751571485 | discourse definition | English dictionary for learners | Reverso | discourse definition | English dictionary for learners | Reverso
discourse meaning, discourse definition | English Cobuild dictionary
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discourse
( discourses plural & 3rd person present) ( discoursing present participle) ( discoursed past tense & past participle )
The noun is pronounced dɪskɔ:rs. The verb is pronounced dɪskɔ:rs.
1 n-uncount Discourse is spoken or written communication between people, especially serious discussion of a particular subject.
usu with supp
...a tradition of political discourse.
2 n-count A discourse is a serious talk or piece of writing which is intended to teach or explain something.
FORMAL Gates responds with a lengthy discourse on deployment strategy.
3 verb If someone discourseson something, they talk for a long time about it in a confident way.
FORMAL He discoursed for several hours on French and English prose. V prep, Also V
4
→ direct discourse
→ indirect discourse
direct discourse
In grammar, direct discourse is speech which is reported by using the exact words that the speaker used.
(mainly AM) n-uncount
in BRIT, usually use direct speech
indirect discourse
Indirect discourse is the same as indirect speech.
(AM) n-uncount
Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary
discourse
n
1 chat, communication, conversation, converse, dialogue, discussion, seminar, speech, talk
2 address, disquisition, dissertation, essay, homily, lecture, oration, sermon, speech, talk, treatise
vb
3 confer, converse, debate, declaim, discuss, expatiate, hold forth, speak, talk
English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus
See also:
direct discourse, indirect discourse, disclosure, discourtesy
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msmarco_passage_00_752482880 | optimum performance definition | English dictionary for learners | Reverso | optimum performance definition | English dictionary for learners | Reverso
optimum performance meaning, optimum performance definition | English Cobuild dictionary
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optimum
, optimal The optimum or optimal level or state of something is the best level or state that it could achieve.
FORMAL adj usu ADJ n
Aim to do some physical activity three times a week for optimum health., ...regions in which optimal conditions for farming can be created.
Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary
See also:
optimism, optimal, optic, opium
Collaborative Dictionary English Cobuild
!
a turn
n.
a short performance
!
Retardo
n.
A suburbian species characterized for increased muscle strength, synaptic plasticity, and overall performance in a wide range of activities. The definition is limited by the extent of research to date. Generally, a moderately conditioned interaction will result in successful dialogue.
[Fam.]; [Biol.] Retardo has a great personality.
!
plaudit
n.
1: enthusiastic approval —usually used in plural. 2: enthusiastic approval. 3: a demonstration or round of applause, as for some approved or admired performance.
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msmarco_passage_00_752521475 | pass muster definition | English dictionary for learners | Reverso | pass muster definition | English dictionary for learners | Reverso
pass muster meaning, pass muster definition | English Cobuild dictionary
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muster
( musters 3rd person present) ( mustering present participle) ( mustered past tense & past participle )
1 verb If you muster something such as support, strength, or energy, you gather as much of it as you can in order to do something.
He travelled around West Africa trying to muster support for his movement... V n
2 verb When soldiers muster or are mustered, they gather together in one place in order to take part in a military action. (=gather)
The men mustered before their clan chiefs... V
The general had mustered his troops north of the Hindu Kush. V n
3 If someone or something passes muster, they are good enough for the thing they are needed for.
♦ pass muster phrase V inflects
I could not pass muster in his language..., If it doesn't pass muster, a radio station could have its license challenged.
Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary
pass ( passes plural & 3rd person present) ( passing present participle) ( passed past tense & past participle )
1 verb To pass someone or something means to go past them without stopping.
As she passed the library door, the telephone began to ring... V n
Jane stood aside to let her pass... V
I sat in the garden and watched the passing cars. V-ing
2 verb When someone or something passes in a particular direction, they move in that direction. (=go)
He passed through the doorway into Ward B... V prep/adv
The car passed over the body twice, once backward and then forward. V prep/adv
3 verb If something such as a road or pipe passes along a particular route, it goes along that route.
After going over the Col de Vars, the route passes through St-Paul-sur-Ubaye... V prep/adv
The road passes a farmyard. V n
4 verb If you pass something through, over, or round something else, you move or push it through, over, or round that thing.
`I don't understand,' the Inspector mumbled, passing a hand through his hair... V n prep/adv
5 verb If you pass something to someone, you take it in your hand and give it to them. (=hand)
Ken passed the books to Sergeant Parrott... V n to n
Pass me that bottle. V n n
6 verb If something passes or is passedfrom one person to another, the second person then has it instead of the first.
His mother's small estate had passed to him after her death... V to n
These powers were eventually passed to municipalities. be V-ed to n
...a genetic trait, which can be passed from one generation to the next. be V-ed from n to n
7 verb If you pass information to someone, you give it to them because it concerns them.
Officials failed to pass vital information to their superiors... V n to n
Pass on means the same as pass., phrasal verb
I do not know what to do with the information if I cannot pass it on... V n P
From time to time he passed on confidential information to him... V P n (not pron) to n
He has written a note asking me to pass on his thanks. V P n (not pron), Also V n P to n
8 verb If you pass the ball to someone in your team in a game such as football, basketball, hockey, or rugby, you kick, hit, or throw it to them.
Your partner should then pass the ball back to you... V n adv/prep
Dodd passed back to Flowers. V prep/adv
Pass is also a noun., n-count
Hirst rolled a short pass to Merson.
9 verb When a period of time passes, it happens and finishes. (=go by)
He couldn't imagine why he had let so much time pass without contacting her... V
Several minutes passed before the girls were noticed. V
10 verb If you pass a period of time in a particular way, you spend it in that way.
The children passed the time playing in the streets... V n -ing/adv
To pass the time they sang songs and played cards. V n
11 verb If you pass through a stage of development or a period of time, you experience it. (=go)
The country was passing through a grave crisis... V through n
12 verb If an amount passes a particular total or level, it becomes greater than that total or level. (=exceed)
They became the first company in their field to pass the £2 billion turn-over mark. V n
13 verb If someone or something passes a test, they are considered to be of an acceptable standard., (Antonym: fail) Kevin has just passed his driving test... V n
I didn't pass. V
14 n-count A pass in an examination, test, or course is a successful result in it., (Antonym: fail) An A-level pass in Biology is preferred for all courses...
15 verb If someone in authority passes a person or thing, they declare that they are of an acceptable standard or have reached an acceptable standard.
Several popular beaches were found unfit for bathing although the government passed them last year... V n
The medical board would not pass him fit for General Service. V n adj
16 verb When people in authority pass a new law or a proposal, they formally agree to it or approve it.
The Estonian parliament has passed a resolution declaring the republic fully independent... V n
17 verb When a judge passes sentence on someone, he or she says what their punishment will be.
Passing sentence, the judge said it all had the appearance of a con trick... V n
18 verb If you pass comment or pass a comment, you say something.
I don't really know so I could not pass comment on that... V n
19 verb If someone or something passes for or passes as something that they are not, they are accepted as that thing or mistaken for that thing.
Children's toy guns now look so realistic that they can often pass for the real thing... V for/as n
...a woman passing as a man. V for/as n
20 verb If someone passes water or passes urine, they urinate.
A sensitive bladder can make you feel the need to pass water frequently. V n
21 n-count A pass is a document that allows you to do something.
I got myself a pass into the barracks...
22 n-count; n-in-names A pass is a narrow path or route between mountains.
The monastery is in a remote mountain pass.
23
→ passing
24 If someone makes a pass at you, they try to begin a romantic or sexual relationship with you.
INFORMAL
♦ make a pass phrase V inflects, usu PHR at n
Nancy wasn't sure if Dirk was making a pass at her.
25
→ to pass the buck
→ buck
→ to pass judgment
→ judgment pass away phrasal verb You can say that someone passed away to mean that they died, if you want to avoid using the word `die' because you think it might upset or offend people.
He unfortunately passed away last year. V P pass by phrasal verb If you pass by something, you go past it or near it on your way to another place.
I see them pass by my house every day... V P n
They were injured when a parked car exploded as their convoy passed by. V P pass off phrasal verb If an event passes off without any trouble, it happens and ends without any trouble.
The main demonstration passed off peacefully... V P adv/prep pass off as phrasal verb If you pass something off as another thing, you convince people that it is that other thing.
He passed himself off as a senior psychologist... V n P P n
I've tried to pass off my accent as a convent school accent. V P n (not pron) P n
...horse meat being passed off as ground beef. be V-ed P P n (not pron) pass on
1 phrasal verb If you pass something onto someone, you give it to them so that they have it instead of you.
The Queen is passing the money on to a selection of her favourite charities... V n P to n
There is a risk of passing the virus on... V n P
The late Earl passed on much of his fortune to his daughter... V P n (not pron) to n
Tenants remain liable if they pass on their lease. V P n (not pron)
2 phrasal verb If you pass on costs or savings to someone else, you make them pay for your costs or allow them to benefit from your savings.
They pass on their cost of borrowing and add to it their profit margin... V P n (not pron)
I found we could make some saving and it is right to pass the savings on to the customer. V n P to n, Also V n P, V P n (not pron) to n
3 phrasal verb You can say that someone passed on to mean that they died, if you want to avoid using the word `die' because you think it might upset or offend people. (=pass away)
He passed on at the age of 72. V P
4
→ pass 7 pass out
1 phrasal verb If you pass out, you faint or collapse.
He felt sick and dizzy and then passed out... V P
2 phrasal verb When a police, army, navy, or air force cadet passes out, he or she completes his or her training.
(BRIT)
He passed out in November 1924 and was posted to No 24 Squadron. V P pass over
1 phrasal verb If someone is passed overfor a job or position, they do not get the job or position and someone younger or less experienced is chosen instead.
usu passive
She claimed she was repeatedly passed over for promotion... be V-ed P for n
They've been rejected, disappointed, ignored, passed over. be V-ed P
2 phrasal verb If you pass over a topic in a conversation or speech, you do not talk about it.
He largely passed over the government's record... V P n
They seem to think her crimes should be passed over in silence. be V-ed P pass up phrasal verb If you pass up a chance or an opportunity, you do not take advantage of it.
The official urged the government not to pass up the opportunity that has now presented itself... V P n (not pron)
`I can't pass this up.' She waved the invitation. V n P
free pass ( free passes plural ) A free pass is an official document that allows a person to travel or to enter a particular building without having to pay. n-count
Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary
pass
[
1]
vb
1 depart, elapse, flow, go, go by or past, lapse, leave, move, move onwards, proceed, roll, run
2 beat, exceed, excel, go beyond, outdistance, outdo, outstrip, surmount, surpass, transcend
3 answer, come up to scratch (informal) do, get through, graduate, pass muster, qualify, succeed, suffice, suit
4 beguile, devote, employ, experience, fill, occupy, spend, suffer, undergo, while away
5 befall, come up, develop, fall out, happen, occur, take place
6 convey, deliver, exchange, give, hand, kick, let have, reach, send, throw, transfer, transmit
7 accept, adopt, approve, authorize, decree, enact, establish, legislate, ordain, ratify, sanction, validate
8 declare, deliver, express, pronounce, utter
9 disregard, ignore, miss, neglect, not heed, omit, overlook, skip (informal)
10 crap (taboo slang) defecate, discharge, eliminate, empty, evacuate, excrete, expel, shit (taboo slang) void
11 blow over, cease, die, disappear, dissolve, dwindle, ebb, end, evaporate, expire, fade, go, melt away, terminate, vanish, wane
12 (with) for or as be accepted as, be mistaken for, be regarded as, be taken for, impersonate, serve as
Antonyms
1 bring or come to a standstill, cease, halt, pause, stop
2 & 3 be inadequate, be inferior to, be unsuccessful, come a cropper (informal) fail, lose, suffer defeat
7 ban, disallow, invalidate, overrule, prohibit, refuse, reject, veto
9 acknowledge, heed, note, notice, observe, pay attention to
English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus
See also:
pass by, pass on, pass away, pass off
Collaborative Dictionary English Cobuild
A.L.C.M.
n.
sigle of "Air Launched Cruise Missile" that can fi ...
can also be launched f ...
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msmarco_passage_00_754103756 | chromosome coiling definition | English definition dictionary | Reverso | chromosome coiling definition | English definition dictionary | Reverso
chromosome coiling definition, chromosome coiling meaning | English dictionary
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chromosome
n any of the microscopic rod-shaped structures that appear in a cell nucleus during cell division, consisting of nucleoprotein arranged into units (genes) that are responsible for the transmission of hereditary characteristics
See also → homologous chromosomes
♦ chromosomal adj
♦ chromosomally adv
chromosome band
n any of the transverse bands that appear on a chromosome after staining. The banding pattern is unique to each type of chromosome, allowing characterization
chromosome map
n a graphic representation of the positions of genes on chromosomes, obtained by observation of chromosome bands or by determining the degree of linkage between genes
See also → genetic map
♦ chromosome mapping n
chromosome number
n the number of chromosomes present in each somatic cell, which is constant for any one species of plant or animal. In the reproductive cells this number is halved
See also → diploid → 1 → haploid
sex chromosome
n either of the chromosomes determining the sex of animals
See also → X-chromosome → Y-chromosome
X-chromosome
n the sex chromosome that occurs in pairs in the diploid cells of the females of many animals, including humans, and as one of a pair with the Y-chromosome in those of males
Compare → Y-chromosome
Y-chromosome
n the sex chromosome that occurs as one of a pair with the X-chromosome in the diploid cells of the males of many animals, including humans
Compare → X-chromosome
English Collins Dictionary - English Definition & Thesaurus
See also:
chromosome band, chromosome map, chromosome number, chromosome mapping
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msmarco_passage_00_756145197 | president emeritus definition | English definition dictionary | Reverso | president emeritus definition | English definition dictionary | Reverso
president emeritus definition, president emeritus meaning | English dictionary
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president
n
1 often cap the chief executive or head of state of a republic, esp. of the U.S.
2 (in the U.S.) the chief executive officer of a company, corporation, etc.
3 a person who presides over an assembly, meeting, etc.
4 the chief executive officer of certain establishments of higher education
(C14: via Old French from Late Latin praesidens ruler; see preside)
♦ presidential adj
♦ presidentially adv
♦ presidentship n
Lord President of the Council
n (in Britain) the Cabinet minister who presides at meetings of the Privy Council
president-elect
n a person who has been elected president but has not yet entered office
vice president
n an officer ranking immediately below a president and serving as his deputy. A vice president takes the president's place during his absence or incapacity, after his death, and in certain other circumstances, (Abbrevs.) VP, V. Pres
♦ vice-presidency n
♦ vice-presidential adj
English Collins Dictionary - English Definition & Thesaurus
See also:
vice president, Lord President of the Council, prescient, present
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msmarco_passage_00_758893267 | ignorant synonym | English synonyms dictionary | Reverso | ignorant synonym | English synonyms dictionary | Reverso
ignorant synonym, ignorant definition | Thesaurus
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ignorant
1 benighted, blind to, inexperienced, innocent, in the dark about, oblivious, unaware, unconscious, unenlightened, uninformed, uninitiated, unknowing, unschooled, unwitting
2 as green as grass, green, illiterate, naive, unaware, uncultivated, uneducated, unknowledgeable, unlearned, unlettered, unread, untaught, untrained, untutored, wet behind the ears (informal)
3 crass, crude, gross, half-baked (informal) insensitive, rude, shallow, superficial, uncomprehending, unscholarly
Antonyms
astute, aware, brilliant, conscious, cultured, educated, informed, knowledgeable, learned, literate, sagacious, sophisticated, wise
English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus
ignorant
1 adj If you describe someone as ignorant, you mean that they do not know things they should know. If someone is ignorantof a fact, they do not know it.
oft ADJ of/about n
People don't like to ask questions for fear of appearing ignorant...
2 adj People are sometimes described as ignorant when they do something that is not polite or kind. Some people think that it is not correct to use ignorant with this meaning.
Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary
See also:
ignorance, ignore, ignoramus, intolerant
Collaborative Dictionary English Thesaurus
derp
n.
an undefined reply when an ignorant comment or action is made. Source:
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msmarco_passage_00_75978289 | Madagascar Poverty ~ Madagascar Poverty Facts ~ Poverty in Madagascar | Madagascar Poverty ~ Madagascar Poverty Facts ~ Poverty in Madagascar
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Madagascar Poverty
Many of the world's poorest countries are heavily dependent on foreign humanitarian aid in order to meet the food, health and educational needs of their people. In Madagascar, such aid was switched off lfollowing the military backed coup which has led to swinging cuts of between 50-70% across all aspects of Madagascar life and left an already impoverished country on the precipice, but, as ever, its those already in poverty in Madagascar who are affected most, not the ruling elite.
Since the coup the number of children leaving school to work to stay alive has risen by 25% with an estimated two million children now working instead of receiving education.
Although child labour is illegal in Madagascar, biting poverty makes it a survival necessity. Many of these children work as labourers in the fishing industry, as domestic servants or in stone quarries. One seven year old boy stated "I have to crush two big bags of gravel per day to make my mother happy."
Even before the recent political and economic difficulties, nearly 70% of Madagascar's population was living below the poverty line with the country coming in at 143 out of the poorest 177 countries in the world. Poverty rises to 85% in rural areas, which is home to 80% of the country's 20 million population. Most families rely on subsistence farming from a plot barely larger than 1.3 hectares and such farm land is becomingly increasingly stretched as the population rises.
Since the political crisis unfolded a quarter of all health care centres have had to close their doors due to a lack of funding and women are abandoning their newborns in hospital because they simply cannot afford to feed them.
Poverty in Madagascar is also effected by Malagasy culture whereby there are rigid social structures based on age, gender and ethnicity leaving the country's richest 10% in control of over a third of the country's wealth. This video documentary explores poverty issues in Madagascar.
Madagascar Poverty
Madagascar Poverty
Madagascar Poverty
Madagascar Poverty
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Madagascar Water
A video documentary profile about the challenges of safe drinking water in Madagascar.
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Life in Madagascar
A video documentary about daily life in Madagascar showing the country in pictures and images.
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Human Development Index for Madagascar 1980 - Present
The HDI (Human Development Index) is measured by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) and the World Bank and is based upon the life expectancy, literacy, access to knowledge and living standards of a country. Madagascar is in 151st place out of 186 countries and territories in 2013 and the chart above shows that Madagascar is slightly above the norm for low human development but significantly lower than average world development.
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msmarco_passage_00_76025843 | African American Rhetoric: Lecture - Introduction to African Rhetorical Theory Part 1 | African American Rhetoric: Lecture - Introduction to African Rhetorical Theory Part 1
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Today I dedicated the first lecture of my African American Rhetoric class to my colleague Robert Branham, the one who wrote the Malcom X article as well as the editor of the leading reader on African American rhetoric. When he died, of prostate cancer, younger than me, smarter than me, funnier than me, I thanked him for being my friend since we were college debate opponents.
I had done some African American projects with him, and I promised that I would not let my discovery of the African American voice in public messages (but especially in debate) be neglected, but promised (along with Bill Newman of Emory) to continue this search and discovery. This is my own limited contribution to the effort, but I will try to do better as the semester goes along and beyond.
This one is for you, Bob. And for you, Neil.
Here is my lecture for today, given to my students:
INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN AMERICAN RHETORICAL THEORY
Investigating concepts from Karenga, Alkebulan and Garner
Western rhetoric has been recently dominated by:
Consumerist approach to rhetoric pressed into the service of vulgar persuasion, advertisement, seduction and sales.
It has abandoned the classical Aristotelian rhetoric of deliberation and action in the interest of the polis, but has also ignored and denied contributions from other cultural traditions.
In this African conception of rhetoric it is a practice of communal deliberation, discourse and action oriented towards what is good for the community and for the world. This essence of community is both expressed in the goal of the rhetoric but also in the practice of the rhetoric. It is designed to help bring good into the world.
The Odu Ifa of Yoruba land claims: “Humans are divinely chosen to bring good into the world,” that is their mission and communication is the way that they do that. They are uniquely situated among living creatures to do this.
This is not to replace but to contrast and add to classical European and Greek approaches to rhetoric. Often this enterprise uses Kawaida philosophy, the consolidation of enduring African theory and practice in rhetoric.
Kawaida invites us to ask what Africa has to offer to the understanding of human communication in the interest of benefiting all humanity. We should engage in ancient and modern traditions, written and practiced, oral and other forms. It has traditionally been concerned with building community, affirming human dignity and enhancing the life of the people. More recently, it has been a rhetoric that concerns itself with struggles for liberation in the political, economic and cultural senses as well as a rhetoric of resistance.
It is not just about “tradition” in the way we usually mean it, but also in terms of Location, the continual reference to context and centeredness. It is about history as well as tradition.
It emphasizes communal discourse, deliberation and action. It is a rhetoric of resistance, formed in the crucible of struggle. It is not just about African people, but also about all of humanity. It is the rhetoric of reaffirmation, for African peoples as well as all of those who are not considered fully human. It is also a rhetoric of possibility, about what we can do that is new as well as what is traditional.
NOMMO
The historical cultural triumphs of ancient Egypt ( Kemet) stands as one of the main modal periods for Africa. It was the first and one of the most developed societies in the world. It has been clouded over by European jealousy and attempts at outright theft.
• It was African, not European.
• It was not a huge slave society, free people who volunteered their work built the pyramids. Europeans needed it to be “slave” because of what they had done with slavery.
• It was the basis for much of so-called “western” civilization. The great works of law, medicine, and rhetoric began there, not in Greece thousands of years later. Hippocrates admits in his text that he is a servant to the great Kemetic healer Imhotep.
While the historic tragedy that was slavery and its results tried to erase these traditions, it could not be erased. African rhetorical traditions reappeared during the resistance of the 19th and 20th centuries, and especially in the rhetoric of the 1960’s, both “ civil disobedience ” and “by any means necessary.”
Nommo is the creative power of the word. While conceptually rooted in the rhetorical teachings of classical Kemet, the word itself comes from the traditions of the Dogon people of central Africa. The creator spirit sends Nommo to the world in the form of speech to assist humans in the forWard movement of history and the reorganization of the world. It is through the word that weaving, forging, cultivating, building family and community and making the world better, bringing good into the world. Nommo is the unity of water, earth and fire, and the unity between male and female.
It was not until the 20th century that western rhetorical theory began to fully understand the generative power of symbols, that they create a reality, that they shape our experience, as opposed to the more traditional view that they are just tools that we use to “get our way.” The rhetorical basis of Nommo puts African rhetorical theory ahead of Greece, Rome and Renaissance Europe in this way.
As Karenga puts it (p.8):
It is this sacred, indispensible, and creative character of the word, as an inherent and instrumental power to call into being, to mold, to bear infinite meanings, and to forge a world we all want and deserve to live in, that seizes the hearts and minds of the African American creative community and becomes a fundamental framework for developing, doing, and understanding rhetorical practice – both its oral and literary forms.
ASANTE
African American rhetorical scholar Molefi Kete Asante is largely responsible for this rebirth of traditional African rhetorical theories. His major early themes included:
• Africans brought a sophisticated oral style to the western hemisphere
• Africans brought with them a different rhetoric, not just a concern with influence and ends
• African American rhetorical tradition retained and further developed the concept of nommo, African Americans understand the transforming power of vocal expression.
• Because African Americans were denied reading and writing they learned to rely on the spoken word.
• The enslavement experience stands astride all discourse like colossus, whereas the discourse might be about discrimination or voting rights, but the slave experience is at its basis.
ANCIENT KEMETIC (EGYPT)
Kemetic rhetorical studies pre-date similar Greek activities. The Book of Ptahhotep offers guidelines and principles for good speech. For Kemetics, eloquence and good speech is a unity not just of techniques that are successful but also that lead to what is good for the community. The three standard Greek modes (logos, ethos, pathos) are brought together, so that if techniques are successful but lead to bad for the community, then it is not real eloquence.
Speech is conceived as an ethical activity, because it is a tremendous power that can be used for good or evil. For them, a “good” speech is not just effective, but is also ethically and morally good.
Maat is the Kemetic standard for what is “morally good.” In application to speech, Maat means that it is truthful speech. Truthful speech creates its own ethos and is in and of itself persuasive. This stands in contract to the artifice and dissimulation that is so important in modern western rhetoric that has been put to the service of seduction and sales.
The Book of Ptahhotep is also the major source for the understanding of Maat as an overall moral concept. The central focus of the book is a narrative about the calls petitions for justice from a normal peasant named Khaunanup. He makes a number of appeals to figures in power and these demonstrate the speech that is both “moral” and “effective.” The point here is that rhetorical eloquence is not necessarily that used by leaders and important people, but by all people – peasants, servants (and men and women) can be rhetorically eloquent, and are expected to be so. It is no surprise that the model orator in this Kemetic text is a farmer.
Humanity is seen as a spiritual force. In African rhetoric and African American rhetoric there is no line of demarcation between the spiritual and the secular. The speaker calls all of us to go to a higher place and improve ourselves not just as physical but as spiritual beings. Communication is the way that moral and spiritual ideas are transmitted.
If the greatest spiritual law is the law of love, then great communication events are examples of this. Asante has said that there are no speeches by hatemongers that have gone down in history as great speeches. There will never be any, because the overwhelming judgment of history is a moral one and the speaker who imperils the forward march of human dignity will not live in the minds of the future. It is the champion of righteousness who is the true victor in rhetorical traditions.
The African culture tends to be a very oral one, and thus rhetoric is paramount in its importance for the human spirit, for the benefit of human conditions and in the achievement of personal and social harmony.
African and African American rhetoric does not compartmentalize rhetoric, poetry, literature, prose and drama. All these forms are interwoven into a discourse designed to achieve important goals and ends.
ARISTOTLE RECONSIDERED
Aristotle might be a bit unfamiliar with modern rhetoric. He was clear that rhetoric had to have an ethical dimension, that truthful arguments were always stronger, and that rhetoric needs to serve the ethical dimensions of politics.
Today we see the dominance of technique in discourse, of the use of rhetoric to control, manipulate in a way that can be mapped out in advance. The fault may not lie with the extended vision of Aristotle, but with the basic definition of rhetoric, “the faculty for observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.” This focus on persuasion through any available means has become the central tenet of current rhetorical practice.
Kemetic texts called “sebyt” are instruction manuals for how officials and others in important positions should conduct themselves, but it also contains advice on how communication should take place in family life and community life. The Kemetics viewed the unity of private and public lifer as important.
Fox has identified five important canons of ancient Kemetic rhetoric:
• Silence (self control)
• Good timing
• Restraint
• Fluency
• Truthfulness
The sebyt of Ptahhotep is the oldest complete text in the world. It is a set of instructions to his son about how to engage in public service.
Karenga indicates four ethical concerns of classical African rhetoric:
ONE: DIGNITY AND RIGHTS OF THE HUMAN PERSON
The ethical concern for the dignity of every human person is a fundamental aspect of rhetorical practice.
Be not arrogant because of your knowledge. Rather converse with the unlearned as well as the wise. For the limit of an art has not been reached and no artist has acquired full mastery of an art. Good speech is more hidden then emeralds and yet it is found among the women who gather at the grindstone.
In an example, Pharaoh is cautioned not to use people as experiments or for unnecessary reasons, in this case with a convicted prisoner. Each person is part of the “flock of God” and must be respected.
The petitions presented by Khunanup are all for common people, who should be respected just as much as the most famous. His appeals for justice are based on Maat, the equal dignity and rights that all should have. Maat needs to be in its rightful place, as a foundation for political, judicial and social practice.
Leadership is seshemet, as in “working out” or “proving” a problem in mathematics. This must be done through consultation and communication. The speaker is called on to not just speak to but also to speak with those concerned so that a proper conclusion can be reached. Thus, Kemetic rhetoric tends to be consultation as opposed to unidirectional.
TWO: WELL BEING AND FLOURISHING OF THE COMMUNITY
In the text Count Harkhuf explains why he feels he is worthy of respect. He locates himself in his community and his family, and then speaks about the way he did good for the people, especially the vulnerable. “I gave bread to the hungry, clothing to the naked and brought the boatless to land.”
Iti, the treasurer, says, “I am a worthy citizen who acts with his arm. I am a great pillar of the Theban district, a man of standing in the Southland.”
Lady Tahabet defines herself as not just a worthy daughter, but as a worthy citizen, when she says, “I was just and did not show partiality. I gave bread to the hungry, water to the thirsty and clothes to the naked. I was open-handed to everyone. I was honored by my father, praised by my mother, kind to my brothers and sisters and one who is united in heart with the people of her city.”
This is different from many of our western conceptions. In the west, “I think, therefore I am.” In a Kemetic sense, “I am related and relate to others, therefore I am.” I discover myself through being with, being of and being for others. Others listening are not merely audience, but co-agents and co-participants in creating and sustaining the just society and the good world.
THREE: THE INTEGRITY AND VALUE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Moral obligation is related to all parts of life. As one has obligations to other people, one also has obligations to all of life – to nature. Maat requires worthiness before the Creator, nature and the people. If there is damage and degradation, there is an obligation to restore and repair. This obligation implies:
• To raise up and rebuild that which is in ruins
• To repair that which is damaged
• Te rejoin that which is severed
• To replenish that which is lacking
• To strengthen that which is weakened
• To set right that which is wrong
• To make flourish that which is insecure and underdeveloped
FOUR: RECIPROCAL SOLIDARITY AND COOPERATION OF HUMANITY
We have obligations to each other and we must cooperate through our communication. This is in conflict with the artificial eloquence, deceptive discourse and instrumental reasoning that may serve some but not all of humanity. Likewise, this questions the nature of the closed public square, saying that human communicative exchange should include all of humanity.
The Book of Ptathhotep, there are examples:
“He who does justice for all the people, he is truly the prime minister.”
Leaders and speakers must stand for and speak for all marginalized and oppressed people as well as those in the mainstream who are privileged.
Doing good leads to solidarity. “A good deed is remembered,” and also, “do to the doer that he may also do.” When Maat is a part of rhetoric, it leads to two kinds of solidarity:
• Solidarity of action
• Solidarity of understanding
These are both achieved through communication.
Lady Ta-Aset says: “Doing good is not difficult; just speaking good is a monument for one who does it. For those who do good for others are actually doing it for themselves.”
In the Dogon text, it is written that, “Doing good worldwide is the best example of character.”
AESTHETICS
For African people, language is art. Art is not for the purpose of artistic expression and creativity, but is always functional. In the west we separate art from life, but this is not the African conception. It is not the product of the artistic activity, but the process that is important. That process is always a part of living.
Art has the same ethical obligations as rhetoric. Rhetoric is an art.
Call and response is one example of aesthetics in rhetoric. One does not just listen to, but responds to and participates in discourse. The discourse is a living presence and the audience responds and becomes a part of it.
In African rhetorical tradition and specifically in African American rhetoric the audience engages in this way. In church, in meetings, in political speeches. The rhetorical event becomes a communal one.
Aristotle posed the concept of the enthymeme, an incomplete argument completed by the audience. This is effective because it allows audience participation that increased acceptance. The entirety of African American rhetoric already knows this. Knowles-Borishade puts it this way:
Responders (audience) are the community who come to participate in the speech event. They are secondary creators in the event, containing among them a vital part of the message. It is they who either sanction of reject the message – the word – based on the perceived morality and vision of the Caller (rhetor) and the relevance of the message. The notion of community or group sanction is the basis of the African call and response tradition.
We will examine many other aesthetic elements of African American rhetoric in the weeks to come.
STRIPPED OF AFRICANNESS
What signals a real African presence in a discourse? Some might be African American in appearance but not in substance. Danny Glover in Switchback or Morgan freeman in Shawshank Redemption. They are African American when they express a sensitivity to themes relevant to African Americans. There is no African American way to order a grilled cheese sandwich, but there is an African American way to discuss racial discrimination or white privilege, because it carries with it an energy and a perspective. A single phone call may offer multiple indicators of an African American presence: tone, rhythm, enunciation and metaphorical use.
ORALITY
The Harlem Renaissance writers were able to take elements of traditional African culture and apply them to modern African American culture through the legitimation of folklore and oral histories to written literature. An oral tradition achieves not only contact with the past but also is flexible in dealing with changing present and future.
Orality tends to be:
• Immediate and direct.
• Speaker and audience are one
• It is common and everyday, not isolated and elevated
• It is spontaneous and not rehearsed.
• It is improvised for the purpose and situation.
• It allows individuality to flourish in a group context.
Traditional rhetoric positions rationality and logic at the center.
African rhetoric positions ethics, critical thinking and personal logic at its core.
Traditional rhetoric tends to be direct and explicit.
African rhetoric sees this as crude and unimaginative. The African tradition talks around something in an exploratory way, and allows the audience to make its own decision instead of following orders that are justified logically. When discourse in daily life is too direct it creates problems in relationships. The more indirect methods allow people to structure the ideas in ways they wish and allow for consideration without an open confrontation.
African Americans are more likely to use language as a form of play. Of course, there is always a relationship between what is “play” and what is “real,” and that relationship allows the exploration of issues in a more indirect way as mentioned before. Play is entertainment, but it is also a symbolic exchange of each other.
Signifying is an example. There is an element of indirection, but the apparent significance of the statement may be different from the real significance. Shared knowledge helps the listener interpret the message properly. We call it “reading between the lines,” bur in African American rhetoric it is all important and almost ever-present. We do this through shared knowledge, and shared knowledge is cultural knowledge. Shared knowledge in the African American culture consists of those patterns of communication, behaviors, worldviews and philosophy as understood by the members of that community.
We often say that meaning is in people not in words. Yet, in an oral culture the meaning is often found in the cultural setting than in strictly an individual. Meanings may be ultimately in people, but in the oral tradition meanings are tempered by the text, the context and the pretext.
CONCLUSION
These concepts have been expressed through African American rhetoric, where the elements of African rhetorical theory can be seen. Frederick Douglass, said:
Great is the miracle of human speech – by it nations are enlightened and reformed; by it the cause of justice and liberty is defended; by it evils are exposed, ignorance dispelled, the path to duty made plain, and by it those who live today, are put into the possession of wisdom of ages gone by.
I thought you might want to see what I was doing today.
Best wishes,
Tuna
--
Alfred C. Snider aka Tuna
Edwin Lawrence Professor of Forensics
University of Vermont
Huber House, 475 Main Street, UVM, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
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Debate Central http://debate.uvm.edu
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msmarco_passage_00_76204666 | Amazing African Animals: The Tallest Amazing Giraffe | Amazing African Animals: The Tallest Amazing Giraffe
Amazing African Animals
Sunday, 26 August 2012
The Tallest Amazing Giraffe
Giraffes are some of the greatest animals in the African Savannah. As a matter of fact, the tallest and most dangerous giraffes live in the African plains and grasslands which covers south of the Sahara desert which makes these tallest animals in the world as some of the funny and beautiful interesting animals to learn about. These tall animals in the world are just at home in captivity and in their natural habitat but their number has been going down sue to the ecosystem and due to the giraffe natural habitat loss. Like the African Big Five, the Giraffes of Africa can live in Africa 's arid and semi arid dry areas because these dangerous giraffes usage of water is just negligible. One would always wonder as to why the tallest and most dangerous giraffe int he world would have little water to drink with its here height. Giraffes as tall as they are and as dangerous as they can be, these dangerous giraffes can move hundreds of miles away in search of water as there is always enough water in the vegetation that the giraffes and their ancestors have been consuming for ages. Giraffes are very tall animals or the tallest animals ever since the great dinosaur era. Giraffes are in fact, the largest and tallest mammals or animals. They can be up to eighteen feet in height! As compared to a normal human being, the tallest giraffe in the world is three times taller than a rather tall person! These tall giraffes have a shoulder height of up to twelve feet. No wonder when they run, their amazing speed is just like a giraffe in slow motion in 3D effect. Its only those few people who have great affection with these amazing animals and to have kinship with them in order to understand them
All giraffes have big brown spots and blotches. Just like zebras, the giraffe's amazing spots give them a unique blend of the African Savannah habitat during the different weather and climatic conditions as they blend with other tall and dangerous animals grazing along the great African plains. As a matter of fact, each giraffe has different shaped spots and different sized spots. These beautiful giraffe's markings help both the baby giraffes and the old giraffe blend in with the branches around them and their other surroundings. There are many amazing facts about these the tallest giraffes in the world. Its amazing to know that anybody can tell how old a giraffe is. People know how to find the age of a giraffe by looking at the giraffe's color. The giraffes get darker as they grow older, so the darker the giraffes are, the older they are. That means younger giraffes are born with lighter colors while older giraffes have darker colors.
For survival of the species, the tallest giraffes in the world just like any other living organism and great animals of the Savannah the giraffes for their protection of natural predators such as the lion, hyenas cheetahs and leopards have horns to protect themselves. The amazing thing is that both male giraffe and the female giraffes have horns. The giraffe's horns unlike the black rhino, the impala or the African elephants, the giraffe's horns are short and stubby. That means these tall dangerous animals have no great use of their horns for their natural protection. Do these giraffes use their horns just as a disguise for the enemy? Well whatever the case, the sheer height and the massive long neck would make you think twice before daring to attack the tallest and most dangerous animal at all cost.
Has that been a disadvantage to the giraffe? My good guess is that the long neck has served the tallest giraffes to its advantage. The giraffes anatomy as far as the head and neck is concerned is that these giraffes have vascular systems that have special valves to prevent blood from draining from their brains and heads when they look down. No wonder these dangerous giraffes are just build according to their natural survival in the African Savannah.
The tallest and most dangerous animals in the African Savannah or south of the Sahara desert the African Giraffes are herbivores, or vegetarians. All the giraffe eat leaves from plants and trees such as the acacia and mimosa trees which are found in plenty in many parts of Africa as the main food for the giraffes. Despite the fact that giraffes are the tallest animals on land, guess how long their tongue would be. As a matter of fact, their tongue is directly proportional to their tongue. These tall beautiful animals of the African wilderness or great forests have strong thick tongues to help them rip leaves off of the top branches or canopy where the other low grazers cannot reach as far as the top most branches are concerned. The tallest animals in the world while grazing get moisture from the leaves also. This plus point make it an advantage to all the giraffes as it makes them not to migrate from place to place searching for greener pastures during dry seasons.
That's why these tall animals as slim and agile as they can seem to be can go for over a month without drinking at all. On the other hand the tallest animals as they are,the giraffe do not like to drink water due to many animal attacks which take place in the feeding or water hole sand water sheds.
Many or these giraffes assume that when they put their heads down, they would be prone to many animals attacks and their chances of being attacked very high. This is because the giraffe have to go down so far while attempting to drink water and this will make the giraffe not to be aware that they can not be aware of their surroundings and will not see a predator coming as they would have little chance to fight or to run away. Well that being said could be one of the greatest reasons as to why the tallest animal in the world would always like to keep its head high and on the look out for other animals or prey such as the African lions and the Cheetah as well and one of the reasons as to why the giraffe does not graze on the grass which grows on the ground.
Giraffes are amazing, interesting beautiful animals with spotted coat colours as compared to zebras tiger, leopard and the cheetah.
GIRAFFES FIGHTING
Scientific name of a giraffe is known as Giraffa camelopardalis
Kiswahili name TWIGA
The twiga word is mostly used by the people who speak Swahili in east Africa twiga or giraffes is found in zoos, animal parks and reserves twiga are not that dangerous animals compared to lion and others most dangerous animals on earth.
THE BEST FACTS ABOUT GIRAFFES or TWIGA IN AFRICA
Giraffes are the tallest mammal animals in the world measuring 6feet tall amazingly they can live for 25 years
Giraffes or TWIGA eat plants from acacia tress and grass for food which gives them an advantage of staying for days and weeks without water which is a good sign during droughts
Female giraffes give birth standing to young ones after 15 months duration. The Baby giraffe is 6feet tall immediately after birth
Giraffes are unique and intelligent in their own way they can sense when the predators especially lion or wild beast are at a close range moreover the giraffe’s sleeps while standing incase of any danger they are ready to run as fast as a cheetah to survive.
A giraffe’s tongue is 15 centimeters long it can hold or grab objects without any struggle
The giraffes can be vulnerable to predators in that when they want to quench their thirst by drinking water they have to spread their legs a part and bend making them easier pray to wild animals especially the lions.
A male giraffe can weigh as much as a pick up truck! That’s about 1400 kilograms.
Although a giraffe’s neck is 1.5 – 1.8 metres, it contains the same number of vertebrae at a human neck.
A giraffe's habitat is usually found in African savannas, grasslands or open woodlands.
The hair that makes up a giraffes tail is about 10 times thicker than the average strand of human hair.
The distinctive spots that cover a giraffe’s fur act as a good camouflage to protect the giraffe from predators. When the giraffe stands in front of trees and bushes the light and dark colouring of its fur blends in with the shadows and sunlight.
It is possible to identify the sex of the giraffe from the horns on its head. Both males and females have horns but the females are smaller and covered with hair at the top. Male giraffes may have up to 3 additional horns.
Giraffes are ruminants. This means that they have more than one stomach. In fact, giraffes have four stomachs, the extra stomachs assisting with digesting food.
Drinking is one of the most dangerous times for a giraffe. While it is getting a drink it cannot keep a look out for predators and is vulnerable to attack.
Male giraffes sometimes fight with their necks over female giraffes. This is called “necking”. The two giraffes stand side by side and one giraffe swings his head and neck, hitting his head against the other giraffe. Sometimes one giraffe is hit to the ground during a combat.
A female giraffe gives birth while standing up. The calf drops approximately 6 feet to the ground, but it is not hurt from the fall.
Giraffes have bluish-purple tongues which are tough and covered in bristly hair to help them with eating the thorny Acacia trees.
MYTH
How giraffes got their long necks
One day there was a lonely short giraffe who wandered all over the town looking for a friend, but he could never see anything but other giraffes' tails. This giraffe was so short that everyone made fun of him because their legs were so much longer than his and their horns were so much stronger than his. There was just one thing about the giraffes that everyone had in common, their necks were short and just the same length.
They were like human necks. One day the small giraffe just could not stand it anymore. He stood up to all of the other giraffes and said he was no different than them, but the other giraffes laughed and kicked him all the way to the garbage dump. "Maybe that's where I belong," the giraffe sighed. Just as he was about to give up - kaboom!!!!!! He fell on a twig. But this twig was no ordinary twig, it was long, brown, and strong. It didn't break when the giraffe fell on it. It was small, yet strong. The small, puny giraffe could relate to the stick in a very special way. The stick seemed to speak to him. If the giraffe didn't give up, he could be anything he ever wanted - any size. The giraffe thought about being tall but then he would only be the same as the rest of the other animals. He wanted to be better and unique. He started to pretend he had a long neck - longer than any others' and it finally worked. The next day everyone was amazed at the little giraffe. He was as tall as a full grown tree and had a neck as long a ten foot wall. Even the giraffe himself was impressed with his accomplishments. Everyone else was jealous and wanted to be like him. The confident giraffe had a view of the whole town which was his dream. The petite - now tall giraffe told the secret that you just have to believe in yourself. Soon all of the giraffe were just like the now tall giraffe. Then forever after the giraffes had long necks.
How the Giraffe got its Long Neck
A myth submitted to the site by Evan Green
Holme, West Yorkshire , England
Many moons ago, there was a beautiful land where all was calm and pleasant. Where the gods, perched tediously on their clouds above, looked down upon the perfect animals and conferred with each other and decided that all was good.
However, one ignorant beast changed all this: one day Giraffe woke up from his quiet slumber feeling unusually like it was his duty to irritate everyone in the perfect land.
Firstly, he went to Hippo.
“Why are you so purple? Did you pick a fight with someone bigger than yourself?” Giraffe taunted. Giraffe felt a strange happiness when he was nasty, so he decided to do it some more. He strolled casually up to Snake.
“Why do you wriggle on your belly?” he mocked. “Did someone take your feet away?”
This horrible way of talking to people had quite pleased Giraffe and he became progressively worse throughout the week. The other animals had had quite enough, so they went to the gods.
“Our hearts are filled with sorrow; Giraffe is always nasty to us. Please teach him a lesson,” the animals begged the gods.
“We’ll see what we can do,” replied the gods.
One night, when Giraffe was asleep, Rock god had a plan. He found lots of heavy rocks and sidled up to Giraffe.
Rock god placed the rocks carefully around Giraffe’s short neck. Rock god then went back to his place in the clouds, chuckling as he went.
When Giraffe awoke and found his neck trapped in between some rocks, he was in a frightful rage. He tugged as hard as he could but he couldn’t move, his neck merely grew longer and longer.
Finally, after lots of tugging, Giraffe was free. He was astonished to see his beautiful neck was ugly and long.
And so, to this day, giraffes have always had long necks to remind them not to say horrible things.
By Evan Green
Posted by Maggie at 23:24
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msmarco_passage_00_765156190 | definitions synonyms analogical dictionary anagrams crosswords wikipedia Ebay
definitions - SELF DISCLOSURE
report a problem
Self Disclosure (n.)
1. ( MeSH) A willingness to reveal information about oneself to others.
Advertizing ▼
definition (more)
definition of Wikipedia
synonyms - SELF DISCLOSURE
report a problem
Self Disclosure (n.) ( MeSH)
F01.752.747.792.662
Advertizing ▼
analogical dictionary
Personality Development [Hyper.]
Self Concept, Self Esteem, Self Perception, Self-Perception [Hyper.]
Self Disclosure (n.) [ MeSH] ↕
Wikipedia
Self-disclosure
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (April 2010)
Self-disclosure is both the conscious and subconscious act of revealing more about oneself to others. This may include, but is not limited to, thoughts, feelings, aspirations, goals, failures, successes, fears, dreams as well as one's likes, dislikes, and favorites.
Typically, a self-disclosure happens when we initially meet someone and continues as we build and develop our relationships with people. As we get to know each other, we disclose information about ourselves. If one person is not willing to "self-disclose" then the other person may stop disclosing information about themselves as well.
In a counseling session, the patient or client does the "self-disclosing" while the counselor, or therapist listens. The goal is to help the client see things from different perspectives. This allows the client to see and evaluate options he or she may not have thought about, which may give the client more power when making important life decisions. There are several relationship perspectives in self-disclosing information in a counseling session. That of patient to therapist, therapist to patient, supervisor to supervisee, and supervisee to supervisor. Each of these relationships affects the tendency to disclose personal information. The clinical space available for patients to disclose should be far broader than that of the therapist.
Self-disclosure is an important building block for intimacy, intimacy can not be achieved without it. We expect self-disclosure to be reciprocal and appropriate. Self-disclosure can be assessed on an analysis of cost and rewards which can be further explained by social exchange theory. Most self-disclosure usually occurs early in relational development, but more intimate self-disclosure occurs later. Male and female differences in self-disclosure are mixed. Women self-disclose to enhance a relationship where men self-disclose relative to control and vulnerability. Men initially disclose more in heterosexual relationships. Women tend to put more emphasis on intimate communication with same sex friends than men do.
Understanding self-disclosure in intimate relationship
This section is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (July 2010)
There are several important factors that influence self-disclosure and the state of the relationship, such as the relational definition, time, way of explaining each other's behavior, degree of affection, reciprocity, and goals. The dimension of time is especially interesting because social penetration theory assumes that relationships increase in intensity in a gradual and orderly manner. This orderly progression resembles the shifting messages from superficial to more intimate and the move toward a broader range conversation topics that take place over time. But linear progress in a single direction is only one pattern of relational development. Research has shown that for some couples, the early period of openness is followed by a quick decline in self-disclosure. There are also long-term marriages in which greater and greater disclosure is followed by a leveling off of disclosure and perhaps decline. And still another pattern is when people click right away so that disclosure occurs quickly rather than in gradual fashion.
In social penetration theory, an onion model a of personality is used. The onion is made up of four layers: surface, periphery, intermediate layer, and central layer. As information is disclosed, the layers of the onion are further peeled. And the more information comes from the center or core of the onion, the greater is the development of the relationship. The information that corresponds to surface of the personality includes things that are clearly visible such as sex, race, and age. The peripheral layer contains information that is ordinarily disclosed through small talk when one first encounters another person. Here we are talking about one's name, occupation, hometown, interests, etc. At the intermediate level, the information that is given is about things that are not always shared with everyone. It is somewhat personal but not secret information. At the central level, the information is disclosed with caution and it is private.
It is helpful to remember that self-disclosure is a complex notion. In Anais Nin's diary, she reflects on the huge value of her journal in the light of her belief that happiness with human beings is precarious. She adds that she doesn't often feel in the mood to confide and that the slightest hint of indifference is enough to stop her from disclosing any more. Clearly, negative experiences with others can lead us to feel that telling others about our inner thoughts and wishes is just too risky and uncomfortable. On the other hand, we long for friends who can confirm our value, we enjoy the feeling of closeness with others, and relationships with others can transform us in positive ways.
See also
Outline of self
Four-sides model
Social penetration theory
References
^ Farber A. Barry. Self Disclosure in Psychotherapy. The Guilford Press. New York. 2006
^ a b Derlega, V. (1993). "Developing Close Relationships," V. Derlega et al., Self Disclosure. Sage
Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-disclosure&oldid=501600113 "
Categories:
Communication
Self
Social psychology
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msmarco_passage_00_765409480 | Shifting cultivation : definition of Shifting cultivation and synonyms of Shifting cultivation (English) | Shifting cultivation : definition of Shifting cultivation and synonyms of Shifting cultivation (English)
Shifting cultivation
This article is about Shifting cultivation. For Slash and burn farming methods, see Slash and burn.
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
It includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Tagged since May 2010.
It is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Tagged since December 2007.
It may contain previously unpublished synthesis of published material that conveys ideas not attributable to the original sources. Tagged since June 2010.
Its tone or style may not reflect the formal tone used on Wikipedia. Tagged since June 2010.
Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned. This system often involves clearing of a piece of land followed by several years of wood harvesting or farming, until the soil loses fertility. Once the land becomes inadequate for crop production, it is left to be reclaimed by natural vegetation, or sometimes converted to a different long-term cyclical farming practice. The ecological consequences are often deleterious, but can be partially mitigated if new forests are not invaded. Of these cultivators, many use a practice of slash-and-burn as one element of their farming cycle. Others employ land clearing without any burning, and some cultivators are purely migratory and do not use any cyclical method on a given plot. Sometimes no slashing at all is needed where regrowth is purely of grasses, an outcome not uncommon when soils are near exhaustion and need to lie fallow.
Contents
1 Political ecology of shifting cultivation
2 Shifting cultivation in Europe
3 Simple societies, shifting cultivation and environmental change
4 Shifting cultivation in the contemporary world and global environmental change
5 Comparison with other ecological phenomena
6 Alternative practice in the pre-Columbian Amazon basin
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Political ecology of shifting cultivation
Shifting cultivation is a form of agriculture in which the cultivated or cropped area is shifted regularly to allow soil properties to recover under conditions of natural successive stages of re-growth. In a shifting cultivation system, at any particular point in time a minority of 'fields' are in cultivation and a majority are in various stages of natural re-growth. Over time, fields are cultivated for a relatively short time, and allowed to recover, or are fallowed, for a relatively long time. Eventually a previously cultivated field will be cleared of the natural vegetation and planted in crops again. Fields in established and stable shifting cultivation systems are cultivated and fallowed cyclically.This type of farming is called jhumming in India.
Fallow fields are not unproductive. During the fallow period, shifting cultivators use the successive vegetation species widely for timber for fencing and construction, firewood, thatching, ropes, clothing, tools, carrying devices and medicines. It is common for fruit and nut trees in fallows to be planted in fallow fields to the extent that parts of some fallows are in fact orchards. Soil-enhancing shrub or tree species may be planted or protected from slashing or burning in fallows. Many of these species have been shown to fix nitrogen. Fallows commonly contain plants that attract birds and animals and are important for hunting. But perhaps most importantly, tree fallows protect soil against physical erosion and draw nutrients to the surface from deep in the soil profile.
The relationship between the time the land is cultivated and the time it is fallowed are critical to the stability of shifting cultivation systems. These parameters determine whether or not the shifting cultivation system as a whole suffers a net loss of nutrients over time. A system in which there is a net loss of nutrients with each cycle will eventually lead to a degradation of resources unless actions are taken to arrest the losses. In some cases soil can be irreversibly exhausted (including erosion as well as nutrient loss) in less than a decade.
The longer a field is cropped, the greater the loss of soil organic matter, the reduction in the cation-exchange -capacity and in nitrogen and phosphorus, the greater the increase in acidity, the more likely soil porosity and infiltration capacity is reduced and the greater the loss of seeds of naturally occurring plant species from soil seed banks. In a stable shifting cultivation system, the fallow is long enough for the natural vegetation to recover to the state that it was in before it was cleared, and for the soil to recover to the condition it was in before cropping began. During fallow periods soil temperatures are lower, wind and water erosion is much reduced, nutrient cycling becomes closed again, nutrients are extracted from the subsoil, soil fauna increases, acidity is reduced, soil structure, texture and moisture characteristics improve and seed banks are replenished.
No universal optimum relationship exists between the length of the cropping period and the length of the fallow period. In favourable agricultural environments, cropping periods can be longer and fallow periods shorter, than in less favourable agricultural environments. In favourable environments soil conditions at the beginning of a cropping cycle will be better and fallow successional stages will proceed faster. Nevertheless, even in the most favourable environments, it is likely that if the cropping period is extended beyond a certain point, the fallow conditions required for an adequate recovery of soils and vegetation will be jeopardized.
If the fallow period is shortened there will be less time in which the soil recovery processes and vegetation successions can take place. The length of fallow period required to prevent net loss of nutrients will again depend on the quality of the environment, which will in turn, determine the rate at which recovery occurs. But sooner or later, if the fallow period continues to be reduced, an observable change will occur in the fallow vegetation. Secondary forest may be reduced to shorter, thinner stemmed, fewer, woody bush or jungle species, bush may be reduced to scrub and tall grasses and scrub and tall grasses may be reduced to short grasses. Less directly observable, but nevertheless critical changes will also be occurring in the soil. Changes in environmental conditions that happen subsequent to either a lengthening of the cropping period or a shortening of the fallow period often result in a fall in crop yields. It is not difficult to perceive how a shifting cultivation system, once destabilized, can proceed into a vicious circle of declining yields and shortening fallows or lengthening cropping periods, which in turn lead to further degradation of environmental conditions. This process, its causes and possible solutions are discussed further below.
The secondary forests created by shifting cultivation are commonly richer in plant and animal resources useful to humans than primary forests, even though they are much less bio-diverse. Shifting cultivators view the forest as an agricultural landscape of fields at various stages in a regular cycle. People unused to living in forests cannot see the fields for the trees. Rather they perceive an apparently chaotic landscape in which trees are cut and burned randomly and so they characterise shifting cultivation as ephemeral or ‘pre-agricultural’, as ‘primitive’ and as a stage to be progressed beyond. Shifting agriculture is none of these things. Stable shifting cultivation systems are highly variable, closely adapted to micro-environments and are carefully managed by farmers during both the cropping and fallow stages. Shifting cultivators may possess a highly developed knowledge and understanding of their local environments and of the crops and native plant species they exploit. Complex and highly adaptive land tenure systems sometimes exist under shifting cultivation. Introduced crops for food and as cash have been skillfully integrated into some shifting cultivation systems.
Shifting cultivation in Europe
Shifting cultivation was still being practised as a viable and stable form of agriculture in many parts of Europe and east into Siberia at the end of the 19th century and in some places well into the 20th century. In the Ruhr in the late 1860s a forest-field rotation system known as Reutbergwirtschaft was using a 16 year cycle of clearing, cropping and fallowing with trees to produce bark for tanneries, wood for charcoal and rye for flour (Darby 1956, 200). Swidden farming was practised in Siberia at least until the 1930s, using specially selected varieties of “swidden-rye” (Steensberg 1993, 98). In Eastern Europe and Northern Russia the main swidden crops were turnips, barley, flax, rye, wheat, oats, radishes and millet. Cropping periods were usually one year, but were extended to two or three years on very favourable soils. Fallow periods were between 20 and 40 years (Linnard 1970, 195). In Finland in 1949, Steensberg (1993, 111) observed the clearing and burning of a 60,000 square metre swidden 440 km north of Helsinki. Birch and pine trees had been cleared over a period of a year and the logs sold for cash. A fallow of alder (Alnus) was encouraged to improve soil conditions. After the burn, turnip was sown for sale and for cattle feed. Shifting cultivation was disappearing in this part of Finland because of a loss of agricultural labour to the industries of the towns. Steensberg (1993, 110-152) provides eye-witness descriptions of shifting cultivation being practised in Sweden in the 20th century, and in Estonia, Poland, the Caucasus, Serbia, Bosnia, Hungary, Switzerland, Austria and Germany in the 1930s to the 1950s.
That these agricultural practices survived from the Neolithic into the middle of the 20th century amidst the sweeping changes that occurred in Europe over that period, suggests they were adaptive and in themselves, were not massively destructive of the environments in which they were practised. This raises the question: if shifting cultivation did not lead to the disappearance of European forests, what did?
The earliest written accounts of forest destruction in Southern Europe begin around 1000 BC in the histories of Homer, Thucydides and Plato and in Strabo’s Geography. Forests were exploited for ship building, and urban development, the manufacture of casks, pitch and charcoal, as well as being cleared for agriculture. The intensification of trade and as a result of warfare, increased the demand for ships which were manufactured completely from forest products. Although goat herding is singled out as an important cause of environmental degradation, a more important cause of forest destruction was the practice in some places of granting ownership rights to those who clear felled forests and brought the land into permanent cultivation. Evidence that circumstances other than agriculture were the major causes for forest destruction was the recovery of tree cover in many parts of the Roman empire from 400 BC to around 500 AD following the collapse of Roman economy and industry. Darby observes that by 400 AD “land that had once been tilled became derelict and overgrown” and quotes Lactantius who wrote that in many places “cultivated land became forest”. (Darby 1956, 186). The other major cause of forest destruction in the Mediterranean environment with its hot dry summers were wild fires that became more common following human interference in the forests.
In Central and Northern Europe the use of stone tools and fire in agriculture is well established in the palynological and archaeological record from the Neolithic. Here, just as in Southern Europe, the demands of more intensive agriculture and the invention of the plough, trading, mining and smelting, tanning, building and construction in the growing towns and constant warfare, including the demands of naval shipbuilding, were more important forces behind the destruction of the forests than was shifting cultivation.
By the Middle Ages in Europe, large areas of forest were being cleared and converted into arable land in association with the development of feudal tenurial practices. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, the demands of iron smelters for charcoal, increasing industrial developments and the discovery and expansion of colonial empires as well as incessant warfare that increased the demand for shipping to levels never previously reached, all combined to deforest Europe. With the loss of the forest, so shifting cultivation became restricted to the peripheral places of Europe, where permanent agriculture was uneconomic, transport costs constrained logging or terrain prevented the use of draught animals or tractors. It has disappeared from even these refuges since 1945, as agriculture has become increasingly capital intensive, rural areas have become depopulated and the remnant European forests themselves have been revalued economically and socially.
Simple societies, shifting cultivation and environmental change
The forests of Europe were destroyed by the seemingly inexorable ‘advances’ of civilisation, industrialisation and warfare, the sort of ‘advances’ that many of those who criticised shifting cultivators in the 19th century thought were desirable and indicative of “higher cultures”. The same sort of processes are leading to the destruction of tropical forests in the last decade of the 20th century. So ‘advances’ in civilization, now known as ‘development’, have not resolved these problems. The problems are located not in the practice of a particular form of agriculture, but within the fundamental relationships that human societies have with their environments. In complex developed economies these relationships become very elaborate and are difficult to comprehend. However in simple economies, where agriculture is the major source of wealth creation, they can be easier to understand.
A growing body of archaeological and palynological evidence finds that simple human societies brought about extensive changes to their environments before the establishment of any sort of state, feudal or capitalist, and before the development of large scale mining, smelting or shipbuilding industries. In these societies agriculture was the driving force in the economy and shifting cultivation was the most common type of agriculture practiced. By examining the relationships between social and economic change and agricultural change in these societies, insights can be gained on contemporary social and economic change and global environment change, and the place of shifting cultivation in those relationships.
As early as 1930 questions about relationships between the rise and fall of the Mayan civilization of the Yucatán Peninsula and shifting cultivation were raised and continue to be debated today. Archaeological evidence suggests the development of Mayan society and economy began around 250 AD. A mere 700 years later it reached its apogee, by which time the population may have reached 2,000,000 people. There followed a precipitous decline that left the great cities and ceremonial centres vacant and overgrown with jungle vegetation. The causes of this decline are uncertain; but warfare and the exhaustion of agricultural land are commonly cited (Meggers 1954; Dumond 1961; Turner 1974). More recent work suggests the Maya may have, in suitable places, developed irrigation systems and more intensive agricultural practices (Humphries 1993).
Similar paths appear to have been followed by Polynesian settlers in New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, who within 500 years of their arrival around 1100 AD turned substantial areas from forest into scrub and fern and in the process caused the elimination of numerous species of birds and animals (Kirch and Hunt 1997). In the restricted environments of the Pacific islands, including Fiji and Hawaii, early extensive erosion and change of vegetation is presumed to have been caused by shifting cultivation on slopes. Soils washed from slopes were deposited in valley bottoms as a rich, swampy alluvium. These new environments were then exploited to develop intensive, irrigated fields. The change from shifting cultivation to intensive irrigated fields, occurred in association with a rapid growth in population and the development of elaborate and high stratified chiefdoms (Kirch 1984). In the larger, temperate latitude, islands of New Zealand the presumed course of events took a different path. There the stimulus for population growth was the hunting of large birds to extinction, during which time forests in drier areas were destroyed by burning, followed the development of intensive agriculture in favorable environments, based mainly on sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and a reliance on the gathering of two main wild plant species in less favorable environments. These changes, as in the smaller islands, were accompanied by population growth, the competition for the occupation of the best environments, complexity in social organization, and endemic warfare (Anderson 1997).
The record of human induced changes in environments is longer in New Guinea than in most places. Agricultural activities probably beginning 5,000 to 9,000 years ago. However the most spectacular changes, in both societies and environments, are believed to have occurred in the central highlands of the island within the last 1,000 years, in association with the introduction of a crop new to New Guinea, the sweet potato (Golson 1982a; 1982b). One of the most striking signals of the relatively recent intensification of agriculture is the sudden increase in sedimentation rates in small lakes. The root question posed by these and the numerous other examples that could be cited of simple societies that have intensified their agricultural systems in association with increases in population and social complexity is not whether or how shifting cultivation was responsible for the extensive changes to landscapes and environments. Rather it is why simple societies of shifting cultivators in the tropical forest of Yucatán, or the highlands of New Guinea, begin to grow in numbers and to develop stratified and sometimes complex social hierarchies?
At first sight, the greatest stimulus to the intensification of a shifting cultivation system is a growth in population. If no other changes occur within the system, for each extra person to be fed from the system, a small extra amount of land must be cultivated. The total amount of land available is the land being presently cropped and all of the land in fallow. If the area occupied by the system is not expanded into previously unused land, then either the cropping period must be extended or the fallow period shortened.
At least two problems exist with the population growth hypothesis. First, population growth in most pre-industrial shifting cultivator societies has been shown to be very low over the long term. Second, no human societies are known where people work only to eat. People engage in social relations with each other and agricultural produce is used in the conduct of these relationships. These relationships are the focus of two attempts to understand the nexus between human societies and their environments, one an explanation of a particular situation and the other a general exploration of the problem.
In a study of the Duna in the Southern Highlands, a group in the process of moving from shifting cultivation into permanent field agriculture post sweet potato, Modjeska (1982) argued for the development of two “self amplifying feed back loops” of ecological and social causation. The trigger to the changes was very slow population growth and the slow expansion of agriculture to meet the demands of this growth. This set in motion the first feedback loop, the “use-value” loop. As more forest was cleared there was a decline in wild food resources and protein produced from hunting, which was substituted for by an increase in domestic pig raising. An increase in domestic pigs required a further expansion in agriculture. The greater protein available from the larger number of pigs increased human fertility and survival rates and resulted in faster population growth.
Increasing numbers of people also set in motion the second or “exchange-value” loop of social causalities. More people meant greater numbers of human interactions, including increased opportunities for conflict. There arose the need for a means to mediate these relationships. The Duna (and other highlanders in New Guinea) says Modjeska, substituted pigs for humans and began to exchange pigs to compensate for losses of humans in warfare, or in marriage and deaths from natural causes (disease). Demand for pigs increased and the production of pigs increased to meet the demand, with all of the consequences observed in the use-value loop. This is what Brookfield (1972) called “social production”. Increased pig production and the exchange of pigs to mediate relations between individuals and groups created opportunities for leadership and management of resources and some men gained authority over other men and all women. As groups became more complex, competition between men and between groups increased, increasing the opportunities for conflict.
The outcome of the operation of the two loops, one bringing about ecological change and the other social and economic change, is an expanding and intensifying agricultural system, the conversion of forest to grassland, a population growing at an increasing rate and expanding geographically and a society that is increasing in complexity and stratification. The second attempt to explain the relationships between simple agricultural societies and their environments is that of Ellen (1982, 252-270). Ellen does not attempt to separate use-values from social production. He argues that almost all of the materials required by humans to live (with perhaps the exception of air) are obtained through social relations of production and that these relations proliferate and are modified in numerous ways. The values that humans attribute to items produced from the environment arise out of cultural arrangements and not from the objects themselves, a restatement of Karl Sauer’s dictum that “resources are cultural appraisals”. Humans frequently translate actual objects into culturally conceived forms, an example being the translation by the Duna of the pig into an item of compensation and redemption. As a result, two fundamental processes underlie the ecology of human social systems: First, the obtaining of materials from the environment and their alteration and circulation through social relations, and second, the giving of the material a value which will affect how important it is to obtain it, circulate it or alter it. Environmental pressures are thus mediated through social relations.
Transitions in ecological systems and in social systems do not proceed at the same rate. The rate of phylogenetic change is determined mainly by natural selection and partly by human interference and adaptation, such as for example, the domestication of a wild species. Humans however have the ability to learn and to communicate their knowledge to each other and across generations. If most social systems have the tendency to increase in complexity they will, sooner or later, come into conflict with, or into “contradiction” (Friedman 1979, 1982) with their environments. What happens around the point of “contradiction” will determine the extent of the environmental degradation that will occur. Of particular importance is the ability of the society to change, to invent or to innovate technologically and sociologically, in order to overcome the “contradiction” without incurring continuing environmental degradation, or social disintegration.
An economic study of what occurs at the points of conflict with specific reference to shifting cultivation is that of Esther Boserup (1965). Boserup argues that low intensity farming, extensive shifting cultivation for example, has lower labor costs than more intensive farming systems. This assertion remains controversial. She also argues that given a choice, a human group will always choose the technique which has the lowest absolute labor cost rather than the highest yield. But at the point of conflict, yields will have become unsatisfactory. Boserup argues, contra Malthus, that rather than population always overwhelming resources, that humans will invent a new agricultural technique or adopt an existing innovation that will boost yields and that is adapted to the new environmental conditions created by the degradation which has occurred already, even though they will pay for the increases in higher labor costs. Examples of such changes are the adoption of new higher yielding crop, the exchanging of a digging stick for a hoe, or a hoe for a plough, or the development of irrigation systems. The controversy over Boserup’s proposal is in part over whether intensive systems are more costly in labor terms, and whether humans will bring about change in their agricultural systems before environmental degradation forces them to. A number of very important things happen in the passage from simple to more complex societies and agricultural systems (Ellen 1982, 272-273). Demands for production on a local system by an external one may destabilize the local ability to regulate human environment relations. Parts of the agricultural system may become more specialized, species diversity may be reduced or lost, wild plant and animal resources reduced or lost and ecosystems become more fragile. Improved communications result in a higher rate of innovation and hence a greater rate of change. Higher rates of change and increased differentiation in the society give rises to increased conflict. Increased differentiation also leads to larger numbers of individuals not producing anything, and more being produced by fewer, such that the system as a whole becomes less efficient. Greater organization and specialization results in greater complexity, technical division of labor and a greater codification of cultural responses with more extensive social control.
Shifting cultivation in the contemporary world and global environmental change
The estimated rate of deforestation in Southeast Asia in 1990 was 34,000 km² per year (FAO 1990, quoted in Potter 1993). In Indonesia alone it was estimated 13,100 km² per year were being lost, 3,680 km² per year from Sumatra and 3,770 km² from Kalimantan, of which 1,440 km² were due to the fires of 1982 to 1983. Since those estimates were made huge fires have ravaged Indonesian forests during the 1997 to 1998 El Niño associated drought. Efforts are being made in Indonesia to encourage shifting cultivators to alter the mix of activities and examine alternative cropping patterns, so that the slash and burn portion of their shifting cultivation is a smaller fraction of the time interval of the farming cycle [1]. For example by introducing jungle rubber farming instead of coffee, the farming cycle for growing rubber trees can extend up to 28 years versus about seven for coffee. The outcomes not only reflect less time spent in the slash and burn phase, but also allows a cover crop (rubber) that provides a forest habitatquality much higher than the coffee farm environment. Furthermore the coffee use often is abandoned entirely, yielding litte of residual habitat and inviting a much earlier slash and burn element to recur.
Shifting cultivation was assessed by the FAO to be one a causes of deforestation while logging was not. The apparent discrimination against shifting cultivators caused a confrontation between FAO and environmental groups, who saw the FAO supporting commercial logging interests against the rights of indigenous people (Potter 1993, 108). Other independent studies of the problem note that despite lack of government control over forests and the dominance of a political elite in the logging industry, the causes of deforestation are more complex. The loggers have provided paid employment to former subsistence farmers. One of the outcomes of cash incomes has been rapid population growth among indigenous groups of former shifting cultivators that has placed pressure on their traditional long fallow farming systems. Many farmers have taken advantage of the improved road access to urban areas by planting cash crops, such as rubber or pepper as noted above. Increased cash incomes often are spent on chain saws, which have enabled larger areas to be cleared for cultivation. Fallow periods have been reduced and cropping periods extended. Serious poverty elsewhere in the country has brought thousands of land hungry settlers into the cut over forests along the logging roads. The settlers practice what appears to be shifting cultivation but which is in fact a one-cycle slash and burn followed by continuous cropping, with no intention to long fallow. Clearing of trees and the permanent cultivation of fragile soils in a tropical environment with little attempt to replace lost nutrients may cause rapid degradation of the fragile soils.
The loss of forest in Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines during the 1990s was preceded by major ecosystem disruptions in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia in the 1970s and 1980s caused by warfare. Forests were sprayed with defoliants, thousands of rural forest dwelling people uproots from their homes and moved and roads driven into previously isolated areas. The loss of the tropical forests of Southeast Asia is the particular outcome of the general possible outcomes described by Ellen (see above) when small local ecological and social systems become part of larger system. When the previous relatively stable ecological relationships are destabilized, degradation can occur rapidly. Similar descriptions of the loss of forest and destruction of fragile ecosystems could be provided from the Amazon Basin, by large scale state sponsored colonization forest land (Becker 1995, 61) or from the Central Africa where what endemic armed conflict is destabilizing rural settlement and farming communities on a massive scale.
Comparison with other ecological phenomena
In the tropical developing world, shifting cultivation in its many diverse forms, remains a pervasive practice. Shifting cultivation was one of the very first forms of agriculture practiced by humans and its survival into the modern world suggests that it is a flexible and highly adaptive means of production. However, it is also a grossly misunderstood practice. Many casual observers cannot see past the clearing and burning of standing forest and do not perceive often ecologically stable cycles of cropping and fallowing. Nevertheless, shifting cultivation systems are particularly susceptible to rapid increases in population and to economic and social change in the larger world around them. The blame for the destruction of forest resources is often laid on shifting cultivators. But the forces bringing about the rapid loss of tropical forests at the end of the 20th century are the same forces that led to the destruction of the forests of Europe, urbanization, industrialization and the application the latest technology to extract ever more resources from the environment in pursuit of political power by competing groups.
Studies of small, isolated and pre-capitalist groups and their relationships with their environments suggests that the roots of the contemporary problem lie deep in human behavioral patterns, for even in these simple societies, competition and conflict can be identified as the main force driving them into contradiction with their environments.
Alternative practice in the pre-Columbian Amazon basin
Slash-and-char, as opposed to slash-and-burn, may create self-perpetuating soil fertility that supports sedentary agriculture, but the society so sustained may still be overturned, as above ( see article at Terra preta ).
See also
Agroecology
Controlled burn
Crop rotation
Chitemene
References
Anderson, A. (1997) Prehistoric Polynesian impact on the New Zealand environment: Te Whenua Hou. In Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands: Prehistoric Environmental and Landscape Change (Eds, Kirch, P. V. and Hunt, T. L.) Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 271-283.
Bartlett, H. H. (1956) Fire, primitive agriculture, and grazing in the tropics. In Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth (Ed, Thomas, W. L.) The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 692-720.
Becker, B. K. (1995) Undoing myth: the Amazon, an urbanized forest. In Brazilian Perspectives on Sustainable Development of the Amazon Region, Vol. 15 (Eds, Clüsener-Godt, M. and Sachs, I.) UNESCO, Paris 53-89.
Darby, H. C. (1956) The clearing of the woodland of Europe. In Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth (Ed, Thomas, W. L.) The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 183-216.
Dumond, D. E. (1961) Swidden agriculture and the rise of Maya civilization. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 17301-316.
Golson, J. (1982a) The Ipomoean revolution revisited: society and the sweet potato in the upper Wahgi Valley. In Inequality in New Guinea Highlands Societies. (Ed, Strathern, A.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 109-136.
Golson, J. (1982b) Kuk and the history of agriculture in the New Guinea highlands. In Melanesia: Beyond Diversity. (Eds, May, R. J. and Nelson, H.) Australian National University, Canberra, 297-307.
Humphries, S. (1993) The intensification of traditional agriculture among Yucatec Maya farmers: facing up to the dilemma of livelihood sustainability. Human Ecology, 21, 1, 82-102.
Kirch, P. V. (1984) The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kirch, P. V. and Hunt, T. L. (Eds.) (1997) Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands: Prehistoric Environmental Change and Landscape Change, Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
Meggers, B. J. (1954) Environmental limitations on the development of culture. American Anthropologist, 56, 5, 801-824.
Scott, James C. (2009) The Art of Not Being Governed. Yale University Press, New Haven
Thomas, W. L. (Ed.) (1956) Man's Role in Changing the Face of the earth. Book Man's Role in Changing the Face of the earth, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
Turner, B. L. (1974) Prehistoric intensive agriculture in the Mayan lowlands. Science, 185, 4146, 118-124.
External links
Seeing the Garden in the Jungle
[2]
Farmer Power, the Continuing Confrontation between Subsistence Farmers and Development Bureaucrats by Tony Waters at Ethnography.com
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msmarco_passage_00_771744074 | Use Diptychs to Tell a Story | Use Diptychs to Tell a Story
Use Diptychs to Tell a Story
A Post By: Jason Weddington
If a picture is worth a thousands words, how much is a diptych (pronounced diptik) worth?
Train conductor walking to a Japanese Bullet train in Tokyo Station, Japan
Photography is about visual communication: sharing stories, ideas, and feelings through images. A diptych of two images, or parts of two images, is an impactful storytelling tool. Look for thematic, compositional, and other visual synergies that will make your diptychs more powerful than the sum of their parts.
Combine wide angle and telephoto shots
By using a zoom lens, or simply cropping a larger photo, you can combine two images that have different effective focal lengths. This can be used to complete the story and prevent the viewer from asking “what’s going on here,” like in this photo of my son collecting acorns in a park. And by the way, what is it with kids and acorns? I remember stuffing acorns into a plastic soda bottle and keeping them in my bedroom as a child…
Boy collecting acorns
This diptych from from an engagement shoot in Kyoto, Japan, tells a story by combining a “before” and “after” image.
Smartphone portrait
Think about your final aspect ratio
There are endless possibilities here. Factors to consider are how the images work together, as well as your final use for the diptych. If your image will be viewed on computer screen, a horizontal orientation will allow viewers to appreciate a large photo without scrolling. If you’re thinking about printing the photo, or showing it on a tablet or smartphone then this isn’t as much of an issue.
Here are a few diptych aspect ratio templates that I like. These are not hard and fast rules, just some ideas to get you started.
Two square images placed next to eachother
Two 2:3 aspect ratio portrait images placed next to eachother
Two 3:2 aspect ratio images placed one above the other.
A 5×7 image next to a 5×4 image places the division between the images almost exactly at the golden ratio line of the larger diptych.
I hope this article has given you a few new ideas for how to showcase your photos. Feel free to post a link to your diptychs in the comments.
I appreciate feedback, please comment below or feel free to connect with me through Facebook or Google+. I’ll do my best to answer questions and reply to comments.
Read more from our Tips & Tutorials category
Jason Weddington
is passionate photographer and the creator of PhotoQueue.com, a service that helps photographers maintain their online presence by scheduling uploads to Flickr and 500px. PhotoQueue will soon add support for Facebook, and Tumblr. Jason is also an Associate member of the American Society of Media Photographers (ASMP).
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msmarco_passage_00_773358178 | Complete List of Baby Blues Comics Books | Complete List of Baby Blues Comics Books
Complete List of Baby Blues Comics Books
Zits Comics
Baby Blues Comics
Calvin and Hobbes Comics
Dilbert Comics
Interested in comics?
Please enjoy this comprehensive list of the Baby Blues books in order.
Baby Blues 2022 Day-to-Day Calendar: 2022
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Each page in the Baby Blues 2022 Day-to-Day Calendar features a full-color strip where you can follow the MacPherson family shenanigans as they juggle work-life, kids, home-life, kids, loving-everyone-anyway, and kids.
Features include:
Full-color tear-off pages
Day/Date reference on each page
Widely celebrated and nationally recognized holidays and observances
Back of pages are blank—perfect for notes, lists, or to-dos
Printed on FSC-certified paper with soy-based ink
Easel backer for desk or tabletop display
Combined weekend pages
Family-friendly humor suitable for all ages
IBSN: 9781524863159
Publication date: August 2021
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51. Stink Eye: A Baby Blues Collection (No. 38)
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
In the newest Baby Blues scrapbook, cartoonists Jerry Scott and Rick Kirkman have returned with another full year's worth of comics and commentary chronicling the family foibles of the MacPhersons and the mischievous antics of Zoe, Hammie, and Wr
IBSN: 9781524869021
Publication date: October 19, 2021
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50. BB3X: Baby Blues: The Third Decade (No. 37)
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
BB3X is a special Baby Blues treasury that celebrates three decades of one of the most heartwarming, funny, and true-to-life depictions of raising children ever seen in the funny pages. In addition to a year's worth of Baby Blues comics, this special collection sheds light on the unique collaborative process of Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott, whose cartooning magic has helped transform some of the most stressful moments in life into some of the most hilarious.
A year's worth of Baby Blues comics with a special section and bonus materials celebrating the 30th anniversary of the beloved strip about parenting, kids, and the hilarity of family life
IBSN: 9781524860721
Publication date: October 6, 2020
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49. Surviving the Great Indoors: A Baby Blues Collection (No. 36)
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
The zaniest and most-relatable newspaper comic about parenting life is back with a brand-new collection.
Baby Blues transcends the comic page by fusing the award-winning imaginations of Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott with familiar family life. Kirkman and Scott intuitively balance the humorous with the poignant through relatable and sometimes all-too-familiar parenting scenes.
This latest collection includes a year's worth of strips, many with commentary by Jerry and Rick.
IBSN: 9781524851750
Publication date: October 15, 2019
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48. Adult Time: A Baby Blues Collection (No. 35)
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
From the dark days of sleep deprivation to the cacophony of a tri-kid family, Baby Blues reveals the true dark underbelly of parenting to the delight of newspaper readers everywhere. Like a comic epidural, or butt cream on a raging diaper rash, this comic strip has helped take some of the sting out of parenting for countless parents around the world.
Baby Blues transcends the comic page by fusing the award-winning imaginations of Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott with familiar family life. Kirkman and Scott intuitively balance the humorous with the poignant through relatable and sometimes all-too-familiar parenting scenes.
A year’s worth of strips -- many with comments from Jerry and Rick.
IBSN: 9781449485122
Publication date: October 16, 2018
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47. Binge Parenting: A Baby Blues Collection (No. 34)
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
In this chronological collection, readers get a close-up view inside the home of the MacPhersons, a perfectly normal family with perfectly chaotic lives. Daryl and Wanda are deep in the trenches of childrearing and earning their stripes as parents to Zoe, Hammie, and Wren.
Baby Blues expertly illustrates why Band-Aids remain in short supply, tattling and teasing lead to time-outs, and an unplanned visit to the dentist or auto mechanic occurs just when the bills seem to be caught up.
Baby Blues transcends the comic page by fusing the award-winning imaginations of Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott with familiar family life. Inside this annotated collection, Kirkman and Scott intuitively balance the humorous with the poignant though relatable and sometimes all-too-familiar parenting scenes.
Contains a year of previously uncollected comics. One color or two black & white comics per page. Contains author comments.
IBSN: 9781449485115
Publication date: September 26, 2017
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46. Gross!: A Baby Blues Collection (No. 33)
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
For more than 25 years, the MacPherson family has brought the joy, humor, and poignancy of raising three children to funny pages worldwide in the popular comic strip, Baby Blues. Gross! reveals the sticky underbelly of parenting, shining a comedic light on everything from dealing with picky eaters to too much screen time. From gargantuan messes to legendary sibling disputes, readers will love following along as the MacPhersons—Darryl, Wanda, and children Zoe, Hammie, and Wren—overcome many of life's hurdles.
Gross! offers a perceptive glimpse into the lives of modern parents, complemented by witty and informative commentary from the co-creators themselves. This collection will appeal to anyone who has kids or who remembers what it was like to be one.
Contains a year of previously uncollected comics. One color or two black & white comics per page. Contains author comments.
IBSN: 9781449477813
Publication date: October 18, 2016
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45. No Yelling!: A Baby Blues Collection (No. 32)
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Still crazy after all these years! Behold Wanda and Darryl MacPherson as they navigate the chaos of modern parenting.
For more than 25 years, the MacPherson family has brought the joy, humor, and poignancy of raising three children to funny pages worldwide in the popular comic strip, Baby Blues. No Yelling! reveals the sticky underbelly of parenting, shining a comedic light on everything from dealing with picky eaters to too much screen time. From gargantuan messes to legendary sibling disputes, readers will love following along as the MacPhersons—Darryl, Wanda, and children Zoe, Hammie, and Wren—overcome many of life's hurdles.
No Yelling! offers a perceptive glimpse into the lives of modern parents, complemented by witty and informative commentary from the co-creators themselves. This collection will appeal to anyone who has kids or who remembers what it was like to be one.
Contains a year of previously uncollected comics. One color or two black & white comics per page. Contains author comments.
IBSN: 9781449463038
Publication date: October 20, 2015
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44. Wetter, Louder, Stickier: A Baby Blues Collection (No. 31)
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Join in the chaotic fun with the MacPherson family in this thirty-first Baby Blues cartoon collection!
Child-rearing reaches an entirely new level of delightfully messy chaos in Baby Blues: Wetter, Louder, Stickier. Battle-ready and perpetually exhausted, Daryl and Wanda team up to navigate a new front of challenges, like Zoe's enthusiasm over the "Smoochy Boyz" concert, deciphering baby Wren's attempts at language, and determining Hammie's place as a colon in the school play—whether "colon" refers to punctuation or digestion remains undetermined. Armed with "performance-enhancing substances" (a.k.a. chocolate donuts), the perfectly normal MacPherson family will surely bring a barrage of smiles and laughter to familiar fans with their perfectly chaotic lives.
Baby Blues has enchanted new parents, grandparents, and kids alike since it first appeared on the comics pages in 1990. As the years passed, the list of newspapers carrying the feature has grown almost as fast as the MacPhersons' kids! Baby Blues now appears in more than 1,200 newspapers worldwide, and the adventures of America's favorite first-time parents have also been chronicled in 31 anthologies and four treasuries. In 1995, the National Cartoonists Society recognized Baby Blues as "Best Comic Strip of the Year."
Contains a year of previously uncollected comics. One color or two black & white comics per page. Contains author comments.
IBSN: 9781449458256
Publication date: November 11, 2014
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43. Bedlam: A Baby Blues Collection (No. 30)
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
For more than 20 years, Baby Blues has tickled and reassured overwhelmed parents. With Darryl and Wanda MacPherson's constant state of upheaval in parenting Zoe, Hammie, and Baby Wren, fans can recognize their own real-life Baby Blues moments.
Now in an annual, treasury-sized book, Baby Blues brings you another year of life with the MacPhersons. Often-befuddled Darryl and always-overworked Wanda manage to parent precocious Zoe, ornery Hammie, and Baby Wren while still keeping their senses of humor and sometimes even sweetness. In this collection, Zoe decides it's time for her to take karate lessons, Wanda declares she needs some time for herself and joins a book (wine?) club, and Hammie discovers the joys of a zip line. Mostly calm Wanda finally reaches her breaking point of asking the kids to clean up, unleashing a new force of nature to the comic strip: the Tsumommy!
Contains a year of previously uncollected comics. One color or two black & white comics per page.
IBSN: 9781449437244
Publication date: November 5, 2013
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42. BBXX: Baby Blues Decades 1 & 2
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
A special 20th anniversary hardcover Baby Blues retrospective, this is the colossal collection that Baby Blues’s 55 million-plus fans have been clamoring for.
BBXX is a hefty, hardcover treasury highlighting 20 years of Baby Blues, one of the most popular comic strips in history. A comprehensive and commemorative edition of all things Baby Blues, creators Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott share personal reflections and never-before-published essays, drawings, and photographs, along with almost 800 of the best Baby Blues strips from the last two decades.
Named Best Comic Strip of the Year in 1995, Baby Blues follows young parents Darryl and Wanda MacPherson as they raise children Zoe, Hammie, and Baby Wren. From temper tantrums to toilet training, everyday experiences that all parents agonize over and laugh about serve as fertile comedic ground as BBXX takes readers on a relevant and timeless journey through twenty years of Baby Blues. What results is a truthfully fulfilling romp through the daily aspects of family life as well as a carefully nuanced tug at the heartstrings.
Hardcover treasury, 336 pages.
IBSN: 9780740798283
Publication date: November 13, 2012
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41. Scribbles at an Exhibition: Baby Blues Scrapbook 29
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
In the chronological collection Scribbles at an Exhibition, readers get a close-up view inside the home of the MacPhersons, a perfectly normal family with perfectly chaotic lives. Daryl and Wanda are deep in the trenches of child rearing and earning their stripes as parents to Zoe, Hammie, and baby Wren.
Baby Blues "recently celebrated an achievement that is considered the comic industry's top milestone: surpassing 1,000 newspaper clients around the world." — Arizona Republic
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. One color or three black & white comics per page.
IBSN: 9781449409722
Publication date: May 15, 2012
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40. Eat, Cry, Poop: Baby Blues Scrapbook 28
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Baby Blues transcends the comic page by fusing the award-winning imaginations of Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott with familiar family life. Inside Eat, Cry, Poop: Baby Blues Scrapbook 28, Kirkman and Scott intuitively balance the humorous with the poignant through relatable and sometimes all-too-familiar parenting scenes.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. One color or three black & white comics per page.
IBSN: 9781449414580
Publication date: November 15, 2011
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39. Cut!: Baby Blues Scrapbook 27
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
It's the director's cut in Kirkman and Scott's newest Baby Blues book. In this chronological collection, readers get a close-up view inside the home of the MacPhersons, a perfectly normal family with perfectly chaotic lives. Daryl and Wanda are deep in the trenches of childrearing and earning their stripes as parents to Zoe, Hammie, and baby Wren.
Baby Blues expertly illustrates why Band-Aids remain in short supply, tattling and teasing lead to time-outs, and an unplanned visit to the dentist or auto mechanic occurs just when the bills seem to be caught up.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. One color or three black & white comics per page.
IBSN: 9781449401825
Publication date: April 19, 2011
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38. Ambushed! In the Family Room: Baby Blues Scrapbook 26
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
From the dark days of sleep deprivation to the cacophony of a trikid family, Baby Blues has been revealing the true dark underbelly of parenting to the delight of newspaper readers everywhere. Like a comic epidural, or butt cream on a raging diaper rash, this comic strip has helped take some of the sting out of parenting for countless parents around the world.
Baby Blues transcends the comic page by fusing the award-winning imaginations of Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott with familiar family life. Inside Ambushed! In the Family Room, Kirkman and Scott intuitively balance the humorous with the poignant through relatable and sometimes all-too-familiar parenting scenes.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. One color or three black & white comics per page.
IBSN: 9780740797408
Publication date: October 26, 2010
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37. We Were Here First: Baby Blues Looks at Couplehood with Kids
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Baby Blues is a pitch-perfect and hilarious family-oriented comic strip that typifies modern parenting.
We Were Here First, an entertaining collection of Baby Blues comic strips handpicked by cocreators Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott, focuses on the relationship between Darryl and Wanda MacPherson--before and after parenthood turns their life upside down.
A love story set in the trenches of child rearing, We Were Here First follows the account of Darryl and Wanda earning their stripes as parents to their three children—the headstrong Zoe, easygoing Hammie, and baby Wren—all the while trying to make time for themselves, even if it's a mere 30 stolen seconds!
An amusing story of a domestic romance caught in the middle of a fun-filled family feud, We Were Here First will delight both longtime fans of Baby Blues as well as readers of all ages new to this beloved comic strip.
Selected cartoons on the theme of couplehood. One color or three black & white comics per page.
IBSN: 9780740791116
Publication date: April 20, 2010
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36. It's a Girl: A Baby Blues Book
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
This baby gift book features the artwork from the popular and award-winning Baby Blues comic strip, during a time when a new baby (a little sister) was introduced to the household. It’s a Girl will delight moms, moms-to-be, and any family member forced to deal with a new baby girl in the house.
Have a new baby in the house? Know somebody who's expecting? This is the gift book you're looking for. Ripped from the internationally popular comic strip Baby Blues and selected by Jerry Scott and Rick Kirkman, these are the definitive strips that shaped the lives of the Baby Blues characters when they added children to the family.
In It's a Girl, young Hammie has it all until the day his parents bring home a baby sister. In an instant, Hammie goes from the revered position of "baby of the family" to, ugh, middle child. It's not a smooth transition to big brotherhood for Hammie, but it's definitely a humorous and heartwarming story.
It's a Girl will delight moms, moms-to-be, and any family member lucky enough to deal with a new baby.
Hardcover gift book, 80 pages.
IBSN: 9780740791673
Publication date: February 16, 2010
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35. It's a Boy: A Baby Blues Book
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
This baby gift book features the artwork from the popular and award-winning Baby Blues comic strip. The authors have selected the definitive strips that shaped the lives of their characters when they added a little boy to their family. It's a Boy will delight moms, moms-to-be, and any sister forced to deal with a new baby boy in the house.
Have a new baby in the house? Know somebody who's expecting? This is the gift book you're looking for. Ripped from the internationally popular comic strip Baby Blues and selected by Jerry Scott and Rick Kirkman, these are the definitive strips that shaped the lives of the Baby Blues characters when they added children to the family.
In It's a Boy, three-year-old Zoe MacPherson goes from exalted only child to, ugh, older sibling when her parents, Darryl and Wanda, bring home baby Hamish (nicknamed Hammie). With her domination of the MacPherson household challenged by this cheerful intruder, the precocious Zoe is forced to cope with the harsh reality of sharing attention--and everything else!
It's a Boy will delight moms, moms-to-be, and any family member lucky enough to deal with a new baby.
Hardcover gift book, 80 pages.
IBSN: 9780740791666
Publication date: February 16, 2010
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34. The Natural Disorder of Things: Baby Blues Scrapbook 25
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
It's a family feud full of fun and togetherness in Kirkman and Scott's The Natural Disorder of Things. Readers step into the home of the MacPhersons, a perfectly normal family with perfectly chaotic lives. Daryl and Wanda are deep in the trenches of child rearing, earning their stripes as parents to Zoe, Hammie, and baby Wren.
Baby Blues is genuinely funny, portraying parenting the way it is, including the good, the bad, the ugly . . . and the sometimes smelly.
Baby Blues "recently celebrated an achievement that is considered the comic industry's top milestone: surpassing 1,000 newspaper clients around the world." — Arizona Republic
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. One color or three black & white comics per page.
IBSN: 9780740785405
Publication date: October 20, 2009
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33. My Space: Baby Blues Scrapbook 24
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Oh baby! My Space, this Baby Blues collection, kicks and screams with good stuff. The MacPhersons show us that raising one kid is a breeze, raising two kids is tricky yet manageable, and raising three kids is deserving of canonization. But still, sleep-deprived Darryl and Wanda do it with a style and wit all their own.
Baby Blues is funny because it accurately depicts the trials, tribulations, and triumphs of parenting. And like any curious kid, My Space cracks you up and leaves you begging for more!
Forget child-rearing books; all a parent needs to get through the highs and lows of raising kids is a 3 a.m. read of Baby Blues.
From diapers to long division, it's easy to see why so many people relate to Darryl, Wanda, Zoe, Hammie, and Wren.
In 2001, Scott earned the prestigious Reuben Award for Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year. The National Cartoonists Society also gave Baby Blues its Best Comic Strip of the Year award in 1995.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. One color or three black & white comics per page.
IBSN: 9780740780899
Publication date: May 17, 2009
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32. The Day Phonics Kicked in: Baby Blues Goes Back to School
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Named Best Comic Strip of the Year by the National Cartoonists Society, Baby Blues appears in newspapers and periodicals worldwide.
With Zoe and Hammie already in elementary school and Wren crawling quickly toward toddlerhood, a lot of energy in the MacPherson house is directed toward teaching. Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott have scoured their archives for the very best of the Baby Blues school—and education-related strips to include in this retrospective. From sack lunches to show-and-tell, this hilarious collection of Baby Blues strips will earn high marks from loyal readers everywhere.
Selected cartoons on the theme of education. Color throughout.
IBSN: 9780740777387
Publication date: September 1, 2008
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31. X-Treme Parenting: A Baby Blues Treasury
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
"Nothing is certain but death and taxes. And laundry." — Baby Blues proverb
When the recipe box has more pizza coupons than recipes, or for those parenting days when all you seem to accomplish is brushing your hair and making a tray of ice cubes, Baby Blues offers parental fatigue redemption. The brainchild of Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott, this Baby Blues treasury features cartoons from Briefcase Full of Baby Blues and Night Shift.
From prophetic Baby Blues proverbs like, "The grass is always greener on the knees of your kid's new white pants," to Dinner Table Olympics where Synchronized Whining is the main event, young parents Darryl and Wanda keep pace with energetic children Zoe, Hammie, and baby Wren, as Kirkman and Scott expertly navigate the daily nuances of newborns, nocturnal diaper changes, and the nirvana of family life.
Contains previously collected comics from Briefcase Full of Baby Blues and Night Shift.
IBSN: 9780740770975
Publication date: April 1, 2008
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30. Night Shift: Baby Blues Scrapbook 23
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Baby Blues transcends the comics page-expertly illustrating why there are never enough napkins, sippy cups, or items crossed off the to-do list.
Inside Night Shift, award-winning creators Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott effortlessly navigate the nuances of everyday family life within the MacPherson household, where Band-Aids remain in short supply, tattling and teasing lead to time-outs, and every public outing becomes an adventure in patience.
Named Best Comic Strip of the Year in 2002, Baby Blues follows young parents Darryl and Wanda as they maintain a consistent trajectory on the parental learning curve to children Zoe, Hammie, and Wren.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780740768422
Publication date: October 1, 2007
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29. Briefcase Full of Baby Blues: Baby Blues Scrapbook 22
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Baby Blues "is a genuinely hilarious comic strip." — Rants and Raves
Childhood-synonymous with slip 'n' slides, bubble gum, and getting your little brother in trouble. Parenthood-synonymous with Band-Aid bandages, haircuts, and giving timeouts for tattling. Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott effortlessly navigate the nuances of everyday family life in Briefcase of Baby Blues
Named Best Comic Strip of the Year by the National Cartoonists Society, Baby Blues details the goings-on inside the MacPherson home. Running at a frenzied pace, young parents Darryl and Wanda keep up with Zoe, Hammie, and baby Wren as Kirkman and Scott perfectly capture the domestic discord and creative chaos associated with this household's hilarious activities.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780740763557
Publication date: April 1, 2007
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28. Framed!: A Baby Blues Treasury
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Kirkman and Scott don't just have their fingers on the pulse of the modern middle-class family; they have a grip on its wrist like a mother pulling a three-year-old past a grocery store cookie aisle.
Tadpoles in the toilet, backseat border wars, emergency homemade diapers . . . welcome to another year in the life of the never-a-dull-moment McPherson family. While sister Zoe and brother Hammie's budding sibling rivalry reaches new heights (and volumes), baby Wren is making great strides of her own. With the advent of "the climbing phase" no coffee table, countertop, or bookshelf is too high.
For years, the team of Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott have given readers a too-funny-to-be-true, too-real-not-to-be insider's view of the American dream. They get the details and dilemmas so right, in fact, that it's a wonder they haven't been indicted for domestic surveillance.
Contains previously collected comics from Something Chocolate This Way Comes and Our Server Is Down. One color or two black & white comics per page.
IBSN: 9780740761942
Publication date: November 1, 2006
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27. Something Chocolate This Way Comes: Baby Blues Scrapbook 21
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott put out a very funny cartoon strip. You don't have to be a parent to enjoy this cartoon, but if you are, it hits close to home more than once. It's also nice watching the kids get older (albeit slowly) in a medium that seldom allows it's characters to age at all."
If art imitates life, then art could probably use a good vacuuming. That is, if you're talking about life around the MacPherson house. With three kids under the age of eight, things couldn't get much busier for Darryl and Wanda, who fill the comics pages with dead-on family humor.
Creators Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott have a special talent for distilling the essence of children, families, and married couples into a comic strip that, in frame after frame and strip after strip, creates a world that's both amusing and enlightening, in large part because their work mirrors our own experiences so closely. "Did you see the latest Baby Blues ?" is one of the most-often asked questions among the strip's millions of fans. "It looks just like us!"
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780740756863
Publication date: April 1, 2006
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26. Our Server Is Down: Baby Blues Scrapbook 20
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Baby Blues makes life with children seem funny, even when they smear peanut butter on the walls and give the baby a makeover with Mom's cosmetics. Says writer Jerry Scott, "As long as kids keep having runny noses and wiping them on the drapes, we're in business."
Our Server is Down captures the perils and pratfalls of raising young children in suburbia. Daryl and Wanda MacPherson are a couple in their mid-thirties struggling to juggle work and three kids with hectic schedules-and maintain their sanity.
Zoe, the talkative eldest, is seven and more worldly than ever. Hammie is the newly anointed (by the recent birth of baby Wren) middle child. At age five, he's a willing student for Zoe and a virtual Velcro board for blame. Wren is the newest addition to the MacPherson clan-so far, all giggles and sunshine . . . with a few clouds on the horizon.
Parents worldwide have delighted in this slice-of-life comic since its debut in 1990.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780740754456
Publication date: October 1, 2005
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25. Driving Under the Influence of Children: A Baby Blues Treasury
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
"Any parent can understand why Darryl and Wanda MacPherson can't decide whether to hug Zoe and Hammie to pieces or turn them into pieces in some less loving way. . . . Kirkman and Scott are virtuosi of the world of child-rearing." — Infodad.com
Under the sticky seats, next to the molten milkshakes, unreturned library books, and petrified french fries is where you'll probably find the hidden microphone. Those Baby Blues cartoonists undoubtedly planted it in your minivan, because how else could they come up with the ideas for their comic strip that mirror exactly what's going on in your life?
Fans and critics have been alternately checking under their seats and raving about the realism of the parenting experience depicted in Baby Blues for years. That realism is no accident (nor the result of illegal wiretaps). Parents themselves, cocreators Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott have an infinite wellspring of material at their disposal. As writer Jerry Scott explains, "As long as kids keep having runny noses and wiping them on the drapes, we're in business."
This colorful treasury, Driving Under the Influence of Children, not only contains over 240 pages of award-winning Baby Blues comic strips, but also contains Baby Blues stickers, including a bumper sticker that should be affixed to nearly every minivan on the road.
Contains previously collected comics from Two Pluse One Is Enough and Playdate: Category 5. One color or two black & white comics per page.
IBSN: 9780740750052
Publication date: May 1, 2005
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24. Playdate: Category 5: Baby Blues Scrapbook 19
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
All the family fun, pandemonium, and childhood chaos that fans of Baby Blues enjoy in the strip's daily newspaper appearances swirl about this collection, Playdate: Category 5.
Imagine three hurricanes converging on one household and you get an idea of what Darryl and Wanda MacPherson experience each delightful day of parenting Zoe, Hammie, and Baby Wren. It's a perfect storm of flying foodstuffs, off-the-scale emotional outbursts, and enough offspring energy to make veteran storm chasers duck for cover . . . and that's before any little friends come over to play!
Playdate: Category 5 captures all this and more. This Baby Blues collection is packed with hilarious family situations and childhood challenges anyone can appreciate, whether it's fellow parents riding out their own "storms," empty-nesters reveling in their calms, or parents-to-be wondering what all the fuss is about. Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott are right on target in episode after episode. Their witty observations and insights—such as "I think screaming is the primary form of communication for girls," "We've gotta learn to travel lighter, or just put some wheels on the house," and "Sometimes being the dad is like being the weird kid in the neighborhood"—always hit the mark.
Playdate: Category 5 will be treasured by Baby Blues fans everywhere. Playdate allows readers to experience the full fury of the MacPherson family tempest time and time again.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780740746659
Publication date: September 1, 2004
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23. Two Plus One Is Enough: Baby Blues Scrapbook 18
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Baby Blues is simply our lives on paper. At times it seems more like a home video than a comic strip."
By their third child, most folks have parenting figured out and could teach Dr. Spock a thing or two. Yeah, right! Baby Blues is back with even more of the hilarious trials and tribulations of the growing young MacPherson family.
Two Plus One Is Enough is another collection of this stupendously popular comic strip, which has millions of fans.
Baby Wren is raising the chaos level in the MacPherson household to a new high as Zoe and Hammie compete as only siblings can. Parents Darryl and Wanda somehow keep up their good humor despite a tight budget, their mischievous but adorable older children, and a wailing infant. Precocious Zoe's learning to read-and to point out the inconsistencies in children's books. (For example, after Zoe reads about a bear, Wanda corrects her. "That word is dog, not bear." Zoe, however, astutely observes that the picture looks like a dog: "So which is spelled right? The word or the picture?" Zoe asks.) And Hammie must make sure his baby sister isn't gaining on him, in age or in weight.
Two Plus One Is Enough offers plenty of laughs from one of America's favorite families.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780740741401
Publication date: March 1, 2004
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22. Wall-to-Wall Baby Blues: A Baby Blues Treasury
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
"One of the best things about Baby Blues is that it follows reality so closely that you're never quite sure whether Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott are over the top or are merely excellent reporters." Oh, baby, it's Baby Blues! Just when readers thought the MacPherson world was baby-proofed, cocreators Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott flip up the toilet-training lid, throw open the kitchen cabinets, and drag the garden hose into the house with Wall-to-Wall Baby Blues: A Baby Blues Treasury.
Baby Blues, of course, is the delightful internationally syndicated comic strip that depicts the adventures of the MacPherson family: Dad Darryl, Mom Wanda, and the three youngsters: Zoe, Hammie, and newborn Wren. From games of Destroy the Legos to how to blow a two-year-old's nose with just one box of tissues, Baby Blues never fails to revel in the funny facts and fantasies about raising kids.
Wall-to-Wall Baby Blues: A Baby Blues Treasury. represents a treasury of the best moments from three previous Kirkman and Scott collections— Baby Blues: Unplugged, Dad to the Bone, and Never a Dry Moment.
This combination of daily strips and full-color Sunday features delivers an array of hilarious family comedy. Wall-to-Wall Baby Blues: A Baby Blues Treasury. has young readers, parents, expectant parents, and grandparents nodding their heads in recognition of life in the MacPherson household. It's truly family fun for everyone in the family.
Contains previously collected comics from Unplugged, Dad to the Bone and Never a Dry Moment. One color or two black & white comics per page.
IBSN: 9780740738111
Publication date: August 1, 2003
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21. Never a Dry Moment: Baby Blues Scrapbook 17
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
"Family-friendly comic strips would seem to be nonexistent these days. But there is one—the delightful Baby Blues —that kids can read and enjoy with their parents." — Virginia Parent News
"It's been a while since there has been a baby in Baby Blues, but here they go again. Darryl and Wanda, already the parents of two, are adding a third little one to the MacPherson household, and they somehow continue to stay good-humored about life amid the chaos of a household on the grow.
Never a Dry Moment is the latest collection of the phenomenally popular comic strip. In this latest collection, Zoe and Hammie watch in amazement as their mommy's pregnancy takes shape—literally. Zoe wonders if her mom's oversized belly truly is all baby or if it's also housing a whole box of pudding pops that seems to be missing. "That's a different bulge," says Wanda. "Check behind me." And Hammie and Zoe still want Wanda to play baseball with them, even if it is just to be the backstop.
Never a Dry Moment showcases Jerry Scott and Rick Kirkman's uncanny ability to humorously tap the everyday joys and trials of parenting young children.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780740733048
Publication date: March 2, 2003
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20. Dad to the Bone: Baby Blues Scrapbook 16
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
"Well, on the day you were born, the nurses all gathered 'round. And they gazed in wide wonder, as my face hit the ground. The head nurse looked up, said, 'Leave this one prone.' She could tell right away that I was Dad to the bone."—Sing to the tune of George Thorogood's Bad to the Bone
If you read the job description in a want ad, you might think long and hard before responding. WANTED: A man willing to change diapers that could nuke the ozone, plop down on all fours and become a horsie at a moment's notice, arise from a deep sleep for an hour to calm nightmares, and part with a significant chunk of his hard-earned nest egg. There's only one explanation for why a man such as Baby Blues' Darryl MacPherson would accept such a challenge . . . because he's Dad to the Bone.
"Now, when I coach your teams, I go out of my mind! Every holler and scream means I'm proud that you're mine! As the years go by, pretty baby, can't believe how much you've grown! I wanna thank you for makin' me a Dad to the Bone!"
Of course, Baby Blues isn't only about fatherhood. This is a well-rounded family, with mom Wanda becoming more well-rounded every day as she heads into her third pregnancy. Over the years, creators Jerry Scott and Rick Kirkman have perfected this family-centered strip that presents the joyful moments with the frustrating in a way that is hilarious and heartfelt without being syrupy sweet.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780740726705
Publication date: August 2, 2002
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19. Unplugged : Baby Blues Scrapbook 15
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Usually the biggest struggles (and the biggest laughs) are over the smallest things, and nowhere is this truer than in households with kids.
Baby Blues Unplugged overflows with all of the familiar domestic discord and chaos that has made this venerable family comic strip such a phenomenal success. In one strip, Hammie makes skis out of hot wheel tracks and two hair scrunchies and careens down a mountain of couch cushions. Meanwhile, Zoe carefully deliberates whether she wants her bath with or without bubbles, finally telling her Dad, "How about a regular bath with bubbles on the side?" Baby Blues provides parents with a much-needed laugh as they battle the daily challenges of keeping pace with their kids.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780740723230
Publication date: March 1, 2002
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18. Butt Naked Baby Blues: A Baby Blues Treasury
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Butt-Naked Baby Blues chronicles the never-ending mayhem of the McPherson household in living color. As usual, Darryl and Wanda have their hands full chasing, refereeing, and pleading with their adorable and hilariously true-to-life kids. Featuring the best of Lift and Separate, I Shouldn't Have to Scream More Than Once!, and Motherhood Is Not for Wimps, it also includes original gems and insight from the creators themselves.
Contains previously collected comics from Lift and Separate, I Shouldn't Have to Scream More Than Once! and Motherhood Is Not for Wimps. Organized by topic. One color or two black & white comics per page.
IBSN: 9780740718526
Publication date: August 24, 2001
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17. Motherhood Is Not for Wimps: Baby Blues Scrapbook 14
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Both folly and food are flying in Motherhood Is Not for Wimps, the collection of the immensely popular strip Baby Blues. The parents of young Zoe and Hamish uncover chicken nuggets in the dryer, bribe their children with Fudgsicles, referee a debate on which child got the bigger cookie, and learn that there is quite likely maple syrup in the VCR. And fun with food is just the start of the countless laughs and never-ending mayhem in this collection.
The charm and universal appeal of Baby Blues lies in its ability to humorously capture the everyday joys and trials of parenting young children. The strip helps moms and dads the world over laugh their way through the daily challenges of keeping up with their kids. Yet, you don't have to be a parent of small children to appreciate the humorous situations fictional parents Darryl and Wanda face in Motherhood Is Not for Wimps.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780740713934
Publication date: March 15, 2001
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16. I Shouldn't Have to Scream More Than Once! : Baby Blues Scrapbook 13
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
In the early days of Baby Blues, Darryl and Wanda were surprised at the unexpected demands of parenting. Now, however, the nonstop antics of their lovably active kids, Zoe and Hamish, keep them hopping. Darryl and Wanda have accepted, and even learned to laugh at, the general upheaval of their lives.
In I Shouldn't Have to Scream More than Once!, the MacPhersons continue their quest to raise their two small children. One day, Zoe asserts she needs her mother to teach her how to jump rope—"It's a girl thing," she tells Darryl. Later, Wanda and Darryl are happy their son has gone to the potty himself, until Zoe queries, "Don't you want me to tell you where he went?" And Wanda resorts to feeding Hammie on the floor after Zoe spots him picking up old peas. At the MacPherson household, it's all fodder for fun that has a delightful edge of truth for parents the world over.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780740705571
Publication date: August 15, 2000
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15. Lift and Separate: Baby Blues Scrapbook 12
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Darryl and Wanda have the parenting thing down all right, but they still continue to be surprised by the delightfully devilish antics of their two live-wire children. From first steps to bedtime snacks, from shopping adventures to sibling rivalry, Zoe and Hamish keep their parents on the move and the rest of us in stitches.
Baby Blues chronicles the chaotic entertaining lives of the MacPherson clan as they chart a course through the everyday demands of family life. In a style that speaks to parents and nonparents alike, Baby Blues charms its followers with scenes of child-rearing mayhem and devotion. In Lift and Separate, Wanda and Darryl continue to confront the ever-changing challenges of raising two active youngsters.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780740704550
Publication date: March 1, 2000
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14. Ten Years and Still in Diapers: A Baby Blues Treasury
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Over the years, fans have lovingly accompanied Darryl and Wanda MacPherson on their evolving journey as parents-and what a trip it's been! Filled with temper tantrums and tender affection, with flying food, potty training, and sibling rivalry, Baby Blues has become one of the most beloved family-oriented comic strips in the world.
When Zoe was first born, Darryl and Wanda stood back as their home was transformed by chaos. Just as the tyke was going mobile, Wanda found out she was pregnant again, and we watched as the family adapted to the demands of two kids. Now Zoe has matured into a big sister to baby Hamish-who's learning to walk and talk, in addition to rolling. The MacPhersons find their lives have become immeasurably richer, except in terms of actual income!
Baby Blues: Ten Years and Still in Diapers is a special treasury of the beloved strip, featuring Sundays in all their colorful glory. Countless Baby Blues fans can identify with the MacPhersons, who balance never-ending mayhem around toys and vegetable consumption with an undying love and quest to raise their little ones into healthy adults. Parents and nonparents alike have fallen head-over-heels for the sidesplitting, yet realistic, family humor that Baby Blues has consistently delivered to their homes.
Contains selected previously collected comics from Scrapbooks 1 to 11. One color or three black & white comics per page. Contains author comments.
IBSN: 9780740700088
Publication date: August 1, 1999
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13. If I'm a Stay-at-Home Mom, Why Am I Always in the Car?: Baby Blues Scrapbook 11
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Darryl and Wanda MacPherson have come a long way since little Zoe was born. Back then, they agonized over Wanda's transition from career woman to stay-at-home mom. They struggled with the great breast-feeding-in-public debate. They learned that mommy spit was the universal solvent and determined those all-important child-safe cuss words. These days, they're more mature, more experienced. With Zoe now playing the big sister to baby Hammie—who's started to walk—the MacPhersons are calm parental units.
Don't be too sure! In If I'm a Stay-At-Home Mom..., Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott show us the reality of Darryl and Wanda's world. Consider what the MacPhersons found out: one four-year-old voice is louder than 200 adult voices in a crowded restaurant; a flushing toilet and the word "Oops!" (heard together) produce more anxiety than any sounds in nature; and bribery is not only not wrong, it's totally necessary.
Kirkman and Scott perfectly illustrate the never-ending mayhem that surrounds everything from toys to vegetable consumption and the boundless love for the creature who just smeared lipstick on her baby brother. Parents and nonparents flock to Baby Blues because it expresses the genuine challenges in parenting with sidesplitting humor. Since it was launched in 1990, this strip has become the definitive voice for those who have abandoned clean homes, extra money, and sanity in order to raise their lovable little ones.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780836278453
Publication date: March 1, 1999
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12. Threats, Bribes & Videotape: Baby Blues Scrapbook 10
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
"Artist Kirkman and writer Scott obviously know about parenting. You can see it in every installment of the true-to-life strip they create." — Cartoon Opportunities
Life's not getting any simpler around the MacPherson household with Zoe starting preschool, Hammie approaching toddlerhood and parents Darryl and Wanda just trying to keep up. Since 1990, the daily comic strip Baby Blues has delighted readers with its fresh prospective on the nature of parenting, earning it 1995's Best Comic Strip Award from the National Cartoonists Society.
Scenes such as Zoe's disarmingly honest response to a complimentary stranger in the grocery store—"I think you have a really fat bottom"—strike an all-too-familiar chord with anyone who knows a child. And what parent wouldn't recognize the truth in the fact that it took only five seconds for Darryl and Wanda to move all of their valuable possessions (one framed photo) out of Hammie's growing reach?
Baby Blues creators Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott receive countless letters and e-mails from fans who describe their heartfelt connection to the MacPhersons. Like no other family-oriented comic strip, Baby Blues speaks to millions of people who, like the MacPhersons, experience both the tremendous joy and nagging frustration of being parents.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780836267501
Publication date: August 1, 1998
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11. Check, Please…: Baby Blues Scrapbook 9
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
"The antics of Zoe really prepared me for my own child, and I really enjoy every one of the Baby Blues books over and over as my child grows. When I feel that life is overwhelming with my baby, I read one of these books and suddenly it all comes into focus, because obviously other parents have gone through the same thing. I have purchased these books for other moms or moms-to-be that I know, and their great books for a baby shower." —A Baby Blues fan
Is it possible for the MacPherson kids to get any cuter? Zoe excitedly dipping water from the toilet to serve her daddy "tea." Hamish rolling efficiently across the floor instead of crawling. And Darryl and Wanda watching all their antics in worn-out wonder! Who hasn't experienced, or at least witnessed, that final humiliated plea for the check after a restaurant is turned into a war zone by active kids? Well, Darryl and Wanda are there now.
Since 1989, Baby Blues fans have witnessed the amusing transformation of the career-oriented MacPhersons into realistically warm and wild-eyed parents-from Wanda giving up her job to be a stay-at-home mom to Darryl fitting in daddy duty after demanding days at the office. As demonstrated over and over in Check, Please..., the MacPhersons are no different from many new parents, forced to make adjustments that have come fast and furious.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780836254235
Publication date: March 1, 1998
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10. The Super-Absorbent Biodegradable, Family-Size Baby Blues: A Baby Blues Treasury
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
When little Zoe MacPherson was born, she was the darling of the comics page. The daily antics of her parents, Wanda and Darryl, struggling to learn the nuances of being a mom and dad struck millions as all-too-real and all-too-hilarious! As Zoe has grown into a toddler—and welcomed baby brother Hamish into the family—the MacPherson clan has become an even bigger part of our daily lives. Even people who aren't parents cherish Baby Blues for its amusing artwork and spirited stories.
The MacPhersons have entertained us with their calm approach to chaos for years. These two educated people attempt to apply logic and the wisdom of parenting manuals to the raising of their family, and then discover exhaustion bends all the rules. The strip captures real-life emotions, from the battle to get Zoe strapped into a car seat to trying to convince her that she's too old for her crib. Artist Rick Kirkman and writer Jerry Scott have recreated the family-strip genre with their warm and witty takes on child-rearing. In The Super-Absorbent, Biodegradable, Family-Size Baby Blues, the duo relives the stories behind their favorite strips, allowing their many fans a glimpse into their own frazzled worlds. In addition, they've selected from among material since the strip began.
This Baby Blues treasury is a must-have for Baby Blues fans everywhere, many of whom love the MacPhersons as if they were favorite members of their own dear families.
Contains selected previously collected comics from Scrapbooks 1 to 8. Organized into chapters by theme. Color.
IBSN: 9780836236576
Publication date: September 1, 1997
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9. One More and We're Outnumbered!: Baby Blues Scrapbook Number 8
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Their life is hectic, filled with terrible twos, teething, and temper tantrums . . . but Darryl and Wanda wouldn't have it any other way!
Since 1990, the MacPhersons have staked their engaging claim on the comics page with their realistically wild-eyed and worn-down reaction to parenting. We watched as Wanda gave up her job to be a stay-at-home mom, wondered how the couple would handle countless sleepless nights, and laughed when they unexpectedly found themselves expecting. Now, as Zoe grows into a walking, talking toddler and newborn Hamish learns how to roll over, the couple's pride, joy, and exhaustion reaches even greater heights.
Winners of the National Cartoonists Society's Best Comic Strip of the Year for 1995, Baby Blues creators Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott continue to entertain readers around the worlds. "If there's one service that we provide, it's to let parents know that they're not alone," says Kirkman. "I think it's comforting for readers to know that no matter how unmanageable life can get for them, Darryl and Wanda probably have it worse," adds Scott.
One More and We're Outnumbered! follows parenthood classics such as I saw Elvis in My Ultrasound, Guess Who Didn't Take a Nap? and I Thought Labor Ended When the Baby Was Born. Through them all, endearing illustrations and dead-on dialogue provoke laughs of recognition and keep fans clamoring for more.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780836226928
Publication date: March 1, 1997
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8. I Saw Elvis in My Ultrasound: Baby Blues Scrapbook Number 7
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
"Let's name the baby Lexus! It's gender-neutral. . . . It's unique. . . . Plus, people will be really impressed! 'There go the MacPhersons,' they'll say, 'they have a Lexus!'"
When Jerry Scott and Rick Kirkman put their heads together, comedy springs forth like a baby out of bath water. This cartooning duo delights readers with I Saw Elvis in My Ultrasound.
I Saw Elvis... documents the day-to-day challenges Wanda and Darryl MacPherson face as they juggle the demands of raising adorable Zoe with getting ready for Bundle of Joy No. 2. The older, and somewhat wiser couple think they've got this kid business under control, only to find a whole new set of parenting problems on their hands.
Potty-training becomes "potty pleading," Wanda concludes that she's not just pregnant, she's "abdominally challenged," and Darryl admits that what he really sees in the ultrasound screen is . . . Elvis.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780836221305
Publication date: September 1, 1996
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7. We Are Not Alone: Random Thoughts on Parenting and Kids
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Darryl and Wanda MacPherson, the struggling parents from the popular syndicated comic strip Baby Blues, share their insights into that scary venture: parenthood! Part of the Little Books series.
Gift book, 80 pages.
IBSN: 9780836213256
Publication date: May 1, 1996
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6. Night of the Living Dad: Baby Blues Scrapbook No. 6
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
" Baby Blues us one of the truest and funniest accounts of raising a baby every to grace the comics page." —Lynn Johnston, creator of For Better or For Worse
Now that Wanda and Darryl are pregnant again, the doting parents will be getting the baby clothes out of the attic, preparing Zoe to be a big sister, and just trying to cope with it all!
In this installment from Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott, the MacPhersons deliver humor at its family-oriented best. Juggling the demands of job, home, and a baby on the way, the fatigued Wanda and Darryl have the added challenge of Zoe as she becomes a mobile toddler. She walks, she talks, and she's obsessed with the Whistling Monkey Cowboy Band!
Like the millions of new parents who have embraced this engaging strip, the MacPhersons have found parenthood both fulfilling and frustrating. Exhausted parents everywhere are enthralled with this on-the-go couple who manage their careers and child-rearing. Mothers love Baby Blues because they know all too well how Wanda's days have changed, from career woman to Mom, especially as she prepares to add another bundle of joy to the MacPhersons' already busy household. Dads nod in recognition as Darryl tries to help out and hold down a demanding job. Everyone cherishes little Zoe for making adorable even the most exasperating childhood antics.
Artist Kirkman and writer Scott obviously know about parenting. You can see it in every installment of the clever, true-to-life strip they create, from accidentally losing Zoe at the mall, to listening in on baby monitors with crossed signals.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780836213102
Publication date: March 1, 1996
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5. We Are Experiencing Parental Difficulties… Please Stand By: Baby Blues Scrapbook No. 5
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Now that baby Zoe is a full-fledged mobile toddler, everyone can sit back and heave a big sigh of AAAAACCCH! The indefatigable MacPhersons are bringing up baby in a wild-eyed, yet true to life.
Darryl and Wanda, a typical stretched-to-the-limit couple, struggled with the demands and joys of first-time parenthood in classics such as Guess Who Didn't Take a Nap? and I Thought Labor Ended When the Baby Was Born. The MacPhersons found parenthood more rewarding and frustrating than they ever expected. Through it all they adapted to this new addition to their lives with aplomb and severe exhaustion.
We Are Experiencing Parental Difficulties...Please Stand By is a Baby Blues collection from creators Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott. In the pair's lovingly realistic way, the book captures the continuing challenges Darryl and Wanda face as Zoe begins to walk, talk, and take over the remote control. It's a natural growing-up progression that Baby Blues fans have watched with rapt interest.
Mothers love the strip because they can relate to Wanda's continued surprise at how her days have changed, from career woman to Mom, especially as she faces the prospects of adding another bundle of joy to the MacPhersons' already busy household. Dads laugh knowingly as Darryl tries to help out and hold down a demanding job. Everyone cherishes the little Zoe for making childhood antics (even the obnoxious ones) so adorable.
Artist Kirkman and writer Scott obviously know about parenting-you can see it in every strip they produce. In this book, they provide another delicious view of life's most precious mixed blessing.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780836217810
Publication date: March 1, 1995
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4. I Thought Labor Ended When the Baby Was Born: Baby Blues Scrapbook No. 4
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
"Anyone with children, or anyone who even likes being around children, will find something to laugh about in Baby Blues ." — Blade Citizen, Oceanside, CA
Who can resist adorably wide-eyed Zoe MacPherson? Certainly not her parents, Wanda and Darryl, a mid-thirties career couple who've become mommy and daddy. But, like the millions of parents who flock to this engaging comic strip, the MacPhersons also find parenthood more rewarding-and frustrating-than they'd expected. Each day of this incisive and entertaining comic series, millions empathize with them as they face the joys and demands of parenting.
I Thought Labor Ended When the Baby Was Born is a heartwarming collection from Baby Blues creators Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott. Developed in 1990 after Kirkman became a neophyte dad, Baby Blues appeals to anyone who's witnessed the eye-opening experiences only a baby can bring. Moms, for example, relate to Wanda, a former midlevel career woman who now stays home full-time to care for the mostly adorable Zoe. Dads connect with rattled-but-determined Darryl, as he still staggers off to an office each day despite mind-boggling changes life has wrought at home. Together, Mom and Dad juggle and struggle to decipher their new relationship, wondering where romance fits in, whether they're "parentnoid," and how they're affecting their daughter.
Artist Rick Kirkman and writer Jerry Scott know about parenting and provide a hilarious, yet true-to-life, view of this mixed blessing.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780836217445
Publication date: March 1, 1994
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3. Guess Who Didn't Take a Nap: A Baby Blues Collection
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Born January 7, 1990, Baby Blues has captured the hearts of readers everywhere. It chronicles the lives of Wanda and Darryl—mid-thirties, college-educated first-time parents—and newborn Zoe. Their true-to-life experiences reveal the humor in the trials and triumphs of parenthood.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780836217155
Publication date: March 1, 1993
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2. She Started It: A Baby Blues Cartoon Collection
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
Fans can follow the exploits of Darryl and Wanda as they confront the daily dilemmas—and miracles—of being first-time parents in this most recent Baby Blues collection.
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780809232666
Publication date: March 1, 1992
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1. Baby Blues: This Is Going to Be Harder Than We Thought
by Rick Kirkman and Jerry Scott
"Keep this cartoon book with Dr. Spock and all the other baby-care tomes.... You'll like the whole book." — Booklist
Contains about nine months of previously uncollected comics. All black & white.
IBSN: 9780809239962
Publication date: April 22, 1991
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msmarco_passage_00_797186835 | Emerald Ash Borer | EEK Wisconsin | Emerald Ash Borer | EEK Wisconsin
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Emerald Ash Borer
Emerald Ash Borer
Scientific name: Agrilus planipennis
Homeland / Origin: This alien invader is from northern China and Korea. It can also be found in eastern Russia, Japan, and Mongolia. It isn't a major pest of ash trees in its native range, but it sure is trouble in the United States.
Arrival date: Before 2002, the emerald ash borer (EAB) was never found outside of Asia. But, in 2002, it was identified in southeast Michigan. Researchers think it arrived in Detroit several years earlier, probably as a stow-away in wooden packing materials aboard a ship.
Where has it spread? The original infestation in the Detroit area has grown since 2002, largely because of people moving infested firewood. On its own, the EAB only flies about 1/2 a mile in a year. But tucked away in a piece of ash firewood, it can move hundreds of miles in a single day in the trunk or truck bed of an unsuspecting camper. The EAB has now hitchhiked its way to Wisconsin and all of our neighboring states. It has also been found in Ontario and Quebec, Canada.
What's the big deal? All North American ash species are at risk of EAB infestation. Usually more than one insect infests a tree. Once these invaders get into a tree, the tree always dies. There are some ash trees that are not at risk, such as the mountain ash, but that's because they are not true ash trees. In Wisconsin, there are approximately 700 million ash trees in our forests, and about as many in our towns and cities. It's the second most common tree in urban areas, after the Norway maple. So, you can imagine what these insects could do to Wisconsin's forests and tree-lined streets!
How do they kill ash trees? The EAB, like many insects, has four distinct life stages: adult, egg, larva, pupa. EAB larvae live underneath the bark of ash trees, feeding on the layer of the tree's trunk that lies just below. When they do this, they cut off the flow of water and nutrients in the tree. Most trees die after about 3 years of infestation. The top of the tree begins to die first.
Identifying an ash tree: All ash trees have compound leaves, made up of 5 to 11 leaflets with a toothed or jagged edge. Another characteristic of ash trees is that their leaves are formed opposite from each other along a branch. You can look at the leaves on EEK's Tree Identification Key.
How to tell if an ash tree is infested with EAB: Sometimes ash trees produce epicormic (there's a new word for you!) sprouts or "water sprouts" on the trunk or on large branches where EAB damage is heavy. Epicormic sprouts are shoots coming from old wood. The bark of the tree may crack over the larval galleries - the places where the larvae are burrowing. Adult beetles leave a characteristic exit hole that looks like a capital "D," roughly 1/8 inch in diameter, when they emerge in June. Woodpeckers often attack larvae, especially during the winter, flaking off the bark in small strips as well as making holes. Woodpecker damage is larger and easier to see than the D-shaped exit holes. Several infestations have been discovered because people noticed woodpecker damage on ash trees and then took a closer look. Another common symptom of EAB infestation is yellowing or dying branches at the top of the tree. Because there are many different kinds of pests and diseases that can produce similar symptoms in ash, it's important to identify at least three of these symptoms before alerting experts.
What does the emerald ash borer look like? The adult beetle is dark metallic green, ½ inch-long and 1/8 inch wide. An EAB can easily fit on top of a US penny, with room to spare! When adults flare their wings, you can see their violet abdomen. Larvae feed in the inner bark between the wood and the rough outer bark. They are flat, cream-colored grubs with wide heads-ugh.
What is the life cycle of EAB? Adult beetles begin emerging from an infested tree in May, with peak emergence in June. You'll find most of the beetles in late June and early to mid-July. Females usually begin laying eggs about 2 weeks after they leave the tree. Eggs hatch in 1-2 weeks, and the tiny larvae bore through the bark and into the cambium and phloem. This is the area between the bark and wood, where nutrients are transported within the tree. The larvae feed under the bark for several weeks, usually from late July through October. The larvae typically pass through four stages, eventually reaching a size of roughly 1 to 1 1/4 inches long. Most EAB larvae spend the winter in a small chamber in the outer bark or in the outer 1/2 inch of wood. Pupation occurs in spring and the new generation of adults will emerge in May or June, to begin the cycle again.
What is being done about this alien invader? There is a national effort to limit the spread and impact of EAB. A national plan, coordinated by the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), guides what federal, state and local officials must do to manage this insect. Infested areas are quarantined, which means that things like ash firewood, nursery trees, and ash logs may not be moved out of areas where there are EAB.
In Wisconsin, the Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (DATCP) is currently leading efforts to watch for the EAB and respond to these alien invaders. The Department of Natural Resources (DNR), U.S. Forest Service, DATCP and the University of Wisconsin are conducting surveys and setting traps near where EAB has been found and in areas that are at high risk for introduction of the emerald ash borer. These include camping areas and locations where ash trees may have been planted within the last 10 years. Public information and education efforts are focusing on reporting possible sightings of EAB and restricting the movement of firewood.
What can you do to stop this invader?
Because emerald ash borers and other harmful forest pests and diseases can move around on firewood, don't move firewood over long distances.
If you're going camping at a park or staying a cabin in the woods, buy firewood for your trip when you reach your destination. And, when you're buying firewood, look for wood that doesn't have any bark on it, or has been aged at least 2 years, or has been dried in a kiln. It's less likely to have any pests or diseases on it.
Be aware of quarantines and problems with pests and diseases in the areas you are visiting.
Don't take Wisconsin pests with you to other states. Wisconsin firewood may contain bugs or diseases that don't exist in other states.
Keep an eye on the ash trees in your neighborhood for any signs of the emerald ash borer. Call the Wisconsin Dept. of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection at 1-800-462-2803 if you suspect your ash tree might be infected. Let's keep this alien invader from spreading in Wisconsin!
For more information visit: www.dnr.wi.gov/invasives/firewood
Would you like to build an emerald ash borer beetle? Check out these Build a Beetle instructions. |
msmarco_passage_00_802047100 | Oracle MRP User's Guide | Oracle MRP User's Guide
7/28
Master Scheduling
Overview of Master Scheduling
Supply Chain Planning users can employ additional functionality to manage demand and schedule production across multiple, interdependent organizations. See: Master Scheduling in Supply Chain Planning
Master scheduling is used for:
demand management
scheduling production
validating the production schedule
managing the production schedule
You use the schedules generated by master scheduling as input to other manufacturing functions, such as material requirements planning and rough-cut capacity planning.
Note: The planning products support Oracle Project Manufacturing's end item model/unit effectivity. The end-item model Unit Number field is visible if this featured is enabled allowing you to:
Enter schedule entries by model/unit
Load sales orders into a MDS, and have the specified unit number carried over to the schedule entry
Create demand and generate planned orders with unit number specified
Master Demand Schedule
The MDS is a statement of demand and contains details of the anticipated shipment schedule. You can consolidate all sources of demand into a master demand schedule to represent a statement of total anticipated shipments. The master demand schedule provides an extra level of control that allows you to view and modify your statement of demand before creating a detailed production schedule. You can use the time-phased master demand schedule as input to the master production scheduling process or the material requirements planning process.
Some of the demand types that the MDS considers are:
item forecasts
spares demand
sales orders
internal requisitions
Supply Chain Planning users can also manage interorganizational demand and create distribution requirements plans (DRP) from an MDS. See: Master Scheduling in Supply Chain Planning
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
The MPS is a statement of supply required to meet the demand for the items contained in the MDS. The master production schedule defines the anticipated build schedule for critical items. An effective master production schedule provides the basis for order promising and links the aggregate production plan to manufacturing by specific items, dates, and quantities. You can use the MPS to level or smooth production so that you effectively utilize capacity to drive the material requirements plan.
Note: Master Demand Scheduling (MDS) and Master Production Scheduling (MPS) have similar windows and functionality. Therefore, the documentation often refers to the more generic “Master Scheduling”. This document may use “Master Scheduling” to refer to “Master Demand Scheduling” or “Master Production Scheduling”.
Supply Chain Planning users can also run a multi-organization MPS and create distribution requirements plans (DRP) from an MPS. See: Master Scheduling in Supply Chain Planning
Main Features of Master Scheduling
Discrete and Repetitive Scheduling
The master schedule can include discrete and repetitive items. Discretely planned items include flow schedules. A specific schedule date and quantity defines a master schedule entry for a discretely manufactured item. A schedule start date, a rate end date, and a daily quantity define a master schedule entry for a repetitively manufactured item.
MDS
For a master demand schedule, the schedule date for a discrete item may or may not be a valid workday. The start and end dates for a repetitive item must be valid workdays since repetitive planning does not consider non-workdays.
MPS
For a master production schedule, the schedule date for discrete items and the start and end dates for repetitive items must be valid workdays.
Master Schedule Entries for Product Family Items
The master schedule shows sales order entries for product family items when you load sales orders for their member items. They also show demand schedule entries for product family items loaded from the forecasts.
Roll the MPS Plan Forward
You can append planned orders to the MPS plan as time passes without affecting the existing plan.
Forecast and Planning Configurations
You can schedule configurations on your master schedule. Configurations may represent unique, one time combinations of options that were ordered, or they may represent standard, often-ordered sets of options.
Identify Conflicts in Schedules
You can identify conflicts between desirable schedules and attainable schedules using rough-cut capacity planning. Rough-cut capacity planning converts the master schedule into an assessment of available and required capacity and its impact on key resources such as bottleneck work centers and long lead time items/equipment. It lets you evaluate the probability of success before implementation. You can use rough-cut capacity to simulate different scenarios and compare multiple master schedules.
Schedule Spares Demand
You introduce spare parts demand into an MPS plan by manually defining spares requirements as master demand schedule entries. You can also forecast spares demand and load the forecast into the master schedule.
Available to Promise
You can include a master production schedule as supply for your available to promise calculations.
Add MPS Firm Planned Orders
An order for an MPS Planned item can be modified or added in the Planner Workbench.
Master Schedule at Any Leve l
You can master schedule items that exist at any level of the bill of material. The master production schedule then operates separately from the material requirements plan, although it might include demand for items that are also parents of MPS items. Similarly, the MRP plan may also include both MPS planned and MRP planned items.
Project and Seiban References
If you are working in a project-based or Seiban environment, you can include project/Seiban and task references to your schedule entries. These references will accompany and drive the material planning process. See: Defining Schedule Entries Manually
Loading the Master Schedule from Multiple Sources
You can derive the master schedule from a forecast, another master schedule, source lists, or directly from sales orders. You can define your master schedule or modify entries loaded from other sources.
Supply Chain Planning users can also load DRP planned orders. See: Loading the Supply Chain Master Schedule from Multiple Sources
When you derive your master schedule from an existing schedule, you can modify your master schedule quantities using a modification percentage or you can shift master schedule dates by specifying a number of carry forward days.
Interorganization Orders
You can load planned order demand from a requesting organization into the master demand schedule of the supplying organization. Supply Chain Planning users can run a sequence of MRP processes for organizations to produce valid multi-organizational material plans.
Supply Chain Planning users can define multiorganization replenishment strategies with sourcing rules and bills of distribution. See: Sourcing Rules and Bills of Distribution
Import Master Schedules from Outside Sources
You can import master schedule information generated by other systems into Oracle MRP through the Open Master Schedule Interface. Oracle MRP validates the imported information before it loads the information into a master schedule.
Oracle MRP gives you the option to define work date control when importing master schedules. You can choose to reject master schedules entries that are submitted on invalid workdays or can choose to have them move forward or backward to the next valid workday.
Schedule Management
You can monitor your master demand schedule as customer shipments occur by utilizing the MDS relief process.
You can maintain credible priorities or schedule dates and update your master production schedule either manually or automatically through the MPS relief process. You can report and implement the MPS by exception, only for those items that require attention.
Various reports and inquiries are available to give you detailed information on your master schedule status.
Automatic MPS Relief
You can automatically maintain your master production schedule with the auto-reduce MPS attribute you specify for the item in the item master in Oracle Inventory. For each item, you can specify a point in time after which you no longer want the item to appear on the MPS. This point in time can be the demand time fence, the planning time fence, or the current date depending on your business practices.
Master Scheduling by Demand Class
You can optionally associate a demand class to a master demand schedule or master production schedule when you define the master schedule name. When you ship a sales order or create a discrete job, that sales order or discrete job relieves the master schedules that are associated with the demand class of the sales order or discrete job.
You can load a subset of the sales orders into your master schedule for a specific demand class.
See also Overview of Capacity Planning, Oracle Capacity User's Guide
MPS Explosion Level
For MDS entries, this defines the lowest level at which an MPS planned part appears in the bill of material structure for the item. When you generate an MPS plan, the process does not explode beyond this level. This reduces MPS processing time.
The default value comes from the Max Bill Levels field in the Bill of Materials Parameters window. Enter a value in the Master Demand Schedule Items window to override the default. This value must be an integer and cannot be greater than 60.
Note: You should be extremely cautious when entering a value here. If you are unsure of the lowest level that an MPS part exists, use the default value. The explosion process explodes through the entire bill of material. See: Defining Bills of Material Parameters, Oracle Bills of Material User's Guide.
See also Defining Schedule Entries Manually
Defining a Schedule Name
Before you define a master schedule manually or load a schedule from another source, you first define a name. You can also set several options for each name.
Defining an MPS name in Supply Chain Planning involves extra steps. Supply Chain Planning users should refer to Defining a Supply Chain MPS Name for further instructions.
If you launch a plan with an MPS names, you can also make a copy that is identical to the original. You can then view, implement, and replan either copy, discarding the altered plan at any time and preserving the original data. See: Making a Copy of a Completed Plan
To define a schedule name
Navigate to the Master Demand Schedules or Master Production Schedules window (MDS Names and MPS Names in the menu).
Enter a name and description.
Optionally, select a demand class.
Save your work.
You can now define a master schedule manually, or load a schedule from another source, with the name (s) you created.
To set additional MPS options
In the MPS window check Inventory ATP. You can optionally include your MPS plan as available supply when you calculate available to promise information in Oracle Inventory.
In the MPS window, check Feedback to monitor the quantity of the planned order that has been implemented as discrete jobs, purchase orders, or purchase requisitions. This provides the planner visibility of the status of the plan at any point in time.
In the MPS window, check Production to enable a plan to auto-release planned orders. See: Auto-release Planned Orders
To set relief options for a schedule name
In addition to the steps above, enter the following information:
Check Relieve to relieve schedule entries.
For master demand schedules, all sales order shipments relieve the appropriate schedule entries (shipment relief). For master production schedules, when you create discrete jobs, flow schedules, purchase orders, or purchase requisitions, you relieve schedule entries (production relief).
If you associate a demand class with your schedule, the relief process updates those schedule entries whose demand class matches a sales order, discrete job, flow schedule, purchase order, or purchase requisition.
Save your work.
To disable a schedule name
Note: You can view disabled schedules but not modify them.
Navigate to the Master Demand Schedules or Master Production Schedules window.
Query a schedule name.
Enter an inactive-on date.
Save your work.
See Also
Defining Schedule Entries Manually
Schedule Relief
Available to Promise (ATP)
Defining Schedule Entries Manually
A schedule entry is a unique relationship between an item, date, and quantity on a master schedule. You define schedule entries by adding items to schedule names, then defining detailed date and quantity information for each item.
Manually defining an MPS entry in Supply Chain Planning involves extra steps. Supply Chain Planning users should refer to Defining a Supply Chain MPS Entry Manually for further instructions.
To define schedule entries manually
Navigate to the Master Demand Schedules or Master Production Schedules window (MDS Names or MPS Names in the menu).
Select a schedule name.
Choose Items to open the Master Demand Schedule Items or Master Production Schedule Items window.
You can choose the Folder menu to customize your display. See: Customizing the Presentation of Data in a Folder, Oracle Applications User's Guide.
Enter an item with an MRP planning method of MPS Planning. See: Defining Items: Oracle Inventory User's Guide
Enter a different MPS explosion level, if you want to change the default. See: MPS Explosion Level
Choose Detail to open the Master Demand Schedule Entries window or Master Production Schedule Entries window.
Enter a date.
For MDS, this is the date of shipment. For an MPS, this is the completion date of production.
For repetitive items, whether MDS or MPS, this is the start date of production
For repetitive items, enter an end date of production.
Enter a current quantity.
This also becomes the original quantity and the total. Schedule reliefs reduce the current quantity. Schedule reliefs plus the current quantity equals the total.
If you are working in a project environment, enter a valid project and task reference.
Note: Your ability to enter project and task references is determined by the organization parameters set in Oracle Inventory. If the project control level is set to project, then the task column will be dimmed, preventing you from entering task references. If the control level is set to task, you can enter references into both columns. See: Setting Up Project MRP in Oracle Inventory
Note: The Unit Number. field is visible if you have enabled Oracle Project Manufacturing's end item model/unit effectivity feature. See: Model/Unit Effectivity, Oracle Project Manufacturing Implementation Manual.
Check Reliefs if you want this entry to be decremented when you create purchase orders, purchase requisitions or discrete jobs - whether you define the purchase requisitions or jobs manually or load them with the Planner Workbench.
Save your work.
See Also
Schedule Relief
Source Flag
Loading a Master Schedule from an Internal Source
To load a master schedule from an internal source
Navigate to the Load/Copy/Merge Master Demand Schedule or Load/Copy/Merge Master Production Schedule window.
Choose one of the following names:
Load/Copy/Merge MDS
Copy/Merge MPS
Load MPS
In the Parameters window, enter a destination schedule.
Select a source type. See: Source Type Field
Select a source organization.
Select source name.
Select a start date and a cutoff date.
Select from a number of load options. See: Selecting Master Schedule Load Options
Choose Submit Request.
Source Type Filed
You can load a master schedule from any of the following internal sources:
specific forecast
interorg planned orders
sales orders only
specific MDS or specific MPS
source lists
Loading a master schedule in Supply Chain Planning involves extra steps. See: Loading a Supply Chain MPS from and Internal Source
Specific Forecast
When you load a master schedule from a forecast, Oracle MRP includes forecast entries as follows:
From
To
Start day minus backward consumption days
Cutoff date
The load converts forecast entries for repetitive items into repetitive entries in the master schedule - even if the original forecast entry does not have a forecast end date.
Master demand and production schedule entries for repetitive items must fall on valid workdays.
Interorg Planned Orders
You can load planned order demand from one or more requesting organizations into the master demand schedule of a supplying organization.
For example, Org 1 is the requesting organization. Org 1 considers the workstation an MRP-planned item, internally replenished by Org 2. Org 2 manufactures the workstation, where it is an MPS-planned item. The manufactured workstation includes a monitor that Org 2 receives from Org 3.
To produce a valid multi-organization material plan, you:
generate planned orders for workstations in Org 1
load the master demand schedule for Org 2 with inter-organization planned orders from Org 1
generate planned orders for monitors in Org 2
load the master demand schedule for Org 3 with inter-organization planned orders from Org 2; this drives the planning process for Org 3
Sales Orders Only
With this source type, you can load either:
all sales orders
sales orders from today forward
Note: The Planning Manager must be running to guarantee a consistent picture of demand. The load master schedule process does not pick up any demand for sales orders that you place more recently than the last execution of the planning manager.
Specific MDS or Specific MPS
You can:
load a schedule from one organization to another
copy a schedule within an organization
This feature is most useful to copy an existing schedule and modify the copy. You can apply a modification percent to the new schedule and/or move schedule entries forward or backward by a specific number of days.
Modification Percent
To increase the quantity of the new schedule, specify a percent by which to multiply the schedule entries. Oracle MRP adds the result of the multiplication to the existing quantities. To decrease the new schedule, enter a negative percent.
For example, to increase an existing schedule entry of 100 by 10 percent, specify a modification percent of 10. The resulting schedule entry is 110. To decrease an existing schedule entry of 100 by 10 percent, enter a modification percent of -10. The resulting schedule entry is 90.
Carry Forward Days
To move schedule entries forward in time, specify a number of workdays. To move schedule entries backward, enter a negative number. Holidays are not recognized as workdays; the previous valid workday is used instead.
For example, the existing schedule contains an entry of 100 on Monday. Wednesday is a holiday. The following Saturday and Sunday are not workdays. If you wish to move the schedule entry to the next Monday, specify four carry forward days.
Source Lists
With this source type you can:
consolidate master schedules, plans, and forecasts from multiple organizations into a single source
load multiple sources into a master schedule in one transaction
Selecting Master Schedule Load Options
For each type of master schedule load (for example, from a forecast or from interorganization planned orders), you choose a number of load options. Not all options apply to all load types.
Include Sales Orders:
To include sales orders in the load, select:
All sales orders: Include sales orders past due, up to the cutoff date.
Sales orders from start date forward: Include sales orders up to the cutoff date.
Sales Order Demand Class:
To limit the sales orders loaded to a particular demand class, select a demand class. Only sales order items from this demand class are loaded.
Demand Time Fence:
To limit the source forecast with a demand time fence, select:
Load forecast outside demand time fence only: Ignore forecast entries on and within the demand time fence. When you include sales orders and consume forecasts, this option loads sales orders within the demand time fence, and the greater of sales orders and forecasts outside the demand time fence.
Load orders within and forecast outside demand time fence: Load only sales orders on and within the demand time fence, and only forecast entries outside the demand time fence.
Ignore demand time fence: Ignore the demand time fence. When you include sales orders and consume forecasts, this option loads all forecast demand across the planning horizon.
Note: Use the include sales orders option to also load sales order demand across the planning horizon.
Overwrite
Overwrite To overwrite the existing entries of the destination schedule, select: All entries: Erase all existing master schedule entries associated with the master schedule name and load new entries.
For example, if you load master schedules MS-A and MS-B into master schedule MS-C the first time and then load master schedule MS-B into master schedule MS-C the second time, the result is that MS-C contains master schedules from the second load of MS-B.
Same source only: Erase only the entries with a source that has been previously loaded into the master schedule. This allows you to update master schedule information with the latest picture of the sales orders, updated forecasts or master schedules.
For example, if you load master schedules MS-A and MS-B into master schedule MS-C the first time and then load master schedule MS-B into master schedule MS-C the second time, the result is that MS-C contains master schedules from the first load of MS-A and the second load of MS-B.
Or, if you load sales orders into master schedule MS-C the first time and then load sales orders again using this option. Master schedule MS-C reflects all the current sales orders including those booked in the interim of the first and second loads.
To add new entries to the destination schedule, select:
No: This loads new entries, but does not erase existing master schedule entries.
Start Date
Select the start date of your schedule.
If you specify a start date Oracle MRP first selects the planning BOM entries that start outside the start date, then explodes those entries. When you load a forecast into an MDS, the master schedule load inserts all the forecast entries after the start date minus backward update consumption days for the forecast set. The start date does not apply to exploded entries that fall before start date due lead time offsetting from planning BOM entries that start after the forecast load start date.
Cutoff Date
Select the cutoff date of your schedule.
When you load a forecast into an MDS, the master schedule load inserts all the forecast entries prior to the cutoff date and adds forward update consumptions days for the forecast set.
Explode
Select Yes to explode the schedule entries, down to the MPS explosion level. See MPS Explosion Level.
Quantity Type:
To load forecast quantities, select:
Current: This loads the original forecast quantity minus any consumption quantities. When you choose this option, you cannot choose to consume the forecast, since the forecast quantities have already subtracted sales order demand.
Original: This loads the forecast without any consumption. When you choose this option, you should choose to consume the forecast if you intend to load the master schedule using forecasts and sales orders. Consuming the original forecast ensures that demand is not overstated.
Note: To ensure a consistent picture of demand, you should load sales orders and forecasts during the same load process, rather then loading them in two separate steps. If you load them separately, and you create sales orders in the interim, you could overstate or understate demand. For example, suppose you define a forecast entry for 100 on 01-FEB and load it into the master schedule. You create a sales order for 30 on 01-FEB. The forecast is consumed to 70, but the master schedule remains at 100. You then load sales orders as a separate step. The total demand for 01-FEB becomes 130, which overstates the actual and forecasted demand. If you launched a single process instead of two, you would see a forecast of 100 and no sales order demand, or a forecast of 70 and a sales order for 30. Either way, the correct demand of 100 results
Consume
Select Yes to consume the forecast. See Forecast Consumption.
Modification Percent
Enter a percent by which to multiple the schedule entries.
Carry Forward Days
Enter a number of workdays to move the schedule forward in time. To move the schedule backward, enter a negative number.
Note: When you specify carry forward days, the start date and cutoff date apply to the destination schedule, This allows schedule entries before the start date or after the cutoff date to be loaded.
Backward Consumption Days
Enter a number of workdays the consumption process will move backward when looking for a forecast quantity to consume. See: Backward and Forward Consumption Days.
Outlier Percent
Enter the maximum percent of the original forecast that a sales order can consume. See: Outlier Update Percent
Additional Factors Affecting a Master Schedule Load
There are several additional factors that can cause the destination master schedule to differ from the source forecast or source master schedule:
if the source dates do not fall on a valid workday, Oracle MRP adjusts them to a previous valid workday.
When loading a forecast or master schedule from another organization where the workday calendar is different, the load process ensures that the schedule dates match the workday calendar of the destination organization.
When loading a forecast or master schedule from another organization and the item planning method is different (for example, repetitive vs. discrete) the load process converts the schedule quantities accordingly.
When loading a forecast or master schedule from another organization and the item unit of measure is different, the load process converts the unit of measure from the source organization to the unit of measure of the item at the destination organization.
Source Flag
Oracle MRP stores the source of each master schedule entry. This allows you to later trace the source of master schedule entries.
Note: If you manually update a master schedule entry in the item Master Schedule Entries window, Oracle MRP changes the source to Manual.
How Forecasted Discrete Items Appear in the Master Schedule
When you load a forecast entry with no end date into the master schedule for a discretely planned item, the schedule entry consists of a schedule date and quantity.
If the forecast is bucketed in days, the schedule date on the master schedule reflects each day of the forecast. If the forecast is bucketed into weeks or periods, the schedule date on the master schedule reflects the first day of either the weekly or periodic bucket. For example:
Forecast for Discrete Item
Bucket
Forecast Date
Rate End Date
Forecast Quantity
Days
04-Jan
.
100
Weeks
17-Jan
.
200
Periods
31-Jan
.
400
Forecast Loaded into Master Schedule
Schedule Date
Rate End Date
Quantity
Daily Quantity
04-Jan
.
100
.
17-Jan
.
200
.
31-Jan
.
400
.
When you load a forecast entry with an end date into the master schedule, the schedule entry consists of a schedule date and quantity. If the forecast is bucketed into days, there is a schedule entry for each day between the forecast date and the forecast end date. If the forecast entry is in weekly or periodic buckets, the schedule date is the first day of either the weekly or periodic bucket.
For example:
Forecast for Discrete Item
Bucket
Forecast Date
Rate End Date
Forecast Quantity
Days
04-Jan
06-Jan
100
Weeks
17-Jan
24-Jan
200
Periods
31-Jan
28-Feb
400
Forecast Loaded into Master Schedule
Schedule Date
Rate End Date
Quantity
Daily Quantity
04-Jan
.
100
.
05-Jan
.
100
.
06-Jan
.
200
.
17-Jan
.
200
.
24-Jan
.
200
.
31-Jan
.
400
.
28-Feb
.
400
.
How Forecasted Repetitive Items Appear in the Master Schedule
When you load a forecast entry with no end date into the master schedule for a repetitively planned item, the schedule entry consists of a schedule date rate end date. The rate end date on a weekly or periodic forecast is the last bucket that Oracle MRP loads into the master schedule. If it falls before the cutoff date you enter daily quantity.
If the forecast is in daily buckets, the schedule date and the rate end date are the same. If the forecast is bucketed in weeks or periods, the schedule date is the first day of the week or period, and the schedule end date is the end of that week or period. The daily quantity is what was forecasted for that week or period divided by the number of days in that time frame. For example:
Forecast for Discrete Item
Bucket
Forecast Date
Rate End Date
Forecast Quantity
Days
04-Jan
.
100
Weeks
17-Jan
.
200
Periods
31-Jan
.
400
Forecast Loaded into Master Schedule
Schedule Date
Rate End Date
Quantity
Daily Quantity
04-Jan
04-Jan.
.
100.
17-Jan
21-Jan.
.
40 (assuming 5 workdays)
31-Jan
26-Feb.
.
20 (assuming 20 workdays)
When you load a forecast entry with an end date into the master schedule for a repetitively planned item, the schedule entry consists of a schedule date, a rate end date, and a daily quantity. If the forecast is in daily buckets, the schedule date is the same as the forecast date, and the rate end date is the same as the forecast end date. The forecasted quantity becomes the daily quantity. If the forecast is in weekly or periodic buckets, the schedule date is the first day of the week or period, and the schedule end date is the end of that week or period. The daily quantity is what was forecast for that week or period divided by the number of days in that time frame.
For example:
Forecast for Repetitive Item
Bucket
Forecast Date
Rate End Date
Forecast Quantity
Days
04-Jan
06-Jan
100
Weeks
17-Jan
24-Jan
200
Periods
31-Jan
28-Feb
400
Forecast Loaded into Master Schedule
Schedule Date
Rate End Date
Quantity
Daily Quantity
04-Jan
04-Jan.
.
100.
17-Jan
21-Jan.
.
40 (assuming 5 workdays)
24-Jan
28-Jan
.
40
31-Jan
26-Feb.
.
20 (assuming 20 workdays)
28-Feb
26-Mar
.
20
If you specify rounding control for an item, the load process does round up any fractional quantities. The load process considers any additional quantity calculated due to rounding as excess when calculating future time buckets.
For example:
Forecast for Repetitive Item with Rounding
Bucket
Forecast Date
Rate End Date
Forecast Quantity
Days
08-Feb
11-Feb
100
Weeks
14-Feb
11-Mar
518
Forecast Loaded into Master Schedule with Rounding
Schedule Date
Rate End Date
Quantity
Daily Quantity
08-Feb
11-Feb
.
100.
14-Feb
18-Feb
.
104
21-Feb
25-Feb
.
104
28-Feb
04-Mar
.
103
07-Mar
11-Mar
.
104
Note the period from 28-FEB through 04-MAR only requires 103 a day since the previous periods spanning 14-FEB through 25-FEB are overestimates due to rounding.
Planning Spares Demand
Master scheduling is effective for planning spares demand, when spares items are also components of end products. Demand for spares or replacements is another form of independent demand.
The planning method appropriate for spares demand may be MPS planning or MRP planning. Use MPS planning if the item has spares demand and still requires personal control. The MPS planning process plans the spares demand, and you can manually adjust the quantities/dates of the resulting master schedule entries before you use the master schedule for your material requirements plan.
To manually include spares demand in the master schedule:
Follow the procedure for defining a master schedule manually. See: Defining Schedule Entries Manually.
To forecast spares demand and load results into the master schedule:
Follow the procedure for loading a master schedule from a forecast. See: Loading a Master Schedule From an Internal Source.
Schedule Relief
Shipment Relief
Oracle MRP relieves (updates) MDS schedule quantities when you ship sales order items. Shipment (MDS) relief prevents the duplication of demand that could result if you load sales orders into the master demand schedule, but do not relieve the master demand schedule upon shipment. Without relief, you would need to reload and replan your master schedule just before planning material requirements each time to obtain an accurate picture of supply and demand for your independent demand items.
Shipping a sales order item relieves each MDS name for which you set the check Relieve. You set shipment relief when you define the master schedule name before you define or load a schedule for that name. If you associate a demand class with your MDS, the shipment relief process relieves the MDS entries that correspond to the demand class associated with the sales order.
You can change the shipment relief option after initially creating your master schedule. If you change the shipment relief on an MDS from On to Off, shipment relief stops occurring against that master schedule. If you change the shipment relief option from Off to On, shipment relief occurs on that master schedule from the date you change the option onward.
For repetitive master demand schedule items, the Planning Manager begins at the start date of the schedule rate and relieves the schedule entry by eliminating days according to the rate. For example, suppose you have a master demand schedule with a daily quantity of 10 per day over 5 days, beginning on Monday. You ship a sales order with a quantity of 12. The planning manager consumes the first day of the rate, accounting for 10 out of 12 shipped units. For the remaining 2 units, the planning manager creates a new schedule entry beginning and ending on Tuesday, with a daily quantity of 8 (10 minus 2). The planning manager then resets the start date of the first schedule entry from Monday to Wednesday, and maintains the daily quantity of 10 per day.
Production Relief
Oracle MRP relieves (updates) MPS schedule quantities when you create purchase orders, purchase requisitions or discrete jobs - whether you define the purchase requisitions or jobs manually or load them with the Planner Workbench.
Production (MPS) relief prevents the duplication of supply. Without relief, you would need to replan your master schedule just before planning material requirements each time to obtain an accurate picture of supply and demand for your MPS planned items.
Creating a purchase order, purchase requisition, or discrete job relieves each MPS name for which you check Relieve. You set production relief when you define the master schedule name - before you enter or load a schedule for that name. If you associate a demand class with your MPS, the production relief process relieves the MPS entries that correspond to the demand class associated with the discrete job.
You can change the production relief option after initially creating your master schedule. If you set or unset the production relief on an MPS name, production relief stops occurring against that master schedule. If you change the production relief option from Off to On, production relief occurs on that master schedule from the date you change the option onward.
Oracle MRP also updates the MPS schedule quantities when you reschedule discrete jobs, or when you change discrete job, purchase order, or purchase requisition quantities.
Note: Oracle MRP does not consume MPS entries for repetitive items. Repetitive schedules are recalculated each time the planning process runs. Therefore, it does not decrease the MPS for repetitive items.
MPS Relief of Phantoms
If you define any phantom items with a planning method of MPS Planned, production relief occurs when the discrete job for the phantom's parent is created.
Supply Chain Planning users can also relieve production schedules for phantom items with a planning method of MPS/DRP Planned.
Maintaining the Accuracy of the MPS
Typically, when Oracle MRP relieves a master production schedule, it decrements (decreases) one or more schedule entries because you created a discrete job or purchase requisition, or increased the quantity on an existing job or requisition. However, when you decrease the quantity on an existing job or purchase requisition, close the job short of the full job quantity, or cancel the requisition line, Oracle MRP increments (increases) one or more schedule entries, if possible. Oracle MRP never increments a schedule entry by more than the original schedule amount.
Viewing Master Schedule Relief Information
You can view itemized information about the sales order shipments and discrete jobs that relieve your master demand and master production schedules respectively with the MDS Reliefs or MPS Reliefs window. The original schedule quantity shows you the quantity before schedule relief. The current schedule quantity is the relieved schedule quantity. The difference between the original and current quantity is the sum of all relief activity against the master schedule entry.
To compare this picture of your master schedule with previous or future versions, you can copy your master schedule periodically (by using the Load/Copy/Merge Master Schedule window) and store the copy for later comparison. Use the Schedule Comparison report to compare the different schedules.
Profile Options for Master Schedule Relief
You have the option to temporarily disable shipment and production relief by setting the MRP:Consume MDS profile and MRP:Consume MPS profile options to No. The Planning Manager verifies the setting of this option before performing shipment and/or production relief. If it is set to No, the Planning Manager does not update MDS and/or MPS entries. The Planning Manager processes any sales order shipments and/or purchase requisitions and discrete jobs occurring while this profile is set to No when you set the profile option back to Yes.
Note that this affects all master demand and master production schedules that have relief set to Yes.
You can also specify the direction in which the production relief takes place by using the MRP: MPS Relief Direction profile option. If you specify Backward, then forward, Oracle Master Scheduling and Supply Chain Planning relieves master production schedule entries backwards from the discrete job due date then forwards until it finds enough schedule quantity to relieve. If you specify Forward only, Oracle Master Scheduling and Supply Chain Planning relieves master production schedule entries only forward from the discrete job due date until it finds enough schedule quantity to relieve.
Note: When you change any of these profile options you must restart the Planning Manager to activate the new profile option.
Planning Manager and Schedule Relief
Planning Manager and Schedule Relief
The Planning Manager is the background process that manages shipment and production relief.
For shipment relief, the Planning Manager first looks for the specific sales order entry to find a specific schedule entry to relieve. If it does not find an entry for that exact sales order date, the Planning Manager begins at the oldest schedule entry for the item and moves forward in time, decrementing schedule entry quantities until is reaches the sales order shipment quantity.
For example, suppose you have MDS entries of 10 each on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. If you ship a sales order for 25 on Tuesday, the relief process deducts 10 on Tuesday (leaving 0), deducts 10 on Monday (leaving 0), and deducts the remaining 5 on Wednesday (leaving 5). Thus, the new master schedule entries are quantity 0, 0, and 5 on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, respectively.
For production relief, the Planning Manager first looks at the discrete job due date to find an MPS schedule entry to relieve. It then looks backward, up to the first schedule entry, and then forward until it finds enough schedule quantity to relieve.
For example, suppose you have MPS entries of 10 each on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday and you specify the MRP: MPS Relief Direction profile option as Backward, then forward. If you create a discrete job for 25 on Tuesday, the relief process deducts 10 on Tuesday (leaving 0), deducts 10 on Monday (leaving 0), and deducts the remaining 5 on Wednesday (leaving 5). Thus, the new master schedule entries are quantity 0, 0, and 5 on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, respectively.
Note: When it operates, the Planning Manager may run for a very short time only, making it difficult to determine whether is it running. To be sure, examine the messages in the Planning Manager window. Messages should increment periodically. Whether you use shipment or production relief, you should activate the planning manager and leave it running. The planning manager performs maintenance tasks vital to the proper operation of Oracle MRP.
See Also
Starting the Planning Manager
Tracking Demand Schedule Reliefs
You can track reliefs against a Master Demand Schedule for both the product family and the member items. You cannot track reliefs against a Master Production Schedule at the product family item level because the MPS for a product family item does not get relieved when the MPS for the member item gets relieved.
The procedure for tracking reliefs for a product family item is the same as that for any individual item.
To see which orders relieved the MDS, do this:
Navigate to the Item Master Demand Schedule Entries window.
Query to find the schedule you are interested in tracking.
Navigate to the Schedule Entry for the product family item.
Click the Reliefs button to see the order quantity and relief quantity for each order.
See Also
Overview of Production Planning
Production Planning
Tracking Forecast Consumptions
Consumption for a Product Family
Main Features of Master Scheduling
Planning Models, Option Classes, and Product Families
Rough Cut Capacity Planning
RCCP verifies that you have sufficient capacity available to meet the capacity requirements for your master schedules. It is a long-term capacity planning tool used to balance required and available capacity, and to negotiate changes to the master schedule and/or available capacity. You can change your master schedules by changing master schedule dates and increasing or decreasing master schedule quantities. You can change your available capacity by adding or removing shifts, using overtime or subcontracted labor, and adding or removing machines.
Use RCCP to validate your master schedules against key and critical resources before you use the planning process to generate detailed MRP plans. You can perform rough cut capacity planning at two levels:
Routing-based to plan rough cut capacity by resource
Rate-based to plan your rough cut capacity by production line
See Also
Overview of Rough Cut Capacity Planning, Oracle Capacity User's Guide
Routing-Based RCCP, Oracle Capacity User's Guide
Rate-Based RCCP, Oracle Capacity User's Guide
Generating RCCP, Oracle Capacity User's Guide
Viewing RCCP, Oracle Capacity User's Guide
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msmarco_passage_00_803776022 | Schedule 1: Line 305 - Amount for an eligible dependant | Schedule 1: Line 305 - Amount for an eligible dependant
Schedule 1: Line 305 - Amount for an eligible dependant
Entering this Amount (from Forms):
Claiming the amount for an eligible dependant (line 305)
If the dependant for whom you are claiming this amount is 18 or over, he or she must be either mentally or physically infirm. Read the eligibility requirements carefully (as described in the CRA information for line 305) to determine if you are eligible to claim this amount.
Do not confuse this credit with other amounts that you can claim elsewhere for a dependant (such as child care, medical expenses, tuition, education, and textbook amount transfers, CCTB, etc.).
Enter your dependant information, including their net income, in the Dependant information window.
Select Yes beside Eligible dependant.
TurboTax completes Schedule 5 - Details of Dependant.
If the dependant is infirm, enter a brief description of the infirmity in the Describe infirmity box.
TurboTax completes Schedule 5 - Details of Dependant.
If your marital status changed during the year, complete the Changes in Marital Status worksheet and make sure the date your marital status changed is correct on Schedule 5.
If you are married but are not preparing a coupled return, make sure you enter your spouse or common-law partner's net income.
TurboTax may claim the spouse or common-law partner amount on line 303 instead if it is better for you.
If you were an immigrant or emigrant, your claim is prorated for the time you were resident in Canada. For details, see Newcomers to Canada.
Entering this Amount (from Interview):
Claiming dependants credits
To claim dependant credits, you must first enter the person as a dependant in the Introduction section of the interview. Then claim the dependant credits in the Deductions section of the interview.
Click Take Me There to go to there now.
Click the Intro tab at the top of the interview.
Click Continue until you reach the Dependants Information Page.
Using the Dependant Information window
On the Claims for Dependants screen, click Yes.
In the Dependants Credits screen, select a dependant from the list and click Enter Dependant Credits.
If you plan to claim different credits for different dependants, enter all applicable credits for one dependant first. You'll then have the opportunity to return to this screen and choose another dependant.
Click the boxes to indicate which credit or credits you want to claim for this dependant and click Continue.
Enter the required information and then click Continue.
To enter credits for a different dependant, repeat the previous steps. When you've finished entering dependant credits, click Done Entering Credits.
The Canada Revenue Agency says...
General Income Tax and Benefit Guide
You may be able to claim this amount if, at any time in the year, you met all of the following conditions at once:
you did not have a spouse or common-law partner or, if you did, you were not living with, supporting, or being supported by that person;
you supported a dependant in 2010; and
you lived with the dependant (in most cases in Canada) in a home that you maintained. You cannot claim this amount for a person who was only visiting you.
In addition, at the time you met the above conditions, the dependant must also have been either:
your parent or grandparent by blood, marriage, common-law partnership, or adoption; or
your child, grandchild, brother, or sister, by blood, marriage, common-law partnership, or adoption and either under 18 years of age, or mentally or physically impaired.
Note:
Your dependant may live away from home while attending school. If the dependant ordinarily lived with you when not in school, we consider that dependant to live with you for the purposes of this amount.
For the purposes of this claim, your child is not required to have lived in Canada but still must have lived with you. This would be possible, for example, if you were a deemed resident living in another country with your child.
Even if all of the preceding conditions have been met, you cannot claim this amount if any of the following applies:
You are claiming a spouse or common-law partner amount (see line 303 ).
The person for whom you want to claim this amount is your common-law partner. However, you may be able to claim the amount on line 303.
Someone else in your household is making this claim. Each household is allowed only one claim for this amount, even if there is more than one dependant in the household.
The claim is for a child for whom you were required to make support payments for 2010. However, if you were separated from your spouse or common-law partner for only part of 2010 due to a breakdown in your relationship, you can still claim an amount for that child on line 305 (plus any allowable amounts on lines 306, 315, and 318) as long as you do not claim any support amounts paid to your spouse or common-law partner on line 220. You can claim whichever is better for you.
Note: If you and another person were required to make support payments for the child for 2010 and, as a result, no one would be entitled to claim the amount for an eligible dependant for the child, you can still claim this amount provided you and the other person (s) paying support agree you will be the one making the claim. If you cannot agree who will claim this amount for the child, neither of you can make the claim.
How to claim
How to claim
You can claim this amount if your dependant's net income (line 236 of his or her return, or the amount that it would be if he or she filed a return) was less than $10,382. Calculate your amount on line 305 of your Schedule 1.
Note: If you were a single parent on December 31, 2010, and you choose to include all Universal Child Care Benefit (UCCB) amounts you received in 2010 in the income of your dependant, include this amount in the calculation of his or her net income.
Complete the appropriate part of Schedule 5, and attach it to your paper return.
Note:
You cannot split this amount with another person. Once you claim this amount for a dependant, no one else can claim this amount or an amount on line 306 for that dependant.
If you and another person can both claim this amount for the same dependant (such as shared custody of a child) but cannot agree who will claim the amount, neither of you can make the claim.
Tip:
If the dependant has an impairment, see guide RC4064, Medical and Disability-Related Information, for more information about different amounts you may be able to claim.
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msmarco_passage_00_804929515 | Primitive Types and Reference Types (JavaScript: The Definitive Guide, 4th Edition) | Primitive Types and Reference Types (JavaScript: The Definitive Guide, 4th Edition)
4.4. Primitive Types and Reference Types
The next topic we need to consider is the content of variables. We often say that variables have or contain values. But just what is it that they contain? To answer this seemingly simple question, we must look again at the data types supported by JavaScript. The types can be divided into two groups: primitive types and reference types. Numbers, boolean values, and the null and undefined types are primitive. Objects, arrays, and functions are reference types.
A primitive type has a fixed size in memory. For example, a number occupies eight bytes of memory, and a boolean value can be represented with only one bit. The number type is the largest of the primitive types. If each JavaScript variable reserves eight bytes of memory, the variable can directly hold any primitive value. [13]
[13]This is an oversimplification and is not intended as a description of an actual JavaScript implementation.
Reference types are another matter, however. Objects, for example, can be of any length -- they do not have a fixed size. The same is true of arrays: an array can have any number of elements. Similarly, a function can contain any amount of JavaScript code. Since these types do not have a fixed size, their values cannot be stored directly in the eight bytes of memory associated with each variable. Instead, the variable stores a reference to the value. Typically, this reference is some form of pointer or memory address. It is not the data value itself, but it tells the variable where to look to find the value.
The distinction between primitive and reference types is an important one, as they behave differently. Consider the following code that uses numbers (a primitive type):
var a = 3.14; // Declare and initialize a variable var b = a; // Copy the variable's value to a new variable a = 4; // Modify the value of the original variable alert (b) // Displays 3.14; the copy has not changed
There is nothing surprising about this code. Now consider what happens if we change the code slightly so that it uses arrays (a reference type) instead of numbers:
var a = [1,2,3]; // Initialize a variable to refer to an array var b = a; // Copy that reference into a new variable a [0] = 99; // Modify the array using the original reference alert (b); // Display the changed array [99,2,3] using the new reference
If this result does not seem surprising to you, you're already well familiar with the distinction between primitive and reference types. If it does seem surprising, take a closer look at the second line. Note that it is the reference to the array value, not the array itself, that is being assigned in this statement. After that second line of code, we still have only one array object; we just happen to have two references to it.
If the primitive versus reference type distinction is new to you, just try to keep the variable contents in mind. Variables hold the actual values of primitive types, but they hold only references to the values of reference types. The differing behavior of primitive and reference types is explored in more detail in Section 11.2.
You may have noticed that I did not specify whether strings are primitive or reference types in JavaScript. Strings are an unusual case. They have variable size, so obviously they cannot be stored directly in fixed-size variables. For efficiency, we would expect JavaScript to copy references to strings, not the actual contents of strings. On the other hand, strings behave like a primitive type in many ways. The question of whether strings are a primitive or reference type is actually moot, because strings are immutable: there is no way to change the contents of a string value. This means that we cannot construct an example like the previous one that demonstrates that arrays are copied by reference. In the end, it doesn't matter much whether you think of strings as an immutable reference type that behaves like a primitive type or as a primitive type implemented with the internal efficiency of a reference type.
Copyright © 2003 O'Reilly & Associates. All rights reserved.
|
msmarco_passage_00_806256988 | How to Become a Primatologist | How to Become a Primatologist
How to Become a Primatologist
Overview
A vast number of professionals go to work each day to study and work with animals, for a variety of reasons, including assisting in medical research. Those who work primarily with non-human primates are called primatologists. Primatologists are scientists that gather data about primates using various studies and experiments in an effort to understand evolution, behavior, or to further understand human pathology and biology. Their research can then be used to formulate theories or technology that assists medical doctors of all kinds.
What is a Primatologist?
In general, a primatologist is a scientist who studies non-human primates. However the field of primatology infuses a diverse group of careers. Some of these professionals, such as professors, hold academic positions in various settings and may teach, perform research, publish studies, or plan research programs. Primatology careers involving those with medical backgrounds are quite popular, and these professionals may conduct research, observe and/or interact with primates, order and analyze laboratory tests, provide medical care, and a variety of other duties.
A primatologist may be trained to perform one or more of the following:
Observing primate behavior, and making extensive recordings of behavior.
Ordering various laboratory tests and analyzing their results.
Analyzing behavioral data from other primatologists and reporting and/or publishing findings.
Interacting with primates in various settings.
Providing medical care to primates when needed.
Teaching future primatologists, and creating lesson plans in academic settings.
Writing articles or studies and publishing data and findings.
Primatologists often divide primates into three groups for study, and may study one or more at any given time. These groups are dominant females, females and young, and peripheral males.
The study of primates has become a controversial issue within the scientific and medical communities, specifically surrounding inhumane studies and practices. Well-known primatologists include Jane Goodall and Frans de Waal, a pioneer in the study of emotions and empathy in primates, and author of numerous books on the subject.
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Educational Track
Primatologists come from a very diverse range of educational backgrounds, including ecology, animal behavior, computer science, neuroscience, paleontology, and more. The specific educational path a future primatologist takes should be dependent upon the particular field of study he or she is interested in. For instance, those interested in medical research primatology positions may want to follow a medical education path, while those strictly interested in providing medical care for primates may opt for a degree in veterinary medicine.
It is recommended that all individuals interested in the field gain a strong educational background in biological sciences and evolutionary biology. Other important courses include statistics, communication, computer, and foreign languages, according to Primate Info Net. Because primatology is a multidisciplinary field, an educational path that strays from traditional educational paths may be necessary in order to gain the proper background for success in this field.
Undergraduate's Degree - While there is no required degree in order to become a primatologist, the field is quite competitive and employers are much more likely to choose those with an extensive educational background. Very few colleges or universities offer a degree in primatology, though some offer degrees that are very closely related. It is recommended that students focus on classes that are very closely linked with the field, such as anthropology, psychology, and zoology.
Graduate Degree - Those who want to take their education further, and seek better job security and placement options, should consider obtaining a graduate degree. There are a handful of high-quality primatology-related degrees offered throughout the US, which can be more convenient than piecing together an educational background that prepares individuals to become primatologists. Those interested in providing medical care to primates should obtain a veterinary medicine degree.
According to a recent survey from the American Society of Primatologists, most primatologists have backgrounds in anthropology, psychology, biology, and veterinary science.
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Career Path
The field of primatology is a difficult one to get into, primarily because the number of positions is limited and the job growth is less than that of most other careers. However, there are positions available within the field for those who are dedicated.
Primatologists work in a variety of settings, including academic settings, laboratories, zoos, and conservation centers, in the field, veterinary offices, and even government offices or institutions. In each of these settings, primatologists may perform a wide range of duties, from gathering and compiling data, to interacting with primates.
Employers interested in hiring primatologists value the following qualities:
Excellent interpersonal skills; many primatologists work with other professionals on a daily basis and may need to collaborate in order to complete specific jobs.
Attention to detail, especially for those collecting and compiling data.
Excellent physical condition is valued for those working in the field; researchers often have to travel to remote locations and often have no other method of transportation than their feet.
Resiliency, especially for those working in the field. Often these primatologists are in areas where the comforts of home aren't readily available, and they must be able to adapt.
Compassion and empathy for the nonhuman primates being studied.
To increase the chances of getting hired, those interested in the field of primatology should consider:
ASP Membership - Obtaining membership in the American Society of Primatologists is an excellent way to network with other individuals, an extremely important step in gaining employment within this field. Membership benefits also include annual meetings, quarterly publications of the society newsletter, and a full subscription to the American Journal of Primatology.
IPS Membership - Another great organization is the International Primatological Society, which facilitates cooperation amongst scientists to encourage all areas of nonhuman primate research. Members have the ability to seek out grants and funding from the society, access exclusive publications and networking opportunities.
Volunteer - It is highly recommended that future primatologists volunteer to gain some experience with primates. Volunteering at local zoos or conservation centers is a great way to gain an understanding of primatology, and the experience on a resume is attractive to potential employers.
According to Environmental Science, the average yearly salary for a primatologist in most states ranges from $50,000 to $65,000. Some states feature a higher annual average salary, such as Maryland at $96,460 and the District of Columbia at $97,930. However, it is important to remember that primatology encompasses a huge range of careers, and the salary will be dependent upon the specific specialty of a primatologist.
A career in primatology can be extremely rewarding, no matter which specialty of primatology an individual chooses. While this career certainly can come with unique challenges and is often a controversial career choice, the need for compassionate and humane studies of nonhuman primates is great. Data collected from primatologists is often instrumental in developing medical technologies directly affecting humans, as well as other primates.
Additional Resources
North American Primate Sanctuary Alliance
The International Primatological Society
Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest
Jane Goodall Institute
The Orangutan Foundation International
International Primate Protection League
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msmarco_passage_00_810288905 | How Many Calories Should Puppies Have? | Dog Care - Daily Puppy | How Many Calories Should Puppies Have? | Dog Care - Daily Puppy
How Many Calories Should Puppies Have?
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By: Betty Lewis
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The Calories Per Day for a Puppy
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Everyone wants to be fit and trim, and often, that means keeping track of how many calories you eat during the day. One of the ways to ensure your new pup’s optimal health is feeding him a proper diet. Counting calories can help keep Buddy's waistline – and vet bills – under control.
Good Habits Start Early
If Buddy’s still a pup, it’s not too early to establish good eating habits. Overindulging in puppyhood can be bad for him. Puppies who eat too much and grow too quickly can have problems with bone growth and development and are at risk for obesity. Feeding him the proper amount of a healthy, balanced diet gives him a good start for a long, happy life. It’s not as simple as feeding him a one-size-fits-all portion. You’ll have to consider his size, his age and whether he’s been neutered when you determine his daily caloric intake.
Calorie Requirements
The Animal Medical Center of Chicago has a chart showing the daily caloric intake for dogs of a variety of weights, ages and status. According to the chart, an 8 pound dog younger than 4 months should eat 552 calories of food each day. If that same dog is an non-neutered adult, his calorie count drops dramatically, to 331 calories per day. Puppies require a higher number of calories because of the amount of growing they do in their first year.
Calculating Calories
You can calculate Buddy’s needs yourself, but you’ll need to do a bit of math. A dog’s resting energy requirements, or RER, are calculated by multiplying his weight, in kilograms, by ¾ of the power by 70. For puppies younger than 4 months old multiply the total by three; for puppies older than 4 months multiply by two. For example, If Buddy’s a 22 pound puppy, he weighs 10 kg – divide his weight in pounds by 2.2 for his metric measurement – the final total is about 800 calories: (70 x 10kg) x .75 x 2 = 800.
Feeding Calories
After you’ve figured out your pup’s daily requirements, you’ll need to read his dog food label to determine the proper serving size for him. This math is easier than figuring out his calorie count. The label should tell you how many calories are in a cup of food, which is divided into his calories per day, resulting in the number of cups per day Buddy eats. Based on the example above, if Buddy’s food has 400 calories in each cup, he’ll need 2 cups of food per day to meet 800 calorie/day requirement.
Know Your Pup
Of course, nothing’s ever black and white. If Buddy’s a high energy breed who needs a lot of energy during the course of a busy day, his caloric requirements will be higher. As well, if he's an especially laid back fellow, he may need a bit less. The best course of action is to talk to your vet about Buddy’s unique needs to ensure you’re feeding him the proper amount.
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msmarco_passage_00_813408279 | All Of The Most Kid-Friendly Dog Breeds | All Of The Most Kid-Friendly Dog Breeds
Kid-Friendly
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Being gentle with children, sturdy enough to handle the heavy-handed pets and hugs they can dish out, and having a blasé attitude toward running, screaming children are all traits that make a kid-friendly dog. You may be surprised by who's on that list: Fierce-looking Boxers are considered good with children, as are American Staffordshire Terriers (which are considered Pit Bulls). Small, delicate, and potentially snappy dogs such as Chihuahuas aren't always so family-friendly.
See Dogs Who Are Not Kid Friendly
**All dogs are individuals. Our ratings are generalizations, and they're not a guarantee of how any breed or individual dog will behave. Dogs from any breed can be good with children based on their past experiences, training on how to get along with kids, and personality. No matter what the breed or breed type, all dogs have strong jaws, sharp pointy teeth, and may bite in stressful circumstances. Young children and dogs of any breed should always be supervised by an adult and never left alone together, period.
Dog Breeds That Tend To Be Friendly With Children
Afghan Hound
Airedale Terrier
Akbash
American Bulldog
American English Coonhound
American Eskimo Dog
American Foxhound
American Hairless Terrier
American Leopard Hound
American Pit Bull Terrier
American Staffordshire Terrier
American Water Spaniel
Appenzeller Sennenhunde
Australian Shepherd
Barbet
Basenji
Basset Fauve de Bretagne
Basset Hound
Bavarian Mountain Scent Hound
Beagle
Bearded Collie
Bedlington Terrier
Belgian Laekenois
Belgian Malinois
Belgian Sheepdog
Bergamasco Sheepdog
Berger Picard
Bernese Mountain Dog
Bichon Frise
Biewer Terrier
Black and Tan Coonhound
Black Mouth Cur
Black Russian Terrier
Bloodhound
Bluetick Coonhound
Boerboel
Bohemian Shepherd
Bolognese
Borador
Border Collie
Border Terrier
Boston Terrier
Bouvier des Flandres
Boxer
Boykin Spaniel
Bracco Italiano
Braque du Bourbonnais
Briard
Brittany
Broholmer
Brussels Griffon
Bull Terrier
Bulldog
Bullmastiff
Cairn Terrier
Cardigan Welsh Corgi
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Chihuahua
Chinese Crested
Chinook
Cirneco dell’Etna
Cockapoo
Collie
Coton de Tulear
Curly-Coated Retriever
Dachshund
Dalmatian
Dandie Dinmont Terrier
Danish-Swedish Farmdog
Deutscher Wachtelhund
Dogue de Bordeaux
Drentsche Patrijshond
Drever
Dutch Shepherd
English Cocker Spaniel
English Foxhound
English Setter
English Springer Spaniel
Entlebucher Mountain Dog
Estrela Mountain Dog
Eurasier
Field Spaniel
Finnish Lapphund
Finnish Spitz
Flat-Coated Retriever
Fox Terrier
French Bulldog
French Spaniel
German Longhaired Pointer
German Shepherd Dog
German Shorthaired Pointer
German Spitz
Glen of Imaal Terrier
Goldador
Golden Retriever
Goldendoodle
Great Dane
Great Pyrenees
Greater Swiss Mountain Dog
Greyhound
Hamiltonstovare
Hanoverian Scenthound
Harrier
Havanese
Hokkaido
Hovawart
Ibizan Hound
Icelandic Sheepdog
Irish Red And White Setter
Irish Setter
Irish Terrier
Irish Water Spaniel
Irish Wolfhound
Italian Greyhound
Jack Russell Terrier
Japanese Spitz
Kai Ken
Keeshond
Kerry Blue Terrier
King Shepherd
Labradoodle
Labrador Retriever
Lakeland Terrier
Leonberger
Lhasa Apso
Lowchen
Maltipoo
Maremma Sheepdog
Mastiff
Mountain Cur
Neapolitan Mastiff
Newfoundland
Norfolk Terrier
Northern Inuit Dog
Norwegian Buhund
Norwegian Elkhound
Norwegian Lundehund
Norwich Terrier
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever
Old English Sheepdog
Otterhound
Patterdale Terrier
Peekapoo
Pembroke Welsh Corgi
Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen
Pharaoh Hound
Pocket Beagle
Pointer
Polish Lowland Sheepdog
Poodle
Portuguese Podengo Pequeno
Portuguese Pointer
Portuguese Sheepdog
Portuguese Water Dog
Pug
Puggle
Puli
Pyrenean Mastiff
Pyrenean Shepherd
Rat Terrier
Redbone Coonhound
Rhodesian Ridgeback
Rottweiler
Saint Bernard
Saluki
Samoyed
Schipperke
Schnoodle
Scottish Deerhound
Scottish Terrier
Sealyham Terrier
Shetland Sheepdog
Shih Tzu
Shiloh Shepherd
Siberian Husky
Silken Windhound
Skye Terrier
Sloughi
Small Munsterlander Pointer
Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier
Spanish Mastiff
Spinone Italiano
Stabyhoun
Staffordshire Bull Terrier
Staffy Bull Bullmastiff
Standard Schnauzer
Sussex Spaniel
Swedish Lapphund
Swedish Vallhund
Tibetan Mastiff
Tibetan Spaniel
Tibetan Terrier
Toy Fox Terrier
Treeing Tennessee Brindle
Treeing Walker Coonhound
Vizsla
Weimaraner
Welsh Springer Spaniel
Welsh Terrier
West Highland White Terrier
Whippet
Wirehaired Pointing Griffon
Yorkipoo |
msmarco_passage_00_814637109 | Can Dogs Detect Cancer In Humans? - DogTime | Can Dogs Detect Cancer In Humans? - DogTime
Can Dogs Detect Cancer In Humans?
Can dogs smell cancer? (Photo Credit: BBC Video)
A dog can detect the smell of a drop of blood in an Olympic size swimming pool. That is how sensitive dogs are to smell. Humans can smell cancer through their own breath in later stages, so it makes sense that dogs can smell cancer in humans at stage zero. Stage zero cancer detection is an astonishing miracle, and to date, has only been accomplished by canine.
The stories started about 25 years ago when a woman who owned a border collie mix, had mole on her leg. The dog started to fixate on the mole. It escalated in the following weeks from the dog licking the mole to the dog actually biting at it, as if to remove it. The woman became concerned and finally went to see a doctor to discover the mole had turned into malignant melanoma. Many other similar stories have been reported since; stories of dogs alerting their owners of all sorts of medical problems from minor diseases to every type of cancer.
This video tells a story from Last year. A dog detected cancer in his owner that a scan and mammogram had missed.
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In cases where dogs were involved in alerting their owners of cancer, it is usually detected early enough to be treatable. The sooner the diagnosis, the greater the chance for a positive outcome.
The In Situ Foundation is a non-profit organization whose goal is to provide low cost, non-invasive cancer detection screening for the general public using and training dogs for medical scent detection. They collaborate with universities, doctors, researchers and scientists in studies and helping with research. They hope to raise awareness of early cancer detection though canine scent detection. Most of the dogs used by the non-profit organization In Situ, are high drive dogs that have been rescued from death row. The accuracy is 88-99% and the dogs have to go through pretty rigorous training to be able to do this. Their 5 dog team consists of; a German Shepherd, Australian Shepherd, Shepherd/Lab mix, Beagle and Belgian Malinois. Mix breeds dogs containing any combination of these, as well as many others, could also be effective for medical scent detection.
Cancer detecting dogs get lots of training. (Photo Credit: BBC Video)
Due to the rigorous training involved and ongoing research, they currently do not have any type of certification programs for cancer scent detecting dogs.
Click here for more FAQs concerning cancer detecting dogs.
For more information about cancer and cancer treatment centers, click here. |
msmarco_passage_00_817306525 | Homemade Bug Repellent with Essential Oils | Don't Waste the Crumbs | Homemade Bug Repellent with Essential Oils | Don't Waste the Crumbs
DIY Homemade Bug Repellent with Essential Oils
By Tiffany Published August 25, 2020 • Last Updated March 26, 2021 92 Comments
Make your own bug spray with just a few ingredients. Homemade bug repellent works for mosquitoes, gnats, flies, and ticks depending on what oils you have! Works well for summer fun with my homemade citronella candles.
Camping, picnics, evenings on the back porch. What do these things have in common? SUMMER! FUN! BUGS! And the fact that you need homemade bug repellent.
You know, but there’s no summer without summer bugs, and really, I could do without the bugs. That’s one reason why we make this homemade bug repellent.
Our last canoe trip was almost ruined by horseflies. Dealing with the mosquitoes and flies can make a fun outdoor activity lose its appeal. But it doesn’t have to be that way!
If you’re like me, you aren’t going to run out and buy the first bug spray you see on the shelf at Walmart. Personally, I like to avoid pretty much all store-bought body products and make my own instead. ( Homemade toothpaste and sunscreen are two of our favorites!)
I don’t care for applying many chemicals to my body and just like most shampoos, bug sprays are full of harmful and unpleasant ingredients. Plus they don’t smell good.
We’ve stopped using most store-bought household cleaners too. Find out more about that HERE.
What we need is a chemical-free homemade bug repellent!
Homemade Bug Repellent
Besides being much safer than store-bought chemical insect repellents, homemade bug spray is:
Easy. Just combine the ingredients and go!
Cheap. Using only a few drops of essential oils per batch, your pure essential oils will last for a long time!
Versatile. There are two different ways you can make some depending on your preferred application: rub on or spray on.
The key ingredient for either recipe is essential oils. The strong scent of essential oils will repel bugs away as well as give you added aromatic benefits!
Ingredients for DIY Bug Repellent with Essential Oils
Making your own bug repellent is simple and effective! You only need a few key ingredients:
Essential oils (I prefer to buy mine from Young Living. More about that HERE .)
Carrier oil ( Avocado oil is great on the skin!)
Witch hazel (Be sure to pick one like this brand, that only has witch hazel listed in the ingredients. We also use this in our favorite after sun spray .)
What is the best homemade mosquito repellent?
I think pure essential oils make the best homemade bug repellent. These essential oils are traditionally recommended for their bug-repellent properties:
Citronella
Lemongrass
Rosemary
Geranium
Spearmint
Thyme
Clove
Note: I know there are a lot of essential oil companies out there and I’ve certainly tried my fair share of brands. But after testing and researching and more testing, only one is worth spending money on (in my opinion). For a couple of years now I’ve been committed to Young Living oils, and you can read more about their oils and my decision HERE.
DIY Homemade Bug Repellent: Rub-On
This is a crazy simple recipe. You only need two ingredients: a carrier oil and a mix of essential oils.
Rub On Homemade Bug Repellent Supplies
Carrier oil (I like sweet almond oil or avocado oil they are light on the skin and not too greasy)
10-20 drops of preferred essential oils (see above for single oil recommendations, or below for some great combos)
Small bottle or old jar
How do you make natural bug repellent?
Add 2 tablespoons of carrier oil in a small bottle or re-useable jar. Add in 10-20 drops of your preferred essential oil.
To apply, simply shake the bottle well and rub a small amount of oil on exposed skin. The bugs will stay away and your skin will be nourished!
DIY Homemade Bug Repellent with Essential Oils: Spray-On
If you prefer a spray-on repellent this works great although it uses a few more ingredients.
Spray-On Homemade Bug Repellent Supplies
Carrier oil (I like sweet almond oil or avocado oil as they are light on the skin and not too greasy)
10-20 drops of preferred essential oils (see above or below for some great combos)
Small spray bottle
Distilled water
Vodka or witch hazel
How Do You Make Spray-On Homemade Bug Repellent?
In a 2 ounce bottle or jar add in 1 1/2 Tbsp of distilled water, 1 tsp of carrier oil, 1 tsp of vodka or witch hazel, and 15-25 drops of essential oils. Shake well before spraying on your skin.
This recipe could easily be doubled or tripled for a camping trip or frequent outdoor activity and put in a larger glass spray bottle.
With both of these recipes, avoid getting the repellent in your eyes or mouth!
What Smells Do Mosquitoes Hate?
Here are some of my favorite essential oil combos for repelling bugs. They seem to all work the same; it depends on what kind of scent you desire!
Campfire: 10 drops Rosemary, 6 drops Cedarwood
Floral: 8 drops Geranium, 5 drops Lavender, 5 drops Rosemary, 2 drops Patchouli
Hippie: 10 drops Lavender, 6 drops Cedarwood, 4 drops Patchouli
Fresh: 12 drops Lemon, 5 drops Peppermint, 3 drops Eucalyptus (Use caution with lemon and sun exposure. This EO is better used after the sunsets!)
Don’t forget to experiment with some different combos and mix it up! Your bugs may be repelled better by some essential oils more than others.
Homemade Bug Repellent Without Essential Oils
If you’re in a pinch and don’t have the chance to get these essential oils, or if you’d just simply prefer not to use them, we’ve made our own plant-based homemade bug spray using herbs and extracts instead with good success.
The best part is that you likely already have everything you need at home, and if you don’t, you can get it all at the grocery store.
Store-bought Bug Repellent
I know some families aren’t the DIY-ers and would prefer to buy it ready to go. If that’s you, here are the top bug repellents I recommend:
The Yellow Bird (DEET-free and made in the US) (needs new link)
Babyganics (also DEET-free and safe for baby)
All-terrain Herbal Armor (made with herbs and likely found locally as well)
I am so happy to keep the bugs away by using a natural product that is free of nasty chemicals. Plus when you think of the money you save by making your own bug repellent, I don’t know why you wouldn’t do it yourself!
More Summer DIYs
DIY 3 ingredient sunscreen
After-sun Spray
Bug Repellent without Essential Oils
Homemade Citronella Candles
5 Days to DIY Natural Living
Being healthy isn’t just what goes IN your body, it’s what goes ON your body too. Download my free guide 5 Days to DIY Natural Living to learn how to save money while getting rid of harmful toxins throughout your home.
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What do you use to naturally keep the bugs at bay? Have you tried making your own homemade bug repellent?
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msmarco_passage_00_826692713 | marriage | Georgia Department of Public Health | marriage | Georgia Department of Public Health
Marriage Records
State of Georgia: Marriages
Overview:
The State Office of Vital Records provides certified copies of marriage applications, certificates and verifications.
A marriage application and/or certificate is an official recording of a couple’s marriage. It is used for:
Serving as evidence of a name change for the involved parties
Legitimation purposes
Genealogical research
Divorce proceedings
Marriage Applications and Certificates:
These records are available at the State Office of Vital Records from June 1952 to August 1996.
( Please note: A certified copy of the marriage application is only available to the Bride/Party 1 and Groom/Party 2)
Request for Search of Marriage Form
Marriage Verifications:
If you are not sure of the county in which the marriage occurred or need this information for genealogical purposes, please consider requesting a marriage verification by filling out the form below. The State Office of Vital Records can search for and verify marriages that occurred on or after January 1, 2014.
Marriage Verification Request Form
Requesting a copy
To request a copy of the marriage application, certificate, and/or verification, please complete and mail the applicable form to our office.
There is a $10.00 search fee for marriage requests
The $10.00 search fee is NON-REFUNDABLE; if the file is FOUND, one certified letter will be provided
There is an additional copy fee of $5.00 for each copy requested at the time of purchase
Changes to Marriage Certificates/Applications
To make a change to the application and/or certificate, please contact the probate court in the county in which the marriage occurred. |
msmarco_passage_00_829524496 | Caxton | Dragon's Dogma Wiki | Fandom | Caxton | Dragon's Dogma Wiki | Fandom
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Gran Soren
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Caxton is an NPC in Dragon's Dogma.
"They're masterworks, all. You can't go wrong."
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Overview
Caxton is a Shopkeeper in Gran Soren. Caxton is aided in his shopkeeping by his down to earth female assistant Gwine .
Services
Main article: Caxton's Armory.
He owns Caxton's Armory and specializes in the sale of Weapons and Armor .
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As well as selling bits of metal kit, Caxton can also Enhance items to three stars at a price if supplied with the correct enhancing items.
Quests
Idol Worship (give Caxton an idol to expand his inventory)
A Prospector's Partner (escort Caxton to Hillfigure Knoll)
Retrieved from " https://dragonsdogma.fandom.com/wiki/Caxton?oldid=310698 "
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Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. |
msmarco_passage_00_838664176 | Michael B. Brown | Michael B. Brown
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Dr. Michael Brown is an author, motivational speaker, adjunct professor, and for the past 10 years was the Senior Minister at Marble Collegiate Church in New York City, America’s oldest existing Protestant congregation (served for many years by Norman Vincent Peale who wrote the international best seller, The Power Of Positive Thinking ). All across America in civic arenas, at corporate events, on college and university campuses, and for Chautauqua Institutes, Dr. Brown carries the mantle of positivity to audiences of all ages, teaching a proven approach to discovering meaning, healthy relationships, and joy in life.
A native North Carolinian, Michael Brown graduated from High Point University, earned a Masters degree from Duke University, and received Doctoral degrees from both Drew University and Pfeiffer University. He is the author of numerous books and also contributes regularly to The Huffington Post and Thrive Global.
Dr. Brown has been featured in four ABC-TV specials, one NBC special, and two PBS specials. He is a member of the National Speakers Association (NSA) and the C-Suite Thought Council. He has also been a guest on MSNBC, Fox News, and NET TV. A frequent speaker on the international radio program Day1, Dr. Brown has been a featured guest on a variety of network radio and Sirius programs (including shows hosted by Cardinal Timothy Nolan, Jeffrey Hayzlett, Mike Stoller, Rabbi Joe Potasnik, and Laura Smith on “Saturday Café”). Dr. Brown is the recipient of the 2018 Normal Vincent Peale Positive Thinking Award by the Blanton-Peale Institute, the John Borchert Communicators Award, and was selected as part of the Great American Authors Series by CSS publishers.
Michael Brown always designs his message of “practical positivity“ to meet the specific needs of the particular audience he addresses, using humor and anecdotes to describe a philosophy of life assured to bring meaning, joy, and hope to those who practice it. Whatever your institution’s agenda may be, Dr. Brown will be happy to work with you in developing the ideal presentation to meet your goals.
Dr. Brown is married to Page Plummer Brown, a native of Richmond, Virginia. The Browns are the proud parents of four children: Adam, Alison, Zachary and Katharine, and the delighted grandparents of Anderson Haile (daughter of Alison and Andy Haile).
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Michael is the author of six books and a contributing author to eleven others. Three new books are due out in the near future.
Out Now
The Love Principle: Daily Practices for a Loving & Purposeful Life
There is no force so powerful as authentic love.
Your journey toward long-lasting happiness begins here. In just ten steps, Dr. Michael B. Brown provides a clear path through a discipline of daily loving that will lead you to purpose and joy in life. Follow these steps to bring meaning to your home, romantic relationships, workplace, personal friendships, and your own sense of self.
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Media
Dr. Brown frequently preaches at denominational events, for local congregations, and at college and university Baccalaureate services. His sermon topics often explore biblical themes similar to those on which he speaks at motivational events. Likewise, he also consults with denominational groups and local churches.
"Dr. Michael Brown has a unique gift for story-telling and delivers in a way that is completely relevant to his audience. He is a speaker of phenomenal talent, demonstrating his kindness with a special gift for empathy in heart-felt deliveries. Uplifting, humorous, and sincere, Dr. Michael Brown will leave you feeling inspired, motivated, rejuvenated and just plain good about yourself and the world around you. Without a doubt he left our attendees wanting to hear more. He is a true professional in every sense of the word; from the planning stages of your event to the final presentation. He can relate to any audience, anywhere and in any situation. You will be amazed."
Todd Woods, Former VP of Marketing, Window World, Inc.
It's a rare gift to find such a voice in this world. Michael shares both with power and grace. He weaves story and humor into his presentations and can inspire an audience with his easy leadership and depth of spirit. He has made a huge difference in the life of the Thistle Farms community by making connections, inviting us into his communities and teaching us how to reach out to a wider world.
Becca Stevens, Founder and President of Thistle Farms, CNN Hero
Prescription for Happiness
There are three essential requirements for happiness in life. Without them, one may acquire possessions, status, influence, and authority but will not find happiness. In this presentation, Dr. Brown leads his audience on a journey of discovery, exploring the three simple but non-negotiable factors if your desire is to become happy.
Think Your Way to a Brand New You
If you are not satisfied with your life as it is, you have the power to change that. It begins internally with your perspective, attitudes, and worldview. In this presentation, Dr. Brown examines mind-mapping and helpful, intriguing information from the world of neuroscience, confirming the exciting truth that you are not forever confined to things as they are nor to yourself as you are. You can “Think Your Way to a Brand New You.”
Ages and Stages: The Life Journey
A wide variety of opportunities and challenges confront us during all of life’s four primary age classifications. In this program, Dr. Brown explores with his audience what to expect in each and how to create an exciting, rewarding, and successful life at whatever stage you are along the journey.
Four Paths to a Meaningful Life
Psychologists tell us that the primary need of humans is to find a sense of meaning (purpose, raison d’etre). There are four indispensable and proven ways to do that. In this presentation, Dr. Brown walks his listeners through the four avenues to a meaningful life.
I Count, Too! (Self-Care for Helping Professionals and Personal Caregivers)
For the many professionals or private individuals who are responsible every day for helping others, fatigue, discouragement, and burnout are frequent results. In this presentation, Dr. Brown provides insight and instruction about how to survive caregiving. This includes methods for discovering restoration and rejuvenation, guilt-free ways of taking care of yourself in order to provide the best care for those who depend on you.
Dreaming the Right Dreams (And Making Them Come True)
Who knows you better than you know yourself? If the answer is “No one,” then you can be your own best life-coach. At some deep level you have an understanding of your skills and your desires. Dr. Brown assists his listeners in bringing that understanding to a level of consciousness that gives birth to professional success and personal satisfaction in life.
Five Steps to Satisfaction and Success
How do we experience life in all its fullness? How do we find the most fulfilling type of life for ourselves? How do we make an impact on the lives of others? The answers to those questions are found in five words: Dream, Do, Define, Discipline, and Daily. In this presentation, Dr. Brown will lead his audience on a focused venture from where we are to where we want to be.
Speaking Topics
The topics listed and described here are often adapted in event-specific ways (e.g., corporate events, graduation speeches, baccalaureate messages, motivational training, etc.) Also, if your organization has a specific topic you wish to have addressed, Dr. Brown will be happy to craft a presentation specially designed to meet your unique situation and wishes. |
msmarco_passage_00_839675527 | Skeletal Muscle Physiology | Skeletal Muscle Physiology
Skeletal muscle is an example of muscle tissue, one of the four types of basic tissue. The essential characteristic of muscle tissue is that it shortens or contracts. There are three kinds of muscle tissue, skeletal, cardiac and smooth. In the next two lectures we will focus only on skeletal muscle physiology and anatomy.
Characteristics
Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary. The word striated means “striped” and the significance of this term will become apparent when we consider the histology below. Skeletal muscle is the only type of muscle that we can consciously control through our nervous system. This is the reason it is also voluntary.
Skeletal muscle cells are also long and cylindrical. For this reason a skeletal muscle cell can also be referred to as a skeletal muscle fiber. A skeletal muscle fiber can be up to a foot long! These long, highly specialized cells result from the fusion of many cells and after the cells fuse their individual nuclei are retained. As a result, skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleate.
Connective Tissue Components
Skeletal muscles as organs consist of muscle fibers bound by connective tissue. The connective tissue also attaches skeletal muscle to the skeleton and other tissues and transmits the force of a contraction to the moving part.
Connective tissue binds skeletal muscle fibers in a hierarchical pattern. Individual muscle cell fibers are surrounded by delicate connective tissue called endomysium. Skeletal muscle fibers are aligned in bundles called fascicles and these fascicles are in turn surrounded by a stronger sheath of connective tissue called the perimysium. The fascicles are finally packaged in yet a stronger connective tissue encasement called the epimysium.
At the attachment points of the muscle all the connective tissue elements combine to form the connective tissue attachment of the muscle to bone or other tissue. If this attachment is round and cord-like it is called a tendon. If the attachment is broad and sheet-like it is called an aponeurosis.
Microscopic Anatomy
The plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle fiber is called a sarcolemma. The muscle fiber contains long cylindrical structures, the myofibrils.
The myofibrils almost entirely fill the cell and push the nuclei to the outer edges of the cell under the sarcolemma. The many myofibrils each have light and dark bands and are aligned with one another so that the light and dark bands are next to one another. This gives the cell its striated appearance.
The l i ght bands are called I bands and the d a rk bands are called A bands. In the middle of the I bands there is a line called the Z line (or disc). In the middle of the A bands (or dark bands) there is a light zone called the H zone. In the middle of the H zone there is another line, the M line. The precise arrangement of these features is due to a chain of functional units in the myofibrils, sarcomeres.
The sarcomere consists of a number of individual protein elements. Some of these proteins are thread-like proteins called myofilaments. There are two major types of myofilaments:
1. Thick (myosin) myofilaments
Thick myofilaments are made up of proteins molecules called myosin . The myosin molecules are shaped like golf clubs with long shafts. Myosin forms the thick myofilaments by forming bundles in which the heads of the “golf clubs” stick out at either end of the filament and the shafts form a “bare” zone in the middle of the filaments.
The heads of the thick myofilaments form attachments with the other type of myofilaments, the thin actin myofilaments. These attachments are called cross bridges. The heads are also the places on the thick myofilaments that use the energy in the ATP molecule to power the muscle contraction.
2. Thin (actin) myofilaments
The thin myofilaments are composed of the protein actin. The thin myofilaments have the binding sites to which the heads of the thick myofilaments attach.
Banding Pattern and Sarcomere
Now we can relate the banding pattern and sarcomere to the myofilaments:
Sarcomere – An individual sarcomere extends from one Z line to the next.
I band – The I band corresponds to a region that overlaps two adjacent sarcomeres where there are only thin myofilaments.
Z line or disc – The Z line in the center of the I band is where proteins hold the thin myofilaments in position.
A band – The A band is where the thick myofilaments are positioned.
H zone – The H zone is the region in the middle of the sarcomere where the thin myofilaments fail to overlap the thick myofilaments.
M line – The M line in the center of the sarcomere and A band is where proteins hold the thick myofilaments in position.
Sliding Filament Theory Tutorial
The skeletal muscle fibers contract when the sarcomere in the myofibrils contract. The contraction of the sarcomeres is explained by the sliding filament theory. (The word “theory” is used here in its scientific sense as meaning generally accepted laws and principles, as in the theory of evolution.)
According to the sliding filament theory, the myosin heads become energized by using the energy contained in ATP. The energized myosin head then attaches to a binding site on the actin myofilaments to form a cross bridge. The energy contained in the myosin head is then released as the head swivels toward the middle of the sarcomere pulling the attached actin myofilaments with it. The cross bridge detaches only when another molecule of ATP attaches to the myosin head. The energy in the ATP is then used again to energize the myosin head.
This cycle by which the myosin heads become energized , form an attachment, swivel and then detach is repeated many times in all the sarcomeres of all the myofibrils within the cell. The net effect of all this molecular movement is muscle contraction!
Role of Calcium
The calcium ion (Ca ++ ) plays a key role in determining when contraction occurs
Ca ++ is concentrated in smooth endoplasmic reticulum called sarcoplasmic reticulum which surrounds the myofibrils like the sleeve of a very loose knit sweater might surround your arm. When a nerve impulse arrives at the muscle cell, the impulse to contract spreads throughout the skeletal muscle cell and causes channels in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open. This causes the Ca ++ to rush out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum down its concentration gradient.
Ca ++ attaches to a protein called tropomyosin that covers the attachment site on the actin myofilaments. This causes the tropomyosin to uncover the attachment site which permits the myosin head to bind to the attachment site and begin the cycle described above. As long as the Ca ++ concentration remains high cycling, or contraction, continues.
Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Contraction of a skeletal muscle as a whole depends upon the contraction of individual skeletal muscle cells. An individual skeletal muscle cell will either contract or not contract if it is stimulated. This is referred to as the “all or none” response. However, because each muscle consists of a number of individual muscle cells, the contraction of whole muscles can vary.
The different degree of contraction that can occur in a whole muscle results in graded responses to different degrees of stimuli. Graded responses are achieved in two ways:
1) Changing the frequency of stimulation;
2) Changing the number of muscle cells stimulated to contract.
Tetanus
C ontractions of skeletal muscles result from the impulses delivered to them by nerves. The impulses normally are normally delivered at a high frequency and results in the phenomenon called tetanus.
If only a single impulse or stimulus is delivered to a muscle a contraction occurs and is quickly followed by relaxation of the muscle. This is called a muscle twitch. If many impulses or stimuli are delivered to the muscle the muscle contracts but does not have time to relax before it contracts again. This is called tetanus. If the frequency of stimulation permits the muscle to relax to an even slight degree between contractions, the tetanus is unfused or incomplete. If the frequency is so high that relaxation does not occur during contraction, the tetanus is fused or complete ( see Fig. 6.9).
Our ability to produce smooth and sustained movements when we use our muscles in the result of tetanus. |
msmarco_passage_00_841637304 | » What is the Average Cost of Dental Implants? | » What is the Average Cost of Dental Implants?
← One Day Dental Implants: Fact or Fiction?
What is a Dental Post? →
What is the Average Cost of Dental Implants?
Determining the average cost of dental implants
Dental Implants are a strong, long-lasting solution for replacing missing teeth. But the average cost of dental implants is determined by many factors, including:
The expertise of the practitioner performing the implant
Materials used
Preparation procedures, such as tooth extraction or bone grafting,
Number of implants needed
Laboratory costs
Type of implant: for example, an implant to replace a single tooth or an implant to hold a bridge or denture
What is the cost of dental implants?
The price of dental implants varies with materials and procedures, so it’s difficult to give an exact cost unless a consultation and assessment is done first. Consequently, the best way to determine the actual cost of your dental implant, is to contact us for a FREE consultation.
The average cost of dental implants in the US is about $4,250 per implant. This will fluctuate, however, depending on where you live and who you go to.
The implant post costs between $1,000 to $3,000. The implant holds an abutment, which goes into the implant and rises above the gum to hold the crown, which is the new tooth. An abutment and crown cost between $500 to $3,000.
Additional procedures can also add to the cost. These can include:
X-rays
CT Scan
Tooth extraction
Bone graft
Surgical guides
Barrier membranes
Dental implants can also be used to support bridges and dentures. The average cost of a complete set of dentures, supported by dental implants, is about $34,000.
For more information about the procedures used to put dental implants in place, check out our blog posts on Dental Implants 101 and All-on-4 Dental Implants.
Paying for dental implants
Dental implants have a high success rate. Additionally, with proper care, they can last a lifetime, so they’re a great investment. In short, they might be the most successful treatment we do in dentistry.
An increasing number of insurance companies are beginning to recognize the long-term benefits of dental implants and will provide some coverage toward their cost. So, it’s worth asking if your insurance company to provide the cost they would pay for dentures or a bridge to be put toward dental implants.
We also work with Care Credit, a company that offers low, monthly payment plans for healthcare procedures that are not commonly covered by insurance, like dental implants.
I am happy to recommend Dr. Stone. He is the best dentist of many I have endured. He is honest, wise, charming, his advice is always thoughtful and right. My implants are wonderful!”
-Marion G. Wells, August 10, 2014
Artistry and Expertise
Proper placement and esthetics are vital to the success of Dental Implants. Dr. Stone is a Prosthodontist, which means he has advanced training in tooth restoration. He teaches Dental Implant Techniques to dentists at two colleges in south Florida. We have an Onsite Laboratory, which assures excellent quality and cost effective care. Start with a Free Consultation, and we’ll help you with every step along the way to your perfect smile.
References:
Complete Dental Implant Cost Guidehttp://www.dentalimplantcostguide.com Dental Implantshttp://www.aaid-implant.org/faq/ FAQ’S http://www.dentalimplantcenter.com/faqs.php#q1
← One Day Dental Implants: Fact or Fiction?
What is a Dental Post? →
Comments are closed. |
msmarco_passage_00_85212805 | Airfield Models - How To Calculate the Wing Area for Constant Chord, Tapered and Delta Wings | Airfield Models - How To Calculate the Wing Area for Constant Chord, Tapered and Delta Wings
Calculating the Wing Area for Constant Chord, Tapered and Delta Wings
In order to determine the wing loading, you must know the wing area . Wing area for model aircraft is always given in square inches (in 2) with the exception of European kits that give area in metric units such as square centimeters or square decimeters.
Why Wing Area is Important
Taken on its own, wing area is not important. However, the wing area must be calculated to determine wing loading which is very important.
Calculating Wing Area of Multi-Wing Aircraft
C alculate the wing area for each wing individually. Add these areas together to find the total wing area.
Notes
If you are building from a kit or a plan then the wing area should be somewhere on the plan, in the instructions or on the kit box.
When calculating the wing or stabilizer area, the area that crosses the fuselage is included even if that area does not provide lift.
Calculating the Wing Area for Constant Chord Wings
The area of a simple rectangular, constant chord wing is found by multiplying the width x the height . In aircraft terms that is:
Wing Area = Wing Span x Wing Chord
Calculating the Wing Area for Tapered Wings
To find the area of a tapered wing, use the formula for a Trapezoid . Find the average chord and multiply it times the wing span:
Average Chord = ( Root Chord + Tip Chord ) ÷ 2
Wing Area = Wing Span x Average Chord
Note: It does not matter if a wing sweeps or not. The formula for a tapered wing is used with no regard for the sweep.
If the wing has multiple tapers then calculate each trapezoidal area and add them together.
Calculating the Wing Area for Delta Wings
If a Delta Wing has a Tip Chord greater than 0 inches, then use the formula for a tapered wing as above.
Delta Wing having a Tip Chord greater than 0"
If the Tip Chord is 0" then use the formula for a triangle:
Wing Area = 1/2 x Wing Span x Root Chord
Delta Wing having a Tip Chord of 0"
Previous —
Next —
Calculating the Dihedral of a Wing
Calculating Wing Area of Elliptical Wings
Comments about this article
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Copyright © 2003 Paul K. Johnson
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msmarco_passage_00_857835741 | Total solar eclipses in the USA | Earth | EarthSky | Total solar eclipses in the USA | Earth | EarthSky
Earth Science Wire Space
Total solar eclipses in the USA
Posted by
Fred Espenak
March 7, 2016
Eleven images capture various phases of the 2001 total eclipse from start to finish. Image courtesy of MrEclipse.com,
With interest rapidly building for the upcoming total solar eclipse in the USA on August 21, 2017, I became curious about the rarity of total eclipses in America. The very first total eclipse I witnessed was on March 7, 1970. The path of totality crossed the southeastern USA and included portions of Florida, Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia and Nantucket.
Another total eclipse was visible in the USA from the Pacific Northwest (Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana and North Dakota) on February 26, 1979. Although a total eclipse was seen on the Big Island of Hawaii on July 11, 1991, no other total eclipse is visible from the lower 48 states of the USA between 1979 and 2017 – a lapse of over 38 years!
August 21, 2017: Total eclipse of the sun
View larger. | Map 1 shows the path of all total (blue) and annular (yellow) eclipses through the continental USA from 1951 through 2000. Image courtesy of Astropixels.com
Map 1 shows the path of all total (and annular) eclipses through the continental USA during the last 50 years of the 20th century. Besides the 1970 and 1979 eclipses, the only other USA total eclipses during this period were on July 20, 1963 (Alaska and Maine) and June 30, 1954 (Nebraska, South Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota and Michigan).
Map 2 shows all total (and annular) eclipses through the continental USA during the first 50 years of the 21st century. Looking beyond 2017, the next total eclipse through the USA is on April 8, 2024 and crosses 13 states (Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine). The total eclipse of August 23, 2044 crosses Montana and North Dakota. It is followed one year later by the total eclipse of August 12, 2045 which also crosses 13 states (California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida). Although a total eclipse occurs on March 30, 2033 it is only visible from northern Alaska.
View larger. | Map 2 shows the path of all total (blue) and annular (yellow) eclipses through the continental USA from 2001 through 2050. Image courtesy of Astropixels.com
If we only count total eclipses visible from the lower 48 states, we have 4 eclipses from 1951 to 2000, and 4 more from 2001 to 2050. Put another way, there are 8 chances to view a total eclipse from the USA in the period spanning just over a single lifetime. And that’s not even considering the fact that cloudy weather will likely hide half of them from view! Rare events indeed! And one more argument not to miss the Great American Total Eclipse of 2017.
But what if we look many centuries into the future? Does every one of the lower 48 states get a total eclipse in the next 1000 years? Map 3 shows the result of plotting the path of every total eclipse from 2001 through 3000. The country is almost completely covered by eclipse paths. Nevertheless, there are few unlucky locations that do not get a total eclipse over the next 1,000 years. Two examples include western Texas and southern New Mexico. Fear not because they will all eventually fall within the Moon’s shadow sometime. You just have to wait long enough.
View larger. | Map 3 shows the path of all total eclipses through the continental USA for the next 1000 years (from 2001 through 3000). Image courtesy of Astropixels.com
There is something compelling about the pattern of eclipse tracks crossing familiar places many hundreds of years in the past and future. It was this fascination that inspired me to publish a new book Atlas of Central Solar Eclipses in the USA.
Enjoying EarthSky? Sign up for our free daily newsletter today!
Posted
March 7, 2016
in
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Fred Espenak
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About the Author:
Fred Espenak is a scientist emeritus at Goddard Space Flight Center. For decades, he has been NASA's expert on eclipses, and some of you may know him as Mr. Eclipse. Fred maintains NASA's official eclipse web site (eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov) as well as his personal web site on eclipse photography (mreclipse.com). Now retired and living in rural Arizona, Fred spends most clear nights losing sleep and photographing the stars (astropixels.com). His latest website is devoted to helping you enjoy eclipses (www.eclipsewise.com). He is an EarthSky content partner.
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msmarco_passage_00_867909330 | Economics | What is economics? | Economics Online | Economics Online | Economics | What is economics? | Economics Online | Economics Online
What is economics
What is economics
The nature of economics
The nature of economics
Economics is the scientific study of the ownership, use, and exchange of scarce resources – often shortened to the science of scarcity. Economics is regarded as a social science because it uses scientific methods to build theories that can help explain the behaviour of individuals, groups and organisations. Economics attempts to explain economic behaviour, which arises when scarce resources are exchanged.
In terms of methodology, economists, like other social scientists, are not able to undertake controlled experiments in the way that chemists and biologists are. Hence, economists have to employ different methods, based primarily on observation and deduction and the construction of abstract models.
As the social sciences have evolved over the last 100 years, they have become increasingly specialised. This is true for economics, as witnessed by the development of many different strands of investigation including micro and macro economics, pure and applied economics, and industrial and financial economics. What links them all is the attempt to understand how and why exchange takes place, and how exchange creates benefits and costs for the participants.
The study of economics
The study of economics involves three related investigations.
Why scarce resources are exchanged?
How consumers and producers behave as they interact with each other in markets, in their attempt to achieve mutually beneficial exchange?
The role of government in compensating for the limitations of markets in achieving mutually beneficial exchange?
The methods used by economists
Economists use scientific observation and deduction in their investigations. To achieve this they:
Describe and measure the exchanges they observe
Economists describe changes in economic variables, and measure these changes over time. For example, economists describe and measure how interaction in markets determines the prices of such diverse products as motor cars, houses, haircuts, and computer software. Measurement in economics can take many forms, including measuring absolute and relative quantities and values. When measuring relative values it is common to use index numbers.
Explain how interactions arise and create costs and benefits
Economists try to explain the effects, or results, of economic transactions. For example, economists can explain why, despite bubbles and crashes, the long-run trend in house prices in the UK has been upwards over the last 30 years, and can identify those who have been affected positively and negatively by this increase. Of course, economists also try to explain the short-term movements in prices, and how they also have costs and benefits.
Propose hypotheses, construct, and apply ‘models’ to test these hypotheses.
Like all scientists, economists develop hypotheses to explain why economic behaviour takes place, and then construct models to test these hypotheses. For example, economists may propose that price rises are caused by excess demand, and then attempt to construct a model of price that explains how excess demand can raise price. Economists frequently use versions of the demand and supply model to help explain events such as house price trends and movements. Economic models usually employ graphical and mathematical analysis to help explain and illustrate such economic processes.
Gather data to put into the model
Models must be tested against the real world, which means gathering statistical data about real events. In this way, a model can be improved and revised when necessary.
Predict behaviour based on these models.
The ultimate goal of the economist is to predict future behaviour. For example, by using a demand and supply model and by inputting real data about the housing market, economists can show that even a small fall in bank lending can trigger behaviour that leads to a significant fall in house prices in the short run. The ultimate value of an economic model is that it can accurately predict the onset and the effect of an economic event. The better the model is, the more useful it is in helping economists make predictions.
Economists assume that economic events and phenomena do not occur at random, but are determined by underlying and understandable causes. Unlike the pure scientist, economists cannot undertake controlled experiments, so they must test their models in different ways. Statistical analysis of actual economic data can provide a flow of information from which to build models and test hypotheses. For example, by gathering data about changes in house prices it is possible to deduce factors that cause house prices to go up or down, and by how much. Economists use index numbers to help make comparisons between countries and over time.
Correlation analysis can help determine the strength of particular causal relationships so that strong and weak relationships can be identified. For example, it might be possible to demonstrate that, of all the factors that have contributed to falling house prices, the reduced availability of credit is the single biggest factor.
The role of the professional economist
Professional economists apply their skills of description, analysis, model building, and prediction to generate knowledge and, from this, provide advice to private firms, to governments and other organisations.
Providing knowledge
The first function of the economist is to provide information, called economic intelligence, from which decisions can be made. For firms to survive and succeed, they need to take many decisions, but each decision carries with it a risk. The professional economist can help reduce such risks by gathering and analysing economic intelligence. This economic intelligence is only useful when it can be put into an economic model, and then applied to the decisions that need to be taken.
The second function of the professional economist is to interpret the data that has been gathered and provide informed advice to firms, organisations, and governments about the likely costs and benefits of the decisions they make.
In providing advice, the economist will always make an assessment of the other options that could have been chosen. For example, a large petrol refiner and retailer may be faced with a significant rise in the costs of crude oil – should it now raise price? After having made an assessment of all the pricing options, and having taken account of the likely response of rivals, the firm’s chief economist may advise it to hold price constant – perhaps the least ‘common sense’ answer.
To find out why, see: oligopoly
Positive and normative economics
As a social science, economics attempts to use the principles and methods of science to explain economic behaviour. This involves making positive statements about the economic world.
Positive statements are those that can be verified, and are factual, such as:
‘.. House prices have fallen by 15% over the last year…’
In contrast, normative statements are based on opinion and value judgement. Statements suggesting that something ‘ought to’ happen, or that something is ‘unfair’, are normative because they are matters of opinion.
For example, ‘..the recent fall in house prices is unfair to the rich..’.
This statement cannot be tested because it not based on anything testable. If there is an agreed definition of fairness, and it can be measured, then it might be possible to test the effect of the change in house prices on the degree of fairness experienced by a certain identifiable group of people defined as rich . Therefore, this statement is normative, impossible to verify, and based on opinion rather than fact.
The ceteris paribus rule
Economics is a social science, and, unlike the physical sciences, cannot engage in controlled experimentation to demonstrate how variables are connected.
In the real world, economic variables such as price and income, are constantly changing, and this creates a problem in demonstrating the relationship between variables. For example, a fall in price is likely to lead to a rise in consumer demand if we assume nothing else changes.
Of course, for independent reasons, income could also fall while demand does not rise. The fall in price could have been counteracted by a fall in income. The ceteris paribus rule, that all other things remain the same, is used whenever attempting to demonstrate the link between economic variables. Without this assumption, positive economics is impossible.
The evolving role of the economist
Over time the role of the professional economist has broadened. In recent years much interest has been shown in the interconnections between economics and psychology, and there has been a considerable increase in the popularity of behavioural economics. This is both in terms of the number of Universities offering courses in behavioural economics, and in terms of how public policy makers have turned to this branch of economics, especially in the wake of the financial crisis. While it has its critics, behavioural economics has captured the imagination of a new breed of economists looking for answers in an increasingly uncertain and unpredictable world, and to what generally appear to be the failings of some traditional ‘micro’ economic theory. In terms of ‘macro’ economic theory, events can challenge existing assumptions and lead to a requirement to modify existing models, or completely replace them. For example, the financial crash of a 20 years ago led to a thorough re-thinking of the nature of financial risk, and to the establishment of better ways to understand why banking systems can fail, as well as develop more effective ways to regulate them. Similarly, the emergence of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, have forced economists to reassess the nature of money in a globalised world. Trading relationships between countries, and theories to explain them, have also been put under the spotlight as a result of Brexit.
See also:
Exchange
The economic problem
Production possibility frontiers
Index numbers
Business Economics
Thomas Elly 2020-11-03T18:08:31-05:00
Explaining The K-Shaped Economic Recovery from Covid-19
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Global Affairs
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msmarco_passage_00_867918593 | Buffer stock - definition | Economics Online | Economics Online | Buffer stock - definition | Economics Online | Economics Online
What are buffer stocks?
Buffer_stock
Buffer stock
A buffer stock is a system or scheme which buys and stores stocks at times of good harvests to prevent prices falling below a target range (or price level), and releases stocks during bad harvests to prevent prices rising above a target range (or price level).
More on unstable prices
Business Economics
Thomas Elly 2020-11-03T18:08:31-05:00
Explaining The K-Shaped Economic Recovery from Covid-19
Explaining The K-Shaped Economic Recovery from Covid-19 A K-shaped recovery exists post-recession where various segments of the economy recover at their own rates or levels, as opposed to a uniform recovery where each industry takes the same ...
Thomas Elly 2020-10-13T10:36:11-04:00
Does Public Choice Theory Affect Economic Output?
Does Public Choice Theory Affect Economic Output? Both on paper and in real life, there is a solid relationship between economics, public choice, and politics. The economy is one of the major political arenas after all. ...
Thomas Elly 2020-10-13T10:22:10-04:00
Largest Retail Bankruptcies Caused By 2020 Pandemic
Largest Retail Bankruptcies Caused By 2020 Pandemic As we know at this point, the COVID-19 pandemic has thrown major companies in the US and the world over into complete havoc. Many have filed for bankruptcy, with an ...
Thomas Elly 2020-10-13T10:35:36-04:00
Identifying Speculative Bubbles and Its Effect on Markets
Identifying Speculative Bubbles and Its Effect on Markets Speculation plays an interesting role in economics and one that drastically affects markets. If you ever see "speculation" in this context, be sure to pay attention. It is ...
Thomas Elly 2020-10-28T16:55:36-04:00
Explaining The Disconnect Between The Economy and The Stock Market
Explaining The Disconnect Between The Economy and The Stock Market Starting with the end of the 2009 recession, the U.S. economy grew 120 straight months, the longest stretch in history. During that time, the S&P ...
Thomas Elly 2020-09-11T13:24:38-04:00
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Consumer Confidence Compared to Q2 Job Growth Since WWII, nothing has caught global attention and heightened economic fears quite like Covid-19. Many economies are at the brink of collapse, as companies struggle to stay afloat. World governments ...
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Thomas Elly 2020-10-07T10:31:38-04:00
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msmarco_passage_00_86792146 | Large File Upload in IIS
Configure IIS to handle really large file uploads
Download Now
Large File Upload in IIS
By default, IIS web server allows for limited file size to be uploaded to the web server. For IIS 6 and IIS 7, the default maximum file upload size is 4 MB and 28.6 MB respectively. IIS 7 returns a 404 error (HTTP Error 404.13 - CONTENT_LENGTH_TOO_LARGE) if someone uploads something larger than 30MB. In order to allow for larger file size uploads, a few server changes are required.
Configure IIS to handle really large file uploads
You have 3 available options to increase the file upload limit:
1.
Modify the maxAllowedContentLength setting in the web.config
You can increase the maximum file size by modify the maxAllowedContentLength setting in the web.config file:
<system.webServer>
<security>
<requestFiltering>
<requestLimits maxAllowedContentLength="2147483648" />
</requestFiltering>
</security>
</system.webServer>
With the above maxAllowedContentLength, users can upload files that are 2 GB in size. This setting will work right away without restart IIS services.
2.
Edit the request filtering feature settings and the request limits using IIS manager.
To allow Ajax Uploader to handle upload requests, you need to add its HttpModule to your application.
Open IIS Manager.
Select the website that you want to configure.
Make sure you are in Features View per the button at the bottom of the manager.
Select Requests Filtering and open it by double-clicking the icon. The Request Filtering pane displays.
From the Actions pane on the right hand side of the screen click Edit Feature Settings... link. The Edit Request Filtering Settings window displays.
In the Request Limits section, enter the appropriate Maximum allowed content length (Bytes) and then click the OK button.
Restart IIS.
3.
Manually edit the ApplicationHost.config file
Click Start. In the Start Search box, type Notepad. Right-click Notepad , and then click Run as administrator.
On the File menu, click Open. In the File name box, type %windir%\system32\inetsrv\config\applicationhost.config , and then click Open .
In the ApplicationHost.config file, locate the <requestLimits> node.
Remove the maxAllowedContentLength property. Or, add a value that matches the size of the Content-Length header that the client sends as part of the request. By default, the value of the maxAllowedContentLength property is 30000000.
For example, modify the following configuration data inside the <requestFiltering> section.
<requestLimits maxAllowedContentLength ="<length>" />
Save the ApplicationHost.config file.
Debug Large File Upload
If you have successfully modified the requestLimits attribute, maxAllowedContentLength, but still cannot upload large files (over 30mb), please check the IIS Large File Upload Debugging Guidelines . |
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msmarco_passage_00_8710909 | 11:41 AM Crown Point | 11:41 AM Crown Point
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Offset to GMT/UTC
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Current time zone offset:
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Time zone abbreviation:
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msmarco_passage_00_88071554 | How much protein do parenteral amino acid mixtures provide? | The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Oxford Academic | How much protein do parenteral amino acid mixtures provide? | The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Oxford Academic
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How much protein do parenteral amino acid mixtures provide?
L John Hoffer
L John Hoffer
1 From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.
3 Address correspondence to LJ Hoffer, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2. E-mail: l.hoffer@mcgill.ca .
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The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 94, Issue 6, December 2011, Pages 1396–1398, https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.023390
Published:
19 October 2011
Article history
Received:
13 July 2011
Accepted:
13 September 2011
Published:
19 October 2011
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L John Hoffer, How much protein do parenteral amino acid mixtures provide?, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 94, Issue 6, December 2011, Pages 1396–1398, https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.023390
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ABSTRACT
It is commonly assumed that the weight of the amino acids in a parenteral amino acid mixture equals the amount of protein they provide. This assumption ignores the fact that the molecular weight of free amino acids is 18 mass units greater than when they are protein bound. The actual amount of protein substrate provided by commonly used free amino acid mixtures was determined by analyzing the amino acid composition of 3 commonly used parenteral amino acid solutions and the proteins that would be formed from them, and comparing the results with similar data from 3 nutritionally important proteins. After correction for hydration status, the ratio of essential amino acid mass to total mass of the amino acid mixtures was similar to albumin, myosin, and actin. However, all of the amino acid mixtures provided 17% less protein and energy than is now widely assumed. Current parenteral nutrition guidelines recommend 0.8–1.5 g mixed amino acids/kg normal weight per day, on the assumption that they are equivalent to formed proteins, but they are not equivalent. Clinicians who aim to provide 0.8–1.5 g protein/kg must administer 1.0–1.8 g mixed amino acids/kg.
Topic:
actins
albumins
amino acids
myosins
parenteral nutrition
amino acids, essential
gtp-binding proteins
molecular mass
Issue Section:
Commentary
INTRODUCTION
It is generally assumed that the protein requirements of people who receive parenteral nutrition are the same as when they are nourished by the enteral route ( 1 – 5 ). Thus, the recommendation for metabolically stable, parenterally nourished people is 0.8 g mixed free amino acids/kg per day, in agreement with the dietary protein recommendation for normal adults ( 1, 3 ). A common recommendation for people with critical illness is 1.2–1.5 g protein/kg normal body weight per day, either in the form of dietary protein or as mixed free amino acids administered either parenterally or by the enteral route ( 5, 6 ).
However, the widespread assumption that the weight of a mixture of free amino acids equals the amount of protein they provide ignores the fact that a molecule of water is released when a peptide bond is formed, with the consequence that the molecular weight of a peptide-bound amino acid is 18 mass units less than its formal molecular weight. In effect, the hydration status of free amino acids dilutes the protein substrate they provide by a fraction that depends on the molecular weight of each amino acid. Once this simple biochemical fact is appreciated, it is obvious that 100 g of a mixture of free amino acids (provided either orally or by intravenous infusion) contains <100 g protein substrate. But how much less?
To determine the amount of actual protein substrate provided by nutritional amino acid mixtures, the amino acid composition of 3 commonly used parenteral amino acid products, and the proteins that would be formed from them, were analyzed and compared with similar data from 3 nutritionally important proteins: albumin, myosin, and actin.
METHODS
The amino acid compositions of 3 parenteral amino acid products [Aminosyn 15% (Hospira), Aminoven 15% (Frenius Kabi), and Clinisol 15% (Baxter)] were obtained from package inserts. The molecular weight and detailed compositions of the hypothetical protein they would form were calculated, taking into account the loss of water, acetate (for lysine acetate), or an N -acetyl group (for N -acetyltyrosine) that occurs when these amino acids are incorporated into protein. For example, the molecular weight of free leucine is 131, whereas its protein-bound molecular weight is 113; the molecular weight of lysine acetate is 206, whereas its protein-bound molecular weight is 128. The mass of one molecule of water was added to the mass of the hypothetical protein to account for partial hydration of its C- and N-terminal amino acids.
The amino acid sequences of 3 nutritionally important proteins, albumin ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/AAA98797.1 ), myosin ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/CAA86293 ), and skeletal muscle actin ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_001091.1 ), were accessed. Detailed information on their composition was obtained by entering the data into ProtParam, a computer program available on the Expasy website ( http://web.expasy.org/protparam/ ).
Finally, the hand-calculated analysis of the 3 amino acid mixtures was verified by entering the identification letter and number of molecules of each amino acid present in 200 mL of each product into ProtParam. ProtParam used this information to create a virtual protein and generate detailed information about its composition. (The minor contribution of taurine, a non-protein-bound amino acid in Aminoven, was ignored.) Except for trivial numerical differences, which were attributable to rounding errors, the conclusions of the hand and computer calculations were identical.
RESULTS
Several similarities among and differences between the 3 amino acid mixtures and albumin, myosin, and actin are shown in Table 1. The obvious and important difference is that the amino acid solutions provide 17% less protein substrate than does the sum of their constituent amino acids. Thus, a 15% amino acid mixture, which contains 15 g amino acids per 100 mL, actually provides only 12.5 g protein substrate per 100 mL.
TABLE 1
AA composition of parenteral AA mixtures and proteins 1
Variable
Aminosyn 15% (100 mL)
Aminoven 15% (100 mL)
Clinisol 15% (100 mL)
Albumin
Myosin
Actin
Total molecular weight (mass units)
Product
15,077
15,296
14,960
Protein 2
12,479
12,346
12,462
69,367
222,870
42,051
Number of AAs in 15 g
Product
117
131
121
Protein 2
141
162
145
132
131
135
Average molecular weight
Product
129
118
124
Protein 2
107
94
103
114
115
112
N mass/total mass (g/g) 3
Product
0.147
0.167
0.154
Protein 2
0.178
0.206
0.185
0.166
0.172
0.165
Essential N/protein (g/g) 4
0.069
0.066
0.079
0.072
0.071
0.069
Percentage of EAAs (mol/mol) 5
42.2
31.9
42.6
43.5
43.3
43.9
Percentage of arginine (mol/mol)
7.7
8.8
7.0
4.4
5.2
4.8
Variable
Aminosyn 15% (100 mL)
Aminoven 15% (100 mL)
Clinisol 15% (100 mL)
Albumin
Myosin
Actin
Total molecular weight (mass units)
Product
15,077
15,296
14,960
Protein 2
12,479
12,346
12,462
69,367
222,870
42,051
Number of AAs in 15 g
Product
117
131
121
Protein 2
141
162
145
132
131
135
Average molecular weight
Product
129
118
124
Protein 2
107
94
103
114
115
112
N mass/total mass (g/g) 3
Product
0.147
0.167
0.154
Protein 2
0.178
0.206
0.185
0.166
0.172
0.165
Essential N/protein (g/g) 4
0.069
0.066
0.079
0.072
0.071
0.069
Percentage of EAAs (mol/mol) 5
42.2
31.9
42.6
43.5
43.3
43.9
Percentage of arginine (mol/mol)
7.7
8.8
7.0
4.4
5.2
4.8
1
AA, amino acid; EAAs, essential amino acids; N, nitrogen.
2
Refers to the protein that would be formed from the AAs in 100 mL of the mixture.
3
N mass/total mass of the AAs in the product or protein.
4
N mass of the 9 EAAs/total protein mass.
5
Percentage of all AAs that are essential.
Open in new tab
TABLE 1
AA composition of parenteral AA mixtures and proteins 1
Variable
Aminosyn 15% (100 mL)
Aminoven 15% (100 mL)
Clinisol 15% (100 mL)
Albumin
Myosin
Actin
Total molecular weight (mass units)
Product
15,077
15,296
14,960
Protein 2
12,479
12,346
12,462
69,367
222,870
42,051
Number of AAs in 15 g
Product
117
131
121
Protein 2
141
162
145
132
131
135
Average molecular weight
Product
129
118
124
Protein 2
107
94
103
114
115
112
N mass/total mass (g/g) 3
Product
0.147
0.167
0.154
Protein 2
0.178
0.206
0.185
0.166
0.172
0.165
Essential N/protein (g/g) 4
0.069
0.066
0.079
0.072
0.071
0.069
Percentage of EAAs (mol/mol) 5
42.2
31.9
42.6
43.5
43.3
43.9
Percentage of arginine (mol/mol)
7.7
8.8
7.0
4.4
5.2
4.8
Variable
Aminosyn 15% (100 mL)
Aminoven 15% (100 mL)
Clinisol 15% (100 mL)
Albumin
Myosin
Actin
Total molecular weight (mass units)
Product
15,077
15,296
14,960
Protein 2
12,479
12,346
12,462
69,367
222,870
42,051
Number of AAs in 15 g
Product
117
131
121
Protein 2
141
162
145
132
131
135
Average molecular weight
Product
129
118
124
Protein 2
107
94
103
114
115
112
N mass/total mass (g/g) 3
Product
0.147
0.167
0.154
Protein 2
0.178
0.206
0.185
0.166
0.172
0.165
Essential N/protein (g/g) 4
0.069
0.066
0.079
0.072
0.071
0.069
Percentage of EAAs (mol/mol) 5
42.2
31.9
42.6
43.5
43.3
43.9
Percentage of arginine (mol/mol)
7.7
8.8
7.0
4.4
5.2
4.8
1
AA, amino acid; EAAs, essential amino acids; N, nitrogen.
2
Refers to the protein that would be formed from the AAs in 100 mL of the mixture.
3
N mass/total mass of the AAs in the product or protein.
4
N mass of the 9 EAAs/total protein mass.
5
Percentage of all AAs that are essential.
Open in new tab
When precisely calculated by using modern molecular data, N mass/total mass (g/g) for albumin (0.166), myosin (0.172), and actin (0.165) corresponded well to the measured values of 0.160–0.165 that have long been used to interconvert N and high-quality protein mass ( 7, 8 ). By contrast, after correction for hydration, N mass/total mass of all 3 amino acid mixtures was considerably higher than normal ( see Table 1 ). Moreover, the number of amino acids per gram of hydration-corrected amino acid mixture was greater, and the average molecular weight considerably less, than that found in albumin, myosin, and actin.
This higher density of amino acids and N in the hydration-corrected amino acid mixtures does not, however, imply that they provide a product that is somehow richer in protein value. As shown in Table 1, the density of essential amino acids in all 3 mixtures is similar to that in albumin, myosin, and actin. The higher amino acid and N density of the amino acid mixtures is simply an artifact arising from their higher proportion of low-molecular-weight nonessential amino acids and their higher proportion of the N-rich nonessential amino acid arginine.
DISCUSSION
It is currently taken for granted that the dose of amino acids in a parenteral amino acid mixture is equivalent to the amount of dietary protein one would provide if a patient could be fed by mouth. Clinical reviews of this topic commonly use the terms amino acids and protein interchangeably ( 3, 9 ). Concisely put, 100 g mixed amino acids are assumed to equal 100 g high-quality dietary protein. However, the protein substrate provided by mixed amino acids is diluted by the equivalent of a molecule of water that is present in each free amino acid, but absent when it is protein bound. Parenteral amino acid mixtures actually provide 17% less “protein” than is now widely assumed.
Although the issue has been debated ( 10 ), there is no doubt that infused amino acids provide metabolic energy equal to their rate of administration, because patients are seldom in significant positive N balance and therefore oxidize amino acids at a rate equal to or greater than their rate of administration. The present analysis indicates that the Atwater factor of 4 kcal/g, which was derived for protein, is 3.3 for parenteral amino acid products.
A similar conclusion applies to elemental enteral formulas. For example, product information for Vivonex Plus (Nestlé) indicates that it provides 45 g protein per 1000 mL formula. This product actually provides ∼37 g of protein substrate per 1000 mL.
Has this longstanding conceptual error led to the underprovision of amino acids to parenterally fed patients? It is impossible to know. Reliable information regarding either minimum or optimum parenteral amino acid provision is lacking ( 9 ). The protein requirements of parenterally fed people are not likely to be less than normal, however. Until studies indicating otherwise are published, any providers of parenteral nutrition who want to adhere to the principles that underlie current guidelines, which recommend 0.8–1.5 g protein/kg normal weight per day, ought to infuse 1.0–1.8 g free amino acids/kg per day. In short, 100 g parenteral amino acid mixture is equivalent to 83 g high-quality dietary protein.
The author did not declare any conflicts of interest.
FOOTNOTES
2
Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
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© 2011 American Society for Nutrition
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msmarco_passage_00_92591846 | Copper Lab - AP Chemistry Lab Reports | Copper Lab - AP Chemistry Lab Reports
Purpose
The purpose of this lab was to focus on the Law of Conservation of Mater and how the sources of error in a lab can alter the expected data.
Qualitative and Quantitative Data
Copper Quantitative Data
Initial Mass of Copper
Mass of Evaporating Dish
Mass of Evaporating Dish and Copper
Mass of Recovered Copper
2.004 g
50.165 g
57.01 g
6.845 g
Qualitative Data from Reactions
Reaction
Cu + HNO 3
Cu (NO 3) 2 + NaOH
Cu (OH) 2
CuO + H 2 SO 4
CuSO 4 + Zn
Zn + H 2 SO 4
Observations
Exothermic and produced nitrogen dioxide gas
Exothermic, precipitate formed, solution became thicker, and gas was produced.
Black Copper Oxide precipitate formed and water formed. Black precipitate is denser than water and sinks to the bottom of the beaker.
Copper Sulfate and water formed. Copper Sulfate is a blue precipitate, but since it is soluble in water, it dissolves and the mixture is turned a bright blue color.
Zinc sulfate is formed and is aqueous. Hydrogen gas is also formed and released. Solid copper is found on the bottom of the beaker.
Net Ionic Equations
1.
Cu (s) + HNO 3 (aq) NIE: Cu (s) + 4H + (aq) + 2NO 3- (aq)---> Cu 2+ (aq) +2NO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O (l)
2.
Cu (NO 3) 2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) NIE: Cu 2+ (s) + 2OH - (s) ---> Cu (OH) 2 O (s)
3.
Cu (OH) 2 (s) decomposes NIE: Cu (OH) 2 (s)---> CuO (s) + H 2 O (l)
4.
CuO (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) NIE: CuO (s) + 2H + (aq)---> Cu 2+ (aq) + H 2 O (l)
5.
CuSO 4 (aq) + Zn (s) NIE: Cu 2+ (aq) + Zn (s)---> Cu (s) + Zn 2+ (aq)
Cal culations:
Final Mass of Copper
Mass of evaporating dish and copper - mass of evaporating dish = mass of copper
57.01 g - 50.165 g = 6.845 g
Final Moles of Copper
Final mass of copper X (moles of copper)/ (molar mass of copper) = Final moles of copper
6.845 g Cu X ( 1 mole Cu) / ( 63.564 g Cu) = 0.1077 moles Cu
Initial Moles of Copper
Initial mass of copper X (moles of copper) / (molar mass of copper) = Initial moles of copper
2.004g Cu X ( 1 mole Cu)/ (63.564g Cu)= 0.0315 moles Cu
Percent Yield
Percent Yield = (moles of copper recovered) / (initial moles of copper) X 100
Percent Yield = 0.1077 moles Cu / 0.0315 moles Cu X 100 = 341.9 %
Conclusions
The initial mass of copper used in the experiment was 2.004 grams, and the initial moles of copper was 0.0315. Due to the Law of Conservation of Mass, one would predict that after any number of chemical reactions and phase changes, the final mass and number of moles of copper would remain the same as the initial amounts. After the lab was finished, the final mass of the copper was 6.845 g, and the final moles was 0.1077. Clearly these values are not the same as hypothesized, due to a variety of sources of error throughout the lab. The percent yield of copper calculated was 341.9%.
Discussion of Theory
The main chemical concept that this lab involves is the Law of Conservation of Mass. This states that in a chemical reaction, matter can neither be created or destroyed, or more simply, the mass of the products must equal the mass of the reactants. In this lab, we tested this by putting copper through five different reactions and many phase changes. We started our experiment with 2.004 g of solid copper, and based on the Law of Conservation of Mass, once this copper is returned to its original state, it will have the same mass. In our lab, this was not the case, and we ended up with approximately three and one half times the amount of copper we started with, According to the law previously stated, this is impossible. So how did this happen? After going back and analyzing the reactions in the lab, we concluded that he majority of the sources of error in the lab would cause a loss of copper and a decrease in the final mass. So then how could the final mass possibly be larger than the initial mass? After more thought, we came to the conclusion that the final amount of copper that was weighed to calculate the final mass contains impurities introduced by the reactions in the lab, and these impurities altered the mass of the final product. In the final reaction, solid zinc was added to aqueous copper sulfate. If there was any solid zinc that did not react with the copper sulfate and was left over with the copper precipitate, zinc particles may have significantly changed the mass of the final product. As a result, the Law of Conservation of Mass was still held true, and the same amount of copper that was used initially was also found in the final product of the reaction.
Sources of Error
According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, the mass of the products must equal the mass of the reactants, so logically one would expect that if 2 g of copper was used to start the lab, the lab would result in 2 g of copper. Unfortunately, that was not the case in this lab, and the final mass of copper exceeded the initial mass by 4.841g. There were many different sources of error throughout this lab, and I believe that this was the reason for such a significant difference between the initial and final masses and moles of copper that were calculated. The first step of the lab was to measure 2 g of copper and place it in a beaker. Error may have occurred at this step if the balance that was used to weight the copper was not calibrated correctly, or if the amount of copper weighed was not exactly the 2 g required. Even a small deviation, such as that of 0.004g in my group, can influence the final results. There were many possibly sources of error in the lab that could have been due to incorrect measurement from systemic or random error. Throughout the entirety of the lab, there were many steps that presented possible sources of error such as adding too much or too little of a compound to the copper solution, or the loss of copper during transport or by being left on the stirring rod. Another situation which was a source of error was during step 5 when the copper solution and water was heated so that the contents of the beaker would boil. The error in this step was caused by the variable heating of the solution to prevent bubbling of the solution. The length of heating was another source of error because the mixture may have needed to be heated less or more than the 5 minutes stated in the direction to get to complete the step. During step 5, stirring of the mixture was required, so another source of error was that copper from the beaker may have been left on the stirring rod. During the next step, error may have occurred if there was copper precipitate left on the side of the beaker instead of washed with water. Decanting also proposed a source of error because copper may have been accidentally lost, or not enough water may have been decanted from the beaker. When the final mass of copper was weighed, the balance may have not been calibrated correctly, and the copper in the evaporating dish may have contained impurities, such as un-reacted zinc, that changed the mass that was measured. All in all, there was an abundance of sources of error in this lab.
Analysis Questions
1. The reaction between copper and nitric acid is an exothermic reaction. The function of using the ice bath in this step is to control the temperature of the reaction, because the reaction may become too violent if nothing is used to cool it down. Ice water is used as an absorber for the heat released in this reaction.
2. A double replacement reaction took place in step 4 between the copper nitrate and sodium hydroxide. The reaction that occurred in step 7 was a dehydration reaction. The reaction that occurred in step 9 was a single replacement reaction.
3. The reaction between the excess zinc and sulfuric acid in step 9 is essential to ensure that there is so un-reacted solid zinc mixed in with the copper, and that any excess zinc is reacted to form zinc sulfate than is aqueous and can be poured out with water. If this was an incomplete reaction, there would be leftover solid zinc that would be weighed with the copper precipitate, and the zinc would increase the measured final mass of the copper and cause a significant difference between the initial and final masses of the copper. The reaction between zinc and sulfuric acid is as follows: Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ---> ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
4. When the CuO was washed, the excess hydroxide ions that could have remained from the previous reaction were removed.
5. After sulfuric acid was added to the beaker, copper was found as copper ions with a 2+ charge instead of the previous copper (ii) oxide form.
6. In the final step of the lab when the copper precipitate was washed, zinc ions were removed. The previous reaction that took place involved aqueous copper (ii) sulfate and solid zinc. The products of the reaction were solid copper and aqueous zinc sulfate. After finding the net ionic equation of the reaction, one determined that the products of the reaction were solid copper and aqueous zinc ions. After this knowledge was obtained, one can conclude that the zinc ions were washed out with the water during the final step. |
msmarco_passage_00_95802721 | Juan Ponce de Leon | All About Explorers | Juan Ponce de Leon | All About Explorers
Juan Ponce de Leon
Juan Ponce de Leon
Juan Ponce de Leon was born on December 3, 1460 in Sines, Germany. He became interested in sailing through his cousin, Christopher Columbus, and also was close friends with his neighbor, Vasco Da Gama, so it was no surprise that he became a world-famous explorer. In 1493 he accompanied Columbus on his second expedition to the Americas. Due to a disagreement between Ponce de Leon and his cousin, he did not return home but remained in Santo Domingo, which is now known as the Dominican Republic. While there, he contracted a rare disease which caused the loss of his right hand. As a result, de Leon had to learn to type all over again with just his left hand.
A rumor had been spreading about gold, so Ponce de Leon set off in search of gold. He sailed in search of these riches to the island of Borinquen, which is now called Puerto Rico. He fought to conquer this island and claim it for Spain. He became Poet Laureate and Official Typist of Puerto Rico.
In 1513 he was hired by Revlon, a cosmetic company, to search for the Fountain of Youth (a body of water that would enable you to look young forever). Along with three ships and many men he set off to discover this fountain. On April 2, 1513 they arrived at St. Augustine, Florida and claimed this land for Spain. Unfortunately, he did not find the Fountain of Youth.
The Voyages of Juan Ponce de Leon (Click to enlarge)
On his next voyage, quite by accident, Ponce de Leon discovered the Gulf Stream, which flows out of the Gulf of Mexico. This stream would become extremely important to sailors due to its strong current. De Leon returned to Puerto Rico.
In 1521 Ponce de Leon decided to return to Florida to build a colony there. It was not easy going. The Native Americans did not welcome him and many fierce battles ensued. An arrow struck de Leon. This wound made him very ill and at last he died. He was buried in Havana Cuba in 1559.
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msmarco_passage_00_97544446 | Family Handyman Contact Number | Family Handyman Customer Service Number | Family Handyman Toll Free Number | Family Handyman Contact Number | Family Handyman Customer Service Number | Family Handyman Toll Free Number
Family Handyman Customer Service Phone Number
Phone Number of Family Handyman is +1 800-285-4961 / 800-374-3515 .
Family Handyman is a home-improvement magazine published in Minnesota, United States that is widely distributed throughout the country. Family Handyman owned and operated by Reader's Digest Association which is a global media and direct marketing company based in New York City, United States. Family Handyman was published its first issue in the year 1951 through the works of Universal Publishing and Distributing (UPD). In 1977, UPD sold the magazine to Webb Publishing in order to pay company debts and credits. Then again in the year 1987 Robert Maxwell bought Webb Publishing and at last the magazine was sold to Reader's Digest Association in the same year i.e. 1987. Family Handyman publishes articles related to make changes in an individual's home and suggest new home furnishing materials. In June 2013, the total circulation was around of 1,144,850.
Know More About Family Handyman
Family Handyman is a magazine that publishes stuff related to home furnishing and services of home interiors. The magazine is loved by the female readers as it contains information about home fashions. Family Handyman publishes articles and photos carries information about modern trends in home decorates. The Magazine provide information about the furniture products that suits every household. Family Handyman also assures full support to its readers through both online and offline modes.
Customer Contacts Of Family Handyman
Email the Editors: editors@thefamilyhandyman.com.
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Office Contacts Of Family Handyman
Mailing Address: The Family Handyman
2915 Commers Dr. #700 Eagan, MN 55121
Telephone Number: 800-374-3515
Family Handyman Address
The address of Family Handyman is 2915 Commers Dr. #700 Eagan, Minnesota, 55121, United States.
Family Handyman Email Address
The email address of Family Handyman is editors@thefamilyhandyman.com.
Family Handyman Website
The Website of Family Handyman is www.familyhandyman.com.
Family Handyman Customer Support Service Phone Number
The customer support phone number of Family Handyman is +1 800-285-4961 / 800-374-3515 (Click phone number to call).
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Family Handyman Customer Service Number Delineated Here With Complaints and Reviews
Mr. Richard L.nisbet Calls Jun 12, 2017
Mr. Richard L.nisbet On Phone To Family Handyman Service
I would like to check on the status of a subscription that I purchased for my son
last summer. The subscription was for Richard H. Nisbet and his address is 125
W. McCanns Blvd. In Elmira Heights, New York 14903. He has not received issues
for the last three or four months. I would appreciate you looking into this matter. Thank you very much.
Reply
Mr. Jack Jens Calls May 11, 2017
Mr. Jack Jens On Phone To Family Handyman Service
Just received the June issue. I am discusted by the back page of this issue. My son and son inlaw feel the same way. We will never renew our subscriptions again. Some old fashion morals would go a long way.
Reply
Mr. James Sinclair Calls Apr 28, 2017
Mr. James Sinclair On Phone To Family Handyman Service
I was just wondering, since I have been a member since 05/03, membership 30362171, I understood that with my lifetime membership I would be receiving the handyman magazines and I have not received any for a long time and I am always getting renewal notices for the handyman magazine. I was wondering if I am entitled to those free with my lifetime membership or do I have to renew my prescription every year?
Thank you,
James Sinclair .
Reply
Ms. Jan Ehrenhaft Calls Feb 22, 2017
Ms. Jan Ehrenhaft On Phone To Family Handyman Service
Upon my return I found a notice that I was 'seriously overdue' for a book (?). I never ordered a 'book'. Please contact me regarding this error. Sincerely,
JanEhrenhaft
Acct# 90104746.
Reply
Mr. Russ Wyckoff Calls Dec 21, 2017
Mr. Russ Wyckoff On Phone To Family Handyman Service
I'm always upset when I see no contests are open to try to win. You advertise the contest, but it's over or not available for other reasons. If
you do not really have the contests it must be false advertising. There must be lots of people that feel the same way. I hope you will give some kind of response. Russ.
Reply
Mr. Calvin Henley Calls Apr 18, 2018
Mr. Calvin Henley On Phone To Family Handyman Service
My account was billed to renew my Handyman subscription. I did not authorize Handyman to renew my
subscription and I want that renewal cancelled and my money refunded. Timage code 32R5.
Reply
Mr. Robert Partlow Calls Dec 01, 2017
Mr. Robert Partlow On Phone To Family Handyman Service
You keep sending me "LAST CHANCE NOTICES" to insure the person the gift subscription I have already paid for gets the the gift subscription. You Also list the wrong person (Bob Zerr) getting the gift. The gift subscription goes instead to Eric Forney, 98-945 Moana Lua Rd 945, Aiea Hawaii, 96701. Please correct this situation at once, and quit wasting my time having to go through the problem of trying to find your unpublished secret number and listening to a song and dance story that it will be straightened out, only to have the same thing happen again. I have been a long-time subscriber, and running out of patience. I have friends that also subscribe to your magazine and they do not save their magazines like I do. They will give me their copies, and I can save the money I pay to you. Your call.
Reply
Mr. Stephen Morris Calls Nov 29, 2017
Mr. Stephen Morris On Phone To Family Handyman Service
When I called to complain three weeks ago that the combined edition for October and November, that I failed to receive, would be sent to me within a week. Now it's three (3) weeks later and I was now told that there are no more combined editions. Needless to say, I am extremely angry due to the misrepresentation of the person in your employ. If I was told the truth three weeks ago, I could have gone to one of the stores that sell FH and obtained the copy. However, it's no longer available. Getting such poor service makes me want to cancel my subscription and get some other handyman magazine. The ball is now in your court, either find me the missing copy or refund all the money that's remaining in my account. XGMN.
Reply
Ms. Gloria Todd Calls Nov 25, 2017
Has your IT department recently re-configured your website? For the past several weeks, I have been unable to look at any online links on the Family Handyman e-zine. When I click on "next", my McAfee Site Adviser software brings up a screen that said "Warning: trouble ahead" and "This site exhibited one or more risky behaviors. " It has never done this before. I hope you can get this taken care of so I can continue to use The Family Handyman. It's a great website By the way, I am not including my mobile phone number, since my mobile phone is seldom used. Sorry. Home phone number is 210-654-1285. Please do not call before 10:00 AM CST. Thank you.
Reply |
msmarco_passage_01_10732782 | The Average GRE Test Results | Education - Seattle PI | The Average GRE Test Results | Education - Seattle PI
The Average GRE Test Results
Education
|
Standardized Tests
By Rebekah Richards
The Graduate Record Examination is required for admission to many graduate schools and business schools. The GRE revised general test includes three sections; scores for these sections are reported separately: analytical writing, verbal reasoning and quantitative reasoning. When you receive your GRE results, your score report includes a percentile ranking that compares your scores with those of other test-takers.
How the Test Is Scored
Scores for the verbal reasoning and quantitative reasoning sections range from 130 to 170 in 1-point increments. These sections are computer-adaptive, so your score is calculated from how many questions you answered correctly and how difficult those questions were. The score for the analytical writing section ranges from 0 to 6 in half-point increments. Although there are two essays, you only receive one score.
Average Scores
According to Educational Testing Services, which developed the GRE, the average verbal and quantitative reasoning scores are 150.8 and 151.3, respectively. The average score for the analytical writing section is 3.7. Your score report includes the percentile rank of each of your scores, which represents how many test-takers scored lower than you. For example, if your verbal reasoning score is in the 48th percentile, 48 percent of test takers scored lower than you.
Average Scores by Field
Students in various fields have different strengths, so comparing your scores to those of others within your field can help you assess how well you did. ETS publishes the average score and score distribution of students within several graduate fields. For example, the average verbal reasoning score for a student planning to study history is 156, while the average quantitative reasoning score for a student planning to study early childhood education is 146.
Average Scores by School
Some programs publish the average GRE scores of accepted students or a range of acceptable GRE scores. If you aren't sure whether your GRE scores qualify you for a specific program, contact the program for more information. The GRE is only one factor in admission.
What Schools Receive
When schools receive your score report, they see your contact information, intended graduate major, test results and percentile ranking. The ScoreSelect option allows you to send institutions either your most recent test scores or all of your test scores. Schools don't see your other score recipients or information about how many times you have taken the GRE.
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ETS: About the GRE Revised General Test
ETS: Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning Interpretative Data Used on Score Reports
ETS: General Test Percentage Distribution of Scores Within Intended Broad Graduate Major Field
ETS: Sending Your Scores
Writer Bio
Rebekah Richards is a professional writer with work published in the "Atlanta Journal-Constitution," "Brandeis University Law Journal" and online at tolerance.org. She graduated magna cum laude from Brandeis University with bachelor's degrees in creative writing, English/American literature and international studies. Richards earned a master's degree at Carnegie Mellon University.
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msmarco_passage_01_11278645 | Dynamic Vs. Static Character Definitions and Examples | Education - Seattle PI | Dynamic Vs. Static Character Definitions and Examples | Education - Seattle PI
Dynamic Vs. Static Character Definitions and Examples
Education
|
K-12
By Neil Kokemuller
All characters in a story are either dynamic or static. A static character is one who doesn't undergo any significant change in character, personality or perspective over the course of a story. A dynamic character, in contrast, undergoes a major transition in one or more of these ways.
Static Characters
Essentially, a static character is largely the same person at the end of the story as he was in the beginning. Any character in a compelling story experiences some life changes and variation in his environment, but what distinguishes a static character is usually his existing persona, confidence and appeal to readers. More compelling, heroic and charismatic characters often work better as static characters than ones who must undergo change to appeal to the audience and to significantly affect a story.
Static Character Examples
Sherlock Holmes is one of the most prominent static characters in literature. He maintains his wit, confidence and quirky personality while dealing with adventures and compelling cases. Likewise, in Mark Twain's famous stories about Tom Sawyer, Tom's personality didn't change throughout the plot. Instead, the tales were largely about the trials and experiences related to his adventures. The villainous character Hannibal Lecter also remained relatively static over the course of a suspense book series by Thomas Harris. From the initial books in the series, Lecter was an intelligent, but deranged serial killer.
Dynamic Characters
A dynamic character is often easier to build a compelling story around. Dynamic character might go through a major life transition, have a coming-of-age experience, pull through trials and tribulations, mature, have a change of heart or develop more likeable qualities -- or take a turn for the worse. A common misconception is that a dynamic character has an electric, charismatic personality. In fact, the term "dynamic" doesn't define the character's qualities, but rather refers to how those qualities change over time.
Dynamic Character Examples
Dynamic characters are often easier to spot than static ones. A clear example of a dynamic character is Ebenezer Scrooge. His evolution was dramatic as he went from a miserly scrooge to a generous giver after encounters with three ghosts. And in the famous J. K. Rowling "Harry Potter" fantasy book series, the title character undergoes a major transformation from being a regular kid to a powerful young wizard who must battle the evil Lord Voldemort.
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Kansas State University: Critical Concepts: "Static" and "Dynamic" Characterization
Dutchess Community College: Character Analysis
Writer Bio
Neil Kokemuller has been an active business, finance and education writer and content media website developer since 2007. He has been a college marketing professor since 2004. Kokemuller has additional professional experience in marketing, retail and small business. He holds a Master of Business Administration from Iowa State University.
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Characteristics of Adventure Fiction |
msmarco_passage_01_114553586 | Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness - Wikipedia | Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness - Wikipedia
Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Phrase in the United States Declaration of Independence
This article is about a famous phrase. For other uses, see The Pursuit of Happiness.
Office for Emergency Management. Office of War Information war poster (1941–1945)
" Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness " is a well-known phrase in the United States Declaration of Independence. The phrase gives three examples of the unalienable rights which the Declaration says have been given to all humans by their creator, and which governments are created to protect. Like the other principles in the Declaration of Independence, this phrase is not legally binding, but has been widely referenced and seen as an inspiration for the basis of government.
Contents
1 Origin and phrasing
1.1 Lockean roots hypothesis
1.2 Virginia Declaration of Rights
1.3 Alternative hypotheses
2 Meaning
2.1 Changes in meaning of words
3 Comparable mottos worldwide
4 References
5 Further reading
Origin and phrasing
The United States Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson, and then edited by the Committee of Five, which consisted of Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. It was then further edited and adopted by the Committee of the Whole of the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The second paragraph of the first article in the Declaration of Independence contains the phrase "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness".
Jefferson's "original Rough draught" is on exhibit in the Library of Congress. This version was used by Julian Boyd to create a transcript of Jefferson's draft, which reads: "We hold these truths to be sacred & undeniable; that all men are created equal & independent, that from that equal creation they derive rights inherent & inalienable, among which are the preservation of life, & liberty, & the pursuit of happiness." The Committee of Five edited Jefferson's draft. Their version survived further edits by the whole Congress intact, and reads: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."
A number of possible sources or inspirations for Jefferson's use of the phrase in the Declaration of Independence have been identified, although scholars debate the extent to which any one of them actually influenced Jefferson. The greatest disagreement comes between those who suggest the phrase was drawn from John Locke and those who identify some other source.
Lockean roots hypothesis
In 1689, Locke argued in' that political society existed for the sake of protecting "property", which he defined as a person's "life, liberty, and estate". In A Letter Concerning Toleration, he wrote that the magistrate's power was limited to preserving a person's "civil interest", which he described as "life, liberty, health, and indolency of body; and the possession of outward things". He declared in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding that "the highest perfection of intellectual nature lies in a careful and constant pursuit of true and solid happiness".
According to those scholars who saw the root of Jefferson's thought in Locke's doctrine, Jefferson replaced "estate" with "the pursuit of happiness", although this does not mean that Jefferson meant the "pursuit of happiness" to refer primarily or exclusively to property. Under such an assumption, the Declaration of Independence would declare that government existed primarily for the reasons Locke gave, and some have extended that line of thinking to support a conception of limited government.
Virginia Declaration of Rights
The first and second article of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, written by George Mason and adopted unanimously by the Virginia Convention of Delegates on June 12, 1776, speaks of happiness in the context of recognizably Lockean rights and is paradigmatic of the way in which "the fundamental natural rights of mankind" were expressed at the time: "That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety."
Independence Hall Assembly Room where Thomas Jefferson served in Congress
Benjamin Franklin was in agreement with Thomas Jefferson in playing down the protection of "property" as a goal of government. It is noted that Franklin found the property to be a "creature of society" and thus, he believed that it should be taxed as a way to finance civil society.
Alternative hypotheses
In 1628, Sir Edward Coke wrote in The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England, his commentary on Thomas de Littleton, that "It is commonly said that three things be favoured in Law, Life, Liberty, Dower." At common law, dower was closely guarded as a means by which the widow and orphan of a deceased landowner could keep their real property.
Garry Wills has argued that Jefferson did not take the phrase from Locke and that it was indeed meant to be a standard by which governments should be judged. Wills suggests Adam Ferguson as a good guide to what Jefferson had in mind:
"If, in reality, courage and a heart devoted to the good of mankind are the constituents of human felicity, the kindness which is done infers a happiness in the person from whom it proceeds, not in him on whom it is bestowed; and the greatest good which men possessed of fortitude and generosity can procure to their fellow creatures is a participation of this happy character. If this be the good of the individual, it is likewise that of mankind; and virtue no longer imposes a task by which we are obliged to bestow upon others that good from which we ourselves refrain; but supposes, in the highest degree, as possessed by ourselves, that state of felicity which we are required to promote in the world."
The 17th-century cleric and philosopher Richard Cumberland wrote that promoting the well-being of our fellow humans is essential to the "pursuit of our own happiness". Locke never associated natural rights with happiness, but his philosophical opponent Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz made such an association in the introduction to his Codex Iuris Gentium. William Wollaston 's The Religion of Nature Delineated describes the "truest definition" of "natural religion" as being " The pursuit of happiness by the practice of reason and truth". An English translation of Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui 's Principles of Natural and Politic Law prepared in 1763 extolled the "noble pursuit" of "true and solid happiness" in the opening chapter discussing natural rights. Historian Jack Rakove posits Burlamaqui as a source in addition to Locke as inspiration for Jefferson's phrase.
Another possible source for the phrase is in the Commentaries on the Laws of England published by Sir William Blackstone, from 1765 to 1769, which are often cited in the laws of the United States. Blackstone argues that God 'has so intimately connected, so inseparably interwoven the laws of eternal justice with the happiness of each individual, that the latter cannot be attained but by observing the former; and, if the former be punctually obeyed, it cannot but induce the latter. In consequence of which mutual connection of justice and human felicity, he has not perplexed the law of nature with a multitude of abstracted rules and precepts, referring merely to the fitness or unfitness of things, as some have vainly surmised; but has graciously reduced the rule of obedience to this one paternal precept, “that man should pursue his own true and substantial happiness.” This is the foundation of what we call ethics, or natural law.'
Meaning
Changes in meaning of words
It has to be kept in mind that the word happiness meant "prosperity, thriving, wellbeing" in the 18th century, a different meaning to current usage.
Comparable mottos worldwide
Other tripartite mottos include " liberté, égalité, fraternité " (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France; " Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit " (unity, justice and liberty) in Germany and " peace, order, and good government " in Canada. It is also similar to a line in the Canadian Charter of Rights: "life, liberty, security of the person" (this line was also in the older Canadian Bill of Rights, which added "enjoyment of property" to the list).
The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan, and in President Ho Chi Minh 's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. An alternative phrase "life, liberty, and property", is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. The Fifth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution declare that governments cannot deprive any person of "life, liberty, or property" without due process of law. Also, Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person".
References
^ "The Declaration of Independence: Rough Draft". USHistory.org. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014. Scanned image of the Jefferson's "original Rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence, written in June 1776, including all the changes made later by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and other members of the committee, and by Congress.
^ "The Declaration of Independence". National Archives. 2015-10-30. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
^ Rakove, Jack N. (2009). The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 7–22. ISBN 978-0674036062.
^ Dube, Ann Marie (May 1996). "The Declaration of Independence". A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions. Pennsylvania: U.S. National Park Service. OCLC 44638441.
^ "Thomas Jefferson, June 1776, Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
^ Boyd, Julian P., ed. (1950). The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Volume 1: 1760–1776. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 243–47. OCLC 16353926.
^ "Declaration of Independence". U.S. National Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
^ Locke, John (1988) [1689]. Laslett, Peter (ed.). Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. Sec. 87, 123, 209, 222. ISBN 052135448X.
^ Locke, John (1983) [1689]. Tully, James H. (ed.). A Letter Concerning Toleration. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 091514560X.
^ Locke, John (1975) [1689]. Nidditch, Peter H. (ed.). Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. Book 2, Chapter 21, Section 51. ISBN 0198245955.
^ Zuckert, Michael P. (1996). The Natural Rights Republic. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 73–85. ISBN 0268014809.
^ Corbett, Ross J. (2009). The Lockean Commonwealth. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1438427942.
^ Pangle, Thomas L. (1988). The Spirit of Modern Republicanism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226645401.
^ Gibson, Alan (2009). Interpreting the Founding (2nd ed.). Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700617050.
^ Rahe, Paul A. (1994) [1992]. Republics Ancient & Modern, Volume 3; Inventions of Prudence: Constituting the American Regime. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 13–19. ISBN 080784473X.
^ Rakove, Jack N. (2009). The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0674036062.
^ Banning, Lance (1995). Jefferson & Madison. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 17, 103–04. ISBN 0945612486. Lance Banning notes that the Virginia Declaration of Rights was the inspiration for the phrase in the Declaration of Independence, but does not trace it back to Locke, and in general downplays Jefferson's debts to Locke.
^ "The Virginia Declaration of Rights". U.S. National Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
^ Franklin, Benjamin (2006). Skousen, Mark (ed.). The Compleated Autobiography. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. p. 413. ISBN 0-89526-033-6.
^ Coke, Edward (1628). The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England. London: Adam Islip. Section 193. OCLC 84760833.
^ Whitehead, Edward Jenkins (1922). The Law of Real Property in Illinois. 1. Chicago: Burdette J. Smith & Company. p. 178. OCLC 60731472.
^ Wills, Gary (2002) [1978]. Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence. New York, NY: Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-618-25776-8.
^ Ferguson, Adam (1995) [1767]. Oz-Salzberger, Fania (ed.). An Essay on the History of Civil Society. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 052144215X.
^ Cumberland, Richard (2005) [1727]. A Treatise of the Laws of Nature. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund. pp. 523–24. ISBN 0865974721.
^ Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1988). Riley, Patrick (ed.). Leibniz: Political Writings (2nd ed.). Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0521353807.
^ Wollaston, William (1759) [1722]. The Religion of Nature Delineated (8th ed.). London: Samuel Palmer. p. 90. OCLC 2200588.
^ Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques (2006) [1747]. The Principles of Natural and Politic Law. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund. p. 31. ISBN 0865974969.
^ Rakove, Jack N. (2010). Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 300. ISBN 978-0618267460. ...arguably owed more to Jefferson's reading of the Swiss jurist Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui than it did to his manifest debt to John Locke.
^ Blackstone, William (1765). "Section the Second: Of the Nature of Laws in General". Commentaries on the Laws of England. Clarendon Press. pp. 40–41. OCLC 65350522.
^ Fountain, Ben (17 September 2016). "Two American Dreams: how a dumbed-down nation lost sight of a great idea". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
^ Dyck, Perry Rand (2000). Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches (3rd ed.). Scarborough, ON: Nelson Thomson Learning. ISBN 978-0-17-616792-9.
Further reading
Conklin, Carli N. (2019). The Pursuit of Happiness in the Founding Era: An Intellectual History. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-2185-8. LCCN 2018043085.
v
t
e
Historical documents of the United States
Constitution
Preamble
and Articles
Preamble
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Amendments
Ratified
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Pending
Congressional Apportionment
Titles of Nobility
Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions)
Child Labor
Unsuccessful
Equal Rights
District of Columbia Voting Rights
See also
List of Constitutional Amendments
Bill of Rights (Amendments 1–10)
Reconstruction Amendments (Amendments 13–15)
Amendment proposals in Congress
Conventions to propose amendments
State ratifying conventions
Formation
History
Articles of Confederation
Mount Vernon Conference
Annapolis Convention
Philadelphia Convention
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-fifths Compromise
Committee of Detail
Signing
Independence Hall
Syng inkstand
The Federalist Papers
Anti-Federalist Papers
Massachusetts Compromise
Virginia Ratifying Convention
Hillsborough Convention
Drafting and ratification timeline
Clauses
Appointments
Appropriations
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Case or Controversy
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Signatories
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George Washington
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msmarco_passage_01_12039101 | What Math Classes Do Architects Take in College? | Education - Seattle PI | What Math Classes Do Architects Take in College? | Education - Seattle PI
What Math Classes Do Architects Take in College?
Education
|
College & Higher Education
By Kristine Tucker
To become an architect, you must complete a degree program in architecture, participate in an internship and pass the Architect Registration Exam. Architects must have a strong knowledge of mathematical principles, so they can effectively plan and design buildings and other structures. Students must take several math classes in college to obtain a degree in architecture.
Algebra, Geometry and Trigonometry
Algebra, geometry and trigonometry are prerequisites for taking Calculus, and Calculus is required to complete a degree program in architecture. Some students complete the algebra, geometry and trigonometry requirements in high school and can immediately start with calculus courses in college. Architecture students who didn't take courses such as Geometry and Algebra II with Trigonometry in high school must take those classes or a similar ones in college.
Calculus
Students pursuing a degree in architecture must take calculus courses. At the University of Illinois and Brigham Young University, students in an architecture degree program must take both Calculus I and II. The University of Illinois allows students to take beginning or intermediate physics courses in place of Calculus II, if they choose. Calculus and physics courses help students calculate structural issues, so they can design buildings that will hold up under the weight of materials and withstand interior and exterior forces.
Probability and Statistics
Some architectural degree programs require students to take a math class in probability and statistics, which helps architects analyze data such as geological and geographical information, structural specifications and construction optimization. When an architect estimates costs for labor, materials and machinery, he often uses statistical analysis to determine the best value for the money. Some computer software and modeling programs are designed to help architects analyze statistical data quickly and effectively so they can make informed real-world decisions
Linear Programming
Linear programming math classes help students learn to evaluate variable factors that affect design and construction. For example, linear programming enables architects to determine whether the cost of a particular design element will pay off in the long run or if it's too expensive for the function and purpose it provides. Architects often design structures according to budgetary constraints, so linear programming makes cost and outcome analysis possible. Depending on the university, linear programming courses may be listed as part of the math department or the technology department.
Considerations
According to the U.S. Bureau of Statistics, architecture students must complete a training period, usually in the form of an internship that lasts three or more years. Many students and graduates work for architectural or engineering firms to satisfy the requirement. Students who complete an internship while they're still in school can apply that experience toward the 3-year training requirement. Graduates are not permitted to take the Architect Registration Exam until the internship is complete. Once a graduate passes the Architect Registration Exam, he may apply for state licensure as a practicing architect.
2016 Salary Information for Architects
Architects earned a median annual salary of $76,930 in 2016, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. On the low end, architects earned a 25th percentile salary of $59,000, meaning 75 percent earned more than this amount. The 75th percentile salary is $99,790, meaning 25 percent earn more. In 2016, 128,800 people were employed in the U.S. as architects.
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References
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: How to Become an Architect
University of Illinois School of Architecture: Architectural Studies Degree Requirements
WeUseMath.org: Architect
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Outlook Handbook: Architects
Career Trend: Architects
Writer Bio
As curriculum developer and educator, Kristine Tucker has enjoyed the plethora of English assignments she's read (and graded!) over the years. Her experiences as vice-president of an energy consulting firm have given her the opportunity to explore business writing and HR. Tucker has a BA and holds Ohio teaching credentials.
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I Am a High-School Graduate: How Do I Pursue Becoming an MRI Technician? |
msmarco_passage_01_129670128 | Quotation - Wikipedia | Quotation - Wikipedia
Quotation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Repetition of one expression as part of another one
This article is about quoting text and speech. For information about the punctuation mark, see Quotation mark. For economic usage, see Financial quote. For other uses, see Quotation (disambiguation).
A quotation is the repetition of a sentence, phrase, or passage from speech or text that someone has said or written. In oral speech, it is the representation of an utterance (i.e. of something that a speaker actually said) that is introduced by a quotative marker, such as a verb of saying. For example: John said: "I saw Mary today". Quotations in oral speech are also signaled by special prosody in addition to quotative markers. In written text, quotations are signaled by quotation marks. Quotations are also used to present well-known statement parts that are explicitly attributed by citation to their original source; such statements are marked with ( punctuated with) quotation marks .
Quotations are often used as a literary device to represent someone's point of view. They are also widely used in spoken language when an interlocutor wishes to present a proposition that they have come to know via hearsay.
Contents
1 As a literary device
1.1 Reasons for using
1.2 Common sources
1.3 Misquotations
1.4 Quotative inversion
1.4.1 Syntax
2 In spoken discourse
2.1 Reasons for using
2.2 Form
2.2.1 Quotative markers
2.2.1.1 English
2.2.1.2 Japanese
2.2.1.3 Laal
2.3 Syntax
2.3.1 Quotative verbs
2.3.2 Quotative particles
2.3.3 Quotative evidentials
3 See also
4 References
As a literary device
A quotation can also refer to the repeated use of units of any other form of expression, especially parts of artistic works: elements of a painting, scenes from a movie or sections from a musical composition .
Reasons for using
Quotations are used for a variety of reasons: to illuminate the meaning or to support the arguments of the work in which it is being quoted, to provide direct information about the work being quoted (whether in order to discuss it, positively or negatively), to pay homage to the original work or author, to make the user of the quotation seem well-read, and/or to comply with copyright law. Quotations are also commonly printed as a means of inspiration and to invoke philosophical thoughts from the reader. Pragmatically speaking, quotations can also be used as language games (in the Wittgensteinian sense of the term) to manipulate social order and the structure of society.
Common sources
Famous quotations are frequently collected in books that are sometimes called quotation dictionaries or treasuries. Of these, Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, The Columbia Dictionary of Quotations, The Yale Book of Quotations and The Macmillan Book of Proverbs, Maxims, and Famous Phrases are considered among the most reliable and comprehensive sources. Diaries and calendars often include quotations for entertainment or inspirational purposes, and small, dedicated sections in newspapers and weekly magazines—with recent quotations by leading personalities on current topics—have also become commonplace.
Misquotations
Further information: False attribution
See also: List of movie misquotes
Many quotations are routinely incorrect or attributed to the wrong authors, and quotations from obscure or unknown writers are often attributed to far more famous writers. Examples of this are Winston Churchill, to whom many political quotations of uncertain origin are attributed, and Oscar Wilde, to whom anonymous humorous quotations are sometimes attributed.
The Star Trek catchphrase " Beam me up, Scotty " did not appear in that form in the original series. Other misquotations include " Just the facts, ma'am " (attributed to Jack Webb 's character of Joe Friday on Dragnet ), "Heavy lies the crown" from Shakespeare's Play Henry IV, Part 2, " Elementary, my dear Watson " (attributed to Sherlock Holmes; it was, however, said in the films The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and The Return of Sherlock Holmes ), " Luke, I am your father " (attributed to Darth Vader in Star Wars ), " Play it again, Sam " (attributed to Ilsa in Casablanca ), " Do you feel lucky, punk? " (attributed to Harry Callahan in Dirty Harry) and " We don't need no stinkin' badges! " (attributed to Gold Hat in The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ).
Quotative inversion
Quotative inversion occurs in sentences where the direct quotation can occur before a verb of saying or after a verb of saying. It can trigger inversion of the verb and the verb's subject. Subject-verb inversion occurs most often in written works, being rare in speech. Quotations may appear before the inverted verb, but can also appear after the subject, such as: "I am going to follow you all the rest of my life," declared the man and Said the woman: "I see you with both my eyes."
Syntax
In syntactic terms, these direct quotations can be presented in two forms. The first is as the complement of a quotative verb (e.g. Marie said: "My brother has arrived"), and the second being as a head clause with a quotative adjunct (e.g. "My brother has arrived", Marie announces). The verb phrase can be further expanded to include a complement, such as: "They'll never make it!" cried John to Mary. Subjects must precede the complement, otherwise the structure formed will be ungrammatical (e.g. *"They'll never make it!" cried to Mary John). Quotative inversion is only allowed when the verb is in the simple present or the simple past. The most common pairing is the verb said with a nominal subject, such as: "That's the whole trouble," said Gwen. Additionally, noun phrases are not permitted in addition to the subject when inversion takes place. They are allowed only when there is no subject-verb inversion, or when part of a preposition phrase.
a. "Why?" Gabrielle asked the attendant. - No subject-verb inversion
b. "Why?" asked Gabrielle of the attendant. - NP part of a preposition phrase
c. * "Why?" asked Gabrielle the attendant. - Subject-verb inversion unlikely with an NP in addition to the subject
In English, both verb-subject and subject-verb word orders are permitted:
a. "Don't turn back!" warned Marcel. - Verb-subject order
b. "Who's on first?" Swami demanded. - Subject-verb order
This however, is not the case in all languages. For example, in Peninsular Spanish, this inversion is not allowed. Quotatives must follow verb-subject order:
a. «No, no es un enanito», rectifica el viejo. - Verb-subject order
"No, he is not a gnome", corrects the old man.
b. *«No, no es un enanito», el viejo rectifica. - Subject-verb order unlikely for introducing quotations
"No, he is not a gnome", the old man corrects.
In spoken discourse
Traditionally, quotations—more specifically known as direct quotations —have been distinguished from indirect quotations. Direct quotations differ from indirect quotations in that they are reported from the perspective of the experiencer, while indirect quotations are reported from the perspective of the reporting speaker (e.g. "He said: 'I am leaving now'” versus "He said (that) he was leaving immediately"); are free in their syntactic form, while indirect quotations are subject to language-specific structural requirements (e.g. indirect quotations in many Indo-European languages are required to have the syntactic form of a well-formed declarative subordinate clause ); incorporate extralinguistic material and pragmatic markers, while indirect quotations do not. Crucially, direct quotations have a performative aspect (i.e. occur simultaneously with re-enactments of previous behaviours), which indirect quotations lack.
Both direct and indirect quotations in spoken discourse are not intended to be verbatim reproductions of an utterance that has been produced. Instead, direct quotations convey the approximative meaning of such an utterance along with the way in which that utterance was produced. From a sociolinguistic perspective, a direct quotation in spoken discourse can therefore also be defined as “a performance whereby speakers re-enact previous behaviour (speech/thought/sound/voice effect and gesture) while assuming the dramatic role of the original source of this reported behaviour”. Indirect quotations are simply paraphrases of something that a reporting speaker heard.
Reasons for using
Quotations are employed in spoken discourse for many reasons. They are often used by speakers to depict stories and events that have occurred in the past to other interlocutors. The speaker does not necessarily have to have been an original participant in the story or event. Therefore, they can quote something that they did not hear firsthand. Quotations are also used to express thoughts that have never been uttered aloud prior to being quoted. For example, while telling a story, a speaker quotes inner thoughts that they had during a specific situation. Finally, speakers use quotations to propose future dialogue for participants in a situation that may take place in the future. For example, two friends talk about their 10-year high school reunion that will take place in the future and propose what they would say. While future dialogue can be proposed for a situation that will likely happen, it can also be based on a situation that will not actually take place. In the latter usage, the proposed dialogue only exists in the conversational context.
The quoted material is usually not a verbatim replication of an utterance that someone originally said. Instead, quotations in spoken discourse reproduce what a speaker wishes to communicate to their recipients; quotations demonstrate something that someone said, the manner in which that person said it, and the current speaker’s feelings about what was said. In this way, quotations are an especially effective storytelling device; the speaker is able to give a voice to the protagonists in their stories themselves, which allows the speaker’s audience to experience the situation in the way that the speaker themselves experienced it.
Form
In most languages, quotations in spoken discourse are introduced by a verb of saying and a pronoun. For example, a quotation in English can be introduced by “She said”. In some languages, there is a discourse marker in addition to the verb of saying that functions as verbal quotation marks. For example, Japanese uses the quotative particle (a type of quotative marker) to along with the conjugated verb of saying itta :
Gloss: TOP=Topic Marker DAT=Dative NOM=Nominative COM=complementizer
ゆき
は
あなた
には
彼女
が
好き
と
言った 。
Yuki
wa
anata
ni wa
kanocho
ga
suki
to
itta .
Yuki
TOP
you
DAT
her
NOM
like
COM
said
" Yuki said that you liked her. "
Verbs of saying (known as quotative verbs when used to introduce quotations) and quotative particles are used as quotative markers, which signal quotations in utterances. Quotative evidentials are also used in some languages to indicate quoted speech (e.g. Cusco Quechua spoken in Peru, Nanti spoken in lowland southeastern Peru, Laal spoken in Chad).
Quotative markers
Quotative markers are used to mark a section of an utterance as quoted speech (i.e. a quotation). In oral speech, quotative markers act as quotation marks and often include a verb of saying (e.g. say ). A quotative marker usually appears either before or after the reported speech or thought, depending on the syntax of the language. For example, compare the following languages:
English
In English, the quotative verb say occurs before the quotation:
a. She said “Will you answer the phone, will you answer the phone”
In American English, verbs such as be like, go, and be all are non-standard quotatives that are commonly used in colloquial speech. They are observed in the speech of young people not only in American English, but in other varieties of English as well (e.g. be like in New Zealand English, be like and go in Glasgow English ). Though not semantically considered verbs of saying, they are used to convey the same meaning as such verbs. Like say, be like, go, and be all occur before the quotation:
b. I'm like "I'm so sorry you had to wait"
c. She went "Who are you going with?"
d. He' s all "Okay, come with me come with me"
In conversational speech, the use of say and be like occurs at about the same frequency, though say tends to be used in more formal contexts (e.g. office hours between professors and students) and be like tends to occur in more informal contexts (e.g. a conversation between two young people).
Japanese
In Japanese, the quotative particle to along with the verb of saying iu (say) occur after the quotation; the conjugated form of iu (say) is itta:
Gloss: TOP=Topic Marker ACC=Accusative COM=Complementizer HON=Honorific/Polite form
太郎
は
晴海
を
憎んでいる
と
言った 。
Taro
wa
Harumi
o
nikundeiru
to
itta .
Taro
TOP
Harumi
ACC
hated
COM
said
" Taro said that he hated Harumi. " lit. " that 'I hated Harumi' "
The quotative particle to can also occur with verbs of thinking, such as omou (think). Like to and iu (say), to and omou occur after the quotation.
Laal
In Laal, the quotative evidential mɨ́ is used for non-self quotation (i.e. quotation in which the speaker quotes someone else, not themself); it is used with a quotative verb ɓɨ́lá. The use of mɨ́ results in an indirect quotation translation. The quotative verb bɨ́lá occurs before the quotation, while the quotative evidential mɨ́ occurs within the quoted speech já mɨ́ nyàg tāā wó :
Gloss: QEV=Quotative Evidential NEG=Negation
à i
ɓɨ́lá
mɨ́
já *i/j
mɨ́
nyàg
tāā
wó
He
say
(say)that
I
QEV
eat
fish
NEG
" Hei said that I*i/j don't/didn't eat fish. "
As the above sentence involves a non-self quotation, à (he) and já (I) have different indices to show that they refer to different referents; only this interpretation is well-formed. The interpretation in which they share identical indices is ill-formed (i.e. ungrammatical), as indicated by the asterisk.
In addition to quotative markers, speakers also use prosodic shifts, pauses, pronominal choices, and tense to detect the occurrence and boundaries of quotations in spoken utterances.
Syntax
Different versions of quotative verbs, particles, and evidentials can be used to express the same idea with varying nuances, often to frame how the primary speaker, or the person who is quoting, feels about a quotation. The syntax of quotations varies cross-linguistically. A primary speaker may use the tense and linguistic idiosyncrasies of the speech at the time it was uttered in a quotation, independent from the tense in the main clause in some languages, or use the same tense in both the main clause and quotation in other languages. They will also use coreferenced pronouns to the direct quotation's first-person subject in the main clause: She x said, "I x ..."; they y said "we y ..." In many languages, the primary speaker may also attempt to quote an utterance in the same language the original speaker used, even if an interlocutor does not understand it; however, it is mainly context-dependent such as when telling stories.
Quotative verbs
Quotative verbs are lexical verbs that indicate the speech, thoughts, or perceptions of the original speaker.
Quotations can be introduced as the complement to a quotative verb or as the head phrase to an adjunct phrase containing a quotative verb in some languages like English and French.
Quotation as complement
Quotation as head phrase adjunct
English
Marie said, “My brother has arrived.”
“My brother has arrived," Marie said.
French
Marie a dit, “Mon frère est arrivé.”
“Mon frère est arrivé," comme a dit Marie.
English also displays verb-second (V2) order vestige only in quotation contexts (quotative inversion), requiring the finite verb to appear in the second position of a clause. For example: "No no no" says Harry.
Direct and indirect quotations are sometimes not distinguishable. Traditionally, English uses an overt complementizer that after a quotative verb to indicate indirect quotation, but it is also seen to prompt direct quotation in some English varieties like Indian English, Hong Kong English, and Kenyan English.
Hong Kong English
After the movie I just said that "Oh Frank I cannot walk."
Indian English
Never a husband says that "I'll make a cup of tea okay, you sit. I'll make a cup of tea."
Kenyan English
So Kabuwe Abuwe told us that "If it is for wedding I am not going to contribute."
Quotative verb "be like" in English.
The newer quotative verb be like in English is used to only introduce direct quotations. Be like includes the use of the demonstrative that, which is null in most English varieties, but can be optionally overt in some varieties like Glasgow English. Dutch's quotative verb hebben zoiets van has a similar structure to Standard American English in that it has a null demonstrative that precedes the quotation. It differs from the English structures in that it uses an overt quantifier zoiets to be well-formed.
Standard North American English
Glasgow English
Dutch
[ TP Aaron [ T' was [ PP like [ DP ∅ [ QUOTE I hate you]]]]]
[ TP Aaron [ T' was [ PP like [ DP ∅ [ QUOTE I hate you]]]]]
[ TP Ik [ T' hebben [ DP zoiets [ PP van [ DP ∅ [ QUOTE I hate you]]]]]
* [ TP Aaron [ T' was [ PP like [ DP that [ QUOTE I hate you]]]]]
[ TP Aaron [ T' was [ PP like [ DP that [ QUOTE I hate you]]]]]
* [ TP Ik [ T' hebben [ DP ∅ [ PP van [ DP ∅ [ QUOTE I hate you]]]]]
Quotative particles
Quotative or hearsay particles are grammatical markers equivalent to full lexical verbs with meanings of "say, mention, tell, etc." In many languages, they are grammaticalized to different extremes from their previously lexical form. Common patterns of grammaticalization trajectories include verb to complementizer in many African and Asian languages and verb to tense-aspect-mood markers primarily in African languages, but also in Australian languages and multiple other language families.
Quotative Particle "-tte" and "to" in Japanese.
Japanese, for example, uses a sentence-final quotative particle tte verbally to mean "I heard (quote)" with some uncertainty. In sentence-medial position, tte is sometimes regarded along with to to be either a quotative particle or complementizer meaning "I heard (quote)" with less uncertainty and often more knowledge of the origin of the quote.
Gloss: QP=Quotative Particle FP=Final Particle
明日
晴れる
- って
ashita
hareru
tte .
tomorrow
will-be-fine
QP
" It will be fine tomorrow, I heard. "
明日
晴れる
って / と
言ってた
よ
ashita
hareru
-tte / to
itteta
yo.
tomorrow
will-be-fine
QP
said
FP
" (X) said that it would be fine tomorrow. "
Verbs of saying are highly restricted in Australian languages and almost always immediately proceed the complement verb.
Gloss: PL=Plural FUT=Future Tense PST=Past Tense OBL=Oblique Case IRR= Irregular
Ngarinyin example
wurlan
wurr-u-miyangga
bud-ma-ra-ngarrugu
word
3PL-FUT-know
3PL-say-PST-1PL.OBL.IRR
"They will know this word" they said to us.
Quotative evidentials
Quotative or hearsay evidentials provide knowledge of who or where information originated from in speech based on logical assumption. Languages indicate this in various ways: through grammatical marking, additional words and phrases, prosody, gestures, or systematic affixes of verbs. Quotative readings of evidentials are typologically rare. For example, English can express evidentials with an optional adverb, " Allegedly, Annie pulled the trigger." The interlocutor then knows the source of the quotation is from elsewhere, but this is not a quotative reading as there is no direct performative quoting or verbs of saying. Languages including Cusco Quechua, Kham, Tagalog, and Kaalallisut are documented as containing quotative evidentials. In languages with "true" quotative evidentials (which usually introduce quoted statements), it is also possible for them to occur with interrogatives and imperatives, yielding quoted interrogatives and quoted imperatives. Similar to quotative particles, quotative evidentials are usually grammaticalized from full lexical verbs.
Nhêengatú, a Tupí-Guaraní lingua franca of North-West Amazonia, has a reported evidential marker paá. An example scenario is as follows: X saw John go fishing. Mary then and asks X where John went. X replies “u-sú u-piniatika” (he went fishing). Later, Peter asks Mary where John went. She replies to Peter that she did not see John go herself, but rather heard it from a different source using the evidential marker “u-sú u-piniatika paá. ”
Gloss: REP=Reported Evidential Marker
u-sú
u-piniatika
paá
3sg-go
3sg-fish
REP
" He went fishing (they say/I was told) "
Quotative Evidential "=si" in Cusco Quechua.
Tagalog's quotative evidentials are used with imperative quotations.
Gloss: INF=Infix REP=Reported Evidential Marker
kumain
(ka)
daw
eat.INF
(you)
REP
Someone said: Eat!
Cusco Quechua 's quotative evidential comes as a derivation of a clitic, =si, for interrogative quotations.
Gloss: ACC=Accusative REP=Reported Evidential Marker TOP=Topic PST=Past Tense
pi-ta= s
Inés-qa
watuku-sqa
who-ACC= REP
Inés-TOP
visit-PST
Someone said: Who did Inés visit?
See also
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Quotation
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Quotations
Adage
Aphorism
Block quotation
Epigram
Fallacy of quoting out of context
Maxim (saying)
Musical quotation
Nested quotation
Proverb
Scare quotes
Sic
Use–mention distinction
Quotation mark
References
^ McArthur, Tom; Lam-McArthur, Jacqueline; Fontaine, Lisa, eds. (2018). The Oxford Companion to the English Language (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191744389.
^ a b c d Bonami, Olivier; Godard, Danièle (2008). "On the Syntax of Direct Quotation in French". HAL. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
^ "English Grammar Lesson - Using Quotes! - ELC". ELC - English Language Center. 2016-11-16. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
^ Capone, A., & Salmani Nodoushan, M. A. (2014). On indirect reports and language games: Evidence from Persian. Rivista Italiana di Filosofia del Linguaggio, 8 (2), 26-42.
^ Salmani Nodoushan, M. A. (2015). The secret life of slurs from the perspective of reported speech. Rivista Italiana di Filosofia del Linguaggio, 9 (2), 92-112.
^ See A Book of Misquotations, edited by Elizabeth Knowles, Oxford University Press, 2006.
^ The Holmes phrase originated in a radio play. See List of misquotations and "Elementary, My Dear Watson" at Snopes.com
^ Webb did say: "All we want are the facts ma'am". See Just the facts, ma'am, List of misquotations and "Just the Facts" at Snopes.com
^ Greatest Film Misquotes - Part 2, Tim Dirks at filmsite.org
^ We Dont Need No Stinkin Badges! on YouTube although the last of these is spoken by one of the Mexican Bandits that Hedley Lamarr attempts to hire as mercenaries in Blazing Saddles
^ a b c d e Collins, Chris; Branigan, Phil (February 1997). "Quotative Inversion". Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. 15 (1): 1–41. doi: 10.1023/A:1005722729974. S2CID 189899706.
^ a b c d e f g Bruening, Benjamin (15 April 2016). "Alignment in Syntax: Quotative Inversion in English". Syntax. 19 (2): 113. doi: 10.1111/synt.12121.
^ Cichosz, Anna (March 2019). "Parenthetical reporting clauses in the history of English: the development of quotative inversion". English Language and Linguistics. 23 (1): 183–214. doi: 10.1017/S1360674317000594. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ Suñer, Margarita (August 2000). "The Syntax of Direct Quotes with Special Reference to Spanish and English". Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. 18 (3): 532. JSTOR 4047939.
^ Matos, Gabriel (2013). "Quotative Inversion in Peninsular Portuguese and Spanish, and in English". Catalan Journal of Linguistics. 12: 112. doi: 10.5565/rev/catjl.86.
^ a b c Clark, Herbert; Gerrig, Richard (December 1990). "Quotations as Demonstrations". Language. 66 (4): 764–805. doi: 10.2307/414729. JSTOR 414729. S2CID 143541258. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ a b c Buchstaller, Isabelle (2014). Quotatives: New Trends and Sociolinguistic Implications (1st ed.). Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 9780470657188.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Tracy, Karen, ed. (2015). The international encyclopedia of language and social interaction. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 1272–1276. ISBN 9781118611463.
^ a b Sams, Jessie (November 2010). "Quoting the unspoken: An analysis of quotations in spoken discourse". Journal of Pragmatics. 42 (11): 3147–3160. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2010.04.024. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
^ a b c d e f Korotkova, Natasha (2017). "Evidentials and (relayed) speech acts: hearsay as quotation". Proceedings of SALT 25. 25: 676–694. doi: 10.3765/salt.v25i0.3969.
^ LaPolla, Randy; De Busser, Rik, eds. (2015). Language Structure and Environment. John Benjamins. pp. 99–103.
^ a b c Lionnet, Florian. "More than reported speech: Quotative evidentiality in Laal" (PDF). Retrieved 19 April 2020.
^ a b c d Frederica Barbieri. Quotative Use in American English, Journal of English Linguistics, Vol. 33/No.3, September 2005.
^ a b c d e f Ahrenholz, Bernt; Bredel, Ursula; Klein, Wolfgang; Rost-Roth, Martina; Skiba, Romuald, eds. (2008). Empirische Forschung und Theoriebildung. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 117–128. ISBN 978-3-631-56930-6.
^ King, Brian (2010). " " All us girls were like euuh!": Conversational work of be like in New Zealand adolescent talk". New Zealand English Journal. 24: 17–36. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
^ Florian Coulmas (Ed.). Direct and Indirect Speech (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs), p.164. ISBN 978-3110105995
^ a b Evans, Nicholas (2012). "Some problems in the typology of quotation: a canonical approach". Canonical Morphology and Syntax. Oxford University Press.
^ a b Klamer, Marian (2000). "How report verbs become quote markers and complementisers". Lingua. 110 (2): 69–98. doi: 10.1016/S0024-3841 (99)00032-7. hdl: 1887/18278. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
^ a b c d e f D'Arcy, Alexandra (2015). "Quotation and advances in understanding syntactic systems". Annual Review of Linguistics. 1 (1): 43–61. doi: 10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-125220.
^ a b Haddican, William; Zweig, Eytan; Johnson, Daniel Ezra (2012). "The syntax of be like quotatives" (PDF). Proceedings of the 29th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics: 81–89.
^ a b c Matsui, Tomoko; Yamamoto, Taeko (2013). "Developing sensitivity to the sources of information: Early use of the Japanese quotative particles tte and to in mother–child conversation". Journal of Pragmatics. 59: 5–25. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2013.06.008. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
^ San Roque, Lila (2019). "Evidentiality". Annual Review of Anthropology. 48: 353–370. doi: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218-011243.
^ Chojnicka, Joanna. "Latvian verbs of speaking and their relations to evidentiality". Kalbotyra (69): 59–81.
^ a b Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y (2014). The grammar of knowledge: a cross-linguistic view of evidentials, and the expression of information source. Oxford University Press. p.4-5. ISBN 9780198701316
v
t
e
Appropriation in the arts
By field
Music
Bootleg recording
Contrafact
List
Contrafactum
Cover version
Interpolation
List of musical medleys
Music mashup
Music plagiarism
Musical quotation
Parody music
Pasticcio
Plunderphonics
Potpourri
DJ mix
Quodlibet
Remix
Sampling
Sound collage
Trope
Variation
Literature / theatre
Assemblage
Cut-up technique
Joke theft
Jukebox musical
Trope
Found poetry
Flarf poetry
Verbatim theatre
Painting / sculpture /
comics / photography
Collage
Swipe
Comic strip switcheroo
Photographic mosaic
Combine painting
By source material
Mona Lisa
Michelangelo's David
Michelangelo's Pietà
Statue of Liberty
Cinema / television / video
Video mashup
Re-cut trailer
TV format
Found footage
Remake
Parody film
Collage film
Literal music video
Supercut
General
concepts
Intertextual figures
Allusion
Calque
Plagiarism
Pastiche
Parody
Quotation
Translation
Adaptation
Drama
Film
Literary
Theatre
Other concepts
Assemblage (art)
Bricolage
Citation
Derivative work
Détournement
Found object
Homage
Imitation in art
Mashup
Reprise
Source criticism in the arts
Related artistic
concepts
Originality
Artistic inspiration
Afflatus
Genius (literature)
Genre
Genre studies
Parody advertisement
In-joke
Tribute act
Fan fiction
Simulacrum
Archetypal literary criticism
Readymades of Marcel Duchamp
Anti-art
Pop art
Aesthetic interpretation
Western canon
Standard blocks
and forms
Jazz standard
Stock character
Plot device
Dramatic structure
Formula fiction
Monomyth
Archetype
Epoch-marking
works
L.H.O.O.Q. (1919)
" Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote " (1939)
Reality Hunger: A Manifesto (2010)
Theorization
Mimesis
Diegesis
Dionysian imitatio
De Copia Rerum
Romantic movement
Russian formalism
Modernist movement
Postmodern movement
Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree
Related non-
artistic concepts
Cultural appropriation
Appropriation in sociology
Articulation in sociology
Trope (literature)
Academic dishonesty
Authorship
Genius
Intellectual property
Recontextualisation
Authority control
GND: 4067889-1
LCCN: sh85110133
NARA: 10630307
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quotation&oldid=1009268294 "
Categories:
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Communication
Writing
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msmarco_passage_01_13682727 | Education Edge: Education Edge PMP PMBOK Week 8 Office Read - Procurement Knowledge Area | Education Edge: Education Edge PMP PMBOK Week 8 Office Read - Procurement Knowledge Area
Education Edge PMP PMBOK Week 8 Office Read - Procurement Knowledge Area
Procurement Knowledge Area
Project Procurement Management includes the processes necessary to purchase or acquire products, services, or results needed from outside the project team.
Project Procurement Management includes the contract management and change control processes.
Contracts are legal documents between a buyer and a seller.
A contract represents a mutually binding agreement that obligates the seller to provide something of value and obligates the buyer to provide monetary or other valuable compensation.
An agreement can be simple or complex, and may reflect the simplicity or complexity of the deliverables or required effort.
Contracts are a method of transferring risk for a fee (a strategy used in Risk Response Planning).
A complex project may involve managing multiple contracts or subcontracts simultaneously or in sequence.
Fixed-price contracts involve setting a fixed total price for a defined product, service, or result to be provided.
In a Firm Fixed Price Contracts (FFP) the price for goods is set at the outset and not subject to change unless the scope of work changes.
The most commonly used contract type is the FFP.
Fixed Price Incentive Fee Contracts (FPIF) gives the buyer and seller some flexibility in that it allows for deviation from performance, with financial incentives tied to achieving agreed upon metrics.
Fixed Price with Economic Price Adjustment Contracts (FP-EPA) is used whenever the seller’s performance period spans a considerable period of years, as is desired with many long-term relationships Project.
Cost-reimbursable contracts involve payments (cost reimbursements) to the seller for all legitimate actual costs incurred for completed work, plus a fee representing seller profit.
In a Cost Plus Fixed Fee Contracts (CPFF) the seller is reimbursed for all allowable costs for performing the contract work, and receives a fixed-fee payment calculated as a percentage of the initial estimated project costs.
In a Cost Plus Incentive Fee Contracts (CPIF) the seller is reimbursed for all allowable costs for performing the contract work and receives a predetermined incentive fee based upon achieving certain performance objectives as set forth in the contract.
In a Cost Plus Award Fee Contracts (CPAF) the seller is reimbursed for all legitimate costs, but the majority of the fee is earned only based on the satisfaction of certain broad subjective performance criteria defined and incorporated into the contract.
Time and material contracts are a hybrid type of contractual arrangement.
Time and material contracts are often used for staff augmentation, acquisition of experts, and any outside support when a precise statement of work cannot be quickly prescribed.
Seller has the cost risk in a Fixed-Price Contract.
Buyer has the cost risk in a Cost-reimbursable Contract.
RFP (Request for Proposal or Request for Tender) - requests a price and details.
IFB (Invitation for Bid or Request for Bid) - requests one price for all the work.
RFQ (Request for Quote) - requests a price quote per item, on hourly or per unit basis.
The knowledge area of Project Procurement Management consists of the following four processes:
Process Name
Project Management Process Group
Key Deliverables
Plan Procurement Management
Planning
Procurement Management Plan
Procurement Statement of Work
Source Selection Criteria
Make-or-Buy Decision
Conduct Procurements
Executing
Selected Sellers
Agreements
Control Procurements
Monitoring and Controlling
Work Performance Information
Change Requests
Close Procurements
Closing
Closed Procurements
Plan Procurement Management is the process of documenting project procurement decisions, specifying the approach, and identifying potential sellers.
The key benefit of this process is that it determines whether to acquire outside support, and if so:
· what to acquire
· how to acquire it
· how much is needed
· when to acquire it
The company or person who purchases the services or goods is called “buyer”.
The seller may be identified as a contractor, subcontractor, vendor, service provider, or supplier.
Many companies are a buyer in one procurement and a seller in another.
Formal procurement policies, procedures, and guidelines are part or Organizational Process Assets.
A make-or-buy analysis is a general management technique used to determine whether particular work can best be accomplished by the project team or should be purchased from outside sources.
The Plan Procurement Management process includes evaluating the risks involved with each make-or-buy analysis.
Expert purchasing judgment can also be used to develop or modify the criteria that will be used to evaluate seller proposals.
Market research includes examination of industry and specific vendor capabilities.
The procurement management plan is a component of the project management plan that describes how a project team will acquire goods and services from outside the performing organization.
The statement of work (SOW) for each procurement is developed from the project scope baseline and defines only that portion of the project scope that is to be included within the related contract.
Source selection criteria are developed and used to rate or score seller proposals, and can be objective or subjective.
The Inputs, Tools and Techniques and Output of Plan Procurement Management process are given below:
Project Management Plan
Make-or-Buy Analysis
Procurement Management Plan
Requirements Documentation
Expert Judgment
Procurement Statement of Work
Risk Register
Market Research
Procurement Documents
Activity Resource Requirements
Meetings
Source Selection Criteria
Project Schedule
Make-or-Buy Decisions
Activity Cost Estimates
Change Requests
Stakeholder Register
Project Documents updates
Enterprise Environmental Factors
Organizational Process Assets
Conduct Procurements is the process of obtaining seller responses, selecting a seller, and awarding a contract.
During the Conduct Procurements process:
1. The team will receive bids or proposals
2. The team will apply previously defined selection criteria
3. The team will select one or more sellers who are qualified to perform the work and acceptable as a seller
Seller proposals, prepared in response to a procurement document package, form the basic information that will be used by an evaluation body to select one or more successful bidders (sellers).
The procurement statement of work provides suppliers with a clearly stated set of goals, requirements, and outcomes from which they can provide a quantifiable response.
The statement of work is a critical component of the procurement process and can be modified as needed through this process until a final agreement is in place.
Bidder conferences are used to ensure that all prospective sellers have a clear and common understanding of the procurement requirements), and that no bidders receive preferential treatment.
Proposal Evaluation Techniques are use in complex procurements.
The evaluation committee will make their selection for approval by management prior to the award.
Independent Estimates can be prepared to check and evaluate the proposals received from sellers.
The quantity and availability of contracted resources and those dates on which each specific resource or resource group can be active or idle are documented in resource calendars.
The Inputs, Tools and Techniques and Output of Conduct Procurements process are given below:
Procurement Management Plan
Bidder Conference
Selected Sellers
Procurement Documents
Proposal Evaluation Techniques
Agreements
Source Selection Criteria
Independent Estimates
Resource Calendars
Seller Proposals
Expert Judgment
Change Requests
Project Documents
Advertising
Project Management Plan Updates
Make-or-Buy Decisions
Analytical Techniques
Project Documents updates
Procurement Statement of Work
Procurement Negotiations
Organizational Process Assets
Control Procurements is the process of managing procurement relationships, monitoring contract performance, and making changes and corrections to contracts as appropriate.
The key benefit of this process is that it ensures that both the seller’s and buyer’s performance meets procurement requirements according to the terms of the legal agreement.
Both the buyer and the seller will administer the procurement contract for similar purposes.
Many organizations treat contract administration as an administrative function separate from the project organization.
While a procurement administrator may be on the project team, this individual typically reports to a supervisor from a different department.
Control Procurements also has a financial management component that involves monitoring payments to the seller.
The Control Procurements process reviews and documents how well a seller is performing or has performed based on the contract and establishes corrective actions when needed.
Approved change requests can include modifications to the terms and conditions of the contract.
Changes where the buyer and seller cannot reach an agreement on compensation for the change or cannot agree that a change has occurred are called claims, disputes, or appeals.
A records management system is used by the project manager to manage contract and procurement documentation and records.
The Inputs, Tools and Techniques and Output of Control Procurements process are given below:
Project Management Plan
Contract Change Control System
Work Performance Information
Procurement Documents
Procurement Performance Reviews
Change Requests
Agreements
Inspections and Audits
Project Management Plan Updates
Approved Change Requests
Performance Reporting
Project Documents updates
Work Performance Reports
Payment Systems
Organizational Process Assets updates
Work Performance Data
Claims Administration
Records Management System
Close Procurements is the process of completing each procurement.
The Close Procurements process also involves administrative activities such as finalizing open claims, updating records to reflect final results, and archiving such information for future use.
The Close Procurements process supports the Close Project or Phase process by ensuring contractual agreements are completed or terminated.
Early termination of a contract is a special case of procurement closure that can result from a mutual agreement by both parties, from the default of one party, or for convenience of the buyer if provided for in the contract.
A procurement audit is a structured review of the procurement process originating from the Plan Procurement Management process through Control Procurements.
Final equitable settlement of all outstanding issues, claims, and disputes by negotiation is a primary goal.
Some form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) including mediation or arbitration may be explored.
Litigation in the courts is the least desirable option.
The Inputs, Tools and Techniques and Output of Close Procurements process are given below:
Project Management Plan
Procurement Audits
Closed Procurements
Procurement Documents
Procurement Negotiations
Organizational Process Assets updates
Records Management System
|
msmarco_passage_01_150742575 | Continuous positive airway pressure - Wikipedia | Continuous positive airway pressure - Wikipedia
Continuous positive airway pressure
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Form of ventilator which applies mild air pressure continuously to keep airways open
"CPAP" redirects here. For other uses, see CPAP (disambiguation).
Continuous positive airway pressure
Equipment for CPAP therapy: flow generator, hose, full face mask
[ edit on Wikidata]
Continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP) is a form of positive airway pressure (PAP) ventilation in which a constant level of pressure greater than atmospheric pressure is continuously applied to the upper respiratory tract of a person. The application of positive pressure may be intended to prevent upper airway collapse, as occurs in obstructive sleep apnea, or to reduce the work of breathing in conditions such as acute decompensated heart failure. CPAP therapy is highly effective for managing obstructive sleep apnea. Compliance and acceptance of use of CPAP therapy can be a limiting factor, with 8% of people stopping use after the first night and 50% within the first year.
Contents
1 Medical uses
1.1 Severe to moderate obstructive sleep apnea
1.2 Upper airway resistance syndrome
1.3 Pre-term infants
1.4 COVID-19
1.5 Other uses
2 Contraindications
3 Adverse effects
4 Mechanism
4.1 Method of delivery of CPAP
4.1.1 Nasal CPAP
4.1.2 Nasopharyngeal CPAP
4.1.3 Face mask
4.2 Compliance
5 History
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Medical uses
Severe to moderate obstructive sleep apnea
CPAP is the most effective treatment for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea, in which the mild pressure from the CPAP prevents the airway from collapsing or becoming blocked. CPAP has been shown to be 100% effective at eliminating obstructive sleep apneas in the majority of people who use the therapy according to the recommendations of their physician. In addition, a meta-analysis showed that CPAP therapy may reduce erectile dysfunction symptoms in male patients with obstructive sleep apnea.
Upper airway resistance syndrome
Upper airway resistance syndrome is another form of sleep-disordered breathing with symptoms that are similar to obstructive sleep apnea, but not severe enough to be considered OSA. CPAP can be used to treat UARS as the condition progresses, in order to prevent it from developing into obstructive sleep apnea.
Pre-term infants
CPAP also may be used to treat pre-term infants whose lungs are not yet fully developed. For example, physicians may use CPAP in infants with respiratory distress syndrome. It is associated with a decrease in the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In some preterm infants whose lungs have not fully developed, CPAP improves survival and decreases the need for steroid treatment for their lungs. In resource-limited settings where CPAP improves respiratory rate and survival in children with primary pulmonary disease, researchers have found that nurses can initiate and manage care with once- or twice-daily physician rounds.
COVID-19
In March 2020, the USFDA suggested that CPAP devices may be used to support patients affected by COVID-19; however, they recommended additional filtration since non-invasive ventilation may increase the risk of infectious transmission.
Other uses
CPAP also has been suggested for treating acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure in children, however, due to a limited number of clinical studies, the effectiveness and safety of this approach to providing respiratory support is not clear.
Contraindications
CPAP cannot be used in the following situations or conditions:
A person is not breathing on their own
A person is uncooperative or anxious
A person cannot protect their own airway (i.e., has altered consciousness for reasons other than sleep, such as extreme illness, intoxication, coma, etc.)
A person is not stable due to respiratory arrest
A person has experienced facial trauma or facial burns
A person who has had previous facial, esophageal, or gastric surgery may find this a difficult or unsuitable treatment option
Adverse effects
Some people experience difficulty adjusting to CPAP therapy and report general discomfort, nasal congestion, abdominal bloating, sensations of claustrophobia, mask leak problems, and convenience-related complaints.
Mechanism
CPAP therapy uses machines specifically designed to deliver a flow of air at a constant pressure. CPAP machines possess a motor that pressurizes room temperature air and delivers it through a hose connected to a mask or tube worn by the patient. This constant stream of air opens and keeps the upper airway unobstructed during inhalation and exhalation. Some CPAP machines have other features as well, such as heated humidifiers.
The therapy is an alternative to positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Both modalities stent open the alveoli in the lungs and thus, recruit more of the lung surface area for ventilation, but, while PEEP refers to devices that impose positive pressure only at the end of the exhalation, CPAP devices apply continuous positive airway pressure throughout the breathing cycle. Thus, the ventilator does not cycle during CPAP, no additional pressure greater than the level of CPAP is provided, and patients must initiate all of their breaths.
An example of a nasal mask for CPAP
Play media
CPAP setup for adults in a low resource setting
Method of delivery of CPAP
Nasal CPAP
Nasal prongs or a nasal mask is the most common modality of treatment. Nasal prongs are placed directly in the person's nostrils. A nasal mask is a small mask that covers the nose. There are also nasal pillow masks which have a cushion at the base of the nostrils, and are considered the least invasive option. Frequently, nasal CPAP is used for infants, although this use is controversial. Studies have shown nasal CPAP reduces ventilator time, but an increased occurrence of pneumothorax also was prevalent.
Nasopharyngeal CPAP
Nasopharyngeal CPAP is administered by a tube that is placed through the person's nose and ends in the nasopharynx. This tube bypasses the nasal cavity in order to deliver the CPAP farther down in the upper respiratory system.
Face mask
A full face mask over the mouth and nose is another approach for people who breathe out of their mouths when they sleep. Often, oral masks and naso-oral masks are used when nasal congestion or obstruction is an issue. Devices that combine nasal pressure with mandibular advancement devices (MAD) also exist.
Example of a full face mask CPAP
Compliance
A large portion of people do not adhere to the recommended method of CPAP therapy, with more than 50% of people discontinuing use in the first year. A significant change in behaviour is required in order to commit to long-term use of CPAP therapy and this can be difficult for many people. In addition, people with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea have a higher risk of concomidant symptoms such as anxiety and depression, which can make it more difficult to change their sleep habits and to use CPAP on a regular basis. Educational and supportive approaches have been shown to help motivate people who need CPAP therapy to use their devices more often.
History
Colin Sullivan, an Australian physician and professor, invented CPAP in 1980 at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney.
See also
Medicine portal
Positive end-expiratory pressure – Pressure above atmospheric in the lungs at the end of expiration
References
^ a b c d e f g h iAskland, Kathleen; Wright, Lauren; Wozniak, Dariusz R.; Emmanuel, Talia; Caston, Jessica; Smith, Ian (April 2020). "Educational, supportive and behavioural interventions to improve usage of continuous positive airway pressure machines in adults with obstructive sleep apnoea". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4: CD007736. doi: 10.1002/14651858.cd007736.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7137251. PMID 32255210.
^ Werman, Howard A.; Karren, K; Mistovich, Joseph (2014). "Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)". In Werman A. Howard; Mistovich J; Karren K (eds.). Prehospital Emergency Care, 10e. Pearson Education, Inc. p. 242.
^ Yang, Zhihao; Du, Guodong; Ma, Lei; Lv, Yunhui; Zhao, Yang; Yau, Tung On (February 2021). "Continuous positive airway pressure therapy in obstructive sleep apnoea patients with erectile dysfunction-A meta-analysis". The Clinical Respiratory Journal. 15 (2): 163–168. doi: 10.1111/crj.13280. ISSN 1752-699X. PMID 32975905. S2CID 221917475.
^ de Godoy, Luciana B.M.; Palombini, Luciana O.; Guilleminault, Christian; Poyares, Dalva; Tufik, Sergio; Togeiro, Sonia M. (2015-01). "Treatment of upper airway resistance syndrome in adults: Where do we stand?". Sleep Science. 8 (1): 42–48. doi: 10.1016/j.slsci.2015.03.001. ISSN 1984-0063. Check date values in: |date= ( help)
^ "Treatments". stanfordhealthcare.org. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
^ a b Repasky, David (2021-03-03). "CPAP Machine: How It Works, Reasons, and Uses". CPAP.com Blog. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
^ Patrick, Wilson; Moresky, Rachel; Baiden, Frank; Brooks, Joshua; Morris, Marilyn; Giessler, Katie; Punguyire, Damien; Apio, Gavin; Agyeman-Ampromfi, Akua; Lopez-Pintado, Sara; Sylverken, Justice; Nyarko-Jectey, Kwadwo; Tagbor, Harry (June 2017). "Continuous positive airway pressure for children with undifferentiated respiratory distress in Ghana: an open-label, cluster, crossover trial". Lancet Global Health. 5 (6): e615–e623. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X (17)30145-6. PMID 28495265.
^ "Ventilator Supply Mitigation Strategies: Letter to Health Care Providers". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
^ "COVID-19 resources for anesthesiologists". asahq.org. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). Retrieved 30 March 2020.
^ Shah, Prakeshkumar S.; Ohlsson, Arne; Shah, Jyotsna P. (2013-11-04). "Continuous negative extrathoracic pressure or continuous positive airway pressure compared to conventional ventilation for acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD003699. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003699.pub4. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6464907. PMID 24186774.
^ a b c d Pinto, Venessa L.; Sharma, Sandeep (2020), "Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 29489216, retrieved 2020-09-02
^ "Finding the Right Tubing (Hose) for Your CPAP". Advanced Sleep Medicine Services, Inc. 2017-03-23. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
^ Werman, Howard A.; Karren, K; Mistovich, Joseph (2014). "Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)". In Werman A. Howard; Mistovich J; Karren K (eds.). Prehospital Emergency Care, 10e. Pearson Education, Inc.
^ "Slide show: Which CPAP masks are best for you?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
^ "What is the Difference Between Nasal, Nasal Pillows and Full Face CPAP Masks?". Advanced Sleep Medicine Services, Inc. 2016-05-19. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
^ Morley, C. J.; Davis, P. G.; Doyle, L. W.; Brion, L. P.; Hascoet, J. M.; Carlin, J. B.; Coin Trial, I. (2008). "Nasal CPAP or Intubation at Birth for Very Preterm Infants" (PDF). New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (7): 700–708. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa072788. PMID 18272893.
^ https://www.sleepfoundation.org/articles/past-present-and-future-cpap
External links
Winters, Catherine (December 25, 2016). "How to Stop Snoring". Consumer Reports. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
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msmarco_passage_01_160167993 | Fugue (music) | Article about Fugue (music) by The Free Dictionary
Looking for Fugue (music)? Find out information about Fugue (music). in music, a form of composition in which the basic principle is imitative counterpoint counterpoint, in music, the art of combining melodies each of which... Explanation of Fugue (music)
Fugue (music) | Article about Fugue (music) by The Free Dictionary
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fugue
(redirected from Fugue (music))
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Related to Fugue (music): Double fugue
fugue
(fyo͞og)[Ital.,=flight], in music, a form of composition in which the basic principle is imitative counterpointcounterpoint,
in music, the art of combining melodies each of which is independent though forming part of a homogeneous texture. The term derives from the Latin for "point against point," meaning note against note in referring to the notation of plainsong.
Click the link for more information. of several voices. Its main elements are: (1) a theme, or subject, stated first in one voice alone and then successively in all voices; (2) the continuation of a voice after the subject, forming an accompaniment to the subject statements in the other voices and sometimes assuming sufficiently distinct character as to be called a countersubject; and (3) passages that are built on a motivemotive
or motif
, in music, a short phrase or passage of two or more notes and repeated or elaborated throughout the composition. The term is usually used synonymously with figure.
Click the link for more information. or motives derived from the subject or the countersubject but in which these themselves do not appear. Those sections in which the subject appears at least once in all voices are called expositions; those in which it does not appear at all are called episodes. Expositions other than the opening one often modulate. The formal structure of any fugue is an alternation of exposition and episode, and an infinite variety of formal scheme is possible. The term fuguedesignates a contrapuntal texture which may be in any formal design. Imitation as the systematic basis for musical texture was first applied during the generation of Josquin Desprez, Loyset Compère, and others, c.1500. During the 16th cent. the technique was further developed in the instrumental ricercare and canzone. In Germany in the 17th cent. composers such as Sweelinck, Froberger, and Buxtehude developed contrapuntal pieces based on one subject, which led to the fugal style exemplified in the Art of the Fugue,the Goldberg Variations,and the Well-tempered Clavierof J. S. Bach, the master of fugue. After him fugue was adapted by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven to the classical style. Brahms was the chief composer to make use of the fugue in the romantic period. A contemporary volume of preludes and fugues is Paul Hindemith's Ludus Tonalis(1943).
Bibliography
See A. Mann, The Study of Fugue(1958), R. Bullivant, Fugue(1971).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia™ Copyright © 2013, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/
The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia(1979). It might be outdated or ideologically biased.
Fugue
in music, the most mature form of imitative counterpoint (seePOLYPHONY).
The fugue is based on a short melody, or theme, that is stated and developed by two or more voices in turn; once stated, the theme is known as the subject. In the opening section of the fugue, called the exposition, the subject appears sequentially in all the voices, with the first voice stating it in the main key and the second voice stating it in the dominant; this pattern is then repeated. These complementary statements are referred to as subject or answer, or duxand comes(literally, “leader” and “companion”). Occasionally the answer may be in the subdominant, and in the modern fugue it may appear in any key.
The second statement (first imitation) of the subject is followed by a melody that forms a counterpoint to the answer or subject and is called the countersubject. Statements of the subject generally alternate with developmental passages called episodes. Sometimes the brevity of the exposition is counterbalanced by additional statements of the subject and answer, which, when they appear in all voices, constitute the counterexposition.
The middle section of the fugue is devoted to a tonal development of the subject in keys not used in the exposition. It is in the middle section that a strictly polyphonic treatment occurs, with the composer making use of combined counterpoint; the stretto, which is a type of canonical treatment of the subject; or alteration of the subject through, for example, inversion or augmentation. The conclusion of the fugue occurs in the main key and generally takes the form of a recapitulation.
The simple fugue, unlike the sonata form, does not develop a second subject; instead, it concentrates on a single musical idea. This is true even of double and triple fugues (which are based on two or three subjects respectively), since the additional subjects form a kind of extension or complement to the primary subject.
Fugues may be written as independent works; often they are preceded by a prelude, toccata, or a fantasia. Sometimes the fugue is united with the piece that precedes it to form a cycle, as in J. S. Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavier, P. Hindemith’s Ludus Tonalis, and D. D. Shostakovich’s Twenty-four Preludes and Fugues. The fugue may constitute a movement in such cyclic forms as the sonata and oratorio, or it may be a section of a piece in one or more movements.
The fugue developed from such early forms as the canzone and the ricercar (the latter exemplified by the work of G. Gabrieli in the 16th century); it was further developed in the instrumental music of such 17th-century composers as G. Frescobaldi at a time when the major and minor modes were becoming established in the transition from strict to free polyphony. The fugue reached its apex in the work of Bach and G. F. Handel. It appeared less often between the second half of the 18th century and the early 20th century, but such composers as W. A. Mozart, L. van Beethoven, C. Franck, and S. I. Taneev created masterpieces of the form. In the 20th century the fugue has attracted the attention of such composers as I. F. Stravinsky, Hindemith, Shostakovich, and R. K. Shchedrin, who have used it for the expression of innovative musical ideas.
REFERENCES
Protopopov, V. Istoriia polifonii v ee vazhneishikh iavleniiakh: Russkaia klassicheskaia i sovetskaia muzyka, Moscow, 1962.
Protopopov, V. Istoriia polifonii: Zapadnoevropeiskaia klassika XVIII–XIX vv. Moscow, 1965.
Polifoniia: Sb. teoreticheskikh statei. Moscow, 1975.
Chugaev, A. Osobennosti stroeniia klavirnykh fug Bakha. Moscow, 1975.
Ghislanzoni, A. Storia della fuga. Milan [1952].
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). © 2010 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
fugue
[fyüg]
(psychology)
A flight from reality, as in hysteria, during which an individual performs acts which later are not recollected.
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
fugue
1. a musical form consisting essentially of a theme repeated a fifth above or a fourth below the continuing first statement
2. Psychiatrya dreamlike altered state of consciousness, lasting from a few hours to several days, during which a person loses his memory for his previous life and often wanders away from home
Collins Discovery Encyclopedia, 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005
Fugue
(language, music)
A music language implemented in Xlisp.
["Fugue: A Functional Language for Sound Synthesis",
R.B. Dannenberg et al, Computer 24(7):36-41 (Jul 1991)].
This article is provided by FOLDOC - Free Online Dictionary of Computing (foldoc.org)
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msmarco_passage_01_163211342 | Pictorial drawing | Article about Pictorial drawing by The Free Dictionary | Pictorial drawing | Article about Pictorial drawing by The Free Dictionary
Pictorial drawing
Pictorial drawing
A view of an object (actual or imagined) as it would be seen by an observer who looks at the object either in a chosen direction or from a selected point of view. Pictorial sketches often are more readily made and more clearly understood than are front, top, and side views of an object. Pictorial drawings, either sketched freehand or made with drawing instruments, are frequently used by engineers and architects to convey ideas to their assistants and clients. See Engineering drawing
In making a pictorial drawing, the viewing direction that shows the object and its details to the best advantage is chosen. The resultant drawing is orthographic if the viewing rays are considered as parallel, or perspective if the rays are considered as meeting at the eye of the observer. Perspective drawings provide the most realistic, and usually the most pleasing, likeness when compared with other types of pictorial views.
Several types of nonperspective pictorial views can be sketched, or drawn with instruments. In the isometric pictorial, the direction of its axes and all measurements along these axes are made with one scale (Fig. 1). Oblique pictorial drawings, while not true orthographic views, offer a convenient method for drawing circles and other curves in their true shape (Fig. 2).
In order to reduce the distortion in an oblique drawing, measurements along the receding axis may be foreshortened. When they are halved, the method is called cabinet drawing.
McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Engineering. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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* ENOCH BREAKS 'EM: Pictorial drawing of Luddites using a sledgehammer or Enoch to smash power looms in a weaving shed.
When Luddites raged against the machine; 200th anniversary of revolt celebrated
Eliason's Early American Brass Makers (Nashville, 1979), for example, he would have been rewarded with Allen Dodworth's Dodworth's Brass Band School (New York, 1853), not to mention 'The Boston Brass Band', from Gleason's Pictorial Drawing Room Companion (Boston, 9 August 1851).
Brass Bibliography; Sources on the History, Literature, Pedagogy, Performance, and Acoustics of Brass Instruments
" We should be very careful about withdrawing the newer and harsher pictorial drawings.
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msmarco_passage_01_168842340 | Diffusion | Article about diffusion by The Free Dictionary | Diffusion | Article about diffusion by The Free Dictionary
diffusion
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diffusion,
in chemistry, the spontaneous migration of substances from regions where their concentration is high to regions where their concentration is low. Diffusion is important in many life processes. It occurs, for example, across the alveolar membrane of the lung, which separates the carbon-dioxide-rich blood from the oxygen-rich air. Oxygen diffuses across the membrane and becomes dissolved in the blood; carbon dioxide diffuses across the membrane into the air.
The spontaneous redistribution of a substance is due to the random motion of the molecules (or atoms or ions) of the substance. Because of the random nature of the motion of molecules, the rate of diffusion of molecules out of any region in a substance is proportional to the concentration of molecules in that region, and the rate of diffusion into the region is proportional to the concentration of molecules in the surrounding regions. Thus, while molecules continuously flow both into and out of all regions, the net flow is from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration. Generally, the greater the difference in concentration, the faster the diffusion.
Since an increase in temperature represents an increase in the average molecular speed, diffusion occurs faster at higher temperatures. At any given temperature, small, light molecules (such as H 2, hydrogen gas) diffuse faster than larger, more massive molecules (such as N 2, nitrogen gas) because they are traveling faster, on the average (see heat heat,
nonmechanical energy in transit, associated with differences in temperature between a system and its surroundings or between parts of the same system. Measures of Heat
..... Click the link for more information. ; kinetic-molecular theory of gases kinetic-molecular theory of gases,
physical theory that explains the behavior of gases on the basis of the following assumptions: (1) Any gas is composed of a very large number of very tiny particles called molecules; (2) The molecules are very far apart compared to their sizes,
..... Click the link for more information. ). According to Graham's law (for Thomas Graham), the rate at which a gas diffuses is inversely proportional to the square root of the density of the gas.
Diffusion often masks gravitational effects. For example, if a relatively dense gas (such as CO 2, carbon dioxide) is introduced at the bottom of a vessel containing a less dense gas (such as H 2, hydrogen gas), the dense gas will diffuse upward and the less dense gas will diffuse downward. It is true, however, that at equilibrium the two gases will not be uniformly mixed. There will be some variation in the density and composition of the gas mixture; at the top of the vessel the gas mixture will be slightly less concentrated, and there will be a slight preponderance of molecules of the less dense gas. These differences, which are due to gravity, are almost impossible to measure in the laboratory, although they interact with other factors in determining the distribution of gases in planetary atmosphere.
Diffusion is not confined to gases; it can take place with matter in any state. For example, salt diffuses (dissolves) into water; water diffuses (evaporates) into the air. It is even possible for a solid to diffuse into another solid; e.g., gold will diffuse into lead, although at room temperature this diffusion is very slow. Generally, gases diffuse much faster than liquids, and liquids much faster than solids. Diffusion may take place through a semipermeable membrane, which allows some, but not all, substances to pass. In solutions, when the liquid solvent passes through the membrane but the solute (dissolved solid) is retained, the process is called osmosis osmosis
, transfer of a liquid solvent through a semipermeable membrane that does not allow dissolved solids (solutes) to pass. Osmosis refers only to transfer of solvent; transfer of solute is called dialysis.
..... Click the link for more information. . Diffusion of a solute across a membrane is called dialysis dialysis
, in chemistry, transfer of solute (dissolved solids) across a semipermeable membrane. Strictly speaking, dialysis refers only to the transfer of the solute; transfer of the solvent is called osmosis.
..... Click the link for more information. , especially when some solutes pass and others are retained.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia™ Copyright © 2013, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/
Diffusion
The transport of matter from one point to another by random molecular motions. It occurs in gases, liquids, and solids.
Diffusion plays a key role in processes as diverse as permeation through membranes, evaporation of liquids, dyeing textile fibers, drying timber, doping silicon wafers to make semiconductors, and transporting of thermal neutrons in nuclear power reactors. Rates of important chemical reactions are limited by how fast diffusion can bring reactants together or deliver them to reaction sites on enzymes or catalysts. The forces between molecules and molecular sizes and shapes can be studied by making diffusion measurements. See Semiconductor
Molecules in fluids (gases and liquids) are constantly moving. Even in still air, for example, nitrogen and oxygen molecules ricochet off each other at bullet speeds. Molecular diffusion is easily demonstrated by pouring a layer of water over a layer of ink in a narrow glass tube. The boundary between the ink and water is sharp at first, but it slowly blurs as the ink diffuses upward into the clear water. Eventually, the ink spreads evenly along the tube without any help from stirring.
Gases
A number of techniques are used to measure diffusion in gases. In a two-bulb experiment, two vessels of gas are connected by a narrow tube through which diffusion occurs. Diffusion is followed by measuring the subsequent changes in the composition of gas in each vessel. Excellent results are also obtained by placing a lighter gas mixture on top of a denser gas mixture in a vertical tube and then measuring the composition along the tube after a timed interval.
Rates of diffusion in gases increase with the temperature ( T) approximately as T3/2 and are inversely proportional to the pressure. The interdiffusion coefficients of gas mixtures are almost independent of the composition.
Kinetic theory shows that the self-diffusion coefficient of a pure gas is inversely proportional to both the square root of the molecular weight and the square of the molecular diameter. Interdiffusion coefficients for pairs of gases can be estimated by taking averages of the molecular weights and collision diameters. Kinetic-theory predictions are accurate to about 5% at pressures up to 10 atm (1 megapascal). Theories which take into account the forces between molecules are more accurate, especially for dense gases. See Kinetic theory of matter
Liquids
The most accurate diffusion measurements on liquids are made by layering a solution over a denser solution and then using optical methods to follow the changes in refractive index along the column of solution. Excellent results are also obtained with cells in which diffusion occurs between two solution compartments through a porous diaphragm. Many other reliable experimental techniques have been devised.
Room-temperature liquids usually have diffusion coefficients in the range 0.5–5 × 10 -5 cm 2 s -1. Diffusion in liquids, unlike diffusion in gases, is sensitive to changes in composition but relatively insensitive to changes in pressure. Diffusion of high-viscosity, syrupy liquids and macromolecules is slower. The diffusion coefficient of aqueous serum albumin, a protein of molecular weight 60,000 atomic mass units, is only 0.06 × 10 -5 cm 2 s -1 at 25°C (77°F).
When solute molecules diffuse through a solution, solvent molecules must be pushed out of the way. For this reason, liquid-phase interdiffusion coefficients are inversely proportional to both the viscosity of the solvent and the effective radius of the solute molecules. Accurate theories of diffusion in liquids are still under development. See Viscosity
Solids
Diffusion in solids is an important topic of physical metallurgy and materials science since diffusion processes are ubiquitous in solid matter at elevated temperatures. They play a key role in the kinetics of many microstructural changes that occur during the processing of metals, alloys, ceramics, semiconductors, glasses, and polymers. Typical examples of such changes include nucleation of new phases, diffusive phase transformations, precipitation and dissolution of a second phase, recrystallization, high-temperature creep, and thermal oxidation. Direct technological applications concern diffusion doping during the fabrication of microelectronic devices, solid electrolytes for battery and fuel cells, surface hardening of steels through carburization or nitridation, diffusion bonding, and sintering. See Phase transitions
The atomic mechanisms of diffusion are closely connected with defects in solids. Point defects such as vacancies and interstitials are the simplest defects and often mediate diffusion in an otherwise perfect crystal. Dislocations, grain boundaries, phase boundaries, and free surfaces are other types of defects in a crystalline solid. They can act as diffusion short circuits because the mobility of atoms along such defects is usually much higher than in the lattice. See Crystal defects
McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Physics. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
diffusion
the spread of cultural traits (e.g. religious belief, technological ideas, language forms, etc.) or social practices from one society or group to another. The concept was first employed by the British anthropologist Edward TYLOR (in Primitive Culture, 1871) to explain the presence of non-indigenous cultural traits found within many societies. Such cultural diffusion has occurred on a wide scale throughout human history, so that, today, societies can even be said to exist as part of a single world society.
In social anthropology, and in sociology more generally, the existence of cultural diffusion is seen as presenting problems, especially for UNILINEAR theories of change which make the assumption that individual societies develop – mainly endogenously -through set stages (see also INTERSOCIETAL SYSTEMS ). On the other hand, it should not be assumed that any cultural trait or social institution is compatible with any other, for this would be to assume that individual societies have no internal coherence.
The concept of diffusion has also been linked to the debate which emerged over theories of ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT and MODERNIZATION. Theorists such as Talcott PARSONS (1964a) argued that the diffusion of social institutions ( EVOLUTIONARY UNIVERSALS) and cultural values characteristic of Western capitalist democracies was essential if THIRD WORLD development was to occur. This position was trenchantly criticized by writers from the left, most notably Frank (1969), who pointed out that the diffusion of culture and institutions from Europe to the Third World was, in fact, centuries old, and rather than producing development, this colonial contact resulted in UNDERDEVELOPMENT.
In more mathematical usages of the term, similarities are seen as existing between patterns of social diffusion and those characteristic of EPIDEMIOLOGY, e.g. the logistical pattern of the spread of a contagious disease - proceeding slowly at first, with small numbers of persons involved, then more rapidly as more become involved and they also involve still others, but then slowing down as there are fewer new people to involve (see also DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS ). However, although formal mathematical models of the type used in physical science can be illuminating, these are usually presented as ‘heuristic devices’, rather than models which will closely fit patterns of social diffusion which are likely to be seen as more complex and variable in form than those in the physical realm. One reason for this is that individual human beings and groups often resist change; and diffusion rarely occurs as the outcome of passive imitation (see also TWO-STEP FLOW OF COMMUNICATIONS; OPINION LEADERSHIP ).
Collins Dictionary of Sociology, 3rd ed. © HarperCollins Publishers 2000
The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically biased.
Diffusion
the mutual penetration of adjoining substances because of the thermal motion of their particles. Diffusion occurs in the direction of decreasing concentration of a substance and leads to a uniform distribution of matter over the entire volume it occupies (to the equalization of the chemical potential of matter).
Diffusion occurs in gases, liquids, and solids; the particles of foreign materials, as well as the particles of the given substance (self-diffusion), may diffuse.
The diffusion of large particles suspended in a gas or liquid (for example, particles in smoke and suspensions) occurs because of the particles’ Brownian movement. Unless specifically noted, the following discussion will deal with molecular diffusion.
Diffusion proceeds most rapidly in gases, more slowly in liquids, and most slowly in solids because of the character of thermal motion in these mediums. The trajectory of motion of each particle in a gas is a broken line, since the particles change their direction and speed of motion during collisions.
The disorderliness of motion leads to the gradual movement of each particle away from the spot where it was originally located; its displacement along a straight line is much less than the path traversed along the broken line. For this reason, diffusion penetration is considerably slower than free motion (for example, the rate of diffusion propagation of odors is much lower than the speed of the molecules). Displacement of the particle changes in time in a random manner, but its mean square L ̅ 2 increases over a large number of collisions proportional to thejime t. The proportionality coefficient D in the relationship L̅2 ~ Dt is called the diffusion coefficient. This relationship, which was found by A. Einstein, is valid for any diffusion process. In the simplest case of self-diffusion in a gas, the diffusion coefficient may be determined from the relationship D ~ L̅2/r applied to the mean free path length of the molecule I̅. For a gas, I̅ c̄τ, where c̄ is the mean rate of particle motion and τ is the mean time between collisions. Thus, D ~ I2̅/τ ~ I̅c̄ (more exactly, D = 1/3 I̅c ). The diffusion coefficient is inversely proportional to the pressure p of the gas (since I̅ ~ 1/p ); with increasing temperature T (at constant volume), the diffusion coefficient increases proportionally to T½ (since c̄ ~ ƲT ). The diffusion coefficient decreases with increasing molecular weight.
In liquids, in accordance with the nature of the thermal motion of molecules, diffusion occurs through jumps of the molecules from one temporary equilibrium position to another. Every jump takes place by imparting to the molecule an energy sufficient to break its bonds with the neighboring molecules and to transfer it into the surroundings of other molecules (into another energetically advantageous position). The average jump does not exceed the inter-molecular distance. The diffusion motion of particles may be regarded as motion with friction to which Einstein’s second relationship is applicable: D ~ ukT. Here k is the Boltzmann constant and u is the mobility of the diffusing particles—that is, the proportionality coefficient between the particle velocity c and the moving force F during stationary motion with friction ( c = uF ). If the particles are spherically symmetrical, then u = 1/6 πƞr, where η is the viscosity coefficient of the liquid and r is the particle radius.
The diffusion coefficient in a liquid increases with the temperature, which is caused by the “loosening” of the structure of the liquid by heating and the consequent increase in the number of jumps per unit time.
Several diffusion mechanisms may act in a solid, including the interchange of atoms and vacancies (unoccupied points in the crystal lattice), the movement of atoms through the interstices, the simultaneous cyclical displacement of several atoms, and direct interchange of neighboring atoms. The first mechanism predominates in the formation of substitutional solid solutions; the second, in the formation of interstitial solid solutions.
The diffusion coefficient in solids is extremely sensitive to crystal lattice defects formed by heating, stresses, deformation, and other actions. The increase in the number of defects (mainly vacancies) facilitates the displacement of atoms in solids and leads to increasing diffusion coefficients. The diffusion coefficient in solids is characterized by a sharp (exponential) dependence on temperature. Thus, the diffusion coefficient for the diffusion of zinc into copper increases by a factor of 10 14 when the temperature is increased from 20° to 300° C. (See Table 1 for values of the diffusion coefficient.)
For the majority of scientific and practical problems, the diffusional motion of the separate particles is of lesser importance than the resulting equalization of the concentration of matter in an initially heterogeneous medium. More particles depart from locations of high concentration than from locations of low concentration. An irreversible flow of matter, the diffusion flux j, passes through a unit area of a heterogeneous medium per unit time in the direction of lower concentration. The flux is equal to the difference in the number of particles traversing the area in both directions and is therefore proportional to the concentration gradient ∇C (the decrease in concentration per unit length). This relationship is expressed by Fick’s law (1855):
j = −D∇C
The unit of the flux j in the International System of Units is l/ (m2·sec), or kg/ (m’2·sec), and the unit of the concentration gradient is 1/m4, or kg/m4, from which the unit of the diffusion coefficient is m 2/sec. Fick’s law is mathematically analogous to the Fourier thermal conductivity equation. A single mechanism of molecular transfer forms the basis for these phenomena: mass transfer in the former case and energy transfer in the latter.
Table 1. Values of diffusion coefficient (at atmospheric pressure)
Basic component
Temperature ( °C)
Diffusion coefficient ( m2/sec)
Hydrogen (gas) ...............
Oxygen (gas)
0
0.70 × 10 −4
Water vapor ...............
Air
0
0.23 × 10 −4
Ethyl alcohol vapor ...............
Air
0
0.10 × 10 −4
Salt (NaCl) ...............
Water
20
1.1 × 10 −9
Sugar ...............
Water
20
0.3 × 10 −9
Gold (solid) ...............
Lead (solid)
20
4 × 10 −14
Self-diffusion ...............
Lead
285
7 × 10 −15
The presence of a concentration or chemical potential gradient in the medium is not the only condition under which diffusion occurs. The action of an external electrical field causes the diffusion of charged particles (electrodiffusion), the action of the gravitational field or pressure causes barodiffusion, and thermal diffusion occurs in a nonuniformly heated medium.
All the experimental methods for the determination of the diffusion coefficient contain two basic features, placement of the diffusing materials in contact and analysis of the composition of materials following diffusion. The composition (concentration of the diffused material) is determined chemically, optically (from the change in the index of refraction or the absorption coefficient), by methods of mass spectroscopy, or by the method of tracer atoms.
Diffusion plays an important role in chemical kinetics and technology. During a chemical reaction at the surface of a catalyst or of one of the reactants (for example, during the combustion of coal), diffusion may determine the rate of introduction of the other reactants and of removal of the reaction products—that is, it may be the limiting process.
Diffusion is usually the limiting process during evaporation and condensation, as well as the dissolution of crystals and crystallization. The diffusion of gases through porous membranes or into a stream of vapor is used for the separation of isotopes. Diffusion is the basis for many industrial processes, such as adsorption and case hardening. Diffusion welding and coating are widely used.
Diffusion of the molecules of solvent in liquid solutions through semipermeable membranes leads to the formation of osmotic pressure, which is used in the physicochemical separation method of dialysis.
D. A. F RANK -K AMENETSKII
Diffusion in biological systems. Diffusion plays an important role in the life processes of animal and plant tissues and cells (for example, diffusion of oxygen from the lungs into the blood, as well as from the blood into the tissues; absorption of the products of digestion from the digestive tract; absorption of elements of mineral nutrition by hair follicle cells; and the diffusion of ions during the generation of action potentials by the nerve and muscle cells). The various rates of diffusion of ions through cell membranes are among the physical factors affecting the selective accumulation of elements in the cells of organisms. The entry of dissolved materials into the cell may be expressed by Fick’s law, in which the value of the diffusion coefficient is replaced by the permeability coefficient of the membrane, and the concentration gradient is replaced by the difference in concentration on either side of the membrane. The diffusion penetration of the cell by gases and water is also described by Fick’s law. In this case, the values of the concentration differences are replaced by the values of the differences between the gas and osmotic pressures within and outside of the cell.
Four types of diffusion are distinguished: simple diffusion, osmosis (“limited diffusion”), active ion transport, and exchange diffusion. Simple diffusion consists of the free displacement of molecules and ions in the direction of the gradient of their chemical or electrochemical potential. Only materials of small molecular dimensions, such as water, methyl alcohol, and similar materials, may move in this way. Osmosis occurs when the cell membrane is charged and limits the diffusion of charged particles, even those of small size (for example, the weak penetration of anions into the cell). Active ion transport involves the transfer by specific “carriers” of molecules and ions that do not penetrate the membrane spontaneously or penetrate it only very weakly. Sugars and amino acids apparently penetrate the cell in this way. It is probable that both the carrier and the complex of the carrier and the substance diffuse through the membrane. The transfer of material determined by the carrier concentration gradient is called exchange diffusion; such diffusion is clearly detected in experiments using isotope tracers. The different concentrations of materials within the cell and in the surrounding medium cannot be explained exclusively by their diffusion through membranes caused by existing electrochemical and osmotic gradients. The distribution of ions is also influenced by the processes that may generate redistribution of materials in a direction opposite their electrochemical gradients with the expenditure of energy—so-called active ion transport (ionic “pumps”).
L. N. V OROB’EV and I. A. V OROB’EVA
REFERENCES
Frenkel’, Ia. I. Sobr. izbr. trudov. Vol. 3: Kineticheskaia teoriia zhidkostei. Moscow-Leningrad, 1959.
Hirschfelder, J., C. Curtis, and R. Bird. Molekuliarnaia teoriia gazov i zhidkostei. Moscow, 1961. (Translated from English.)
Shewmon, P. Diffuziia v tverdykh telakh. Moscow, 1966. (Translated from English.)
Frank-Kamenetskii, D. A. Diffuziia i teploperedacha v khimicheskoi kinetike, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1967.
Bull, H. Fizicheskaia biokhimiia. Moscow, 1949. (Translated from English.)
Rukovodstvo po tsitologii, vol. 1. Moscow-Leningrad, 1965.
Khodorov, B. I. Problema vozbudimosti. Leningrad, 1969.
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). © 2010 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
diffusion
[ də′fyü·zhən]
(acoustics)
The degree of variation in the propagation directions of sound waves over the volume of a sound field.
(electronics)
A method of producing a junction by difusing an impurity metal into a semiconductor at a high temperature.
(mechanical engineering)
The conversion of air velocity into static pressure in the diffuser casing of a centrifugal fan, resulting from increases in the radius of the air spin and in area.
(meteorology)
The exchange of fluid parcels (and hence the transport of conservative properties) between regions in space, in the apparently random motions of the parcels on a scale too small to be treated by the equations of motion; the diffusion of momentum (viscosity), vorticity, water vapor, heat (conduction), and gaseous components of the atmospheric mixture have been studied extensively.
(optics)
The distribution of incident light by reflection.
Transmission of light through a translucent material.
(physics)
The spontaneous movement and scattering of particles (atoms and molecules), of liquids, gases, and solids.
In particular, the macroscopic motion of the components of a system of fluids that is driven by differences in concentration.
(solid-state physics)
The actual transport of mass, in the form of discrete atoms, through the lattice of a crystalline solid.
The movement of carriers in a semiconductor.
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
diffusion
1. Physics
a. the random thermal motion of atoms, molecules, clusters of atoms, etc., in gases, liquids, and some solids
b. the transfer of atoms or molecules by their random motion from one part of a medium to another
2. Physics the transmission or reflection of electromagnetic radiation, esp light, in which the radiation is scattered in many directions and not directly reflected or refracted; scattering
3. Physics the degree to which the directions of propagation of reverberant sound waves differ from point to point in an enclosure
4. Anthropol the transmission of social institutions, skills, and myths from one culture to another
Collins Discovery Encyclopedia, 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005
diffusion
A semiconductor manufacturing process that infuses tiny quantities of impurities into a base material, such as silicon, to change its electrical characteristics. See chip.
Diffusion Process
This diagram shows the masking, etching and diffusion stages that build the tiny sublayers in a transistor.
Copyright © 1981-2019 by The Computer Language Company Inc. All Rights reserved. THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY. All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher.
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msmarco_passage_01_168986006 | Dynamic resolution | Article about dynamic resolution by The Free Dictionary | Dynamic resolution | Article about dynamic resolution by The Free Dictionary
dynamic resolution
dynamic resolution
[ dī¦nam·ik ‚rez·ə′lü·shən]
(computer science)
A feature of some mice whereby the pointer moves a larger distance in proportion to the mouse's actual displacement when the mouse is moved quickly and a smaller distance when it is moved slowly. Also known as automatic acceleration; ballistic tracking; dynamic acceleration; variable acceleration.
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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msmarco_passage_01_174886375 | Addison's Disease Treatment | Addison's Disease Treatment
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Addison's Disease Treatment
Typically, Addison's disease treatment consists of replacing, or substituting, the hormones that the adrenal glands are not making. Although there is no cure for Addison's disease, it can be controlled with medication. Treatment involves oral medication, often consisting of hydrocortisone tablets, mineralocorticoids, or sometimes both.
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msmarco_passage_01_179877936 | Essays on Literature: The function of the role of the Fool in King Lear is no more than the choric function fulfilled by the chorus in The Burial at Thebes. Discuss. | Essays on Literature: The function of the role of the Fool in King Lear is no more than the choric function fulfilled by the chorus in The Burial at Thebes. Discuss.
Essays on Literature
Monday, 11 June 2012
The function of the role of the Fool in King Lear is no more than the choric function fulfilled by the chorus in The Burial at Thebes. Discuss.
In Classical Greek Tragedy, the chorus is a harmonised, objective mass of performers who comment with a united voice on the unfolding dramatic action within the play. In Shakespeare’s King Lear, the role of the Fool effectively fulfills this function through his mannerism and conduct, bemusing idioms and puzzling proverbs. However, there are certain aspects of his role that elevate him above the traditional Greek choric position within The Burial at Thebes.
Within his essay, Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool, George Orwell commented on the role of the Fool and his function within King Lear :
“The Fool is integral to the play. He acts not only as a sort of chorus, making the central situation clear by commenting on it more intelligently than the other characters, but as a foil to Lear's frenzies. His jokes, riddles, and scraps of rhyme, and his endless digs at Lear's high-minded folly, are like a trickle of sanity running through the play”
Orwell argues that the role of the Fool is similar to but ultimately more than that of the chorus in Classical Greek theatre. Although the Fool does not contribute to the structure of the play, as the chorus does, he nevertheless suitably fulfills the choric function. However, the play shows him to be much more of a though-provoking and challenging character than the chorus. This causes his role to be more significant and intriguing as a result.
One of the main functions of the chorus was to offer plot exposition and to dwell upon the themes of the play; emphasising them for the audience’s sake. Through a series of choral odes, the chorus in The Burial at Thebes underlines the central, thematic context of the play. For instance, the chorus consider the nature of fate and its reparations – resonating through generation after generation. They state, “That [Antigone’s] family is going to feel the blow / Generation after generation. / It starts like an undulation underwater… / Then turns itself into a tidal current”. The Fool, in King Lear, serves a similar purpose in so far as he constantly comments on the fundamental issues arising within the subtext. For example, the Fool makes reference to the unnatural behaviour of Lear’s malevolent daughters and remarks on the theme of ungrateful children. He tells Lear, “The hedge-sparrow fed the cuckoo so long, / That it’s had it head bit off by it young” (I, iv, 205-206). Despite, however, the Fool fulfilling this aspect of the choric function, he does so with a rather biting, satirical edge. The Fool was given liberty to comment on society and the actions of his social superiors, giving the Fool a subversive and somewhat sardonic potential, contrary to that of the Greek chorus in The Burial at Thebes. This makes his character, and his role, more interesting than the chorus as a result.
The Greek chorus often acted as audience surrogates, questioning the other characters' motives or warning them about the consequences of their actions. However, they did so in a compliant, acquiescent manner that would appease both sides. In The Burial at Thebes, the chorus acts as a public arbitrator; although being careful not to transgress their position and anger their superiors. In the scene in which Haemon questions his father’s ruling, the chorus prefers to strike a balance between opposing arguments, stating, “You should take good note, Creon, of Haemon’s words / And he of yours. Both of you say sound things.” In King Lear, the Fool also represents the common man among socially elevated characters. However, through verbal scrutiny and continual gibes at Lear’s principled irrationality, the Fool is more rebellious and hence differing from the obedient chorus. The Fool openly states “ they’ll / have me whipp’d for speaking true, thou’lt have me / whipp’d for lying; and sometimes I am whipp’d for / holding my peace” (I, iv 172-175). He stresses that his efforts are in vain as punishment is unavoidable in his profession. By the Fool showing an awareness of this, Shakespeare once again elevates the Fool’s role above that of the traditional choric one as he displays a level of insight that the chorus would otherwise not possess.
Another way in which the Fool fulfills the role of the chorus is by helping the audience experience catharsis. By focusing on Lear’s peripeteia and hamartia – “thou art an O without a / figure. I am better than thou art now; I am a fool, thou / art nothing” (I, iv, 182-184) – the Fool provokes greater empathy, pity and fear by the audience towards Lear’s predicament. In relation to this, the chorus reminds Creon of his quandary and the futility of his efforts in condemning Antigone as she will never submit to his supremacy – “This wildness in her comes from Oedipus. / She gets it from her father. She won’t relent”. Once again, both the roles of the Fool and the chorus displays similar attributes as both remind the protagonists of their errors and rashness which ultimately lead towards their tragic suffering. However, the Fool’s comments are much more critical and are more personally involved as he expresses a degree of compassion towards other characters and is genuinely concerned for their welfare. Shakespeare presents the Fool as a character of greater profundity than the chorus and possessing a much more complex persona. This strengthens his role and once again, causes it to be more than that of the chorus.
The chorus in The Burial at Thebes provides a great deal of spectacle within the play. Greek theaters were very sparse and special effects were nonexistent. The chorus lent a sense of epic to the setting, granting the play a grandeur it might not otherwise possess. Through a series of interludes, chanted and sung, they provide a summary of the events helping the audience follow the performance. However, this procedural is more of a ritualistic routine in honor of deity and spirituality. In contrast to this, the Fool’s role does not concern itself with religion – unless commenting on Lear’s opposition towards it by relinquishing his title. His role is more involved with providing comic relief and supplying
histrionics with which to entertain rather than provide spectacle.
The chorus is a mask of faceless individuals whom are never named during the course of the play and, like the Fool, are defined by their title. They show no signs of obtaining a disposition or personality; as though devoid of sentiment and feeling. Although the Fool is simply regarded as “Fool”, he is much more psychologically developed than the chorus and possesses a degree of wisdom within his apparent ignorance. He possesses verbal wit and a talent for intellectual repartee. More interestingly, however, he is given depth, emotion and insight by Shakespeare. He “hath much pined away” (I, iv, 70) for Cordelia’s banishment presenting him as a much more empathetic and, ultimately, human character compared to the seemingly unfeeling chorus. Expressed through fables and song, he also displays insight and knowledge of divine and natural order – causing some scholars to suggest he is a foil to Lear. This proves he is a character that surpasses the basic choric
function of the chorus and serves other multiple, imperative purposes in the play.
The Fool does fulfill the choric position, however, as Orwell stated, he also provides a “trickle of sanity running through the play”. The Fool is more concerned with Lear’s blindness; demonstrating a severe lack of discernment, cerebral though and astuteness. The role of the fool is therefore essential towards Lear apprehending his misconduct through constant reminders of his despondent condition and therefore quickening his anagnorisis. This proves his role to be much more than that of the chorus in The Burial at Thebes.
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msmarco_passage_01_184892738 | American Cockroaches | American Cockroaches
American Cockroaches
Cockroaches are among the most common of insects.
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Articles
Updated: January 31, 2017
Janet Hurley, Texas A&M Agrilife Extension Service, Bugwood.org
Periplaneta americana (L.)
Fossil evidence indicates that cockroaches have been on earth for over 300 million years. They are considered one of the most successful groups of animals. Because cockroaches are so adaptable, they have successfully adjusted to living with humans. About 3,500 species of cockroaches exist worldwide, with 55 species found in the United States. Only four species are common pests in Pennsylvania structures. These are the German, brown-banded, Oriental, and American cockroaches. A fifth species, the Pennsylvania wood cockroach is an occasional nuisance pest in some locations.
Description and Behavior
The American cockroach is the largest of the species common to Pennsylvania. This species often becomes abundant in city dumps and is most common in the basements and steam tunnels of restaurants, bakeries, food-processing facilities, and grocery stores.
Adults are approximately 1-1/2 inches long and reddish brown, with fully developed wings that cover the entire length of the abdomen (Fig. 1). Both male and female are fully winged. The wings of the male extend slightly beyond the tip of the abdomen, while those of the female are about the same length as the abdomen. Nymphs are similar in appearance but are smaller and do not have wings. American cockroaches are capable of flying but rarely do in northern areas of the United States. The American cockroach can be identified by its large size and reddish brown color with faded yellow edges on the thorax.
Figure 1. Photograph of American cockroach life stages.
When indoors, the nymphs and adults are usually found in dark, warm and moist areas of basements and crawl spaces, and in and around bathtubs, clothes hampers, floor drains, pipe chases, and sewers. They are also common around the manholes of sewers, and on the undersides of metal covers over large sump pumps. In the north, this cockroach is often associated with steam heat tunnels. Where steam heat tunnels are not found, the American cockroach is restricted primarily to large institutional buildings. It has also been observed migrating from one building to another during warm months in the north. Occasionally, the cockroaches infest sanitary landfills and can survive Pennsylvania winters because of the warmth generated within the piles of trash.
American cockroaches feed on a variety of foods, with an apparent preference for decaying organic matter. The adults can survive two or three months without food but only about a month without water.
Life History
American cockroaches have three developmental stages: egg, nymph, and adult. The eggs are laid in capsules that are dark brown, symmetrically shaped, and about 5/16 inch long. The female drops her egg capsule within a day after it is formed. She often drops it in a suitable location near a food source or in a protected area. Each capsule averages 14 to 16 eggs. Usually one capsule is produced each week and is often glued to a hidden surface with secretions from the female's mouth. Each female produces from 15 to 90 egg capsules.
The length of the egg stage varies from 29 to 58 days. At room temperature, nymphs hatch out in 50 to 55 days. Young nymphs are grayish brown and after the first few molts become reddish brown. The nymphal stage varies in length from 160 to 971 days. The number of offspring per year averages 800. Under ideal conditions an adult female can live up to 15 months, males for a somewhat shorter period.
Injury / Damage
American cockroaches feed upon a great variety of materials such as cheese, beer, leather, bakery products, starch in bookbindings, manuscripts, glue, hair, flakes of dried skin, dead animals, plant materials, soiled clothing, and glossy paper with starch sizing. The most important aspect of cockroach damage derives from the insects' habit of feeding and harboring in damp and unsanitary places such as sewers, garbage disposals, kitchens, bathrooms, and indoor storage indoors. Filth from these sources is spread by cockroaches to food supplies, food preparation surfaces, dishes, utensils, and other surfaces. Cockroaches contaminate far more food than they are able to eat.
From various points in their bodies American cockroaches, and cockroaches in general, produce odorous secretions that can affect the flavor of various foods. When populations are high, these secretions may result in a characteristic odor in the general region of the infestation. Disease-producing organisms such as bacteria, protozoa, and viruses have been found in cockroach bodies. Different forms of gastroenteritis (food poisoning, dysentery, diarrhea, etc.) appear to be the principal diseases transmitted by these cockroaches. These disease-causing organisms are carried on the legs and bodies of cockroaches, and are deposited on food and utensils as cockroaches forage. Cockroach excrement and cast skins also contain a number of allergens, to which many people exhibit allergic responses such as skin rashes, watery eyes, congestion of nasal passages, asthma, and sneezing.
Management Strategies
Survey
To control American cockroaches, it is important to do a thorough inspection. A cockroach survey (trapping) is sometimes necessary to determine the extent of an infestation, as even a thorough inspection does not always reveal all cockroach harborages or foraging areas. Cockroach surveys involve placing sticky traps at strategic locations within the building. Whenever possible place survey traps either against a wall or in a corner of the floor, a shelf, a drawer, or under equipment and counters. Most commercially available traps come complete with bait to encourage cockroaches to enter. One week of trapping with a sufficient number of trapping sites usually provides enough information for effective control.
Sanitation, Structural Modifications, and Repairs
Modifying the interior environment—removing food, moisture, and harborages available to cockroaches--is the first step in treatment. Eliminating cockroach harborages involves caulking in closets and cabinets, caulking under the sink, etc., or making similar structural repairs in the kitchen, bathroom, and other areas of the house.
Cockroaches typically enter homes via boxes, grocery bags, suitcases, furniture, etc. To prevent the insects from establishing a breeding population, clean up all spilled food materials, including crumbs on the floor. Do not leave dirty dishes overnight. Store items such as cereal, crackers, cookies, flour, sugar, and bread in airtight containers.
Chemical Control
Dusts such as boric acid, silica aerogel, and diatomaceous earth can be applied to voids and other harborages such as cracks and crevices. Do not apply dusts to wet or damp areas. Dusts should be applied lightly because heavy deposits may repel cockroaches. Do not place dusts where children or pets could come into contact with them. Take care to keep children away from areas treated with boric acid. Take precautions to assure that the dusts do not contaminate food.
Baiting can be an effective method to control or eliminate American cockroaches. Baits containing hydramethylnon, fipronil, sulfluramid, boric acid, or abamectin should provide a high level of control when applied to those areas where cockroaches harbor. Care should be taken to closely follow the label instructions for use.
The use of residual sprays or aerosol foggers within a structure is of little value in controlling American cockroaches. In fact, these applications may disperse the cockroaches making control difficult and lengthy.
Warning
Pesticides are poisonous. Read and follow directions and safety precautions on labels. Handle carefully and store in original labeled containers out of the reach of children, pets, and livestock. Dispose of empty containers right away, in a safe manner and place. Do not contaminate forage, streams, or ponds.
Authored by: Steve Jacobs, Sr. Extension Associate
March 2002 Revised January 2013 |
msmarco_passage_01_188949759 | Klonopin and Alcohol | Klonopin and Alcohol
Klonopin and Alcohol
Can I Drink Alcohol While Taking Klonopin?
Alcohol and Klonopin ® ( clonazepam) are both central nervous system depressants (CNS depressants), which means they both slow the activity of the brain. Drinking alcohol while taking Klonopin may increase your risk for serious reactions and side effects. Therefore, it is generally not recommended to drink alcohol while taking Klonopin. Additionally, it is usually recommended that people who have mental illnesses avoid alcohol.
Klonopin and Alcohol: Side Effects
Drinking alcohol while taking Klonopin may increase your risk of certain Klonopin side effects, such as:
Drowsiness
Dizziness
Unusual behavior
Memory problems
Problems with coordination.
Klonopin may also slow both the heart and breathing rate, which can cause you to pass out, have difficulty breathing, or may even lead to death. You may also be more sensitive to the effects of alcohol if you are taking Klonopin. You may not be able to safely drink as much alcohol as you have been used to drinking in the past.
Klonopin is approved to treat panic disorder, as well as certain types of seizures. Generally, it is best for people with mental illnesses (such as panic disorder) to avoid drinking alcohol. Alcohol can make mental illnesses worse and is often a form of "self-medication." Additionally, people with an alcohol abuse problem may be more likely to abuse Klonopin.
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msmarco_passage_01_192720172 | Eric Church | Eric Church
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msmarco_passage_01_192890940 | EIGRP – Packets & Neighborships – Eric Leahy | EIGRP – Packets & Neighborships – Eric Leahy
EIGRP – Packets & Neighborships
Posted by admin on 10 September 2011, 5:52 pm
EIGRP
Now we will begin by looking at the makeup of a EIGRP packet and how it is made up. Also look at the different type of messages EIGRP uses to communicate.
EIGRP Packet Header
The IP header of the EIGRP packet specifies IP protocol number 88 within it, and the maximum length of the packet will be the IP MTU of the interface on which it is transmitted, most of the time 1500 octets. Following the IP header is the various Type/Length/Value (TLV) triplets. These TLVs will not only carry the route entries but also provide fields for the management of the DUAL process, multicast sequencing, and IOS software versions from the router.
Within the EIGRP packet header;
Version field – is 4-bit field used to indicate the protocol version of the originating EIGRP router process. The version has not changed since its release.
OPCode – is a 4-bit field that specifies the EIGRP message type, 1 = Update, 3 = Query, 4 = Reply, 5 = Hello, 6 = IPX SA, 10 = SIA Query, 11 = SIA Reply.
Checksum – is a 24-bit field that is used to run a sanity check on the EIGRP packet itself. This field is based on the entire EIGRP packet and not including the IP header.
Flags – is a 32-bit field that is used to indicate either an INIT (when set (0x00000001)) for a new EIGRP neighbor or for the Conditional Receive (CR) (second bit (0x00000002)), used in the proprietary Reliable Multicasting algorithm, for EIGRP Reliable Transport Protocol. (RTP)
Sequence – is a 32-bit field that contains sequence number used by RTP. This is used to ensure orderly delivery of reliable packets.
Acknowledgment – is a 32-bit field that contains the sequence number last heard from the neighbor to which the packet is being sent. A Hello packet with a nonzero ACK field will be treated as an ACK packet rather than as a Hello. Note that an ACK field will only be nonzero if the packet itself is a unicast because an acknowledgment are never multicast.
Autonomous System Number – is a 32-bit field that identifies the number of the EIGRP domain.
Type/Length/Value (TLV) – is a 32-bit triplet field that is used to carry route entries, as well as provide EIGRP DUAL information. EIGRP supports several different types of TLVs as follows;
– 0x0001 EIGRP Parameters ( General TLV Types)
– 0x0003 Sequence ( General TLV Types)
– 0x0004 Software Version ( General TLV Types)
– 0x0005 Next Multicast Sequence ( General TLV Types)
– 0x0102 IP Internal Routes ( IP-Specific TLV Types)
– 0x0103 IP External Routes ( IP-Specific TLV Types)
TLV Fields
TLVs ( type-length-value ) are not only found within EIGRP but can be found in other protocols like IS-IS for one. The type and length fields are fixed in size (typically 1-4 bytes), and the value field is of variable size.
Type – A binary code, often simply alphanumeric, which indicates the kind of field that this part of the message represents.
Length – The size of the value field (typically in bytes)
Value – Variable-sized series of bytes which contains data for this part of the message.
TLVs carry EIGRP management information. The Parameters of TLV that are used to convey metric weights and the hold time. The Sequence, Software Version, and Next Multicast Sequence TLVs are used by the Cisco proprietary Reliable Multicast algorithm. As it was mentioned earlier TLV not only works with IP but also IPX and Apple Talk. Each Internal and External Routes TLV contains one route entry. Every Update, Query, and Reply packet contains at least one Routes TLV. The Internal and External Routes TLVs include metric information for the route.
IP Internal Routes TLV
An internal route is a path to a destination within the EIGRP autonomous system.
Next Hop – is the next-hop, neighboring router, IP address.
Delay – is the sum of the configured delays expressed in units of 10 microseconds. A delay of 0xFFFFFFFF, or 256, indicates an unreachable route.
Bandwidth – is 256 x BW (min), or 2,560,000,000 divided by the lowest configured bandwidth of any interface along the route.
MTU – is the smallest Maximum Transmission Unit of any link along the route to the destination. This value is not used for the metric calculation.
Hop Count – is a number between 0x01 and 0xFF indicating the number of hops to the destination. A router will advertise a directly connected network with a hop count of 0.
Reliability – is a number between 0x01 and 0xFF that reflects the total outgoing error rates of the interfaces along the route, calculated on a five-minute exponentially weighted average. 0xFF indicates a 100 percent reliable link.
Load – is also a number between 0x01 and 0xFF, reflecting the total outgoing load of the interfaces along the route, calculated on a five-minute exponentially weighted average. 0x01 indicates a minimally loaded link.
Reserved – is an unused field and is always 0x0000
Prefix Length – specifies the number of network bits of the address mask.
Destination – is the destination address of the route.
IP External Routes TLV
An external route is a path that leads to a destination outside of the EIGRP autonomous system and that has been redistributed into the EIGRP domain.
Next Hop – is the next-hop IP address. On a multiaccess network, the router advertising the route might not be the best next-hop router to the destination. The Next Hop field allows the “bilingual” router to tell its EIGRP neighbors, “Use address A.B.C.D as the next hop instead of using my interface address.”
Originating Router – is the IP address or router ID of the router that redistributed the external route into the EIGRP autonomous system.
Originating Autonomous System Number – is the autonomous system number of the router originating the route.
Arbitrary Tag – may be used to carry a tag set by route maps.
External Protocol Metric – is the metric of the external protocol.
Reserved – is an unused field and is always 0x0000.
External Protocol ID – specifies the protocol from which the external route was learned. 0x01 = IGRP, 0x02 = EIGRP, 0x03 = Static Route, 0x04 = RIP, 0x05 = Hello, 0x06 = OSPF, 0x07 = IS-IS, 0x08 = EGP, 0x09 = BGP, 0x0A = IDRP, 0x0B = Connected Link.
Flags – currently constitute just two flags. If the right-most bit of the eight-bit field is set (0x01), the route is an external route. If the second bit is set (0x02), the route is a candidate default route.
EIGRP Packets
EIGRP will use six different packet types when communicating with its neighboring EIGRP routers,
Hello Packets – EIGRP sends Hello packets once it has been enabled on a router for a particular network. These messages are used to identify neighbors and once identified, serve or function as a keepalive mechanism between neighboring devices. EIGRP Hello packets are sent to the link local Multicast group address 224.0.0.10. Hello packets sent by EIGRP do not require an Acknowledgment to be sent confirming that they were received. Because they require no explicit acknowledgment, Hello packets are classified as unreliable EIGRP packets. EIGRP Hello packets have an OPCode of 5.
Acknowledgement Packets – An EIGRP Acknowledgment (ACK) packet is simply an EIGRP Hello packet that contains no data. Acknowledgement packets are used by EIGRP to confirm reliable delivery of EIGRP packets. ACKs are always sent to a Unicast address, which is the source address of the sender of the reliable packet, and not to the EIGRP Multicast group address. In addition, Acknowledgement packets will always contain a non-zero acknowledgment number. The ACK uses the same OPCode as the Hello Packet because it is essentially just a Hello that contains no information. The OPCode is 5.
Update Packets – EIGRP Update packets are used to convey reachability of destinations. Update packets contain EIGRP routing updates. When a new neighbor is discovered, Update packets are sent via Unicast to the neighbor which the can build up its EIGRP Topology Table. It is important to know that Update packets are always transmitted reliably and always require explicit acknowledgement. Update packets are assigned an OPCode of 1.
Query Packet – EIGRP Query packets are Multicast and are used to reliably request routing information. EIGRP Query packets are sent to neighbors when a route is not available and the router needs to ask about the status of the route for fast convergence. If the router that sends out a Query does not receive a response from any of its neighbors, it resends the Query as a Unicast packet to the non-responsive neighbor (s). If no response is received in 16 attempts, the EIGRP neighbor relationship is reset. EIGRP Query packets are assigned an OPCode of 3.
Reply Packets – EIGRP Reply packets are sent in response to Query packets. The Reply packets are used to reliably respond to a Query packet. Reply packets are Unicast to the originator of the Query. The EIGRP Reply packets are assigned an OPCode of 4.
Request Packets – Request packets are used to get specific information from one or more neighbors and are used in route server applications. These packet types can be sent either via Multicast or Unicast, but are always transmitted unreliably.
To best see these packets been used by EIGRP us the following debug command;
Router#debug eigrp packets ?
SIAquery EIGRP SIA-Query packets
SIAreply EIGRP SIA-Reply packets
ack EIGRP ack packets
hello EIGRP hello packets
ipxsap EIGRP ipxsap packets
probe EIGRP probe packets
query EIGRP query packets
reply EIGRP reply packets
request EIGRP request packets
retry EIGRP retransmissions
stub EIGRP stub packets
terse Display all EIGRP packets except Hellos
update EIGRP update packets
verbose Display all EIGRP packets
<cr>
Another very good command to see what packets have been sent and received by your router use the following show command;
Router#sh ip eigrp traffic
IP-EIGRP Traffic Statistics for AS 100
Hellos sent/received: 216/185
Updates sent/received: 19/17
Queries sent/received: 0/0
Replies sent/received: 0/0
Acks sent/received: 10/4
SIA-Queries sent/received: 0/0
SIA-Replies sent/received: 0/0
Hello Process ID: 230
PDM Process ID: 194
IP Socket queue: 0/2000/4/0 (current/max/highest/drops)
Eigrp input queue: 0/2000/4/0 (current/max/highest/drops)
Reliable Transport Protocol
The RTP manages the delivery and reception of EIGRP packets. Reliable delivery means that delivery is guaranteed and that packets will be delivered in order. Guaranteed delivery is accomplished by means of a Cisco-proprietary algorithm known as reliable multicast, using the reserved class D address 224.0.0.10. Each neighbor receiving a reliably multicast packet unicasts an acknowledgment. Ordered delivery is ensured by including two sequence numbers in the packet. Each packet includes a sequence number assigned by the sending router. This sequence number is incremented by one each time the router sends a new packet. In addition, the sending router places in the packet the sequence number of the last packet received from the destination router. This can be seen in the following debug output;
*Mar 1 00:26:01.015: EIGRP: Sending UPDATE on FastEthernet0/0 nbr 10.10.10.1
*Mar 1 00:26:01.015: AS 100, Flags 0x8, Seq 13/13 idbQ 0/0 iidbQ un/rely 0/0 peerQ un/rely 0/1 serno 3-3
*Mar 1 00:26:01.183: EIGRP: Received ACK on FastEthernet0/0 nbr 10.10.10.1
*Mar 1 00:26:01.183: AS 100, Flags 0x0, Seq 0/13 idbQ 0/0 iidbQ un/rely 0/0 peerQ un/rely 0/1
In some cases, RTP is not need and unreliable delivery is used. This is done by not needing an acknowledgment and no sequence number will be included.
As discussed earlier EIGRP used the following packet types, Hello, ACK, Update, Query, Reply and Request. The time to wait for an ACK before switching from multicast to unicast is specified by the multicast flow timer . The time between the subsequent unicasts is specified by the retransmission timeout (RTO). Both the multicast flow timer and the RTO are calculated for each neighbor from the smooth round-trip time (SRTT). The SRTT is the average elapsed time, measured in milliseconds, between the transmission of a packet to the neighbor and the receipt of an acknowledgment. The formulas for calculating the exact values of the SRTT, the RTO, and the multicast flow timer are proprietary.
Neighborship
EIGRP updates are nonperiodic, it is important to have a process whereby neighbors EIGRP-speaking routers on directly connected networks are discovered and tracked. EIGRP may be configured to discover neighboring routers dynamically (default) or statically.
Dynamic neighbor discovery is performed by sending EIGRP Hello packets to the destination Multicast group address 224.0.0.10. This is performed as soon as the network command is configured under the EIGRP routing process. The neighbors then exchange their full routing tables using full Updates. These Updates contain information about all known routes that the router knows about. Because Update packets are sent reliably, they must be explicitly acknowledged by the receiver. After this full Update of routing tables is completed, EIGRP neighbor routers will send only incremental updates to advise neighbors of status or routing changes and will not send their full routing table again to the neighbors.
Static EIGRP neighbor relationships require manual neighbor configuration on the router. When static EIGRP neighbors are configured, the local router uses the Unicast neighbor address to send packets to these routers and not the multicast address 224.0.0.10. You would mostly find static neighbors been configured on media that does not natively support Broadcast or Multicast packets, such as Frame Relay & NBMA.
Static neighbor can be configured with the following router process command;
Router (config-router)#neighbor 10.10.10.10 fastethernet 0/0
Always remember EIGRP enabled routers will not establish neighbor adjacency if one router is configured to use Unicast (static) while another uses Multicast (dynamic).
It is important to understand that simply enabling EIGRP between two or more routers does not guarantee that a neighbor adjacency will be established. EIGRP neighbor adjacency may not establish due to any of the following:
Mismatched EIGRP Authentication Parameters (if configured)
Mismatched EIGRP K Values (Metric)
Mismatched EIGRP Autonomous System (AS) Number
Using secondary addresses for EIGRP neighbor relationships
The neighbors are not on a common subnet
On most networks, Hellos are multicast every five seconds, minus a small random time to prevent synchronization. On multipoint X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM interfaces, with access link speeds of T1 or slower, Hellos are unicast every 60 seconds, point-to-point sub-interfaces send hellos every 5 seconds. In all of these cases the Hellos are unacknowledged.
The default Hello interval can be change with the following interface command;
Router (config-if)#ip hello-interval eigrp 100 ?
<1-65535> Seconds between hello transmissions
The Hold time tells the router the maximum time it should wait to receive subsequent Hellos. If the hold timer expires before a Hello is received, the neighbor is declared unreachable and DUAL is informed of the loss of a neighbor. By default, the hold time is three times the Hello. So on low-speed nobroadcast networks, links T1 or less, the Hold timer will be 180 seconds. On all other network types the Hold timer will be 15 seconds.
These defauls can also be changed with the following interface command:
Router (config-if)#ip hold-time eigrp 100 ?
<1-65535> Seconds before neighbor is considered down
Information about each neighbor is recorded in a neighbor table.
Router#sh ip eigrp neighbors
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 100
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
1 10.10.10.3 Fa0/0 11 00:00:08 87 522 0 6
0 10.10.10.2 Fa0/0 14 00:01:54 1300 5000 0 3
The neighbor table records the IP address of the neighbor and the interface on which the neighbor’s Hellos are received. The hold time advertised by the neighbor is recorded, as is the SRTT and the uptime, the time since the neighbor was added to the table. The RTO is the time, in milliseconds, that the router will wait for an acknowledgment of a unicast packet sent after a multicast has failed. If an EIGRP update, query, or reply is sent, a copy of the packet will be queued. If the RTO expires before an ACK is received, another copy of the queued packet is sent. The Q Count indicates the number of enqueued packets. The sequence number of the last update, query, or reply packet received from the neighbor is also recorded in the neighbor table. The RTP tracks these sequence numbers to ensure that packets from the neighbor are not received out of order. Finally, the H column records the order in which the neighbors were learned.
H – The list of neighbors in the order they are learned, starting at 0.
Address – The IP address of the neighbor.
Interface – The interface via which the neighbor is learned.
Hold – The Hold timer for the neighbor. If it gets to 0, the neighbor is down.
Uptime – Timer for how long the neighbor relationship has been up.
SRTT – This is the Smooth Round Trip Time, which is the time it takes to send and receive a reliable EIGRP packet.
RTO – This is the Round Trip Timeout, which is the amount of time the router will wait to retransmit the EIGRP reliable packet if an Ack is not received.
Q Cnt – This is the number of EIGRP packets (Update, Query, and Reply) that the software is waiting to send.
Seq Num – This is the sequence number of the last EIGRP reliable packets being received from the neighbor. This is to ensure that packets received from the neighbor are in order.
There is a single EIGRP Neighbor Table for each Protocol Dependent Module (PDM). |
msmarco_passage_01_195472402 | Reading Tips to Improve Pronunciation for ESL Students | Reading Tips to Improve Pronunciation for ESL Students
Languages › English as a Second Language
Reading Tips to Improve Your Pronunciation
Viorika Prikhodko/Getty Images
English as a Second Language
Pronunciation & Conversation
Vocabulary
Writing Skills
Reading Comprehension
Grammar
Business English
Resources for Teachers
By
Kenneth Beare
English as a Second Language (ESL) Expert
TESOL Diploma, Trinity College London
M.A., Music Performance, Cologne University of Music
B.A., Vocal Performance, Eastman School of Music
Kenneth Beare is an English as a Second Language (ESL) teacher and course developer with over three decades of teaching experience.
our editorial process
Kenneth Beare
Updated February 20, 2019
If you're working on pronunciation, these tips can help you use reading as a way to practice outside of class, either by yourself or with a couple of friends.
Top Tips
Choose a paragraph and read aloud.
Choose a paragraph and mark each sentence with a sound script (helpful pronunciation markup). This will help you read more naturally, and thus pronounce correctly.
Choose a few sentences from your reading material and highlight content words. Read these sentences focusing on accenting these content words while quickly speaking over the structure words.
Once you become comfortable reading a single paragraph aloud, read an entire page by reading a paragraph aloud and then reading one silently.
Choose some nursery rhymes to practice. They will help you with pronunciation through rhythm.
Read a short story or a few paragraphs to a friend who is also studying English. Compare the differences and discuss what might be the reasons for the differences.
Choose a paragraph, short article, or newspaper story with new vocabulary. Use the Babylon dictionary or another online pronunciation resource to help you learn the correct pronunciation of these words.
Read a play with some friends. Each friend takes a different part. Start with short scenes. Once you are comfortable, read longer pieces together.
Cite this Article
Format
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Your Citation
Beare, Kenneth. "Reading Tips to Improve Your Pronunciation." ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/reading-tips-to-improve-your-pronunciation-1210407. Beare, Kenneth. (2020, August 27). Reading Tips to Improve Your Pronunciation. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/reading-tips-to-improve-your-pronunciation-1210407 Beare, Kenneth. "Reading Tips to Improve Your Pronunciation." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/reading-tips-to-improve-your-pronunciation-1210407 (accessed May 17, 2021).
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msmarco_passage_01_200525730 | evening contemplations | evening contemplations
Home
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Mini collection
Rackhams I’m looking for
Tutorials
Deamon princess
January 31, 2018 • No Comments Share!
I’m so bad at publishing regularly ;> I want to though. I have a big number of posts planned in my head, I just have some trouble with getting them out.
Anyway, I had a long hiatus with my miniatures but I started working on my army again these past three months. And I’ve gotten a LOT done. I started about doing some more conversions because I wanted more females in my army. So in the same spirit as my marauders I did a few more kitbash units.
For a start: a deamon princess of Slaanesh. Made from a deamonette, the naga from the dark elf Cauldron of blood, wych elf arms and an assortment of weapons. I think she turned out nicely :) I’m gonna put her on a cliff and resculpt her tail a bit.
She is inspired part by Kali, part by Dechala the Denied One. I really like Dechalas story. I’ve made an elven version of her as well that I’m gonna use for my wood elf/Sylvaneth army.
I’ll try to upload some more photos of the rest of the army when I have time. In the meantime I post much more photos on my instagram @valadys if you are interested :>
Category: Miniature painting
Church
November 13, 2016 • No Comments Share!
I’ll just post a bunch of pictures of my Church project. Gonna have to put some more work into this someday :)
Category: Miniature painting
Vortex beast base – Path to Glory
November 10, 2016 • No Comments Share!
Made myself this pretty nice looking base (saying so myself) for my Vortex beast. I choose a rather large base for it, cause I like to have room for some more detailed terrain on my models :)
The main idea was to use sea shells because I think those look pretty neat on bases. And I feel like it kinda fits with a Slaanesh band. The Vortex beast got some larger shells as there was plenty of room on the base.
A note on gluing shells: superglue works perfect, but make sure you put the shells exactly where you want them. You will not be able to move them around. Shells are so porous they soak up the glue right away and then they wont ever come off again. You can’t pick them loose without breaking them. Which is both a good and a bad thing I guess. At least the base wont break.
Also used some basing stuff from one of GW’s new basing kits. Some kind of ruins. Pieces in this one was really much larger than I expected. I guess they’re meant more for terrain than bases. Works with this one tho, and I cut smaller pieces for the rest of the band.
Added a bunch of sand and dirt around the shells :) and some smaller details, like skulls and twigs and such.
Here it is primed and ready.
I’m really happy with the result actually. Gonna be fun to paint later on. I’m thinking of using turquoise and bronze for it.
Also based a few of the other members of the warband. My sorceress will probably get a bit of water effect on her base.
She’s sanding on a piece pf bark, added some shells and sand around it.
I used some crinkled-up superglue for kind of corals around her stone. Made by dripping glue into water (I read a tutorial on that somewhere but I can’t remember now who wrote it).
The marauder horse (wo)men I made. Got two more of these that need basing.
These have some pieces from the basing kit added, along with shells and sand mostly.
My chaos spawns (Tigers of Dirz from Confrontation).
Bark, cork, sand, dirt, shells and dried flowers.
All of the smaller ones have got some skulls and other details to their bases, and some dried flowers and tiny roots I picked outside.
Only ones missing bases here are two marauders, the hero and my Lord. I’ve actually finished up the lord and based it along with the remaining two marauders. I’ll post those later.
Category: Artblog , Miniature painting , Trams , Uncategorized Tagged: basing, chaos, path to glory, slaanesh, slaanesh warband, vortex beast
We walk as tall as the skyline, and we have roots like the trees
October 23, 2016 • No Comments Share!
I found me some more Rackham minis. Cause you can never have enough ^^
Also, I got them just after new year so as it’s a new year, basically, the fund is reset.
Found a few rarities I’ve been looking for quite some time now. Almost done with all the pinning. I broke yet another 0.5 drill though. And, as usual, it was one I borrowed from a friend. I’ve broken about 6-7 of his drills by now I think. It’s getting quite embarrassing. Gonna have to buy him a bunch of new ones someday.
Quite happy to have the S’Erum with the boxed novel :)
Almost completed my collection of Devourers of Vile-Tis. Just missing three of the elves and a wolf.
I’ve always favoured the wolfen clans, though I think the Wolfen of Yllia have some figs that area plain ugly honestly, the older ones. So I don’t plan on collecting all of them. All of the Vile-Tis ones are really nice.
The elves and Mercenary Ogre (I’ve got a plan to use the ogre for a Mordheim warband later on.)
Got a box of remaining ones to pin still. Have to wait for the new drills tho :)
Also, best use of transfers ever.
Category: Artblog , Miniature painting , Trams , Uncategorized Tagged: cadwallon, confrontation, miniature painting, rackham, S'Erum, wolfen
Cynwall Akhamiäls
October 22, 2016 • No Comments Share!
My Akhamials for Cynwall!
On the darker half of the army. Think I will make all the constructs in dark blue/purple with blue glow :)
Got 4 more to paint, pretty quick tho.
Category: Artblog , Miniature painting , Trams , Uncategorized Tagged: Akhamials, army painting, cynwall, rackham
“The Dragon goes to war” – part 2
September 13, 2016 • 3 Comments Share!
Finished my unit of Cynwall Selsyms at last!
9 of them here. There is a tenth that is still not painted. I had to strip it of paint before I could add it to the bunch. So it’s still in the wip-pile.
There is also a champion, a musician and standard bearer to this troop, so I will batch paint nr 10 together with those.
I’m happy with how they turned out anyway!
Next up fot this army is the small robots I think. I have painted one of them and they’re pretty quickly done so shouldn’t take too long.
I have been taking a break and worked on some other stuff in between though. Like Razheem and my Path to Glory warband. I also got me some fabulous Sylvaneths <3
Way to many projects as usual.
Photos are a bit grainy on the detail. Guess you all know the struggle of photographing tiny people with an average camera in bad lightning.
I’ll have to take some better photos later on :)
Category: Artblog , Miniature painting , Trams , Uncategorized Tagged: army painting, confrontation, cynwall, rackham, ragnarok, selsym, selsyms
“Command little masters. My destiny is in your hands” – Mid-Nor
August 25, 2016 • No Comments Share!
Another Confrontation army Ive been basing :)
I got some resin bases that I copied in a silicone mold. They were round so I just poured a shallow level of resin and just used the top layer of them and glued them on the bases.
The small ones I could just cut out from a base but the large ones i had to patch together. I think they look really nice tho, feels like they suit the army really well. I love the chequered bases the official miniatures. I had sculpted some of my own but i didnt much like how they turned out (kinda looked like crap really, uneven stones and skewed patterns, not my best work by far, kinda disheartening so I didn’t feel like sculpting new ones) and i just liked these much better.
Neran the Scary, the Cyclops and Morzath the Infernal (who actually belongs to Cadwallon, erhm, I should have remembered that.
Scourge bearers and Gallows-Bearer of Mid-Nor
Azahir the Mad, Akaranseth and Collector of Mid-Nor 2
Collector of Mid-Nor 1, Master of Puppets 1 & 2
The Demon Tower. I love this one!
And I finally found the Mid-nor Court of the Abyss to add to my collection! <3
Theyre kinda rare and usually really expensive. I accidentally bought it on ebay for half of what it usually goes for. So Im kinda happy with that. (Seriously by accident, apparently if you mistakenly tap the buy now button while using the app there is no message to confirm, you just automatically buy the item. Useful information for future browsing.)
Managed to buy a double set of these actually, one from a friend and the one I bought on Ebay. The second set (tho missing the king) I gave to another friend as a birthday present.
The centaur with the toy horsehead is probably my favourite :>
All now standing patiently on my shelf, awaiting some colors!
I’m still missing a few models from Mid-Nor that I would like. And I have aquired a few more since basing these. Post those up later :)
Category: Artblog , Miniature painting , Trams , Uncategorized Tagged: confrontation, court of the abyss, cyclops, demon tower, dwarfs, Mid-Nor, rackham
“Follow me or die here!”
August 15, 2016 • No Comments Share!
Today’s project: building a base and start painting Razheem the Insane.
The model is a friend of mine’s, he promised me I could paint it because I really loved it :) It’s an old Confrontation model so it’s of course oop now. But this was like 4 years ago so I’ve managed to find myself my own copy since then. Still painting this one for him though.
Fort starters, cleaned up my desk a bit. Doesn’t really look like it but I swear I have.
Managed to clean out this spot for today’s project anyway.
Making a nice display base for this. That’s the idea anyway. I bought the plinth like 3 years ago or something. So this has been a project in the making for quite long, for sure.
I’ve been saving this piece of moss-covered bark for this as well. At least it’s properly dried out by now.
I showed this to another friend of mine and he asked how one would paint the moss. I really have no idea, I’m thinking I’m just gonna spray it with primer and see how that works out.
Hopefully.
Fitting of the miniature. My idea is to have him riding over some kind of natural bridge. I want the space underneath to be a bit bigger than this. I’m gonna use some water effect to make a little stream under it.
So I’m gonna raise it up a bit by adding a few more wooden pieces onto the bottom.
Using a bit of milliput mixed out with greenstuff for making the groundworks of the base. A 60/40 mix (or something like that).
I like mixing those two, makes it less sticky than milliput and less tangy than greenstuff. Perfect blend.
All nice and sticky. So are my fingers.
Placed the wooden piece on top and pushed it down a bit into the milliput, so it would stick. Fitting the horse on top and checking all angles so it doesn’t look like it’s about to fall backwards os something.
Also, pinning something through moss is really hard. Good luck trying to find those drill holes again.
Looks good I think!
Then while the milliput dries for a bit you can spend your spare time doing some sculpting on your Path to Glory Lord of Slaanesh.
I’m no good with sculpting though. I blame it on my lack of patience in that specific department.
The milliput has dried a little and the piece of bark is sitting tight. Adding some tiny stones to the base. Just pressing them into the milliput.
I really need to go out and find me some pointer stones, and of different sizes. I think these are from an aquarium or something, all round and more or less the same size.
Added a few stones on each side. I also added some smaller pieces of wood to bring some more elevation to the surface.
Next up is some twigs and stuff. These are roots from somewhere, don’t remember. Maybe a tree or something. Think my friend actually picked these.
Found a bigger piece that would make for a nice tree. Fitted it with the miniature to make sure it wouldn’t take up too much space.
There is this perfect little space to fasten it though so it’s kinda meant to be.
These are some dried flowers I’ve picked outside. Autumn is a great time for scavenging, everything is already dried up and ready to use. As long as it’s been kinda dry and not raining a lot of course.
Fitting again so as to not place the flowers in the way of the horses hooves.
These are kinda the same color as the moss so they’re a bit hard to see before painted but I think it’ll look nice once it’s finished.
These white ones show a bit better against the moss.
These other white ones I bought from somewhere actually. Can’t remember where from though. I think it might say on the box they came in.
Now to let the milliput harden fully before adding some sand and dirt.
In the meantime you can redo the pinning of the horse’s tail because apparently you didn’t do it well enough last time so it came off.
I’m gonna add some tiny animals to the base. Settled for a frog and a hare (that one on request).
Tiny hare.
Tiny frog.
Onto the dirt! Superglued some flower-pot earth around the base. On the parts around the wood pieces.
Also added sand to some parts. Where I want the stream to be, so it’ll will have a nice sandy bottom.
I’m using this really fine sand for this as I don’t want the sand parts of the ground to be too high in volume. I think the sand is from some zen-garden decoration piece. This is a much better use.
Quite the mess.
The whole ground surface is now covered in sand or dirt.
So I’m not sure why I had to buy this already lacquered base for this project. I’m stupid I guess.
Priming it will of course be a pain. I taped some paper around the part I don’t want to cover in white spray.
The tape worked kinda well, except for some minor parts of the edges. But that was easily corrected with some rubbing alcohol.
Now to add a new tiny hare to the base. As the first one fell off and got lost while priming.
Learned from my mistake and am pinning this one.
Finished and primed base!
Now to tidy things up before moving on to painting.
Got my lovely P3 wet palette there. Perfect size for travelling.
I’ve also got this great little book for taking notes on what paints I’ve used. Best thing I ever did probably. Since I do hold up on painting for quite a while sometimes, and not really finishing what I was painting at the time.
This way I don’t have to try to figure out through trial and error what paints I used last time. Also, its pretty.
I want the armour a kinda pale metal, tinted in light pink. (I’ve got a thing for pale colors lately).
First try on the armour came out way more pink than I had in mind.
Tried just painting copper over light silver. Kinda like it but I still want to add a pink element to it.
This is somewhere in between. Painted a base color of pink-peach and used copper and silver on top of it. With a touch of dark brown for the shadows.
I’m gonna make both Razheems and the horses armour this color. Might paint some parts in another color to break it off and keep it from being to uniform. A tint of turquoise maybe.
I’ll do some more painting on this tomorrow. Hopefully I can finish up at least Razheem.
In hindsight I can say that moss does not paint well.
I think it might still end up looking good thought. I’ll just have to be careful not to tear off little pieces while painting. Not to be used on tabletop miniatures.
Category: Artblog , Miniature painting , Trams , Uncategorized Tagged: basing, confrontation, display base, rackham, razheem the insane, true metallic metal, water effect
“We awoke to see the grass is black, and the sky was made of ashes” – Path to Glory
April 13, 2016 • No Comments Share!
I’ve been making myself a Path to Glory warband since a friend of mine wanted to start a campaign. Mostly all of our little group will be joining it, though at the moment the others are busy with assembling and painting 30k armies, which means I have got some time to finish up. Which is good considering my very slow painting rate :>
So I’ve rolled for what units I am going to have and the results are as follows:
Mutilath u001e~ Amutseba – Devourer of Stars
(I actually got a re-roll (or maybe several) to get this one because I’ve always wanted one and I liked it best from the options on the list.
No pic!
Chaos Lord on Daemonic mount ~ Kithel-zar the Eternal
Cursed warhammer, chaos runeshield, mighty hooves.
Not sure what to use for warhammer, I like the staff that it comes with but I would like something really heavy for her. The kind of hammer that looks like you don’t even need to fight with it, just place it gently on top of someone head and their skull is crushed.
The horse is from Confrontation, Red Lionesses horse that I had a spare copy of (I think I have three actually).
Pinned and greystuffed to the horse, I need to fill in some parts of the legs and stuff. Using the original shield.
I cut the upper half of the legs of and angled them a bit. Her butt is the bottom half of some other metal model that I have no idea what it was.
Exalted Champion of Slaanesh
Darksteel axe, Chaos runeshield.
A mix of dark elf parts. From the Coven throne /Cauldron of Blood + some random flag, chaos knights maybe. I’m changing her head though, not really happy with this one.
Also used another shield for her, the one that goes with the axe. I don’t know where they are from but they look like they could be from Confrontation. Or maybe woodelf weapons from Gamezone?
Chaos Sorcerer Lord
Runestaff, Runesword.
I used a staff from the Mortach box for her, and cut the leg and foot off one of the witch elves from the Cauldron of blood because I liked the shoes.
Her sword is from the Witch elves. Guess its really a dagger but its big enough to be a sword.
Wing on her shoulder I don’t know where it’s from, found it in my bits box.
5 Marauder Horse (wo)men
(I got Hellstriders but I think I’ll go with Marauders instead. The unit would prob work as both but I put axes and shields on them so M’s might be better.)
Barbarian axes, shields, Chaos steeds with flailing hooves.
I used Witch elves for these, made a cast of their bent legs so I would have two for each marauder and pieced them together on the horses. They were kinda perfect for riders really.
Horses are made from wood elf horses, with heads from marauder horsemen. The tails are different witch elf hair pieces, some from the witches and some from cauldron of blood. I thought the original tails from the wood elf horses were kinda dull. Dont much like their heads either.
The spikes are leftovers from plastic mounts of Slaanesh and I glued some chains from the marauders onto the horses.
Standard bearer.
All done and primed!
I made a cast for the axeheads from some mini I got from a friend, pinned them to the flail handles so I could use the actual arms and hands from the witches.
Cut away the elven runes from the shields and sanded them smooth.
The other half of their flails I used as braids for the horses tails.
2 Spawn of Chaos
Using my Tigers of Dirz :> cause I think they fit in with the style of the rest of them.
Not gonna do any conversions to these two.
Not sure what colours to use but I’m leaning towards turquoise. Mixed with purple and pink would probably be nice :)
Might test-paint a deamonette or something.
Category: Artblog , Miniature painting , Trams , Uncategorized Tagged: age of sigmar, chaos lord, conversion, exhalted champion of chaos, marauder horsemen, path to glory, slaanesh, warband
Twisted
March 14, 2016 • No Comments Share!
So I’ve written a few drafts and posted none. My bad.
Anyway, have to share this with you, last chance to join the Twisted kickstarter campaign :)
Everything is amazing, you should check it out!
Video Player
https://ksr-video.imgix.net/projects/2183213/video-636905-h264_high.mp4
00:00
00:00
03:44
Use Up/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume.
Category: Artblog , Miniature painting , Trams , Uncategorized Tagged: kickstarter, miniatures, skirmish, twisted
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msmarco_passage_01_201801476 | John Adams - Ethnicity of Celebs | What Nationality Ancestry Race | John Adams - Ethnicity of Celebs | What Nationality Ancestry Race
5 Politician / A
John Adams
by madman · July 23, 2011
official portrait of John Adams, by John Trumbull, c. 1792
Date of Birth: October 30, 1735
Place of Birth: Braintree, Province of Massachusetts Bay, British America
Date of Death: July 4, 1826
Place of Death: Quincy, Massachusetts, U.S.
Ethnicity: English, as well as 1/16th Scottish, smaller amounts of French and Breton, 1/64 Italian/Sicilian
John Adams was an American politician, lawyer, author, statesman, and diplomat. A member of the Federalist Party, he served as the second President of the United States, from March 4, 1797 to March 4, 1801. He was elected to the position in 1796. He was previously the first Vice President of the United States, from April 21, 1789 to March 4, 1797. He was elected to the position in 1789 and 1792. He was the United States Minister to the Court of St. James’s, from April 1, 1785 to March 30, 1788, among other duties.
He was also a candidate for President of the United States in 1789, 1792, and 1800. In 1800, he was the Federalist Party’s nominee.
President Adams was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
President Adams was the son of Susannah/Susanna (Boylston) and John Adams. His father was of English, 1/8 Scottish, small amounts of French and Breton, and 1/32 Italian (Sicilian) descent. His mother was of English ancestry. With his wife, Abigail (Smith) Adams, President Adams had six children, including John Quincy Adams, who served as President of the United States from March 4, 1825 to March 4, 1829.
President Adams and his son were the first father-and-son U.S. president duo. The second pair consists of George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush. There was also a pair of U.S. Presidents who were grandfather-and-grandson, William Henry Harrison and Benjamin Harrison.
President Adams’ paternal grandfather was Joseph Adams (the son of Joseph Adams and Abigail Baxter). President Adam’s grandfather Joseph was born in Massachusetts. President Adams’ great-grandfather Joseph was born in Somerset, England, the son of Henry Adams and Edith Squire. Abigail was born in Massachusetts, the daughter of English-born parents, Gregory Baxter, whose own parents were Scottish, and Margaret.
President Adams’ paternal grandmother was Hannah Bass (the daughter of John Bass and Ruth Alden). Hannah was born in Massachusetts. John was born in Saffron Waldon, Essex, England, the son of Samuel Bass, who had French, Breton, and one quarter Italian Sicilian ancestry, and of Anne Savell/Saville. Ruth was born in Massachusetts, the daughter of English parents, John Alden and Priscilla Mullins.
President Adams’ maternal grandfather was Peter Boylston (the son of Thomas Boylston and Mary Gardner). Peter was born in Massachusetts. Thomas was born in Massachusetts, the son of English parents, Thomas Boylston and Sarah. Mary was also born in Massachusetts, also to English parents, Thomas Gardner and Lucy Smith.
President Adams’ maternal grandmother was Ann/Anne White (the daughter of Benjamin White and Susanna/Susannah Cogswell). Ann was born in Massachusetts. Benjamin was born in Massachusetts, the son of English parents, John White and Frances Jackson. Susanna was the daughter of William Cogswell, who was English, from West Grinton, Yorkshire, and of Susanna Hawkes, who was born in Massachusetts, to English parents, Adam Hawkes and Ann Hutchinson.
Sources: Genealogies of President Adams – https://www.geni.com
http://www.wikitree.com
http://worldconnect.rootsweb.ancestry.com
http://famouskin.com
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msmarco_passage_01_208046463 | 18 Helpful Remedies to Relieve Headache Pain & Tension | 18 Helpful Remedies to Relieve Headache Pain & Tension
18 Helpful Remedies to Relieve Headache Pain & Tension
Headaches often get brushed aside as nothing more than a common complaint, a quit-your-whining-and-start-working type of thing…if only. While many people suffer them at one point or another, rarity is not the best way to judge just how nasty something can be. The pain of a headache can make day-to-day life a miserable challenge, and forces us to head straight for the aspirin. This is a sticky situation, because ultimately that will only perpetuate the problem.
When you take over-the-counter pain killers all you’re doing is smothering your symptoms and ignoring the real issue of what triggers the headache. Natural remedies for headaches may take a bit more thought than simply popping a pill, but don’t brush them off. They won’t wreak havoc on your body like other over-the-counter or prescription pain-killers do, and you’re less likely to become so dependent on them that you need them for every little ache.
1. Crush it with cayenne
Utilizing something spicy may not sound headache helpful, but cayenne is somewhat revered in the kingdom of natural remedies to treat pain and inflammation. The secret behind its success lies in an ingredient called capsaicin, which inhibits something in our body that is one of the main elements in pain perception called Substance P. In short, Substance P is part of what makes us feel pain, and the capsaicin depletes it. Numerous studies, the first in 1998 in The Clinical Journal of Pain, support that when applied topically to the nasal passages; people experience a significant decrease in the severity of their headaches, all thanks to capsaicin.
You will need…
-1/4 teaspoon cayenne powder
-4 ounces of warm water
-cotton swabs
Directions
Dilute a ½ teaspoon of cayenne powder in 4 ounces of warm water. Soak a cotton swab in the solution and stir it around to make sure it’s covered-the powder can sometimes sink to the bottom.
Apply the moist swab gently to the inside of each nostril until you can feel the heat. It may be a bit unpleasant at first, but take the burning sensation as a sign that it’s working. When it subsides, your headache will hopefully be wiped out, or at the very least better than before.
2. Go nuts
Instead of popping a pill when you get a headache, toss back some almonds. For everyday tension-type headaches, almonds can be a natural remedy and a healthier alternative to other medicine. It acts as a pain reliever because it contains something called salicin, which is also an agent in popular over the counter killers. Try eating a handful or two of these wholesome nuts when you feel the ache start to set in.
Note: People who suffer from migraines may find that almonds are a trigger food
3. Find some feverfew
Headaches, particularly migraines, can be relieved through the use of the feverfew plant. When a migraine is in the works your blood vessels are changing, and theories suggest that the vessels in your head are expanding and pressing on nerves. Feverfew has been confirmed to relax the tension/constrict blood vessels, easing the painful pressure. It also reduces inflammation and pain overall with a substance called parthenolide, which has results similar to taking a daily aspirin, but without the side effects.
You will need…
-1 ounce fresh or dried flowers
-1 pint of boiling water
Add 1 ounce of fresh or dried feverfew flowers to 1 pint of boiling one. Steep for 10 minutes, and then strain. Drink half a cup twice a day as needed.
4. Apply an apple cider vinegar compress
Apple cider vinegar (ACV) has a long history in realm of natural remedies. It’s been used to relieve everything from scurvy to hay fever, and just about any other ailment that falls in between. Some modern day studies have proven its effectiveness in treating certain illnesses, but most of its clout lies in the reports of people throughout the centuries who have benefited from it. If you find yourself coming down with a throbbing headache, try getting some quality ACV time into your day in the form of a steam-style treatment.
You will need…
-1/4 cup of ACV
-Roughly 3 cups of boiling water
-1 cup of fresh cool water
Directions…
Pour ¼ cup of apple cider vinegar into a large bowl, and then fill the bowl halfway with boiling water. Place a towel over your head so that it drapes over the bowl, trapping the steam, and hold your face over it. Make sure your face isn’t so close that it gets burned by the steam. Do this for 5-10 minutes, or when the water starts to cool down, breathing in and out deeply the whole time. When you’re done, use the towel to pat your face dry, and go drink a glass of cool water.
5. Stretch, relax, and breathe
Our lives are fast paced, busy, and filled with more than a little stress. Our overworked minds and bodies react to this by tensing and knotting up muscles, usually in the upper back, neck, and shoulders. Thanks to a little something called referred pain-pain felt in an area other than where the actual painful stimulus is-we end up with tension-type headaches. To help head these buggers off, try some of the following tips.
Do yoga: Yoga will get your mind focused, stretch out your muscles, and get you moving in ways that can help you drop the tension-and if you drop the tension, you can drop the tension-headache. Just doing a few moves when the pain starts up can help, but the best thing to do is a set aside a few minutes each day to practice regularly and prevent headaches before they happen.
Breathe: You may think your breathing alright, but if your head is pounding you’re likely not getting the most out of the oxygen you take in. In general we take breaths that are too shallow, and when we are experiencing pain or stress, we definitely breathe to shallow. Make a conscious effort to take deep, full, breaths that start in your diaphragm and fill up your lungs. This will get your plenty of fresh oxygen circulating through your blood and will also help relax your mind and body.
Drop your shoulders: This is one I remind myself to do about 5 times a day. Make yourself aware of how you carry your shoulders. When you think of it, tell yourself to drop them down. You’d be surprised at how often we carry them hunched up too high, resulting in soreness and, of course, headaches.
6. Get moving
An aching head does not inspire one to get active, but getting up and moving-outside in fresh air if possible- can help loosen up tight muscles causing a headache. It also gives you something to focus on to take your mind off the pain. Good exercise also releases endorphins, which can dull the uncomfortable sensation caused by a headache. To get the most out of your activity, keep in mind the following tips.
Stay regular: Exercising only when you feel like it is less likely to prevent headaches then exercising on a regular basis. Routine also gives your body just that-routine. Routine helps us function, at least physically, better than we might if we didn’t have any.
Warm up and cool down: Take your time getting yourself warmed up and properly cooled down. Jumping into strenuous activities and then abruptly stopping is more likely to cause a headache then stop it.
Enjoy the outdoors: If possible, exercise outside. The invigorating fresh air and change in scenery does something that just makes our bodies and minds feel good.
7. Drink fish oil
There are some small-scale studies that show the ingestion of fish oil can help reduce migraines and head pain, thanks to its omega-3 fatty acids, which promotes heart health. The American Heart Association states that the ingredients in fish oil may help reduce inflammation, blood clotting, lower blood pressure, and steady heart rhythm. Those actions in turn may help reduce head pain because it may reduce the inflammation of blood cells that press and pinch on nerves.
You will need…
-1 tablespoon of fish oil OR fish oil oral supplements
-1 glass of orange juice
Directions
If you are taking fish oil capsules, follow the dosing on the bottle. If using the actual oil, mix a tablespoon into a glass of cold orange juice and drink up! It’s really not as bad as it sounds.
8. Hot or cold?
Headaches are tricksy little things, with what clears them up for one person totally triggering them for another. There’s evidence to support both hot and cold compress treatments, and it all has to do with the muscles and blood vessels. Some headaches are caused, at least in part, by expanded blood vessel pressing on nerves. For these, applying something cold to the area can constrict those vessels and relieve some of the pressure causing the throbbing ache. Other headaches are caused by tension and anxiety, and cold tends to tighten up muscles that then pinch nerves and enlarge blood vessels. You’ll have to play around to see if you’re someone who benefits from cold/ cool treatment or hot/warm, while some people find alternating between the two works best.
You will need…
1. Cold compress, such as a bag of frozen peas, a bag of ice, or a cold pack.
2. Hot compress, such as a towel soaked in very warm water.
Directions
Find a quiet place to lie down, preferably where you can dim the lights or turn them off. Place the cold or hot compress on your forehead and relax. At some point, try switching to the back of your head, or the top, depending on where the pain is concentrated. You can also try a cold compress at one location and a hot compress on another, either on your head, or place the hot compress on your shoulders if your headache is from tension. Do this for as long as you feel you need to. Try sipping fresh water through a straw if you can manage during or after the treatment, and make sure to ease back into your daily routine-don’t just dash onto a crowded street in blinding sunlight.
Tip: Here’s how to make a good hot compress at home that won’t least its heat as quickly as a warm washcloth.
9. Avoid MSG
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is added to food to enhance its flavor. It is derived from an amino acid, called glutamic acid, which occurs naturally in various foods. Many people who suffer headaches find that foods containing MSG triggers migraines or other types of headaches, possibly due to the fact that it excites our neurons. Make sure you read food labels to check if the product has MSG, the FDA is requires companies to list it, however it can also be hidden as a component of other ingredients. Watch for some of these words, which can give away “hidden” MSG, and be extra cautious around Chinese food, processed meats, canned vegies, gravy/soup/dip mixes, and soy-based items.
-Gelatin
-Yeast extract
-Anything “hydrolyzed”
-Textured protein
10. Improve your posture
Improving your posture can make all the difference in the world when it comes to tension-type headaches. Many of us spend our days working in an office or sitting down at a computer with little to no movement, and many of us are guilty of poor posture. We slouch, slump, and hunch forward, which strains our muscles and creates nasty headaches. Try using an ergonomic chair if you’re sitting down a lot, and make a conscious effort to sit up tall but relaxed, with your shoulders back, your chest open, and your neck not sticking too far forward. Working on strengthening core muscles helps a lot with posture, since balance and the strength to support ourselves properly comes from mostly from our center.
11. Use your imagination
Mental imagery has been shown to reduce headaches, whether mild or severe, by helping people relax and loosen up the knots that may be causing the pain. There are guided imagery coaches, but you can also do this on your own. Imagery exercises create a “mental scape” that is calm, peaceful, and pain free-your happy place, if you will. To work on your ‘scape, try the following.
The following…
Find a quiet place to close your eyes and use your mind to fill your head with something other than pain. Picture rolling hills or waves lapping over sand, even just creating a landscape of soothing colors can be helpful. Try adding a quiet soundtrack to this exercise; be it sounds of nature or just a soft song that calms you down. Breathe and be patient. Also, be patient. And then be a little more patient. Don’t get worked up because your headache isn’t gone after you spent 30 seconds impatiently picturing a tree, this stuff takes practice and some dedication (and patience) but it’s worth it.
12. Munch on gingerroot
Prostaglandin synthesis is a process that takes place in some animals (including humans) that makes lipid (fat) compounds within their cells. Those fatty substances are like little chemical messengers that mediate biological processes, like inflammation, and alerting neurons to pain. Certain enzymes spark off the prostaglandin synthesis, while some drugs, such as aspirin, inhibit the synthesis. Gingerroot, a natural alternative, is thought to inhibit the synthesis as well. On top of that, if you’re getting knocked with a migraine, it can help quell your nausea. Simply sip a nice steaming cup of gingerroot tea and relax while you wait for your headache to ease up.
You will need…
-3 quarter size slices of gingerroot
-2 cups of water
Slice 3 slices off of a piece of raw gingerroot, with each being roughly the size of a quarter. Gently simmer the pieces of ginger in 2 cups of water, covered, for 30 minutes. Use something to remove the pieces of ginger and transfer to a mug, or if you prefer, leave them in. Sip slowly and breathe in the steam if you want. Relax!
13. Apply peppermint oil
Peppermint oil has a wonderfully soothing effect when you’re suffering from a headache, easing the discomfort and clearing your mind. It can be applied to various places, and people who use it find that it works quickly to relieve pain. If you have sensitive skin and find that it irritates it, try diluting it with a bit of olive oil or water.
You will need…
-Peppermint oil
Massage the peppermint oil onto your temples, the back of your jaw, and forehead. You will feel a cooling sensation upon applying it. Breathe deeply, and if possible, find a quiet place to relax and sip some cool water.
14. Butterbur for migraines
Butterbur refers to plants found in the daisy family. Long used by Native Americans as a remedy for headaches and inflammation, Butterbur has gained more and more credit lately in the world of western medicine, and the American Academy of Neurology and American Headache Society both endorse butterbur for preventing migraines based on at least two strong clinical trials. It is thought to be effective because some Butterbur species contain chemicals that work in two ways, one in which inflammatory effects of certain chemicals are lowered, and the other being that it functions as a natural beta blocker, which results in normal flow of blood to the brain. That in turn can help control blood pressure/the spasmodic capillary action that can cause migraines. The highest concentration of the plants helpful chemicals are found in Butterbur root.
Please Note: The usual adult dosage is 50-100 milligrams twice daily to help reduce severity of migraines/ prevent them, but check with a healthcare practitioner before using butterbur as a migraine treatment. Look for a brand of extract labeled PA-Free, which ensures that it was safely processed to remove potentially harmful, toxic, chemicals found naturally in the plant.
15. Eat less chocolate
Pretty straightforward-chocolate and the caffeine it contains make it a common trigger for headaches in many people.
16. Know your facts about B3
Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, is a water-soluble B vitamin that may trigger vascular headaches, thanks to something called a “flush.” Niacin dilates (opens up) the body’s blood vessel, right down to the small capillaries, which increases blood flow. While it can be helpful in some cases, it may cause a headache triggered by the pounding blood flow and possible nerve pressure caused by it. It’s best to talk to a healthcare practitioner about B3 to know how you should properly take, or if it will be helpful.
17. Grab a pencil
Holding a pencil between your teeth (holding, not biting or clenching your jaw) can help a tension headache dissipate. The actual physical action of holding the pencil between your teeth activates your “smile” muscles, relaxing your jaw. We often times clench our teeth when stressed and this in turn strains the muscle connecting the jaw to the temples and causes a tension headache. Again, make sure your jaw is relaxed and the pencil is held lightly between your teeth.
18. Drink up
On average we don’t drink enough water daily, and that alone is cause for a headache. Coffee, alcohol, sugary drinks-all can dehydrate you (hence the pounding headache that comes along with a hangover) and should be avoided. As soon as your head starts to hurt, drink a tall glass of water, and then sip throughout the day. Gradually the pain will start to ease up, and you’ll be hurting less and well-hydrated to boot. Simply drinking water may seem too obvious or simple to actually work as a headache remedy but it can, and often time’s does. We humans often just seem to feel the need to make things more complicated than they are.
You use your head for a lot of things, maybe not all things, but hopefully for a lot of them, and a throbbing pain in your noggin can really make it hard to function. While over-the-counter pain killers may temporarily relieve the discomfort, they’re not going to prevent headaches from returning full force-or worse- in the future. Give some headache home remedies a shot, and you’ll end up saving yourself a headache (probably lots of headaches) in the future.
Tips for food-related headaches
Food, especially nowadays with all the extra synthetic/chemical stuff we add to it, can be a major trigger for some people’s migraines or other types of headaches. To pinpoint what may set you off, try the following.
Keep a food diary: Record the foods you eat and track your headache patterns. See if you can spot a link.
Always read food labels: While the FDA requires companies to list many things on their labels, some things can also be hidden as a component of other ingredients. Do you research on words to look out for that may disguise or make it difficult to avoid the things you want to.
Listen to your body: You should always listen to your body, but sometimes it’s hard…like when there’s a plate of double-chocolate chunk cookies sitting in front of you, or you’re craving a mug of steaming hot fresh coffee. Of course we’ll indulge at times, but if your body protests (like with a migraine) respect it. It’s your body, you two live together, and you simply can’t have all the things you want in life all the time (which is probably a very good thing.)
You may also like our list of the Constipation Remedies to Help Keep You Regular
P.S. Make sure to take a look at the Everyday Roots Book with 350+ pages of the best home remedies, natural beauty recipes, homemade cleaners and diy household products. View Remedies
By Claire Goodall
Claire is a lover of life, the natural world, and wild blueberries. On the weekend you can find her fiddling in the garden, playing with her dogs, and enjoying the great outdoors with her horse. Claire is very open-minded, ask her anything Meet Claire
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We Want to Hear from You! Let us know which remedies work and do not work for you, ask a question or leave a comment:
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Everyday Roots is intended for informational purposes only. Our site contains general information about medical conditions and treatments, and provides information and ideas for, but not limited to, natural and home remedies. Everyday Roots makes no claims that anything presented is true, accurate, proven, and/or not harmful to your health or wellbeing. Our website is not and does not claim to be written, edited, or researched by a health care professional. Any information on or associated with this website should NOT be considered a substitute for medical advice from a healthcare professional. If you are experiencing any form of health problem, always consult a doctor before attempting any treatment on your own. Everyday Roots will not be held liable or responsible in any way for any harm, injury, illness, or death that may result from the use of its content or anything related to it. Viewers assume all risk and liability associated with the use of the content on our site, and must agree to our terms and conditions.
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msmarco_passage_01_209382088 | Everything Coffee Flour | Everything Coffee Flour
Coffee Flour is sort of like the buzz phrase these days. It is almost like everywhere you go, whether online or offline, you tend to encounter the phrases, Coffee flour, and coffee flour recipes.
First off, Coffee flour is a relatively new product that has caught the attention of both manufacturers and consumers from all over the world. Coffee four is a by-product of coffee. Coffee flour is made by drying out the outer part of the coffee plant fruit, then grinding the dried coffee fruit into a powdery blend of flower and spice. The best part about coffee flour is that it is made by turning a part of the coffee fruit that used to be disposed of as waste into a Superfood.
Coffee flour is popular because it is nutrient-packed and at the same time, it is awesome as a baking ingredient. According to brands like Coffee Flour Touts, Coffee flour contains lots of iron, fiber, antioxidants, potassium, protein, and as little fat as possible. If this is not already your superfood, I wonder what is!
Also, we thought you should know that coffee flour and its secondary products taste nothing like coffee. Most people describe it as tasting like a fruit.
It is no surprise that Starbucks had something to do with this product. Former Starbucks engineer, Dan Belliveau accidentally developed Coffee flour while working on the coffee production facilities of Starbucks. The first Coffee flour was made at home by Dan Belliveau, and his wife helped in testing the feasibility of this new product by making it into cookies and Granola.
WHAT IS COFFEE FLOUR? – The Coffee Flour Process
Hey, I get it, this is the 21 st century, and everyone is trying their best to stay healthy, it is, therefore, no surprise that you might want to know how your favorite ingredient for your coffee flour recipe is made; Coffee flour!
This isn’t just some coffee that was grounded into powder (That sounds like it would be a nice product too). Instead, this is a completely different product. Coffee flour instead is made from the dried outer fruit of a coffee plant. What’s the difference between coffee flour and coffee, you might ask?
Coffee is made from the coffee fruit itself, and in the past, the outer fruit or cherry used to be disposed of as waste, but now, however, the cherry is dried up and grounded into a powdery substance that can be used for a plethora of products and coffee flour recipes.
After harvesting the coffee beans from the coffee tree, the coffee bean is then separated cherry that covers the coffee bean for further processing. The coffee bean is roasted and processed into the regular caffeinated coffee that we all know and love, and well, the cherry used to be disposed of as waste since we had no better use of it. Thank goodness we don’t have to waste this highly nutritious and cheaply available part of the coffee tree anymore, as the dried-up cherry can now be turned into coffee flour.
NUTRITION – Benefits of Coffee Flour
Coffee Flour came from the ashes of being just another waste product to being a superfood for various good reasons. And no! I am not just talking about its awesome taste, affordability, and versatility when it comes to being used for various coffee flour recipes. I am also referring to the number of Nutrients that this amazing product offers to its consumers.
Here is a list of some of the coffee flour nutrition that your coffee flour has to offer.
Gluten-Free – Therefore, you don’t have to worry if you are gluten intolerant as coffee flour is completely gluten-free.
High in Fiber – Most grain flours boast of fiber content in the ranges of 5 – 12%. However, with coffee flour, you get fiber content as high as 55%.
Less Fat – Coffee flour contains at least up to 80% less fat than even coconut flour; that is absolutely incredible!
Insane levels of protein – We were not kidding when we called coffee flour a superfood, as it contains twice as much protein as there is in tofu and even triple the amount in fresh kale, and those are supposed to be king of proteins.
Lots of Iron too – Coffee flour has iron content in the range of 3 times the amount of iron found in spinach! Still not impressed, head on to the next one.
Potassium in Large Amounts – So, bananas are known to contain a considerable amount of potassium. So, imagine when we say that Coffee flour contains 8 times the amount of potassium found in a banana. Yes, 8 times!
What does Coffee Flour Taste Like?
We wondered this ourselves when we first got a hold of the first batch of coffee flour that we tested, and we have to say, it tastes nothing like coffee.
So, if that coffee taste is what you were hoping for, then you might be slightly disappointed, but hey, we only said slightly because coffee flour offers something else.
Depending on who you ask, you will get an answer something like.
"Coffee flour tastes like sweet dried fruit."
It has an earthy and floral taste (think sweet flower taste), and even more. This is definitely one of the benefits of coffee flour as it allows every person to have a unique experience with it.
Coffee Flour Recipes
Coffee flour is big in the food industry and in various kitchens around the world right now. Coffee flour is being used in making foods like bread, brownies, health bar foods, and even energy drinks. The nature of this product allows it to be integrated into various products that need that slight change in taste that coffee flour offers.
Therefore, Coffee flour recipes are not definite in number, in fact, you can create any number of recipes from this amazing superfood as much as your imagination allows.
You can even have some coffee flour keto recipe if you wish. The possibilities are endless at this point.
All you have to do at this point is to get to cooking or baking and share your results with us. We do not care what it is that you are making with your coffee flour; we want to know all about it. It can be anything from bread, brownies, pasta, cakes, coffee flour smoothie, batter for fish, coffee waves flour bluff, rub for meat to granola, we just want to be a part of your amazing coffee flour story.
Economics of Coffee Flour
The benefits of coffee flour are quite numerous, and economic benefit is one of them. It is estimated that coffee farmers can gain up to 50% more income for the same harvest than they did before. It is especially easy to see why since there are no waste handling costs involved, and there is very little in terms of the extra cost involved in setting up a facility for coffee flour processing.
Also, coffee flour has opened up a new avenue with which developing nations can benefit more from their major export crop being coffee. Coffee flour is definitely shaping up to be the
“new global impact food.” |
msmarco_passage_01_211156440 | This or That #6: Stack vent vs. Vent stack - EVstudio | This or That #6: Stack vent vs. Vent stack - EVstudio
This or That #6: Stack vent vs. Vent stack
Home » Articles » This or That #6: Stack vent vs. Vent stack
Stack vent vs. vent stack
This comes straight from the pages of the ARE and serves as a reminder of the kind of minutiae I tried to memorize just before taking each section of my exams. It’s a classic this or that because they sound similar, look similar in the field and even may combine to serve a similar function. So what’s the difference?
In this corner: a vent stack is series of vertical pipe vents that passes through at least two stories and is meant to maintain atmospheric pressure in the drainage system. The vent stack usually runs parallel with the soil/waste stack and may either extend up through the roof or connect to a stack vent.
And in this corner: a stack vent is the uppermost portion of a soil/waste stack that continues the pipe from above the highest connected fixture out the roof. The stack vent performs a similar function to the vent stack with the biggest difference being the stack vent is a direct extension of the waste/soil stack and must reach outside air.
Still having trouble telling them apart? The names are a big part of the confusion, so if you remember the definitions but not which is which just use the “adjective before noun” rule. So like a “race car ” is a car used in races while a “car race ” is a race for cars, a “vent stack ” is a stack of vents and a “stack vent ” is a vent on top of a stack. Also, “race car” is a cool palindrome.
Bonus match: imply vs. infer
To imply is to suggest something without being explicit and to infer is to conclude something by reasoning. Even though imply seems to be on the giving end and infer on the receiving end (“what do you imply by that” vs. “what am I to infer from that”) it’s easy to see how the two words can be used interchangeably since “suggestion” and “conclusion” can be in some cases. Interesting that there is no noun “implier” but there is a matching and more awkward “inferrer”.
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msmarco_passage_01_212602379 | Black Panther: Meet Marvel's Wakandan warrior from Captain America: Civil War | EW.com | Black Panther: Meet Marvel's Wakandan warrior from Captain America: Civil War | EW.com
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Black Panther: Meet Marvel's Wakandan warrior from Captain America: Civil War
Black Panther: Meet Marvel's Wakandan warrior from Captain America: Civil War
The history-making first black superhero arrives onscreen.
By Anthony Breznican
December 02, 2015 at 12:00 PM EST
Image
Credit: Michael Muller
Captain America: Civil War
type
Movie
Black Panther is no joke.
It’d be easy to snark about how Captain America and Iron Man were barely managing to hold their alliance together until a certain black cat crossed their path, but the truth is – they both want him on their side.
Black Panther commands respect. (And you definitely don’t want him against you.)
The historic first black comic book superhero will be getting his own stand-alone movie in February 2018, but we’ll first encounter Chadwick Boseman’s warrior-prince on May 6 in the clash between heroes in Captain America: Civil War.
Panther is a key figure in the conflict between Chris Evans’ Cap and Robert Downey Jr.’s Iron Man, and his allegiance is in flux — although he’s got serious issues with Sebastian Stan’s Bucky Barnes, a.k.a. the Winter Soldier, which steers him alongside the man in the iron mask.
While Tony Stark is known for flooding the zone with wisecracks, Black Panther isn’t fooling around.
“He’s definitely not the life of the party in this instance,” says Boseman, who won the role last October. “I think this is something true of the comic book character and the movie. You never quite know where he stands. There’s always a bit of concealing and mystery. So I think mysterious is more his boat. Not to say there’s not charm and he can’t be a ladies’ man and all that. It’s more like if there is humor, it’s more like James Bond.”
MORE THAN JUST A HERO
Image
Credit: Marvel
For the uninitiated, Black Panther, whose real name is T’Challa, is a prince from the fictional African nation of Wakanda, a technologically advanced nation that’s home to the world’s largest natural supply of vibranium — the same malleable-yet-indestructible metal that comprises Cap’s shield. Black Panther is not just a badass secret identity; in the comics it is a title passed down through the generations of rulers.
The character was first introduced in Fantastic Four #52 in July 1966, at a time when black characters in general were few and far between in comic books – and ones treated with the awe and admiration reserved for white heroes were even more rare.
Anthony Mackie’s Sam Wilson, a.k.a. Falcon, may have come first in the movie timeline, but Panther cleared the way for that character in print – along with other black superheroes like Luke Cage, Storm, Misty Knight, and more recently, Miles Morales, who took on the mantle of Spider-Man in Marvel’s “Ultimate Universe.”
Next spring, around the time the character makes his screen debut, Marvel Comics will publish a new Black Panther comics series written by Ta-Nehisi Coates, the journalist whose book, Between the World and Me, a missive to his own son about living as a black man in the United States, recently won the National Book Award for Nonfiction.
So, even in real life, Black Panther has a powerful legacy — and one that’s still growing.
The movie has a lot to live up to.
LEGACY OF THE PANTHER
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In Civil War, T’Challa is drawn into the conflict between Cap and Iron Man that arises from the Sokovia Accords, which were enacted by world leaders after the events of Avengers: Age of Ultron as a way to mandate control over those with “enhanced abilities” who say they only want to do good for the world.
“There definitely is a sort of tradition that he’s torn between, in terms of how things were done in the past and how things need to happen now in this new world,” says Boseman, who’s best known for playing James Brown in Get On Up and Jackie Robinson in 42. “I think there’s perhaps a bit of a maverick there, and then there’s also a need to live up to traditions and his father’s legacy. And not even his father’s legacy, but the entire nation of Wakanda. I think those are the things you will see.”
Under different circumstances, Steve Rogers, another warrior whose very identity represents his country, might find common ground with Panther.
“I love our scenes together because I do think they feel a sense of responsibility. I think they’re both very selfless people,” Evans says. “They want the right thing, no one’s irrational, no one has an inflated ego.” (That’s got to be a dig at Iron Man, by the way.) “They’re family-first people,” Evans says. “I think outside of the suits we’d be friends, Steve and T’Challa.”
Kevin Feige, the president of Marvel Studios and creator of the interlocked series of movies ( Civil War is No. 13, for those keeping track), says Panther was added to the story ahead of his solo-movie debut because Civil War needed someone who had his own agenda, who was a third party separate from the factions that aligned themselves behind Captain America and Iron Man.
“We kept talking about ‘somebody like Black Panther …’ After the third or fourth time that came up in a development meeting, someone said, ‘Can’t we just do the Black Panther?’ And we all looked at each other and said, ‘Yeah, I guess we could,’” Feige says. “We introduce him here, give him an arc, and make him a full character. We don’t just give him a cameo, to wave. He has his own conflict and his own people that he’s looking out for.”
Executive producer Nate Moore calls T’Challa “the undecided voter”: “He’s someone who hasn’t necessarily made up his mind about either side and whose agenda isn’t exactly what Cap’s agenda or what Tony’s agenda is. And I think that brings him into conflict weirdly with both characters at different times in the film. He is the prince of an African nation that has so far stayed very much sort of in the shadows. And eventually the film will draw him and his father out of the shadows.”
The movie version is also not the same Black Panther fans now see in comics, almost 40 years after his creation. “In publishing, he is sort of this very wise and a sanguine figure who seems to know more than he lets on,” Moore says. “I think this is Black Panther in his younger years, where he maybe is a little bit more fiery than I think how they write him in the comics because he’s very much in the nascent stages of being a hero. So that means he is probably more fallible than the Black Panther that you read in comics, but for reasons that are completely logical.”
DETAILS OF THE SUIT
Black Panther's Comics Origins
In the trailer for Civil War, we catch only a glimpse of Black Panther — delivering a spin-kick to the face of Winter Soldier — the brainwashed assassin and former best friend of Captain America’s, who is seeking redemption but has apparently been framed for a horrible crime. (No spoilers, but it’s not much of a leap to assume that T’Challa’s father may have been one of the victims of the blast targeting those world leaders, and was either killed or seriously hurt.)
But Boseman says no one’s loyalty is simple in this story. “Ultimately some sides are taken, but I think the trick of the movie is for no one to be blindly following,” he says. “Everybody is actually on their own side, in truth.”
Unlike Chris Hemsworth’s Thor, another prince from a far-off kingdom, who was introduced in the movies as a petulant prince unworthy of his powers and title, T’Challa doesn’t have those kinds of hang-ups. “The spoiled brat thing is never an option,” Boseman says. “He’s not in any way unaware of how important his role and his position is. I think he’s very much aware of the responsibility.”
So the responsibility thing is down. But what are his great powers?
“Panther is a cool character and he has a toughness, and a sort of intimidation factor with his costume,” says Anthony Russo, who directed Civil War with his brother, Joe. (The pair also made Captain America: The Winter Soldier together and are signed on to make the two-part Avengers: Infinity War movies in 2018 and 2019.) “We’re experimenting with how the light catches the costume.”
That’s because Black Panther’s outfit is not actually cloth. It’s metal. It’s vibranium. “It has a sheen because its a weave of the strongest metal in this fictional universe,” says Joe Russo.
“It’s like medieval chain mail, woven extremely thin,” Anthony adds. “It’s not comparable to any other costumes in the universe.”
Ask Boseman about the suit, and he lets out a low, rumbling laugh. “Are you talking about the mythology or the actual suit?” he says. The fiction is amazing, he says, but actually wearing the thing… not so much. The narrow, white-lensed eyes made it particularly hard for the actor to simply see where he was going.
“As far as the actual suit is concerned, I would say there’s a lot of comfort in the shoes, or the boots,” Boseman says. “That’s probably the only part I did enjoy! After you get them on you’re like, ‘Okay, that feels good.’ But other than that, I remember feeling extremely hot and claustrophobic, like, ‘How in the world am I gonna move and act and respond in this?’ But the shoes feel good. Everything else you get used to.”
But the imaginative parts? That was fun.
VIBRANIUM POWER
Image
Credit: Marvel
“As far as the storytelling is concerned, the vibranium is a metal that is dynamic. It can change how it’s used. It’s not a liquid, but it has the ability to change shape and change form and still have its strength. I think there a lot of things about that in the mythology that I think has a lot of potential in terms of the storytelling,” Boseman says.
Vibranium is not your typical armor. “It’s not just about being durable, it has the ability to absorb energy,” Boseman says. “It’s not just like you hit it and it doesn’t take it. It has the ability to absorb the attack of another person and repel or respond to that attack. That’s part of the power.”
As for fighting style, Black Panther has a unique amalgam of moves. “There are some animal forms, but not just cat. He could be a snake, or various different styles. Obviously there’s an opportunity to do some capoeira,” the Brazilian martial art that combines fighting with dance, Boseman says.
Part of Panther’s power is not just brute strength, but thinking ahead. “The key with T’Challa is to keep everybody on their toes. It’s to do the thing that is surprising, that you wouldn’t expect. So there’s a lot of agility and a lot of, like, ‘Why did he do that? Oh now I know why he did that. He was gonna come over here after he did that.’ I wouldn’t say he’s a ninja, but he does employ some of those aspects as well.”
Panther’s retractable claws are also made of vibranium — and since Cap’s shield is also forged from the substance: Who wins in a fight?
The Russo brothers have a simple answer for that: “We shall see,” Joe says.
But from Boseman’s point of view… ? There’s not even a question.
“If you’re talking to Mayweather about the Mayweather/Pacquiao fight, then Mayweather’s gonna say he’s gonna win,” Boseman says. “I have to back myself.”
Captain America: Civil War
type
Movie
mpaa
PG-13
runtime
146 minutes
director
Anthony and Joe Russo |
msmarco_passage_01_213563501 | The Vampire Diaries recap: The One With the Motel | EW.com | The Vampire Diaries recap: The One With the Motel | EW.com
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The Vampire Diaries recap: The One With the Motel
The Vampire Diaries recap: The One With the Motel
Damon and Elena's trip to Denver was fairly epic, while Evilaric gained a new ally
By Mandi Bierly
Updated April 20, 2012 at 05:57 AM EDT
VAMPIRE DIARIES
Credit: Quantrell D. Colbert/The CW
The Vampire Diaries
S 3 E 19
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Honestly, how great is an episode when sex in the Lockwood cellar isn’t the highlight? As you can guess from the title of this recap (why pretend that’s not how we’ll be referring to this episode for seasons to come?), the motel is where I’m gonna start. Truly, I’m concerned that I somehow took over the body of the director while they were filming Elena ogling Damon. Not because I’m a Delena fan. (I’m admittedly fickle, supporting whoever is closest to having a steamy scene with Elena at any given moment.) But because it took… its… time. You want a full body scan, starting at his feet and heading north? Enjoy. No need to pause, that camera will linger right where you want it to. (Informal poll: Damon is somehow sexier with his shirt hanging open than when he’s totally shirtless?) It was purposely gratuitous, and therefore, you didn’t have to feel guilty. You could just be giddy, like you were seeing a movie you watched incessantly as a teen — cough, The Pirate Movie with Christopher Atkins — but suddenly, you were able to control the camera and call the shots. A little to the left. Now stop. Hold. And so on. That’s what made the scene so perfect: Elena is a teen, giving herself permission to look at him for the first time. She would want an eyeful. Let’s dig in.
Okay, first, let’s watch this again.
I’ll back up so as to not mortify myself further until Page 2. Alaric began the hour locked in the Salvatore house cellar. Elena brought him the basics: toothbrush, clothes, boring books to help him sleep, and hopefully another shirt that shows just a hint of chest hair in his heavage but not a razor. The stubble looks great in HD. Elena told Alaric she was going to Denver with Damon to check on Jeremy because Stefan encouraged her to use the trip to explore her unresolved feelings for Damon. Meanwhile, Stefan would stay home and try to get Evilaric to come out and play and reveal where he hid the missing stake. Damon had his doubts that Good Stefan was up to the challenge. But I guess it had to be Damon to go to Denver with Elena because he has the connection to Rose, and that was their real mission: Get Jeremy to contact Rose and find out from which Original’s bloodline she, and therefore Katherine and the Salvatore brothers, stem.
Sticking with these story lines, Alaric couldn’t fall asleep reading Moby Dick, so Stefan brought down a bottle of booze since they’re on a time crunch. Klaus would only wait so long for Stefan to deliver the final two stakes. Alaric didn’t get sleepy. The boys just got chatty. Stefan explained why he wants Elena to explore her feelings for Damon: Even if Stefan fights his blood lust and regains control of his life to win Elena back, it means nothing if she has feelings for someone else.
In Denver, Damon and Elena found Jeremy at the batting cages. (“Next time we compel him, remind me to make him better at baseball,” Damon quipped.) The friend Jeremy was meeting turned out to be Kol, who broke a wooden bat by hitting a home run on Damon’s head. When Kol went to switch to an aluminum bat, Damon took the resulting stake (convenient!) and stabbed him. It gave them time to get away… to a motel on the corner of somewhere and nowhere that has a green-screen view of the Rocky Mountains.
Jeremy brings out the best in Damon’s dialogue. Jeremy had no idea Kol was a vampire, let alone an Original. “Didn’t you find it weird that you made a friend so fast? Have you met you?” Damon asked. Inside their room, Jeremy got comfortable, taking off his hoodie so we could admire his biceps. It’s good to have them him back. “Come on, Rose, you’re not gonna actually make us wait, are ya? I know you’re obsessed with me,” Damon offered, trying to summon her. Jeremy needed Damon to tell him about her — and not what she could do with her tongue. He told Jeremy and Elena that Rose had spent her last day with him in paradise, soaking up the sun and reminiscing about what it means to be human. When death came, she didn’t fear it. Elena said she was there for the end of Rose’s life, and it wasn’t paradise. It was in the dream Damon gave Rose, Jeremy said. Rose was there. AHHH.
NEXT: Series-wide epicness
Rose isn’t in lonely limbo like Anna and Vicki had been. No longer having to hide from Klaus, she’s enjoying her freedom on the other side and doing whatever she wants. Damon wanted to know if she’s still hot. Rose wanted Jeremy to tell him he’s still “dripping with sex.” She also wanted him to tell Damon that she’s rooting for him and Elena, which confused Jeremy opted to paraphrase as she misses Elena, too. Rose wasn’t sired by an Original, it was someone named Mary Porter, or “Scary Mary” as Damon called her. Rose told Jeremy to have them sit tight and relax. She’d see what she can find out about Mary’s location.
Back at Salvatore cellar, Stefan assumed they had Jeremy by now. He hadn’t heard from Damon and Elena yet, presumably because he was in a cellar with no cell signal. He and Alaric had more talking time, which gave me an opportunity to appreciate Stefan’s V-neck. The real point of the scene was making us understand that even though Good Alaric isn’t compelled or possessed when he becomes Evilaric, Evilaric is not him. It’s just the darkest parts of him.
Klaus had let himself in and popped down to cellar at that moment. He’d found the one stake upstairs and was prepared to kill Alaric if he didn’t tell him where the other was. Stefan told Klaus about an entire bloodline dying if an Original goes bye-bye. Since he doesn’t know which one he’s descended from, they now have the same mission, Stefan said: find the stake and destroy it. Sorta true. Klaus broke Alaric’s neck… Perhaps he’d wake up Evilaric now.
Damon and Stefan finally gave each other an update. Stefan was silently jealous about Damon and Elena being in a hotel room, and I actually wrote, “WITH JEREMY, Stefan. All good!” in my notes. Even though Julie Plec had said some “series-wide epicness” would go down in this hour, and that the director and DP had worked hard to make the dive motel that they called Crack Alley “sexy,” I was as clueless as Jeremy as to what was about to happen. At first I thought it was early morning that Damon emerged, shirtless, to eventually halfway clothe his upper body and pour himself a drink. But I guess it was night and the outdoor motel lights were just bright? Finally, Damon caught Elena, who was supposed to be sleeping in her bed, eying him. She closed her eyes, and his lips thought about forming a smile but didn’t, which I thought was a great call. We didn’t want to feel like Damon knew what was going to happen. It would have cheapened it to think he was plotting. She opened her eyes and held his stare. He got up and started to slowly walk over to her, and somehow, and I’ve never done this before, I ended up biting my remote so I wouldn’t squeal like a 13-year-old. He crawled into bed, silent. Again, it hit just the right note. He didn’t know what kind of move he was making. He put his arm behind his head and waited for her to speak as the Epicness Theme played. She said he never told her what he’d done for Rose on her final day. “Why don’t you let people see the good in you?” she asked. That shot looking at his face, you know the one, I definitely directed that. “Because when people see good, they expect good,” he said. “And I don’t want to have to live up to anyone’s expectations.”
Now here’s my only problem with this scene: I’m thinking that’s a deal breaker. To me, that statement translates to “You can’t count on me.” That’s why you go with a guy like Stefan. ( UPDATE: In the comments, a reader says she interpreted that as more of a I’m not the perfect man, take me or leave me comment. He won’t agree with Elena just because she wants him to. That’s what Rose says later. I suppose at that point, I was still thinking of Damon as the Damon who lashes out. So if he says he’s not always going to be good, I’m thinking the bad is really bad, and not just him slipping Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde into Alaric’s reading list bad. I guess that’s what Damon meant later in the episode: He’s not going to lash out and go BIG BAD again. Though isn’t being willing to kill Klaus when you know it will kill reformed Tyler kinda BAD?) Regardless, Elena was absolutely breathless. She looked away from him, but their hands touched. They looked at each other, and she had to get up and go outside. Damon followed her out, his shirt still open, obviously, which was just cruel in the best possible way. “Don’t,” Elena said. “Why not?” he asked. Maybe it was the sudden breeze, but when he said, “Elena,” she turned and just kissed him. I swear the lights flickered, it was so hot. My notes: “Up against the wall. My god.” Jawdropping.
During the commercial, were you asking yourself if it was a dream? I mean, it didn’t look like one, but it also didn’t look like they were going to stop anytime soon — and I knew we weren’t ready to go there. We returned to a massive makeout session. Luckily, it was interrupted by Jeremy coming to tell them Rose had found Mary’s address in Kansas. Question: If Rose can go anywhere she wants and is rooting for Damon and Elena, why wouldn’t she have seen them making out and WAITED? I mean, I know why: Damon and Elena needed to be stopped. We needed to swoon, but still be left with something to look forward to.
NEXT: Rose ignites a war between the clans of Delena and Stelena
Alaric woke up from his death nap, still himself. He took off his ring and said Stefan had to try to kill him so Evilaric would feel threatened and come out and defend himself. Punch.
Damon, Elena, and Jeremy arrived at Mary’s Kansas address, which Damon likened to an episode of Vampire Hoarders. Mary is really old and supercreepy, he said. But of course he’d slept with her. “I said creepy, not ugly,” he told Elena. I’m not sure why Damon took Elena into a “supercreepy” vampire’s home since Mary probably didn’t have Klaus’ order not to kill Elena. I guess so Elena wouldn’t be stuck alone with Jeremy, because then they would have had to talk about why she was making out with Damon. Mary had a stake in her. “Quite contrary,” Kol said. He was sitting in wait with a bat.
Alaric, meanwhile, finally started bleeding. Stefan began to vamp out and stopped himself. Alaric said Stefan was gonna have to really want to kill him for him to believe it. When Stefan grunts, you know he means it. He had to tap into his dark side if he wanted answers from Alaric’s dark side. GET IT? Stefan shoved him, and out popped Evilaric using his dick voice. “You’re so weak. Look at you. One of nature’s most hideous creatures, and you can’t even get that right,” Evilaric said. “You,” Stefan said. “Me,” Evilaric said. Evilaric must love cheesy ’80s movie villains.
Kol told Damon and Elena that Mary had been an Original groupie. She could have been turned by any of them. Klaus had told Kol about Damon and Stefan needing to know which Original is at the end of their bloodline. With Mary gone, they never will. (Unless Mary told a friend or journaled?) Kol began taking swings at Damon. Damon told Elena to run. Kol said Klaus insists she’s still off-limits but she shouldn’t test him. He shoved her, and Damon told him not to touch her. Kol wasn’t going to kill Damon. He just wanted to humiliate him like Damon had him, so he beat him some more in front of Elena. Damon eventually had to snap his broken arm back into place. Ouch. Elena’s head was bleeding. Maybe it knocked some sense into her, I thought. She pulled away from Damon when he showed concern. Damon asked her what the trip and the kiss were really about. She said Stefan thinks she has feelings for him. Does she? “I don’t know.” That probably hurt worse than the arm. Damon now knew what was happening: Elena was hoping he’d screw up on the trip and make the decision easy on her. He self-sabotages all the time, she said. Every time they hit a bump in the road, he lashes out. Not this time. She’d have to make a choice herself. He wouldn’t take himself out of the competition. So he’s not living up to her expectation that he’d be a dick. Instead, he’s living up to her expectation that he be good. Tricky. But I’ll go with it.
That car ride home must have been awkward. Damon and Elena weren’t talking, and there was no music playing. But at least Jeremy had Rose there to entertain him. She didn’t want him to tell Damon and Elena she was there. She just wanted to talk to Jeremy. She told him Damon and Elena had a fight. She knew he wanted to protect Elena from Damon, but Jeremy’s young, she said. He doesn’t see that while Elena makes Damon a better person, Damon changes her, too. Damon challenges Elena, surprises her. He makes her question her life and beliefs, Rose said. Stefan’s love is pure: he’ll always be good for her. Damon, on the other hand, is either the best thing for her or the worst, Rose continued. Wow. I wonder how many revisions that speech went through. It cuts right to the core of it. I’m sure Delena fans will interpret that as “She’d be settling for Stefan.” And Stelena fans will say, “Damon’s not worth the risk when happiness is guaranteed with Stefan. That’s what you learn with age.”
Back in Salvatore cellar, Stefan finally threatened to tear off Evilaric’s head, and he talked: The missing stake is in the cave, where no vampire can get it. Klaus and Rebekah heard everything upstairs. Now obviously, Klaus should have gone with Rebekah since this is an important task — retrieving the weapon that can kill them. But Rebekah went on the mission with Alaric alone. Klaus had to stay back so Stefan had someone to share his revelation with: Now that he’s accepted that his dark side won’t go away, it can’t control him. And neither can Klaus, who hadn’t killed Stefan yet because he’d been waiting for the Ripper to resurface. Stefan told Klaus to either stake him or get the hell out of his house. (Or, sit there, smirk, and finish your drink.)
NEXT: Are we going with Rebesther?
At the cave, Alaric of course wasn’t going to give Rebekah the one thing that’s making them all keep him alive. He wanted to bargain before he exited. If she helps him, he’ll make sure she’s not the Original who gets staked, he said. One problem: She doesn’t want one of them dead, she wants all of them gone. She stepped inside the cave. What? She’s Esther.
Now if you’re someone who hasn’t watched this episode, you’re seriously confused right now. If you did watch the episode, you’re only mildly confused. I know Klaus possessed Alaric’s body through a blood transfusion spell, so is that something we missed offscreen, or does Esther have another way to possess someone? Here’s what we saw happen earlier in the episode: Esther had shown up at Klaus’ mansion to tell Rebekah that she was dying. Because, you know, Rebekah couldn’t enjoy, for more than a second, that Matt had given her a ride home. (Then again, he was just faking being gentlemanly so he and his killer blue Henley would keep her occupied planning the Roaring ’20s Decade Dance we’ll see next week so Caroline could slip off and reunite with Tyler.)
Esther told Rebekah that when Abby died, her connection to the Bennett witch line was severed. The spell that preserved her body was weakening, so she was dying. Esther said she’d always been with Rebekah, watching her fights with Klaus and crying herself to sleep. So then why did she try to kill her, Rebekah asked. Because no one should be alive for 1,000 years. I thought it was strange when Esther took Rebekah’s hands, apologized, started to shake, and dropped dead. It was quick, even for this show. I noted the weird look on Rebekah’s face when Klaus entered but didn’t have time to process it. Esther had been apologizing for what she was about to do. Is it sick that I’m hoping we get to see a fun scene of Esther flirting with Matt, Freaky Friday style?
Last but not least (that’d be Bonnie!), we get to Caroline. She’d had Matt fake a fight over Rebekah moving in on her dance committee duties so she could have the day to do something… Tyler! Who else got chills when they saw each other in the woods? “You have no idea how much I’ve missed you.” But let this hot kiss show you! Oh, more mortification. Even before they reached their destination, I wrote “Do it in the cellar!!!” in my notes. “Wall! Off came the shirt. Bra-vo. Worth. The. Wait.”
Next we saw them, they were resting postcoital in sleeping bags. They apparently took the time to light candles around the cellar. I believe they’d put down sleeping bags and pillows for comfort, but candles seem unnecessary in that moment. It did look romantic though. Caroline made Tyler promise they would eventually have sex in an actual bed. Then the pillow talk turned serious. Tyler won’t know if he’s truly broken the sire bond with Klaus until he tests it. He feels different, more like himself. And he does sound less douchey when he talks. He said now that he’s turned like 100 times in the Appalachian Mountains, he can get through anything. Good. Caroline told him what happens if you kill an Original, and that while she cares that Tyler would die if Klaus goes, Damon doesn’t. Welcome home!
Caroline’s mother agreed to let Tyler stay with them — on the couch — until the bloodline situation was determined. Tyler found the drawing Klaus did of Caroline and a horse and deemed it creepy, but also wondered why Caroline had kept it. That’s a fair question. Or like, why did she not hide it when she found out her boyfriend was coming home? Or, why didn’t she just tell him that Klaus was trying to woo her? I suppose she doesn’t want Tyler to do something stupid and confront Klaus. But hey, shouldn’t this make him more eager to break his bond officially? Tyler said he was going to find someplace else to spend the night. I say head over to Matt’s.
Your turn. What did you think of the episode? Was the Damon-Elena scene the hottest scene of the series to date? Do you think Damon will really be able to not self-sabotage? Are you already a fan of the Rebesther twist? How great are these last three episodes going to be? (Click here for a preview of them courtesy of Julie Plec.)
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msmarco_passage_01_214745928 | Examples of Speciation | Examples of Speciation
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Examples
Examples of Speciation
Examples of Speciation
The term speciation, which was first coined by biologist Orator F. Cook, refers to the process of evolution through which new species arise. In nature, there are four different means of speciation: allopatric, parapatric, sympatric and peripatric. Learn about the different types and discover speciation examples.
speciation examples of birds and squirrel
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Understanding Speciation
It is very important to understand the types of natural speciation to understand how it occurs. Each type of speciation is an important part of the process of evolution within plant and animal kingdoms.
Allopatric Speciation
Allopatric speciation occurs when an animal population is forced to be split between two geographical areas as a result of a geographical change. There is some type of barrier keeping the groups apart. As a result, the groups remain isolated from each other and cannot interbreed.
Each group adapts to its specific habitat. As a result, mutations occur in the split populations which affect the ability of the two groups to reproduce if and when they are reintroduced. This type of speciation is also referred to as geographic speciation. Scientists have observed this in Solomon Island bird species.
Peripatric Speciation
Peripatric speciation is similar to allopatric speciation in that the different groups are separated from each other by a physical barrier. With this type of speciation, though, one of the groups that split from the original group is significantly smaller than the other. Due to the small size of this group, the unique traits that develop become more predominant in that group.
The differences in this group will become more pronounced in the offspring of subsequent generations, making them more and more distinct from the larger group. As in allopatric speciation, the new species is unable to reproduce with others in the original population. Researchers have observed this type of speciation with the Scrophularia lowei, a plant that developed in Macaronesia.
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Parapatric Speciation
Parapatric speciation occurs when new species are dispersed across a large area. There isn't a barrier separating groups that inhabit different parts of the area from one another. They are only partially separated and therefore do sometimes make contact and could feasibly mate. However, due to distance, they tend to reproduce with other species members that occupy the same geographic region.
Environmental differences in the area, such as pollution or habitat destruction in certain parts, lead to unique characteristics. An example of this is when a species of grass becomes tolerant to heavy metals in the soil near a contamination source, such as a mine, even though such tolerance does not exist in other grass of the same species that is not in a contaminated area.
Sympatric Speciation
Sympatric speciation is differentiated from the other three because it occurs in one geographic location. It starts with a group of same-species animals sharing the same habitat, with some members evolving differently to the point where a new species (that cannot breed with the other) results. While this type of speciation may not be as common as the other types, it does occur, as evidenced by the sympatric speciation of cichlid fish in Africa and Nicaragua. The cause of sympatric speciation is not known but could be based on pollution or varied food sources or traits that spontaneously develop.
Some Examples of Speciation
Once you know what is speciation, it's easier to recognize different examples of speciation in nature. There are many interesting examples of speciation.
Kaibab and Abert's squirrels - Separate squirrel species evolved after the Grand Canyon was formed, resulting in different squirrel species evolving on either side of the canyon.
Hawthorn and apple maggot flies - Apple maggot flies originally only laid eggs on hawthorn apples, but now lay eggs on both hawthorn apples and other domestic applies in the United States. As a result, there are now hawthorn flies and apple flies that do not tend to interbreed.
Tennessee cave salamanders - These unique salamanders that spend their lives in caves, mostly in the larval stage, are believed to have interbred with above-ground spring salamanders millions of years ago prior to undergoing speciation to their unique dark underground environment.
Greenish Warbler birds - Species is evident in greenish warbler birds due to different song patterns that have developed among the male birds based on the ring patterns they travel within a geographic area; those in the same area with different song patterns behave as different species.
Ensatina salamanders - It is believed that Ensatina salamanders started off in the cooler regions of northern California and Oregon, then moved south into warmer regions to which they had to significantly adapt to heat in order to survive, leading to the development of new subspecies, then entirely different species.
Larus gulls - Herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and Lesser Black gulls (Larus fuscus) are a result of geographic speciation. They now live within the same habitat, but arrived at it through different routes, creating unique sub-species along the way.
Petroica multicolor - Until 2015, Norfolk robins and Scarlet robins were believed to be in the same species (Petroica multicolor). However, they live in different regions, as a result of a small segment of the original population moving to the Norfolk islands and developing unique characteristics.
Drosophila flies - There are many species of drosophila flies, which are believed to have adapted and undergone speciation through a process of natural selection.
Galápago Finches - Different species of finches make their homes on the different islands in the Galápago archipelago. They are isolated from each other due to the ocean. Their beaks have adapted based on the food sources available on the island on which they reside.
Faroe Island House mouse - Faroe House mice live on the various Faroe Islands, which are volcanic. Those on the most isolated of the islands have very little genetic diversity, while more variation exists among the populations residing on islands that are less isolated.
Primula kewensis - A new species of primrose, Primula kewenesis is a cross between Primula verticillata and Primula florbunda, two other species of this common plant, making it a hybrid. It cannot breed with plants from either of its parent species but can reproduce by breeding with plants of its own kind.
Croatian lizards - As an experiment, scientists introduced Italian wall lizards from one island off Croatia's coast (Pod Kopsite) to a neighboring island (Pod Mrcaru). The lizards quickly adapted to the harsh climate, developing bigger heads, a stronger bite and a totally different gut structure.
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Speciation vs. Sub-Species
It is important to note that speciation occurs when there is a new species, not just a new sub-species. A new species is not able to reproduce with members of the original population.
For example, when dogs are bred together to create a hybrid or new breed, the new breed is not considered a new species. The reason for this is that the new breed is still able to reproduce with the other breed.
As another example, plants like Brussels sprouts, collards, kohlrabi, cabbage, and broccoli do not represent different species. They are different food plants that taste different when eaten, but they all belong to the Brassica oleracea species.
Natural and Artificial Speciation
Speciation can be natural and can occur as a normal part of the evolutionary process. Artificial speciation is also possible and can be created by laboratory experiments or through agriculture and animal husbandry. Fruit flies are a primary example of artificial speciation. Another well-known example is domestic sheep.
Evolve Your Understanding
Now that you have a better understanding of what speciation is and is not, it's time to enhance your knowledge about evolution and adaptation. Explore examples of evolution in biology and beyond. Then, review examples of plant adaptations in different environments.
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msmarco_passage_01_215873481 | How to change multiple pivot table fields to Sum Function - | How to change multiple pivot table fields to Sum Function -
How to change multiple pivot table fields to Sum Function
Posted on December 12, 2013
November 28, 2017
by Doctor Moxie
The Pivot table is an incredibly powerful tool for summarising data. Excel will either default to summing or counting the field data but you can choose from 11 different functions that include min, max and StdDev as well as the more common Sum, count and Average.
Why does Microsoft Excel Sum Data instead of Counting data?
If the data you are pivoting contains only numeric data then Excel will sum the data. If there are any blank cells or text cells (other than the header), then Excel will count the data.
I quite often end up with blank cells in my pivot table data. For convenience, I will regularly base my pivot table on a data range that is much larger than the populated data range. I do this so that additional rows of data can be added without having to update the range that the pivot table is looking at. (It is much better to create dynamic pivot table ranges though.)
In the first example, my pivot table is pulling from the populated range and all my fields default to the sum function.
In the second example, I have based my pivot table on the columns A:G. This includes many thousands of blank rows and as a result all the fields default to the Count function.
How to change the Summary Calculation in a pivot table
To force Excel to use the Sum function instead of Count, right-click a pivot table cell in the column you wish to change. Choose Summarize Values By and then tick Sum.
You can use the same method to select any of the other summary functions.
Can you change the summary calculation of multiple pivot table fields at once?
Unfortunately there isn’t an easy way to change multiple fields to the same function and right-clicking on a load of data fields gets boring very quickly. If you find yourself having to do this on a regular basis it is worth setting up a macro in your personal workbook so that you can call upon it to very easily change the summary function of every data field in your pivot table.
Here is a short macro that converts all the fields in a selected pivot table to the Sum function. Make sure you have selected the pivot table to change before playing the macro.
Public Sub PivotFieldsToSum () ' Cycles through all pivot data fields and sets to sum ' Created by Dr Moxie Dim pf As PivotField With Selection.PivotTable .ManualUpdate = True For Each pf In .DataFields With pf . Function = xlSum .NumberFormat = "#,##0" End With Next pf .ManualUpdate = False End With End Sub
Public Sub PivotFieldsToSum () ' Cycles through all pivot data fields and sets to sum ' Created by Dr Moxie Dim pf As PivotField With Selection.PivotTable .ManualUpdate = True For Each pf In .DataFields With pf .Function = xlSum .NumberFormat = "#,##0" End With Next pf .ManualUpdate = False End With End Sub
As requested by a commenter, here’s the macro again with the option for the user to select the type of summary function.
It isn’t the neatest option as I struggled to pass the user input directly such as .Function = SubTotalType
Public Sub PivotFieldsToSumUserInput () ' Cycles through all pivot data fields and sets to sum ' Created by Dr Moxie Dim SubTotalType As String Dim pf As PivotField 'Add a user input box with default value xlSum SubTotalType = InputBox ( "What type of summary do you want? Options are: xlSum, xlAverage, xlCount, xlMax, xlMin", "Summary Type", "xlSum" ) With Selection.PivotTable .ManualUpdate = True For Each pf In .DataFields With pf '.Function = xlSum 'Cycle through predefined summary types If SubTotalType = "xlMin" Then . Function = xlMin ElseIf SubTotalType = "xlCount" Then . Function = xlCount ElseIf SubTotalType = "xlAverage" Then . Function = xlAverage ElseIf SubTotalType = "xlMax" Then . Function = xlMax Else . Function = xlSum End If .NumberFormat = "#,##0" End With Next pf .ManualUpdate = False End With End Sub
Public Sub PivotFieldsToSumUserInput () ' Cycles through all pivot data fields and sets to sum ' Created by Dr Moxie Dim SubTotalType As String Dim pf As PivotField 'Add a user input box with default value xlSum SubTotalType = InputBox ("What type of summary do you want? Options are: xlSum, xlAverage, xlCount, xlMax, xlMin", "Summary Type", "xlSum") With Selection.PivotTable .ManualUpdate = True For Each pf In .DataFields With pf '.Function = xlSum 'Cycle through predefined summary types If SubTotalType = "xlMin" Then .Function = xlMin ElseIf SubTotalType = "xlCount" Then .Function = xlCount ElseIf SubTotalType = "xlAverage" Then .Function = xlAverage ElseIf SubTotalType = "xlMax" Then .Function = xlMax Else .Function = xlSum End If .NumberFormat = "#,##0" End With Next pf .ManualUpdate = False End With End Sub
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Milo Woodward • a year ago
You just saved me a lot of time. Thank you.
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ahmed husseiny • 2 years ago
i have pivot table and i need to make total is average of sum
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Abhishek Anand • 3 years ago
AMAZING....THANX ALOT FOR THIS.....
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David Sellnow • 4 years ago • edited
Public Sub AddPivotDataToSumFields ()
' Cycles through all pivot data fields and sets to sum
' Created by David Sellnow
' Version 1.0 November 11 2016
Dim pf As PivotField
Dim FieldName As Variant
Dim TableName As String
Dim Table As Object
With Selection.PivotTable
TableName = .Name
.ManualUpdate = True
For Each pf In .DataFields
With pf
FieldName = Mid (.Caption, 8)
ActiveSheet.PivotTables (TableName).AddDataField ActiveSheet.PivotTables ( _
TableName).PivotFields (FieldName), "Max Of " & FieldName, xlMax
ActiveSheet.PivotTables (TableName).AddDataField ActiveSheet.PivotTables ( _
TableName).PivotFields (FieldName), "Min Of " & FieldName, xlMin
ActiveSheet.PivotTables (TableName).AddDataField ActiveSheet.PivotTables ( _
TableName).PivotFields (FieldName), "StdDev Of " & FieldName, xlStDev
ActiveSheet.PivotTables (TableName).AddDataField ActiveSheet.PivotTables ( _
TableName).PivotFields (FieldName), "Var Of " & FieldName, xlVar
End With
Next pf
.ManualUpdate = False
End With
End Sub
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Matt David Sellnow • 3 years ago
Does this code need to be edited at all? I tried to run this but received a Run-time error '1004'. Does this need to be combined with the code on the main page? That worked great but I am trying to figure out how to change to StdDev. Thanks!
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Christian De Santis • 5 years ago
Hello, this is a great macro! Any idea how to add the std deviation to the code? I tried but unsuccessfully. : (
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Jennifer Taylor • 5 years ago
This is marvelous! Thanks so much for having this online for us to find :)
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JPS • 5 years ago
great macro
thanks
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reddy • 5 years ago
this is great and saves lot of time... tks a million.....
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Luoi Cay • 5 years ago
Could we let user input dialogue box value for Sum or Count or other functions then the macro will change to specific desired function for multi fields? Please help the code with many thanks.
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Dr Moxie Mod Luoi Cay • 5 years ago
Well this isn't the neatest option but it does work:
Public Sub PivotFieldsToSum ()
' Cycles through all pivot data fields and sets to sum
' Created by Dr Moxie
Dim SubTotalType As String
Dim pf As PivotField
SubTotalType = InputBox ("What type of summary do you want? Options are: xlSum, xlAverage, xlCount, xlMax, xlMin", "Summary Type", "xlSum")
With Selection.PivotTable
.ManualUpdate = True
For Each pf In .DataFields
With pf
'.Function = xlSum
If SubTotalType = "xlMin" Then
.Function = xlMin
ElseIf SubTotalType = "xlCount" Then
.Function = xlCount
ElseIf SubTotalType = "xlAverage" Then
.Function = xlAverage
ElseIf SubTotalType = "xlMax" Then
.Function = xlMax
Else
.Function = xlSum
End If
.NumberFormat = "#,##0"
End With
Next pf
.ManualUpdate = False
End With
End Sub
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hadi • 6 years ago
Thank you a million times :)
Your Macro is great .. it helped a lot ..
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EV • 6 years ago
Finally! Really helpful to make the dumb work! Thank you!
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Erin Dalton • 6 years ago
Thanks for the macro!
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Michiel • 6 years ago
Great Macro - thanks a lot this saved me a lot of time and annoying work!!
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Vaibhav • 6 years ago
Thanks for the macro!!
It was very helpful.
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Ashwani • 7 years ago
The macro was very helpful to me. Thanks .
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Arjo • 7 years ago
Great tutorial! i helped me change my pivot fields very fast.
However, 1 question: although the pivotfields are changed to xlsum. The name / caption (whatever it is called) is still "count ..."
I thought: I change this with the same code, simply adding pf.name = "..."
But now all my fields are: "sum count of wk.. "
So: How to get rid of the "count caption" in the fieldnames that are displayed in the pivot?
The excel macro recorder showed me this when I changed one name, but I does not solve my issue. I just want the pivot to show the fields as they are shown in the list with pivot fields which pops up when you select the pivot.
How to do this?
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Maria Arjo • 6 years ago
Download this add-in. Saves you the trouble of writing a macro. AND the labels are "sum" and not "count" after the change.
http://www.contextures.com/...
There's a link to a free add-in on the same page
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msmarco_passage_01_226193867 | Microorganisms, Bacteria, and Viruses in Drinking Water
Microorganisms,
Bacteria and Viruses
Microbiological contamination of water has long been a concern
to the public. From the 1920's-1960's, the bacillus which causes
typhoid fever was considered a major problem in the water supply
(1). Once it was eradicated, new microbes were present to take
its place. In parts of the United States, concern is inreasing
due to outbreaks of coliform
bacteria, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, and hepatitis A(1,2,3). Some of these are bacteria, while
others are virusesor protozoa. If you are on a public water supply system, and you are concerned
about the possibility of microbial contamination, contact your
water company. If you use a private water supply, have your
water tested by a reputable lab. Treatments do exist for
microbial contamination, but, it is important to know what is
present before treatment is begun.
Coliform
Bacteria
Coliform bacteria live in soil or vegetation and in the
gastrointestinal tract of animals. Coliforms enter water supplies
from the direct disposal of waste into streams or lakes, or from
runoff from wooded areas, pastures, feedlots, septic tanks, and
sewage plants into streams or groundwater. In addition, coliforms
can enter an individual house via backflow of water from a
contaminated source, carbon filters, or leaking well caps that
allow dirt and dead organisms to fall into the water (2).
Coliforms are not a single type of bacteria, but a grouping of
bacteria that includes many strains, such as E. coli. They are
ubiquitous in nature, and many types are harmless. Therefore, it
is not definitive that coliform bacteria will cause sickness. Many variables such as the specific type of bacteria present, and
your own immune system's effectiveness will determine if you will
get sick. In fact, many people become immune to bacteria that is
present in their own water (2). Guests on the other hand, may not
have developed an immunity to the water and may experience some
gastrointestinal distress such as diarrhea or gastroenteritis
(2).
Total coliforms are the standard by which microbial
contamination is measured. Coliforms will be one of the first
bacteria present in the water should contamination occur, and
they will be in much larger quantities than some pathogenic
microbes that may be present. Therefore, coliforms act as
indicators of possible contamination. The presence of coliform
bacteria does not necessarily mean that pathogenic microbes are
also present. However, if large coliform quantities are detected,
the presence of other microbes should be checked for. If you are
a private water consumer and concerned about your water supply,
you can obtain more information about protecting your
private water supplyfrom the EPA. Generally, testing is done
once a year. However it may also be wise to test the water
for the following reasons:
A new well or pump has been installed
An old well or pipe has been repaired or replaced
Family or guests are have reoccurring gastrointestinal
distress
An infant is living in the home
A new home is being purchased, and the quality of water
needs to be determined
The effectiveness of a water treatment system needs to be
tested
The water has had a change in taste, color or odor (2)
Testing of your water can be done by a local testing
laboratory, or by a county or state health laboratory.
If your water is found to be contaminated, the best treatment
is generally disinfectionor filtration. Other options involve UV irradiation and ozonation. A water
professional can help you select the best treatment (2).
If you would like to learn more about coliform bacteria, The National
Groundwater Associationis a good place to start.
Giardia
Lamblia
Giardia has become more prevalent in the past few years as a
waterborne disease, and a few large outbreaks that have occurred
in the U.S. (3). Giardia are flagellated protozoathat
are parasitic in the intestines of humans and animals (4). They
have two stages, one of which is a cyst form that can be ingested
from contaminated water. Once the cyst enters the stomach, the
organism is released into the gastrointestinal tract where it
will adhere to the intestinal wall. Eventually the protozoa will
move into the large intestine where they encyst again and are
excreted in the feces and back into the environment (4).
Once in the body, the giardia causes giardiasis, a disease
characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps,
nausea, weight loss, and general gastrointestinal distress. These
symptoms last for about a week, however some people can undergo a
more chronic infection with similar symptoms and an even greater
degree of weight loss (3). Giardiasis is rarely fatal (6), and
can be treated medicinally by quinacrine, metronidazole, and
furazolidone (3).
Giardia enters the water supply via contamination by fecal
material. The fecal material can enter the water from:
Sewage discharged into the water via cross contamination
of sewage and water lines
Sewage directly discharged from small sewage plants into
lakes or streams
Sewage discharged into lakes or streams from cabin
toilets
Animals carrying the cysts, depositing their fecal
material directly into the water
Rainfall moving the cysts deposited from animals on the
soil into a body of water (3).
Once in these water bodies, unsuspecting hikers or campers may
drink infected water, exposing themselves to the cysts. Water
from these lakes or streams may also be transported to municipal
water supplies. If the municipal system uses sand filtration in
addition to chlorination, the cysts should be removed. If chlorinationis used without filtration, the chance for a giardia infection
increases (4). It is estimated that 20-65 million Americans are
at risk due to this lack of filtration of surface water (3,5). It
has been suggested that 40-45% of giardia cases are associated
with exposure to unfiltered water (4). Other sources of exposure
include unsanitary conditions at day care facilities, exposure
while traveling in developing countries, hikers or campers
drinking infected surface water, and sexual practices involving
fecal exposure (4).
If water is contaminated with giardia, it is possible to kill
the cysts by simply boiling the water. If you are on a public
water system, a notice will be sent out should coliform and
giardia be present at unsafe levels. People on private water
systems should not be concerned as most giardia is from untreated
surface water; however there is a possibility that sewage lines
from a septic tank may infect your water. Contamination from
livestock waste may also be of some concern. If you are in doubt,
it is possible to have your well water tested for bacteria and
protozoa by laboratories in your area (2).
Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes
cryptosporidiosis, which has gained notoriety in the past five
years. In 1993, over 400,000 people in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
became ill with it after drinking contaminated water (6). Since
this outbreak, there has been a greater impetus to remove the
cryptosporidium from municipal water supplies.
Cryptosporidium is spread by the transmission of oocysts
via drinking water which has been contaminated with
infected fecal material. Oocysts from humans are infective
to humans and many other mammals, and many animals act as
reservoirs of oocysts which can infect humans. Once inside of its
host, the oocyst breaks, releasing four movable spores that
attach to the walls of the gastrointestinal tract, and eventually
form oocysts again that can be excreted (4). Symptoms occur 2 to
10 days after infection (6). These symptoms include diarrhea,
headache, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and a low fever. There is no treatment against the protozoa, although it is
possible to treat the symptoms. After about 1-2 weeks, the
symptoms subside as the immune system stops the infection. However, for persons with a compromised immune system such as
infants, seniors, those with AIDS, or transplantees,
cryptosporidiosis may become life threatening (4,6).
Cryptosporidium infected fecal material enters the water
supply either from cross contamination of sewage lines with water
lines, or surface water infected with contaminated animal waste. Water treatment processes that utilize coagulation,
sedimentation,
filtrationand chlorinationmay remove it. However, due to its small size and its resistance
to chlorination, these treatments may not work (4). If
cryptosporidium is a concern in your area, boiling your water for
at least one minute is an effective way to kill it (6).
As with giardia, if you are on a public system you should
receive a notice if cryptosporidium levels have increased. However, if you are on a private system using a well,
contamination may occur from a leaking or improperly placed
septic tank, or animal waste, so it may be a good idea to test
for total coliforms. If the amount of coliforms are low, then
more than likely cryptosporidium is not a problem (2).
If you would like to obtain more information about
cryptosporidium, including how to prevent it, the website at the Centers
for Disease Controlwill be able to help you out.
Hepatitis
A:
Hepatitis A is an enteric virusthat is very small. It can be
transferred through contaminated water, causing outbreaks (5). The virus is excreted by a person carrying it, and if the sewage
contaminates the water supply, then the virus is carried in the
water until it is consumed by a host. Symptoms such as an
inflamed liver, accompanied by lassitude, anorexia, weakness,
nausea, fever and jaundice are common. A mild case may only
require a week or two of rest, while a severe case can result in
liver damage and possible death (4). Generally, water systems
utilize chlorination,
preceded by coagulation,
flocculation,
settling and
filtrationto remove the virus (5). Boiling your water will also inactivate
the virus (3,6). Should you be using a private water system, you
may want to check your well water for coliform bacteria. If there
is a large amount of bacteria present, there is most likely
contamination from sewage, and the water needs to be treated (2).
Helminths:
Helminths are parasitic worms that grow and multiply in sewage
and wet soil (5). They enter the body by burrowing through the
skin, or by ingestion of the worm in one of its many lifecycle
phases (7). The eggs as well as the adult and larval forms of the
worms are large enough to be trapped during conventional water
treatments, so they tend not be a problem in water systems (7). In addition, most of these helminths are not waterborne, so
chances of infection are minimized (4). Drinking water is usually
not tested for these, as they are not considered to be much of an
issue in the United States; they are more prevalent in developing
countries (4).
Home
Topics
FAQsHome
References:
Craun, G.F., Waterborne Disease in the
United States. 1986. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL.
National Groundwater Association. 601
Dempsey Road, Westerville, Ohio. 614-898-7791. http://www.h2O-ngwa.org/pubaff/bacq_a.html
Juranek, D. Giardiasis. Division of
Parasite Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta GA.
Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 2nd
edition, Volume 2. 1996. WHO, Austria.
John DeZyane, P.E. Handbook of Drinking
Water Quality. 1990. Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY.
Drinking Water and Health.1977. National
Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C. 1977.
URL References:
Bacteria and Drinking Water Supplied by
Private Wells, Frequently Asked Questions. (no date),
National Groundwater Association: URL:
http://www.h2O-ngwa.org/pubaff/bacq_a.html
Juranek, D.D. Cryptosporidiosis: Sources
of Infection and Guidleines for Prevention. Clinical
Infectious Diseases, 1995; 21(suppl1)S57-61. Located at
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, URL:http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/crypto/sources.htm
EPA, OGWDW, Protecting Private Drinking
Water Supplies, September 3, 1997. URL:
http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/wot/whatdo.html
This page was prepared by S.L. Keyser, June
1997, UCD EXTOXNET FAQ Team.
Revised by B.T. Johnson on October 22, 1997. |
|
msmarco_passage_01_229820008 | Causes of Sudden Erectile Dysfunction | Causes of Sudden Erectile Dysfunction
Causes of Sudden Erectile Dysfunction
By Kelly Purden | Submitted On October 08, 2008
Sudden erectile dysfunction can make a man suffer psychological effects such as depression, anxiety, and decrease in sense of worthiness. Emotionally and physically they will feel worn out and withdrawn. It is said that negative thinking in relation to sexual behaviors may cause further inferiority to the man suffering from erectile dysfunction. Possibly, avoiding all other sexual activities and relations altogether because they think they are a failure.
For males, it is very important for them to maintain an erection since; they think it is the essence of their maleness. Literally, from the way they think, it is what makes them a man. This notion only makes the matter worst for most men and can lead to feelings of displeasure with life and add up to his pressure and health problems. So, the best way to deal with this is to have a positive outlook and never sunk to depression. Accept the fact, that you have problem and all will be well.
There are well-known and documented causes of erectile dysfunction and they can be categorized in two divisions: the psychological and physical.
The brain plays a vital part in setting off a sequence of physical actions that instigate an erection, from the commencement of feelings of sexual exhilaration down to the full erection. But a lot of things can get in the way with sexual sensations and that can result to erectile dysfunction.
Here are certain psychological conditions that cause erectile problems among men.
-Exhaustion or weariness
-Apprehensions or anxiety
-Depression
-Stress from work and home
-Lack of communication, and disagreement with a partner
Physically, there are many factors that cause this dysfunction problem and these include:
1. Ailments and Medical conditions such as:
- Kidney/liver failure
-neurological diseases
-multiple sclerosis
-diabetes
-heart disease, hypertension, stroke
-hypertension
-clogged blood vessels
- Prostate disorders/surgery
-Parkinson's disease
-hormonal disorders
2. Medications for other health problems like:
-anti-depressants
- Medicines for blood pressure
- Sleeping pills
Excessive smoking, too much alcohol (drinking), and drug abuse are also a factor that can cause this problem. In certain cases, erectile dysfunction signifies a profound medical problem/s. So, you should also be wary and do not assume anything unless, you have had a check up with qualified specialists.
Even though the psychological aspects often append to erectile dysfunction problems in all age categories, physical causes turn out to get more customary with age. Generally, psychological factors have an abrupt impact on this matter than physical factors.
Lastly, here are the lists of men who are at high risk of experiencing erectile dysfunctions:
1. Men start to have changes in sexual functions and may not experience the rigidness that they once have as they get older.
2. Men who are overweight have twice the chance of being impotent than men who have normal weight.
3. There are men who are taking medications for health problems. Some prescriptions can affect the sexual health.
4. Men who have some health conditions and diseases.
5. Men who have undergone some surgeries or have had injuries that damaged some nerves.
6. Men who smoke and drink excessively.
7. Men who use prohibited drugs or are under illegal substance use.
8. Men who ride bicycles or motorcycles for an extended time.
9. Men who are depressed or have anxiety disorder.
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Article Source: https://EzineArticles.com/expert/Kelly_Purden/255406 |
msmarco_passage_01_231140713 | The Most Common Types of Seizures | The Most Common Types of Seizures
The Most Common Types of Seizures
By Anne Ahira | Submitted On August 10, 2010
There are many common types of seizures that are experienced by individuals that have epilepsy. Medical professionals typically categorize seizures by two unique types.
The first type is referred to as a generalized seizure. The second type is referred to as a partial seizure. In the seizures that are categorized as generalized, there is an increased level of electrical based activity occurring throughout the entire brain.
In those that are identified as partial, this electrical activity is limited to one section of the brain - typically, only a small portion. In this epilepsy guide, you will learn about the most common types of seizures that may be experienced by individuals.
Grand Mal Seizure
The Grand Mal seizure is also identified by medical professionals as the "Generalized Tonic-Clonic". This is actually considered to be the most severe of all seizures based on the individual's symptoms that experience it. Most individuals that experience this type of seizure will suffer from rigidity within the muscles.
Eventually, the person may lose consciousness. In nearly all cases related to this type of seizure, the individual will collapse. Individuals that suffer from this type of seizure will typically experience jerking and twitching of the body that is considered to be relatively violent.
The Absence Seizure
The absence seizure is considered to be the next most common type of seizure experienced by individuals. This results in a small lapse of consciousness. This typically lasts for less than a minute. In most cases, it is a matter of just seconds. The sufferer of this type of seizure will typically stop what they are doing and go into a sort of blank mode where they seem to stare off with absolutely no emotion.
Many individuals that experience this type of seizure actually do not realize that they are experiencing it. In most instances, the individual will complain that time has been lost, but nothing more.
The Atonic Seizure
The atonic seizure is another type of common seizure that many epileptic patients suffer from. This actually does not produce too many symptoms, but the symptoms that are experienced may easily result in complications that could result in a serious injury.
When patients experience this type of seizure, they will find that the tone within their muscles is lost. The most common areas of the body that experience this are the arms and the legs. When this occurs, the individual may actually fall. The fall may result in a serious injury.
Myoclonic Seizures
When an individual experiences this type of seizure, their body will start to jerk in a sporadic manner. This is not confined to just one side of the body. Both sides of the body are usually affected by this type of seizure. Many individuals describe the sensation that they get with this type of seizure as an "electrical" sensation.
Many may even describe it as "shocks". In some cases, individuals that experience this type of seizure will experience bouts of violence. When this happens, the individual may throw things or drop things in an involuntary manner. While these are the most common types of seizures, those with epilepsy may suffer from many others including clonic seizures, and partial seizures.
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msmarco_passage_01_236415338 | The biggest snail in the world. | Facts.DinoAnimals.com | The biggest snail in the world. | Facts.DinoAnimals.com
by DinoAnimals.com • May 30, 2014 • Animals, Mollusca • Comments Off on The biggest snail in the world.
The biggest snail in the world.
The largest land snail on the Earth is the giant Ghana snail (Achatina achatina). The shell of this mollusk grow to a length of 18 cm (7.1 in) with a diameter of 9 cm (3.5 in).
Source: http://dinoanimals.com
T he largest known giant Ghana snail has shell length about 30 cm (1 ft) with a diameter of 15 cm (0,5 ft). This species of snail lives in the West Africa: Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Benin, Liberia and Togo.
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msmarco_passage_01_2403872 | Grade Point Average Definition | Grade Point Average Definition
Grade Point Average
A grade point average is a number representing the average value of the accumulated final grades earned in courses over time. More commonly called a GPA, a student’s grade point average is calculated by adding up all accumulated final grades and dividing that figure by the number of grades awarded. This calculation results in a mathematical mean—or average—of all final grades. The most common form of GPA is based on a 0 to 4.0 scale (A = 4.0, B = 3.0, C = 2.0, D = 1.0, and F = 0), with a 4.0 representing a “perfect” GPA—or a student having earned straight As in every course. Schools may also assign partial points for “plus” or “minus” letter grades, such as a 3.7 for an A–, a 3.3 for a B+, and so on. GPAs may be calculated at the end of a course, semester, or grade level, and a “cumulative GPA” represents an average of all final grades individual students earned from the time they first enrolled in a school to the completion of their education.
In some schools, weighted-grade systems are used in GPA calculations, and they give students a numerical advantage for grades earned in higher-level courses, such as honors courses or Advanced Placement courses, or for completing more challenging learning experiences. In weighted-grade systems, an A in a higher-level course might be awarded a 4.5 or 5.0, for example, while an A in a lower-level course is awarded a 4.0 (yet weighted grading systems vary widely in design and methodology).
A student’s GPA is often used to determine academic honors, such as honor roll, class rank, or Latin honors. GPAs have been one of several major factors used by colleges, postsecondary programs, and employers to assess a student’s overall academic record.
In public schools, grading systems and GPA scales may vary significantly from one school or school district to the next. When investigating or reporting on grading systems, class rank, or other academic honors, it is important to determine specifically how grades and GPAs are calculated, and what evaluation criteria was used to measure academic performance and award grades.
Debate
While the use of grade point averages has been common in public schools for decades, critics of the practice may argue that averaging grades over a semester, year, or school tenure can misrepresent student learning, particularly learning growth over time, and that it can adversely affect a student’s academic performance, educational confidence, and sense of self-worth. Since the arguments against the use of GPAs are complex and nuanced, see class rank, grade averaging, weighted grades, and proficiency-based learning for more detailed discussions.
The Glossary of Education Reform by Great Schools Partnership is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License .
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msmarco_passage_01_242300736 | Arthropod Lab Exercise | Arthropod Lab Exercise
The animal Phylum Arthropoda includes many, many species, who share a few characteristics: their body / muscle support is on the outside, in the form of an exoskeleton which covers their whole bodies, and is jointed at flexing points; they generally have many pairs of legs; they circulate blood through their hollow interior, through what is called an open circulatory system; they, like many other invertebrate groups, have a nervous system whose central cord is paired and solid and runs along their ventral (belly) surface. They include arachnids, like spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites, and two groups we'll look at in the lab - the crustaceans, mostly aquatic, and the insects, which are mostly terrestrial and usually winged.
Part One. Crayfish.
Crayfish are common freshwater crustaceans, related to lobsters, crabs, and shrimp. They are bottom dwellers and live as predators and scavengers. They live in small hollows or burrows that they back into, with their chelipeds, or claws, facing out.
External Anatomy. Get your dissection equipment, including a dissection pan, and a preserved crayfish. There should be a sheet with labeled drawings to help you identify the structures. Crayfish, like all crustaceans, are also characterized by doubled, or biramous appendages - note that, although the main antennae are single, the shorter antennules below them are doubled; we'll also later see doubled structures at the bases of the legs.
1. The front legs, the chelipeds, are supposed to be a specialized adaptation of one of the sets of regular walking legs - this means that the chelipeds and the walking legs are homologous, built from the same basic structure. Look closely at them - what similarities support this idea?
2. The cheliped, of course, is not a walking leg - it's adapted for defense and for grabbing prey. How is it different from a walking leg?
3. Arthropods are considered to be segmented - their basic body plan, at least as embryos, consists of repeating units. Some of this feature remains visible on the outside. What parts of the crayfish body show signs of segmentation?
4. What parts of the crayfish do not seem to be segmented?
Inspect the swimmerets - they are the fine, leglike (they are also modified legs) structures under the abdomen, behind the walking legs. In females, they all look roughly the same, but males have much larger anterior ones which are used to transfer sperm packets from the male's genital opening (a small pipelike structure just in front of the swimmerets, usually difficult to see) to the female's. The female receives sperm in the autumn and stores it in a seminal receptacle until the following spring - she then lays her eggs and deposits the sperm on them. The fertilized eggs (and the larvae that hatch from them) are then carried around attached to the mother's swimmerets for as long as three months.
5. Which gender is your crayfish specimen?
6. Is fertilization in crayfish external or internal? Explain briefly.
Carefully pry up the carapace, the shield-like covering, and cut it away from the crayfish. This should expose the gills. When out of the water, a crayfish can continue to breathe as long as it can keep some water trapped in there around the gills.
7. How many sets of gills are there on one side?
Take a walking leg by the base and twist it so that both it and a gill are detached. In a petri dish, float the gill. Note how, supported by the water, the gill spreads and reveals its complexity.
8. Why is the gill so intricate?
Crayfish - Internal Anatomy.
Take off the r e st of the carapace, but be careful not to remove internal organs that are attached to the underside. The heart lies just below the carapace and often is damaged by this procedure; when intact, it would have several arteries that would carry nutrient-rich blood to areas that particularly need it and "squirt" the blood into spaces there. There are no veins for incoming blood, although some arthropods have them; ostia, openings on the heart itself, gather blood from the body cavity.
The gonads, testes or ovaries, lie ventral to the heart. These are glands - note that gland tissue has a distinctive "look" to it. Anterior to the heart, apparently in the head, is the stomach. Remove the stomach from the esophagus, intestine, and digestive gland (kind of a combination of liver and pancreas) and cut the stomach open. You may need to wash material out of it.
9. Inspect the dark hard structures attached to the inner wall. You may need a dissecting 'scope. Describe them.
Near the eyes you may be able to see the brain, a large swelling of the forward nerve cord. The antennal glands, sometimes called green glands, are also in the head - they extract wastes from the blood, and form urine, which is stored in bladders and expelled from excretory pores in the face. The urine is slightly toxic, but not enough to give it any use as a defensive poison.
10. If it's not defensive, what advantage does a crayfish get from expelling urine from its face? There is a clue from earlier information in the lab.
Remove the remaining internal organs so that you can see the nerve cords that run along the ventral body wall. In the abdomen, you'll need to remove the swimming muscles, which surround the hindgut. Ganglia, processing centers, should be present in each segment. Trace the nerve cord through the abdomen.
11. How far back does the actual nerve cord run?
Arthropods - Part Two. Grasshoppers.
Grasshoppers are insects, the largest arthropod subgroup. There are more named insect species than in any other group of animals; whether there are more actual species is much more difficult to determine. Insects are considered a terrestrial, or land, group. Grasshoppers are a type of herbivorous (plant-eating) insect from an order that includes crickets, mantises, and cockroaches. Our specimens are from a particularly large species of grasshoppers, commonly called "lubbers."
External Anatomy. Get a preserved grasshopper specimen. The bodies of insects are divided into three sections: the head, with many of the sensory organs, the main processors / brain, and the mouth; the thorax, with its six legs (insects characteristically have six and only six true legs) and, in most adults, four wings (although wings have often been adapted as protective covers); and the abdomen, which usually carries the sex organs.
1. Compare. How are the grasshopper's external features similar to those of the crayfish?
2. Contrast. How are the grasshopper's external features different from those of the crayfish?
The Head. Locate the large compound eyes. Arthropod eyes typically don't have one big lens in front of a screen of detectors, like our eyes - they have a layer of small lenses, each with a small set of detectors. This takes up much less space. Grasshoppers do have three single-lens eyes, above and between the bases of the antennae. The antennae are used for other senses, such as touch and some parts of the sense of smell. Take a razor blade and carefully make a small shaving from the surface of the eye. Mount the slice on a microscope slide (dry) and look at it at low and/or medium power, or at high magnification under the dissecting ‘scope.
3. Describe the appearance of your slice of compound eye.
Around the mouth opening are a number of different types of mouthparts. Like a crayfish's chelipeds (and some crayfish mouthparts), several of these are modified legs. Note the somewhat leglike palps that help move food around, the plates that provide a kind of "cheek" cavity, and the tongue-like hypoglottis and grabbing and chewing mandibles in the actual mouth opening.
The Thorax. The thorax is derived from three original segments, each with a pair of legs; the last two, in many forms (but virtually always only in the adult stage) also support wings. The thorax is usually very solidly built, to support the power of the walking and flying muscles. In many insects, the grasshopper included, the front set of wings may be very different from the back set. Compare and contrast the wings in your grasshopper - be sure to spread the back wings. If your specimen is not an adult, the wings are not developed and may be small and difficult to do this with.
4. The front wings:
5. The back wings:
The Abdomen. On the first abdominal segment, just behind and below each wing, is a structure called the tympanum. Humans have a similar structure with the same name and function (but it's not on our abdomens).
6. Describe the grasshopper's tympanum.
7. The tympanum contains many nerves and processors. It picks up vibrations carried in the air. Why?
Grasshoppers, as most insects do, breathe through a tracheal system, an organization of tubes that connect the cells of the body directly with the outside air. The blood carries almost no oxygen. The openings for the system, spiracles, can be seen along the sides of the thorax and abdomen. Also, the reproductive structures are on (and in) the abdomen. Female insects can often be recognized by their ovipositors - structures specialized for laying eggs. Since grasshoppers dig a shallow hole for a packet of eggs, the ovipositor is a large spade / pusher, and only seen on the female.
8. Is your grasshopper male or female?
Grasshoppers - Internal Anatomy.
Clip the wings and, if you wish, the legs from your specimen. Starting from the anus, cut with scissors shallowly along the sides of the body, all the way up each side to the neck. Clip across the top of the neck and gently lift the top half of the body wall off the specimen, making sure that it doesn't take internal organs with it. Inside the thorax of the removed section is the heart, almost impossible to make out on these specimens. The heart gathers blood from the body cavity and squirts it toward the head.
Inside the abdomen are the gonads. If your specimen is an adult, they will be more developed, but they will be present (but not functional) in a subadult specimen. The ovaries look like rows of oval eggs, and testes look like simple glands, often yellowish.
1. Describe your specimen's gonads.
Remove the gonads. Most of what is left is digestive system. From the mouth, a short esophagus leads to a thin-walled storage sac, the crop; the crop leads into a thick-walled but narrow gizzard, where food is ground up; beyond the gizzard is the stomach (midgut), with attached gastric cecae where enzymes and bacteria help break cellulose-rich food down; this leads to an intestine ( hindgut) leading to the rectum. Attached to the stomach-intestine junction are tubes that gather wastes from the blood - these malpighian tubules then dump the wastes into the hindgut. Remove the digestive system to answer the next series of questions.
2. Describe the crop.
3. Open up the gizzard and describe the lining. Use a probe to "feel" it.
4. What is the function of the ridges on the gizzard?
Most of what's left in the body cavity are muscles and nerves. Muscles in arthropods are not huge - attached as they are to the inside of the skeleton, they can generate more power with less mass than endoskeletal muscles. As in the crayfish, the nerve cord of the grasshopper runs along the inside of the ventral body cavity. It often looks like a doubled track of white or yellowish strands with flat, round ganglia from which several nerves radiate. Ganglia are processing centers, dealing with complex input (senses) or complex output (coordination of actions).
5. Describe the appearance of the ventral nerve cord in the thorax.
6. Note how big the thorax ganglia are. Why would a grasshopper need such big processors there?
Arthropods - Part Three. Live Crickets.
The inside of a living insect looks quite a bit different from a preserved specimen. For the live crickets, you'll need a small dissecting pan, a dropper bottle of Insect Ringer's Solution, a pair of fine-tipped scissors, and several pins. You'll also need a dissecting microscope eventually.
Take a live cricket and pin it down through the neck. You may need to clip its legs off to be able to work with it. If the cricket is an adult with full wings, clip them off. The pinning or leg clipping will usually cause some leakage of blood, called hemolymph.
1. Describe the hemolymph.
Starting at the anus, cut very shallowly up the center of the back, all the way up to the neck. Slip pins under the upper body wall, then pivot them so as to open up the body cavity without trapping the organs. As soon as the organs are exposed, get a lot of Insect Ringer's Solution on them. This will keep them from drying out without flooding the cells, which pure water would do. Several structures should be visible - the digestive system tends to be brown, the malpighian tubules lemon yellow, tracheal system silvery and reproductive organs gray or white. If free to move, many of the organs will show some kind of activity.
2. Describe the appearance and activity, if any, of the digestive system.
3. Describe the appearance and activity, if any, of the malpighian tubules.
4. Describe the appearance and activity, if any, of the tracheal system.
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msmarco_passage_01_246990243 | Multiple-Choice Tests | FairTest | Multiple-Choice Tests | FairTest
Multiple-Choice Tests
Submitted by fairtest on August 17, 2007 - 2:43pm
fact sheets
k-12
A multiple-choice test usually has dozens of questions or "items." For each question, the test- taker is supposed to select the "best" choice among a set of four or five options. (They are sometime called "selected-response tests.") For example:
What causes night and day?
A. The earth spins on its axis.
B. The earth moves around the sun.
C. Clouds block out the sun's light.
D. The earth moves into and out of the sun's shadow.
E. The sun goes around the earth.
(Source: P. M. Sadler, "Psychometric Models of Student Conceptions in Science," Journal of Research in Science Teaching (1998. V. 35, N. 3, pp. 265-296).)
The "wanted" answer is "A." The other answer options are called "distractors."
Most standardized tests, including state exams and most commercial achievement tests, are made up primarily of multiple-choice items. A few state tests have a quarter, a half or even more "open-ended" (or "constructed-response") items, usually short answer questions. These ask a student to write and perhaps explain, not just select, an answer. Many short-answer questions are not much more than multiple-choice items without the answer options, and they share many of the limits and problems of multiple-choice items.
Are multiple-choice tests "objective"?
Test-makers often promote multiple-choice tests as "objective." This is because there is no human judgement in the scoring, which usually is done by machine. However, humans decide what questions to ask, how to phrase questions, and what "distractors" to use. All these are subjective decisions that can be biased in ways that unfairly reward or harm some test-takers. Therefore, multiple-choice tests are not really objective.
Any uses of test results involve additional human decisions, including such things as setting a "cut-off" or passing-level score on a test. Some people also claim multiple-choice tests avoid the subjective views of any one teacher, who may be biased or have low expectations. This is true, but there are many ways to address these problems, such as by having independent groups of teachers and others review student essays, projects, portfolios or other more comprehensive forms of assessment.
What can multiple-choice items be used for?
Multiple-choice items are best used for checking whether students have learned facts and routine procedures that have one, clearly correct answer. However, an item may have two reasonable answer options. Therefore, test directions usually ask test takers to select the "best" answer. If, on a reading test, a student selected a somewhat plausible answer, does it mean that she cannot read, or that she does not see things exactly the way the testmaker does?
In some subjects, carefully written multiple-choice items with good distractors can fairly accurately distinguish students who grasp a basic concept from those who do not. Look again at the "night and day" question. Those who don't quite get it often are attracted by answer B. Those who have little or no knowledge usually select C, D or E.
Multiple-choice and critical thinking
It is possible to get multiple-choice items correct without knowing much or doing any real thinking. Because the answers are in front of the student, some people call these tests "multiple- guess." Multiple-choice items can be easier than open-ended questions asking the same thing. This is because it is harder to recall an answer than to recognize it. Test-wise students know that it is sometimes easier to work backwards from the answer options, looking for the one that best fits. It also is possible to choose the "right" answer for the wrong reason or to simply make a lucky guess.
Some people claim that multiple-choice tests can be useful for measuring whether students can analyze material. This item was released by test publishers as an example of how multiple-choice items supposedly measure "thinking" skills:
Was the infantry invasion of Japan a viable alternative to the use of the atomic bomb to end World War II? Is so, why? If not, why not?
A. Yes; transport ships were available in sufficient numbers.
B. Yes; island defenses in Japan were minimal.
C. No; estimated casualties would have been much greater.*
D. No; Japan was on the verge of having an atomic bomb.
* Wanted answer.
(From Measuring Thinking in the Classroom, Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 1988, Oak Park, IL.)
Claiming there is one right answer to this complex historical issue actually demonstrates how this sort of question short-circuits the thinking process it claims to measure. Since "C" is the explanation given in most high-school texts for using the bomb, choosing the wanted answer would be a matter of recall for many students. For students who did not recall the textbook response, no information is provided to actually analyze the question and come up with the wanted answer. Beyond that, there remains an intense debate among historians about the justification for the use of the atomic bomb. Thus, what is treated as "true" may not be. A question really asking for critical thinking would have students weigh evidence and defend a position.
Most researchers agree that multiple-choice items are poor tools for measuring the ability to synthesize and evaluate information or apply knowledge to complex problems. In math, for example, they can measure knowledge of basic facts and the ability to apply standard procedures and rules. Carefully written multiple-choice questions also can measure somewhat more complex mathematical knowledge such as integrating information or deciding which mathematical procedures to use to solve problems. However, as students move toward solving non-routine problems, analyzing, interpreting, and making mathematical arguments, multiple-choice questions are not useful.
In sum, multiple-choice items are an inexpensive and efficient way to check on factual ("declarative") knowledge and routine procedures. However, they are not useful for assessing critical or higher order thinking in a subject, the ability to write, or the ability to apply knowledge or solve problems.
Informing instruction
Even with carefully written distractors, as in the "night and day" example, it is often hard to know why a student got a question wrong or right. But unless a teacher has that information, the test result is not useful for improving instruction for the individual.
A standardized multiple-choice test may point to some broad areas that need improvement. For example, a test may show that students in a school or district need to improve on double-digit multiplication. However, the tests do not provide information that will help teachers do a better job of teaching double-digit multiplication because they do not show why the class generally did not do well.
If students were asked to explain how they got their answers, then their teachers would have a lot more information. This information is vital for teachers to make instruction more effective. For example, students who did not know why "the earth spins on its axis" is the correct answer to "night and day" but happened to guess the correct answer would be unable to explain why. Their mistaken views would be visible to the teacher, who could then address the misunderstanding and clarify the concept.
Dangers of relying on multiple-choice tests.
Relying on multiple-choice tests as a primary method of assessment is educationally dangerous for many reasons:
1) Because of cultural assumptions and biases, the tests may be inaccurate. (Of course, other kinds of assessments also can be biased.) Assuming the test is accurate because of its supposedly "objective" format may lead to making bad decisions about how best to teach a student.
2) Students may recognize or know facts or procedures well enough to score high on the test, but not be able to think about the subject or apply knowledge, even though being able to think and apply is essential to "knowing" any subject. Therefore, the conclusion or inference that a student "knows" history or science because she got a high score on a multiple-choice test may be false.
3) What is easily measurable may not be as important as what is not measurable or is more difficult to measure. A major danger with high stakes multiple-choice and short-answer tests -- tests that have a major impact on curriculum and instruction -- is that only things that are easily measured are taught.
4) Since the questions usually must be answered quickly and have only one correct answer, students learn that problems for which a single answer cannot be chosen quickly are not important.
5) When schools view multiple-choice tests as important, they often narrow their curriculum to cover only what is on the exams. For example, to prepare for multiple-choice tests, curriculum may focus on memorizing definitions and recognizing (naming) concepts. This will not lead students to understand important scientific principles, grasp how science is done, and think about how science affects their lives.
6) When narrow tests define important learning, instruction often gets reduced to "drill and kill" - - lots of practice on questions that look just like the test. In this case, students often get no chance to read real books, to ask their own questions, to have discussions, to challenge texts, to conduct experiments, to write extended papers, to explore new ideas -- that is, to think about and really learn a subject.
Should multiple-choice tests be used at all?
The decision to use multiple-choice tests or include multiple-choice items in a test should be based on what the purpose of the test is and the uses that will be made of its results. If the purpose is only to check on factual and procedural knowledge, if the test will not have a major effect on overall curriculum and instruction, and if conclusions about what students know in a subject will not be reduced to what the test measures, then a multiple-choice test might be somewhat helpful -- provided it is unbiased, well written, and related to the curriculum. If they substantially control curriculum or instruction, or are the basis of major conclusions that are reported to the public (e.g., how well students read or know math), or are used to make important decisions about students, then multiple-choice tests are quite dangerous.
Students should learn to think and apply knowledge. Facts and procedures are necessary for thinking, but schools should not be driven by multiple-choice testing into minimizing or eliminating thinking and problem-solving. Therefore, classroom assessments and standardized tests should not rely more than a small amount on multiple-choice or short-answer items. Instead, other well-designed forms of assessment should be implemented and their used properly. Most importantly, all teachers need to be capable of high quality assessment to help their students learn (see Implementing Performance Assessment from FairTest). |
msmarco_passage_01_248884332 | Jamaica Plain Town Hall basement | Fallout Wiki | Fandom | Jamaica Plain Town Hall basement | Fallout Wiki | Fandom
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Fallout 4 location
Jamaica Plain Town Hall basement
Exterior
Map
Local map
map marker
Unmarked location
part of
Jamaica Plain Town Hall
Quests
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Find the Treasures of Jamaica Plain
Inhabitants
robot (s)
Protectrons
Automated turrets
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Jamaica Plain terminal entries
appearances
Fallout 4
Technical
name
JamaicaPlain01
ref id
0002E579
The Jamaica Plain Town Hall basement is a location in Jamaica Plain in 2287 .
Layout
The basement used to be a janitor's area but it was changed into a pre-War cache, two months before the Great War. There are two ways to approach said cache. The left one is simple and requires one to walk through a gas-filled corridor after picking a Master-locked door. The right one is the original entrance covered by dozens of laser tripwires linked to turrets.
Directly after the door behind the laser tripwires will be a room with another door with two Protectrons at each side of it. In front of them, all will be the treasures access terminal, which opens the door, leading to the Treasures exhibit. To the left is a hole in the wall leading to a storage area and the Master-locked door.
Behind the treasures access door will be yet another door with a button on a stand in front of it, which opens it, revealing the Treasures exhibit, a small room filled with numerous broken display cases, and a raised second half that loops around the middle table and rail.
The displays in the treasure room (from left to right on entering) are as follows:
News and literature
Science and medicine
Arts and life
Sports and leisure
The central tables on both the upper and lower section of the room are not specifically titled displays. If all of the laser trip wires defending the Treasures exhibit are disarmed manually the following can be obtained:
49 crystal
49 fiber optics
49 steel
Notable loot
Treasures exhibit
Central tables
Anchorage veteran's flag
Classroom globe
Dawnshire vase
Holotape instructions
The Treasures of Jamaica Plain
Treasures inventory
Arts and life display
Antique pocket watch
Antique silver locket
Colonial vase
Silver hairbrush
Picture frame
Wooden picture frame
Science and medicine display
Prototype biometric scanner
Sports and Leisure display
2076 World Series baseball bat
Championship bowling ball
Championship bowling pin
Derby-winning toy car
Youth League baseball
Youth League glove
News and literature display
Jamaica Plain Bicentennial news
Folded Boston Bugle
Reporter's camera
Other loot
Jamaica Plain janitor's ID - On the laser tripwire console.
Notes
The laser tripwires can be re-armed after being disarmed, allowing them to be looted again.
Appearances
The Jamaica Plain Town Hall basement only appears in Fallout 4 .
Bugs
After all of the laser trip wires have been disarmed, they can be reactivated by pressing the red button at the end of the hall and disarmed again, yielding an infinite amount of materials. They will only reactivate when the door gets closed, so after the second run, you need to press the button twice. [verified]
This bug has been fixed with v1.10.2.
This bug still works as of v1.10.64.
The turrets may spontaneously activate when disarming one particular laser tripwire, even if none of them have been tripped. This usually results in the player's immediate death. [verified]
Despite being able to hack the terminals and choose the 'Activate' option, the two Protectrons guarding the exhibit will not actually activate. [verified] Likely an intentional feature and not a bug.
Gallery
Corridor with laser traps
Jamaica Plain janitor's ID
The Treasures of Jamaica Plain, Treasures inventory and the holotape instructions note
First showcase
Second showcase
Third showcase
Fourth showcase
Fifth showcase
Treasury
Add a photo to this gallery
References
↑ Treasures Inventory - News & Literature Display
v · d · e
Fallout 4 locations
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The Prydwen · Boston Airport · Cambridge Police Station
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The Institute · C.I.T. ruins
Gunners
Greenetech Genetics · Gunners plaza · Quincy ruins · Vault 75 · Vault 95
Raiders
Beantown Brewery · Combat Zone · Corvega assembly plant · Dunwich Borers · East Boston Preparatory School · Federal ration stockpile · Libertalia · Quincy Quarries · Thicket Excavations · USAF Satellite Station Olivia · Walden Pond
Greater Boston Neighborhoods - West
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Cambridge Police Station · Cambridge Polymer Labs · Cambridge campus diner · Cambridge crater · Campus law offices · C.I.T. ruins · College Square · College Square station · Collegiate administration building · Fraternal Post 115 · Greenetech Genetics · Kendall Hospital · Monsignor Plaza · The Institute
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BADTFL regional office · Bunker Hill · USS Constitution · Weatherby Savings & Loan
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Back Street Apparel · Fens Street sewer · Hangman's Alley · Hardware Town · Parkview Apartments · Police Precinct 8 · Wreck of the USS Riptide
Diamond City
Abbot's house · All Faiths Chapel · Chem-I-Care · Choice Chops · Colonial Taphouse · Commonwealth Weaponry · Diamond City Market · Diamond City Radio · Diamond City Surplus · Dugout Inn · Home Plate · Power Noodles · Publick Occurrences · Schoolhouse · Science! Center · Sheng Kawolski's house · Swatters · Valentine Detective Agency
Esplanade
Charles View Amphitheater · HalluciGen, Inc.
Back Bay
Boston Public Library · Dartmouth Professional Building · Hubris Comics · Layton Towers · Trinity Plaza · Trinity Tower · Vault 114 · Wilson Atomatoys corporate HQ
Beacon Hill
Boston Bugle building · Cabot House · Vault-Tec Regional HQ
Greater Boston Neighborhoods - East
North End
Pickman Gallery · Old North Church
Boston Common
Boylston Club · Massachusetts State House · Old Granary burying ground · Park Street station · Swan's Pond
Financial District
Fallen skybridge · Faneuil Hall · Garden terrace · Haymarket Mall · Mass Fusion building · Old Corner Bookstore · Postal Square
Goodneighbor
Daisy's Discounts · Hotel Rexford · Kill or Be Killed · Memory Den · Old State House · The Third Rail · Warehouses
Theater District
Combat Zone · D.B. Technical High School · Hester's Consumer Robotics · Mass Bay Medical Center · Medical Center metro
Boston Harbor
Custom House Tower · Harbormaster Hotel · The Shamrock Taphouse · Yangtze
East Boston
Boston Airport · East Boston Preparatory School · East Boston police station · Easy City Downs · Fort Strong · The Prydwen
South Boston
Andrew station · Big John's Salvage · Four Leaf fishpacking plant · General Atomics factory · Gwinnett Brewery · The Gwinnett Restaurant · South Boston High School · South Boston military checkpoint · South Boston police department · The Castle · University Point
Vault-Tec Vaults
Vault 75 · Vault 81 · Vault 95 · Vault 111 · Vault 114
Player Settlements
Abernathy farm · Boston Airport · Bunker Hill · The Castle · Coastal cottage · County crossing · Covenant · Croup Manor · Egret Tours Marina · Finch farm · Graygarden · Greentop Nursery · Hangman's Alley · Home Plate · Jamaica Plain · Kingsport Lighthouse · Murkwater construction site · Nordhagen beach · Oberland station · Outpost Zimonja · Red Rocket Truck Stop · Sanctuary Hills · The Slog · Somerville Place · Spectacle Island · Starlight Drive In · Sunshine Tidings co-op · Taffington boathouse · Tenpines Bluff · Warwick homestead
The Commonwealth individual locations
Lexington and Northwest Commonwealth
Abernathy farm · Bedford Station · Concord ( Museum of Freedom) · Drumlin Diner · Gorski cabin · Lexington ( Corvega assembly plant · Lexington apartments · Mystic Pines · Super Duper Mart) · Lonely Chapel · Ranger cabin · Red Rocket Truck Stop · Robotics disposal ground · Sanctuary Hills · Starlight Drive In · Sunshine Tidings co-op · Tenpines Bluff · Thicket Excavations · Vault 111 · USAF Satellite Station Olivia · Walden Pond · Wicked Shipping Fleet Lockup
Medford and North Central Commonwealth
Breakheart Banks · County Crossing · Covenant · Dark Hollow Pond · Finch farm · General Atomics Galleria · Greentop Nursery · Irish Pride Industries shipyard · Lake Quannapowitt · Listening Post Bravo · Lynn Woods · Malden Center · Malden Middle School / Vault 75 · Mass Fusion containment shed · Med-Tek Research · Medford Memorial Hospital · National Guard training yard · Old Gullet sinkhole · Outpost Zimonja · Parsons Creamery · Parsons State Insane Asylum · Poseiden Energy Turbine #18-F · Radio tower 3SM-U81 · Relay tower 0MC-810 · Recon bunker Theta · Revere satellite array · Rotten landfill · Saugus Ironworks · Skylanes Flight 1981 · Slocum's Joe Corporate HQ · The Slog · Taffington boathouse · Tucker Memorial Bridge · West Everett Estates · Wildwood Cemetery
Western Commonwealth
ArcJet Systems · Beantown Brewery · Boston mayoral shelter · Chestnut Hillock Reservoir · Federal ration stockpile · Fiddler's Green Trailer Estates · Forest Grove marsh · Fort Hagen · Fort Hagen filling station · Fort Hagen satellite array · Graygarden · Greater Mass blood clinic · Jalbert Brothers Disposal · Mass Gravel & Sand · Mass Pike Interchange · Oberland station · Relay tower 0BB-915 · Relay tower 1DL-109 · Rocky Narrows Park · Vault 81 · Wattz Consumer Electronics · Weston water treatment plant
Coastal Commonwealth
Coastal cottage · Crater house · Dunwich Borers · Gibson Point Pier · Hub City Auto Wreckers · Hugo's Hole · Kingsport Lighthouse · Longneck Lukowski's Cannery · Lynn Pier parking · Mahkra Fishpacking · Nahant ( Croup Manor · Libertalia · Nahant Chapel · Nahant Oceanological Society · Nahant Sherrif's Department · Nahant Wharf) · Nordhagen beach · Reeb Marina · Revere Beach station · Salem ( Museum of Witchcraft · Rook family house · Sandy Coves Convalescent Home)
Natick and the Glowing Sea
Atlantic Offices · Capsized factory · Cave · Crater of Atom · Cutler Bend · Decayed reactor site · Decrepit factory · Edge of the Glowing Sea · Electrical Hobbyist's Club · Federal supply cache 84NE · Federal Surveillance Center K-21B · Forgotten church · Hopesmarch Pentecostal church · Lake Cochituate · Mass Fusion disposal site · Natick ( Natick Banks · Natick Police Department · Poseidon reservoir · Roadside Pines Motel) · O'Neill Family Manufacturing · Relay tower 0DB-521 · Robotics Pioneer Park · Rocky cave · Scrap palace · Sentinel site · Skylanes Flight 1665 · Somerville Place · Vault 95 · Vertibird wreckage · Waypoint Echo · WRVR broadcast station
Quincy and Southern Commonwealth
Atom Cats garage · Boston Police rationing site · Coast Guard Pier · Egret Tours Marina · Fairline Hill Estates · Fallon's department store · Gunners plaza · Hyde Park · Jamaica Plain · Mass Pike Tunnel east · Mass Pike Tunnel west · Milton General Hospital · Murkwater construction site · Neponset Park · NH&M Freight Depot · Poseidon Energy · Quincy Quarries · Quincy ruins ( Quincy police station · Peabody house) · Relay tower 0SC-527 · Shaw High School · Spectacle Island · Suffolk County Charter School · Warwick homestead · West Roxbury station · Westing Estate · Wilson Atomatoys factory · Wreck of the FMS Northern Star
The Commonwealth unmarked locations
Slocum's Joe · Garage alcove · Malden police station · 35 Court · Abandoned house (Charlestown) · Anna's Cafe · Back Alley Bowling · Backyard bunker · Beacon Hill apartments · Boxing gym · Bridgeway Trust · Broken monorail · Brookline building · Bus and apartment wreckage · Cambridge Academic Center · Cambridge church · Cambridge construction site · Cambridge hardware store · Cambridge raider base · Camp Kendall · Car tree camp · Charles River · Charlestown laundry · Christopher Columbus Park · Coastal hideout · Commonwealth Bank · Commonwealth Weaponry · Compound · Concord Church · Concord civic access · Concord Speakeasy · Congress Street garage · Copley Station · Cottage · Daisy's Discounts · Dorchester Heights monument · Drug den · East C.I.T. raider camp · Evans Way Cul-de-Sac · Factory · Faded Glory laundromat · Fallout 4 military checkpoints · Fens Cafe · Fens Way station · Fentons Food Stuffs · Flagon Tunnel · Footbridge (Esplanade) · Founder's Triangle · Freedom Trail · Freeway pileup · General Atomics outlet · Graygarden homestead · Guns Guns Guns · Handy Eats · Hardware store · Hawthorne Estate · Hoarder's apartment · Hollowed-out rock · Holy Mission Congregation · Hub 360 · Jamaica Plain Town Hall basement · Jimbo's Tower · Joe's Spuckies · Joe's Spuckies sandwich shop · Kellogg's house · Kendall Parking · L Street bathhouse · Lexington Bank · Lexington Pharmacy · Lil' Gentry playground · Long Wharf · Madden's gym · Major crossroad · Malden drainage · Marlborough house · Marowski's chem lab · Mass Chemical · Mass Pike Tunnel · Mean Pastries · Milton parking garage · Misty Lake · Mole rat den · Nahant Bar and Restaurant · Natick power station · North End graveyard · Northwest house · Atlantic Ocean · Parking garage · Paul Revere House · Paul Revere Monument · Pearwood Residences · Pinelli's bakery · Pinnacle Highrise · Pizza parlor · Plumber's Secret · Prost bar · Quincy Apartments · Quincy church · Quincy Diner · Quincy Liquors · Quincy Pharmacy · Raider outpost · Raider back-alley camp · Red Rocket (Glowing Sea) · Root cellar · Science Center gift shop · Shanty store · Shenley's Oyster Bar · Sleepwalker's place · Sniper's hideout · South Boston Church · South Fens Tower · Sullivan's · The Dig · The House of Tomorrow · The Switchboard · Ticker Tape Lounge · Train car · Trinity Church · UFO crash site · Union Man's Circle · Union's Hope Cathedral · University Credit Union · Valenti station · Vitale pumphouse · Walden Drugs · Warren Theater · Water filtration caps stash · Water Street apartments · Baxter building · Western Bell vessel · Workhouse · Wright's Inn
Far Harbor unmarked locations
Acadia National Park · Basement armory · Emmet's Causeway · Kawaketak Station · Pump control · Red Death Island
Nuka-World unmarked locations
Bear cave · Cappy's Cafe · Employee tunnels · Nuka-Cade · Nuka-World access tunnels
Add-on locations
Automatron
Fort Hagen hangar · RobCo Sales & Service Center ( The Mechanist's lair)
Far Harbor
The Island · Acadia · Aldersea Day Spa · Atom's Spring · Beaver Creek Lanes · Briney's Bait and Tackle · Brooke's Head Lighthouse · Children of Atom shrine · Cliff's Edge Hotel · Cranberry Island Bog · Cranberry Island Docks · Cranberry Island supply shed · Dalton farm · DiMA's cache · Eagle's Cove Tannery · Eden Meadows Cinemas · Echo Lake Lumber · Far Harbor · Fringe Cove docks · Glowing Grove · Haddock Cove · Harbor Grand Hotel · Horizon Flight 1207 · Huntress Island · Kitteredge Pass · Longfellow's cabin · MS Azalea · Nakano residence · National Park campground · National Park visitor's center · National Park HQ · Northwood Ridge Quarry · Oceanarium · Old Pond House · Pine Crest Cavern · Radiant crest shrine · Rayburn Point · Red Death Island · Rock Point Camp · Ruined church · Southwest Harbor · The Nucleus · The Vessel · Vault 118 · Vim! Pop factory · Waves Crest Orphanage · Wind farm maintenance · Zephyr Ridge Camp
Vault-Tec Workshop
Vault 88 · University Point Pharmacy
Nuka-World
Nuka-World · Galactic Zone · ( Nuka-Galaxy · Vault-Tec: Among the Stars · RobCo Battlezone · Starlight Interstellar Theater · Starport Nuka) · Dry Rock Gulch · ( Dry Rock Gulch employee area · Dry Rock Gulch Theater · Doc Phosphate's Saloon · Mad Mulligan's Minecart Coaster · Main Street · Ol' Sugartop) · Safari Adventure · ( Angry Anaconda · Cappy's treehouse · Jungle Journey Theater · Safari Adventure primate house · Safari Adventure reptile house · Welcome Center) · Kiddie Kingdom · ( Carousel · Blast Off! · Candy Town Playground · Employee tunnels · Ferris Wheel · Fun House · King Cola's Castle · King Cola's Court · Nuka-Racers · Teacups) · Nuka-Town USA · ( Bradberton Amphitheater · Cola-cars arena · Cappy's Cafe · Fizztop Grille · Fizztop Mountain · Nuka-Cade · Nuka-Town backstage · Nuka-Town market · Nuka-World access tunnels · The Parlor) · Nuka-Cola bottling plant · ( Secure beverageer lab · World of Refreshment) · Bradberton · Bradberton overpass · Dunmore homestead · Evan's home · Grandchester Mystery Mansion · Hubologist's camp · Morton residence · Northpoint reservoir · Nuka-World junkyard · Nuka-World power plant · Wixon's shovel museum
Parentheses () denote sub-locations, bold denotes main locations, italics denotes unmarked locations.
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msmarco_passage_01_254887490 | Frozen - How many brothers does Hans have in frozen? | Frozen - How many brothers does Hans have in frozen?
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How many brothers does Hans have in frozen?
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Twelve The King and Queen of the Southern Isles (parents) Twelve older brothers. Prince Hans of the Southern Isles is a fictional character from Walt Disney Animation Studios' 53rd animated film, Frozen.
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msmarco_passage_01_261362993 | About | FCCLA | About | FCCLA
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Family, Career and Community Leaders of America (FCCLA) is a national Career and Technical Student Organization (CTSO) for young men and women in Family and Consumer Sciences (FCS) education in public and private school through grade 12. FCCLA offers intra-curricular resources and opportunities for students to pursue careers that support families. Since 1945, FCCLA members have been making a difference in their families, careers, and communities by addressing important personal, work, and societal issues through Family and Consumer Sciences education.
Today, more than 182,000 members from 5,253 chapters are active in a network of associations in 48 states, including Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. The work of FCCLA helps students and teachers focus on a variety of youth concerns, including parenting, family relationships, substance abuse, peer pressure, sustainability, nutrition and fitness, teen violence, and career preparation in four specific Career Pathways. Involvement in FCCLA offers members the opportunity to expand their leadership potential and develop skills for life—planning, goal setting, problem solving, decision making, and interpersonal communication—necessary in the home and workplace.
Mission
To promote personal growth and leadership development through Family and Consumer Sciences education. Focusing on the multiple roles of family member, wage earner, and community leader, members develop skills for life through character development, creative and critical thinking, interpersonal communication, practical knowledge, and career preparation.
Motto
Toward New Horizons
Tagline
The Ultimate Leadership Experience
Purposes
To provide opportunities for personal development and preparation for adult life.
To strengthen the function of the family as a basic unit of society.
To encourage democracy through cooperative action in the home and community.
To encourage individual and group involvement in helping achieve global cooperation and harmony.
To promote greater understanding between youth and adults.
To provide opportunities for making decisions and for assuming responsibilities.
To prepare for the multiple roles of men and women in today's society.
To promote Family and Consumer Sciences and related occupations.
Creed
We are the Family, Career and Community Leaders of America. We face the future with warm courage and high hope. For we have the clear consciousness of seeking old and precious values. For we are the builders of homes, homes for America's future, homes where living will be the expression of everything that is good and fair, homes where truth and love and security and faith will be realities, not dreams. We are the Family, Career and Community Leaders of America. We face the future with warm courage and high hope.
Governance
Ten National Officers (students) are elected by voting delegates at the annual National Leadership Conference and together make up the National Executive Council. The National Board of Directors is the governing body of FCCLA and is composed of adult representatives from education and business and four youth representatives. State associations and local chapters elect their own youth officers. State programs come under the direction of Family and Consumer Sciences education state staff. Chapter advisers are Family and Consumer Sciences teachers.
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FCCLA is supported by student membership dues in addition to funds raised from individuals, corporations, foundations, and federal grants. FCCLA is endorsed by the U.S. Department of Education (Office of Career, Technical and Adult Education) and the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences (AAFCS).
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An executive director leads the organization and heads the national staff that gives direction to and carries out programs, communications, membership services, and financial management.
National Publications
Two editions of Teen Times, the official magazine of FCCLA, are published annually. The first issue of Teen Times is published in September and the second issue is published in January. Each affiliated student will receive one print copy of the fall issue and each affiliated chapter receive five copies of the winter issue. Both issues will also be available digitally, located here.
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FCCLA does not discriminate based on race, color, sex, sexual orientation, creed, religion, age, national origin, handicap or disability, marital status, veteran status, citizenship status or any other attribute or characteristic protected by law. |
msmarco_passage_01_261521203 | Great Depression and The New Deal
Home> Florida Then & Now> A
Short History of Florida> Great Depression and The New Deal
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Great Depression and The New Deal
Although
there was an economic boom in Florida during the early 1920s, the economy
went downhill as the decade came to an end. Two severe hurricanes damaged
a large portion of South Florida. The first one hit the Miami and Fort Lauderdale
areas in the middle of the night, which came as a surprise to many people
including tourists. Severe flooding and wind damage crippled the community. The second one hit the Palm Beach area, which caused Lake Okeechobee to flood
and drown over 2,000 people in nearby communities.
The next disaster occurred when there was an outbreak of the Mediterranean fruit fly in a grapefruit grove near Orlando. These insects quickly spread across the state and killed off most of the citrus crop. Because of a quarantine imposed on all remaining citrus, this was another blow to Florida's economy. These two hurricanes, the crop destruction, and an attempt to recover from the previous wars put a financial burden on Florida.
The Great Depression
All across the United
States, people were facing economic difficulties. By 1929, our country was
facing a depression, which is a situation when there isn't any money and there
are very few jobs open to the public. "The Great Depression" began when the
stock market fell. This was called the Great Stock Market Crash of 1929. People
who invested their money in stocks began to lose all of their money. They
couldn't pay their bank loans or personal bills.
In 1931, the Florida State
Legislature created a State Racing Commission which legalized betting at both
horse and dog racing tracks and at all Jai Alai frontons. When people won
money from betting, a tax was taken out of the money. This partially aided
the state, but not as much as the legislature planned. After all, people did
not have enough money to bet! This idea that the Legislature hoped would pull
Florida out of the depression did not work.
The depression affected the nation's banks as well. By 1932, many banks had closed their doors. This meant that people lost their savings. Without money, families could not afford a place to live or adequate food to eat. They also couldn't buy goods and services, which meant most businesses had to close as well. Over 12 million people across the U.S. were unemployed at the peak of the depression. In Florida, there were over 90,000 families affected by the depression.
During the first years of the Great Depression, Florida's government did little to help people. But the federal government gave help by providing Floridians with financial aid called relief. One fourth of the people who lived in Florida were on relief.
Tourism supported Florida's economy a little during the winter months. Many people drove to Florida to enjoy the warm climate. Because Floridians were facing economic difficulties, however, Florida State Police were stationed at Florida's border; if people did not have enough money or a job to support them, they were not allowed to enter the state. Florida was having a hard enough time supporting residents without increasing the extra number of people who wanted to live in a year-round warm state but who didn't have the means to take care of themselves or their family.
The New Deal
In
1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt became President of the United States. His presidency
became known as the "New Deal" because of the promises that he made to Americans. This deal consisted of ideas to get the country and people back on their feet. Soon, millions of Americans were working again. One of the programs was called
the Civilian Conservation Corps, or CCC. Young men from all over the country
lived in work camps. About 40,000 Floridians participated in the CCC. They
received food and clothing and their paychecks were sent home to their families. Some of the work in Florida consisted of cutting down millions of trees to
build fire lines. The CCC also planted 13 million trees in Florida and created
many of the state parks and wildlife preserves. Other New Deal workers built
federal buildings and schools.
The CCC also rebuilt the
Overseas Railroad connecting Miami to Key West, originally built by Henry
Flagler, but destroyed in 1935 by a hurricane. The reconstruction finished
in 1938 and the railroad was opened once again. It helped bring tourism to
Key West. It is 100 miles long and has more than 40 bridges. Florida owns
many of its conservation projects, parks, and preserves thanks to President
Roosevelt's CCC.
Another New Deal program was called the Works Progress Administration, or WPA. This program gave jobs to researchers, writers, and editors. One Floridian writer, Zora Neale Hurston, became a very well known African American author who wrote about growing up in Florida.
Through the New Deal era,
many Florida businesses began to redevelop. Industries grew and Florida's
banking business was becoming stronger. Alfred Du Pont, a wealthy businessman,
took control of a few Florida banks and reestablished them. He bought forestland
and used it to start the paper industry in Florida. Paper mills sprang up
all around the state.
The citrus industry began
to ship fruit to other parts of the country, and by 1939, three airlines scheduled
flights into Florida. Because of new roads, businesses, and air flights, tourism
started to flourish. The United States was coming out of the depression by
the end of the 1930s. Once again, people were able to find jobs and take care
of their families.
Home> Florida
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msmarco_passage_01_264609704 | Arkansas Felony - FelonyGuide | Arkansas Felony - FelonyGuide
Arkansas Felony
Arkansas Felony Fines
Felonies in the state of Arkansas carry high fines, which vary according to each felony class. For both Class A and Class B Felonies fines shall not exceed fifteen thousand dollars. Class C and Class D Felonies shall not exceed ten thousand dollars.
Unclassified Felonies under specific statutes can be charged as misdemeanors with fines ranging from one thousand dollars for a Class A Misdemeanor to Class B Misdemeanors with five hundred dollar fines to Class C Misdemeanors with one hundred dollar fines. Unclassified Felonies may also hold felony charges of fine payment of no more than one hundred dollars under certain codes along with payment of all property damages.
Arkansas Felony Imprisonment
Felonies more often carry jail time as punishment that vary depending on the crime and the felony classification. A Class Y Felony can have a sentence of no less than ten years in prison and can excel to forty years to life in prison. Class A Felonies can have sentences of no more than thirty years in prison but no less than six years of incarceration. Class B Felonies often have sentences between no less than five years and no more than twenty years in prison.
Class C Felonies can have imprisonments up to ten years or as low as three years. A Class D Felony is punishable by no more than six years in a state penitentiary. Unclassified Felonies have incarceration terms according to set statutes. When convicted as a misdemeanor, an Unclassified Felony can have up to one year in jail for a Class A Misdemeanor, up to ninety days for a Class B Misdemeanor, or up to thirty days for a Class C Misdemeanor.
Arkansas Department of Corrections Boot Camp
A boot camp by the Department of Corrections is available for individuals who have met certain requirements. These include first time offenders, non-violent criminals, and sentences of less than ten years. Boot camp is a program that lasts ninety to one hundred twenty days. This is the time in which individuals can wait out their parole, a time that is much shorter than would otherwise be in a jailing facility.
After boot camp has been completed, individuals are then place under parole supervision. Some offenses are not eligible for boot camp, but a charge may be amended by the prosecutor in favor of boot camp. A criminal defense attorney will be able to cite eligibility for this program.
Arkansas Expungement
Nearly all juvenile records can be expunged in the state of Arkansas, which happens when an individual becomes the age of eighteen. Even when a petition of expungement is submitted, the expungement may no be granted under the circumstances of not meeting the time period requirements, receiving additional convictions, previous expungement exits, pending arrest, conviction of a sexual offense, registration as a sex offender, or indication to the court that the case is still open.
In Arkansas arrests and convictions of serious and violent felonies are not eligible for expungement. This luxury is available for first-time misdemeanors and non-violent felonies only.
See also:
Arkansas Expungement External link (opens in new window)
Arkansas Misdemeanor External link (opens in new window)
Arkansas Gun Laws External link (opens in new window) |
msmarco_passage_01_268432623 | Cymbalta - Research Review for Fibromyalgia Treatment | Cymbalta - Research Review for Fibromyalgia Treatment
Cymbalta Research
by Terry S.
Cymbalta (duloxetine) was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat fibromyalgia pain in 2008. This approval was granted based on the findings from several randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (the “gold standard” of research design for studies that seek to investigate the effectiveness of a particular treatment). The results of these studies offered the initial evidence to support the safety and effectiveness of Cymbalta as a treatment for fibromyalgia.
Arnold and colleagues in 2004, studied 207 fibromyalgia patients, all of whom met the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for fibromyalgia diagnosis. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 60mg of Cymbalta or a placebo twice a day for 12 weeks. The study found that compared to those who received placebo, patients treated with Cymbalta experienced significant improvements in the severity of their pain, the number of their tender points, stiffness, and various quality of life measures (Arnold et al., 2004). Another study, published the following year by the same research group, also used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design to evaluate Cymbalta in 354 female fibromyalgia patients. Patients in this study received 60mg of Cymbalta once a day, 60mg Cymbalta twice per day, or a placebo over the course of 12 weeks. The findings from this study showed that those who were treated with Cymbalta at any dose showed greater improvements in pain severity and several quality of life measures than those patients who received placebo. Furthermore, approximately 50% of the patients in both Cymbalta treatment groups experienced at least a 30% improvement in their pain severity (compared to 33% in the placebo group). This study provided evident that Cymbalta at daily doses of either 60gm or 120mg is both safe and effective for the treatment of fibromyalgia-related pain (Arnold et al., 2005).
In 2008, Russell and colleagues performed another randomized-controlled trial in 520 fibromyalgia patients. This study evaluated Cymbalta disease of 20mg, 60mg, and 120mg versus placebo. Patients in each dose group took one daily dose over a six month period. et al. An interim analysis after three months of treatment, as well as the final analysis at six months, revealed that patients who received 60mg and 120mg of Cymbalta experienced greater improvements in the severity of their pain compared to those who received the 20mg dose or placebo (Russell et al., 2008).
Since receiving FDA approval, research has continued evaluate the use of Cymbalta in a number of domains related to fibromyalgia. Several newly published articles by prominent fibromyalgia research groups have confirmed the effectiveness of Cymbalta. Bennett et al. (2012) have provided additional evidence to show the effectiveness of Cymbalta at improving stiffness in fibromyalgia patients, and Arnold and colleagues recently published a paper that provides data to support a significant and positive impact of Cymbalta on fibromyalgia-related fatigue (Arnold et al., 2011). Additionally, Choy et al. (2011) suggest that Cymbalta, and other drugs in the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class of antidepressants, may be effective when used in a combined therapy approach with Lyrica (pregabalin) to treat fibromyalgia-related pain.
Other research has investigated the use of Cymbalta, as well as other fibromyalgia drugs, from a health systems and economic perspective. Gore et al. (2012) recently published an article that looked at the comorbid conditions, treatment patterns, and healthcare-related costs among fibromyalgia patients who had recently been prescribed either Cymbalta or Lyrica. The study found that those who were prescribed Cymbalta on average decreased their use of other SNRI medications as well as tricyclic antidepressants, however they tended to increase their use of anticonvulsant medications. For both groups of patients (i.e., those taking Cymbalta or Lyrica, significant increases in pharmacy and healthcare-related costs were observed following the start of therapy with either drug, as well as significant increases costs related to outpatient doctor visits. A recent analysis has also shown that Cymbalta is a cost-effective treatment approach for fibromyalgia when incorporated into standard therapeutic regimens (Beard et al., 2011). In addition, although limited by its use of retrospective administrative claims data, a study by Wu et al. (2011) found that patients who were prescribed Cymbalta doses of at least 60mg per day were much more compliant with their medication regimens than those who were prescribed 30mg/day or less. Interesting, this study also found that those patients who took. Healthcare-related cost differences were also observed between patients who took various daily doses.
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References
1. Highlights of Cymbalta Prescribing Information. Lily USA, LLC.; Copyright 2004, 2001. April 17, 2012.
2. Arnold LM, Lu Y, Crofford LJ, et al. A double-blind, multicenter trial comparing duloxetine with placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients with or without major depressive disorder. Arthritis Rheum.
2004;50 (9):2974–2984.
3. Arnold LM, Rosen A, Pritchett YL, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of duloxetine in the treatment of women with fibromyalgia with or without major depressive disorder. Pain. 2005;119 (1–3):5–15.
4. Russell IJ, Mease P, Smith T, et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine for treatment of fibromyalgia in patients with or without major depressive disorder: results from a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, fixed-dose trial. Pain. 2008;136 (3):432–444.
5. Bennett R, Russell IJ, Choy E, Spaeth M, Mease P, Kajdasz D, Walker D, Wang F, Chappell A. Evaluation of patient-rated stiffness associated with fibromyalgia: a post-hoc analysis of 4 pooled, randomized clinical trials of duloxetine. Clin Ther. 2012;34 (4):824-837.
6. Choy E, Marshall D, Garbriel ZL, Mitchell SA, Gylee E, Dakin HA. A systematic review and mixed treatment comparison of the efficacy of pharmacological treatments for fibromyalgia. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011;41 (3):335-345.e6.
7. Gore M, Tai KS, Chandran A, Zlateva G, Leslie D. Clinical comorbidities, treatment patterns, and healthcare costs among patients with fibromyalgia newly prescribed pregabalin or duloxetine in usual care. J Med Econ. 2012;15 (1):19-31.
8. Arnold LM, Wang F, Ahl J, Gaynor PJ, Wohlreich MM. Improvement in multiple dimensions of fatigue in patients with fibromyalgia treated with duloxetine: secondary analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13 (3):R86.
9. Beard SM, Roskell N, Le TK, Zhao Y, Coleman A, Ang D, Lawson K. Cost effectiveness of duloxetine in the treatment of fibromyalgia in the United States. J Med Econ. 2011;14 (4):463-476.
Wu N, Chen S, Boulanger L, Rao P, Zhao Y. Average daily dose, medication adherence, and healthcare costs among commercially-insured patients with fibromyalgia treated with duloxetine. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27 (6):1131-1139.
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msmarco_passage_01_272445091 | WS_FTP configuration files - Just Solve the File Format Problem | WS_FTP configuration files - Just Solve the File Format Problem
WS_FTP configuration files
From Just Solve the File Format Problem
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File Format
Name
WS FTP configuration files
Ontology
Electronic File Formats
File transfer
WS FTP configuration files
Released
1993
WS_FTP (WinSock File Transfer Protocol) is a longstanding commercial FTP program for Windows, published by Ipswitch Software. (Their website these days is so intent to push big-bucks "enterprise solutions" that you're more hard-pressed to find the plain old FTP program there these days.)
Its configuration files are in a system-dependent location, but for WS_FTP Professional 2007 or WS_FTP 12 running in Windows XP, 7, 8, or 10, its configuration files are generally found in c:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming\Ipswitch\WS_FTP and its subdirectories. The file wirh the site setup is located in the Sites subdirectory as ws_ftp.ini. If multiple folders are used to group sites, each folder has a separate .ini file also in the Sites subdirectory.
The .ini files start with [_config_] on the first line. Lines are broken with CR+LF (in the standard DOS/Windows style), and consist of a series of name/value pairs with the equal sign separating the name from the value. Some of the values are surrounded with double quotes ("), while others aren't. Passwords are encrypted. Each section describing a particular connection is preceded by a line with the site name in square brackets (and no equal sign).
Links
Wikipedia article
Official site
Retrieved from " http://fileformats.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=WS_FTP_configuration_files&oldid=38238 "
Categories:
File Formats
Electronic File Formats
File transfer
Configuration files
Hidden categories:
FormatInfo without extensions
FormatInfo without mimetypes |
msmarco_passage_01_272970407 | Medi-Cal: Provider Enrollment | Medi-Cal: Provider Enrollment
Home References
Provider Enrollment
Welcome to the Medi-Cal Provider Enrollment page and thank you for your interest in becoming a provider in the Medi-Cal program. The Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) Provider Enrollment Division (PED) is responsible for the timely enrollment and re-enrollment of eligible fee-for-service health care providers in the Medi-Cal program.
With the implementation of the Provider Application and Validation for Enrollment (PAVE) Provider Portal, PED now offers an improved web-based enrollment process. PAVE improves access to services, facilitates ease of use and adds efficiencies to enrollment processes. PAVE has been implemented in a series of releases to include additional provider types and enrollment actions. To learn more about PAVE and view the list of provider types eligible to use PAVE, visit the Provider Application and Validation for Enrollment page on the DHCS website.
PAVE Provider Portal
PAVE is a secure, web-based Provider Portal that simplifies and accelerates enrollment processes, including completion and submission of new enrollment applications ( Medi-Cal Provider e-Form Application [e-Form]), reporting changes to existing enrollments and responding to PED-initiated requests for re-enrollment or revalidation. PAVE offers intuitive guidance, social collaboration and many other user-friendly features.
Access PAVE
Applicant Instructions & Requirements
Applicant Information by Provider Type (Alphabetical Order)
Applicant Information by Provider Type (Alphabetical Order)
Enrollment Instructions and Requirements
Out-of-State Provider Express Enrollment
Clinic-Based Certified Nurse Midwife Enrollment
Clinic-Based Physician Enrollment
Crossover Only Provider Authorization Information
Facility-Based Providers Enrollment
Hospital-Based Physician Enrollment
Non-Physician Medical Practitioner (NMP) Enrollment Requirements for Medi-Cal
Ordering/Referring/Prescribing-Only Enrollment Instructions and Requirements
Requesting a new PIN/Confirmation of an existing PIN
Statutes, Regulations, Moratoria and Bulletins
The criteria for enrollment as a provider in the Medi-Cal program are described in Title 22 of the California Code of Regulations (CCR). Senate Bill (SB) 857 (statutes of 2003), effective January 1, 2004, revised the responsibilities of providers and provider applicants in the Medi-Cal program. Links to documents describing statutes and regulations are as follows:
Statutes and Regulations
2017 – 2018 Certification of Compliance (MC 0805) – Employee education on false claims recovery
Federal Deficit Reduction Act 2005: Employee Education on False Claims Recovery – Published in the December 2006 Medi-Cal Update
California Welfare and Institutions Code (W&I Code), Section 14043 – Includes Senate Bill 857 changes
Provider Enrollment Regulations ( California Code of Regulations, Title 22) – Effective August 17, 2015
Suspension of Entities Submitting Claims for Suspended Providers
Provider Enrollment Regulations ( California Code of Regulations, Title 22) – Effective July 1, 2008, with section 51240 amended June 16, 2012
Moratoria
There are no provider enrollment moratoria in effect at this time.
Provider Bulletins
Exempt from Licensure FQHCs Reporting a Change of Location or Ownership – Pursuant to California Code of Regulations (CCR), Title 22, Sections 51000.30 (a) and 51000.30 (b) providers are required to report a change of location and 50 percent or more change in ownership, by submitting a complete application package.
Updated Designation of Categorical Risk Levels for LA County Pharmacies – Effective April 29, 2020, until EO N-55-20 is lifted, the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) has changed the categorical risk level for any pharmacy provider applicant located in Los Angeles County from “high” to “limited” for the remainder of the national emergency.
Requirements and Procedures for Emergency Medi-Cal Provider Enrollment – Effective March 23, 2020 with a retroactive effective date of March 1, 2020, the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) has implemented enrollment requirements and procedures for providers seeking enrollment in the fee-for-service Medi-Cal program in response to the national COVID-19 public health emergency.
Updated Medi-Cal Enrollment Requirements and Procedures for Certified Mastectomy Fitters – The Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) is establishing Medi-Cal provider enrollment requirements for Certified Mastectomy Fitters (CMF).
Updated Medi-Cal Enrollment Requirements and Procedures for Diabetes Prevention Programs – The Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) is establishing Medi-Cal provider enrollment requirements for Diabetes Prevention Programs (DPPs).
Medi-Cal Benefit Added: Non-Medical Transportation – Pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code (W&I Code), Section 14132 (ad) (1), non-medical transportation (NMT) is covered, subject to utilization controls and permissible time and distance standards.
Updated Designation of Categorical Risk Levels for the Drug Medi-Cal (DMC) Program – Effective June 13, 2019, the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) has changed the categorical risk level for Drug Medi-Cal (DMC) providers from “high” to “limited” for newly certifying or newly enrolling DMC applicants and DMC providers that submit an application for revalidation in the fee-for-service Medi-Cal program.
Medi-Cal Enrollment Requirements and Procedures for Licensed Professional Clinical Counselors – Effective June 9, 2019, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) providers may apply for enrollment in the fee-for-service Medi-Cal program.
Informational Bulletin for the Expired Durable Medical Equipment Moratorium – Informational bulletin for Durable Medical Equipment applicants and providers applying for enrollment following the discontinuation of the moratorium for Durable Medical Equipment applicants and providers located outside of California and in Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties.
Medi-Cal Enrollment Requirements and Procedures for Applicants and Providers Currently Eligible to Use the Provider Application and Validation for Enrollment (PAVE) Medi-Cal Provider e-Form Application (e-Form) – On November 18, 2016, the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) instituted a web-based Medi-Cal provider enrollment system entitled Provider Application and Validation for Enrollment (PAVE) 2.0 and on September 4, 2018, PAVE 3.0.
Designation of Categorical Risk Levels for Diabetes Prevention Programs – This bulletin designates newly enrolling Diabetes Program (DPP) applicants as “high risk” and re-enrolling or revalidating DPP providers as “moderate risk.”
Informational Bulletin Regarding Disaster Relief for Providers – In response to the fires across three California counties (Butte, Los Angeles and Ventura), the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary declared a public health emergency in California on November 13, 2018, and authorized a Section 1135 waiver, effective November 13, 2018.
Informational Bulletin for the Expired Los Angeles County Pharmacy Moratorium – This informational bulletin is for Los Angeles County pharmacy applicants and providers applying for enrollment following the discontinuation of the Los Angeles County pharmacy moratorium.
Release 3.0 Provider Types Eligible for Provider Application and Validation for Enrollment (PAVE) –This bulletin expands the implementation of the Provider Application and Validation for Enrollment (PAVE) – Web-based Provider Application for Enrollment in the Medi-Cal Fee-for-Service Program to include additional provider types.
Enrollment Effective Date for Ordering/Referring/Prescribing Providers – In accordance with Welfare and Institutions Code (W&I Code), Section 14043.75 (b), the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) issues the following bulletin which establishes a retroactive effective date for ordering, referring or prescribing providers who successfully enroll in Medi-Cal fee-for-service.
Updated Requirements and Procedures for Enrollment as a “Facility-Based Provider” – In accordance with Welfare and Institutions Code (W&I Code), Section 14043.75 (b), the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) issues the following revision of the “Requirements and Procedures for Enrollment as a ‘Facility-Based Provider’” bulletin, posted in February 2005.
Informational Bulletin Regarding Disaster Relief Providers – In response to the fires across nine California counties, the Health and Human Services (HHS) Acting Secretary declared a public health emergency in California on October 15, 2017, and authorized a Section 1135 waiver, retroactive to October 10, 2017.
Informational Bulletin Regarding Acceptable Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment Certificates – A CLIA certificate is required by the Department of Health Care Services Provider Enrollment Division to allow clinical laboratories or laboratories to bill for tests that the provider is authorized to perform.
Informational Bulletin Regarding Procedures for Changing the Pay-To and/or Mailing Address of an Institutional Provider – This informational bulletin changes the procedures for institutional providers who wish to update their mailing or pay-to address with DHCS.
Informational Bulletin Regarding Enrollment of Out-of-State Rendering Providers and Clinical Laboratory Providers – DHCS will allow rendering providers and clinical laboratory providers who are located out-of-state to submit applications for enrollment.
Requirements and Procedures to Report Affiliations Between Rendering Providers and Provider Groups – This bulletin amends the initial bulletin titled "Requirements and Procedures to Report Affiliations Between Rendering Providers and Provider Groups" published on October 5, 2016.
Requirements and Procedures for Medi-Cal Provider Groups Designating Delegated Officials for the Sole Purpose of Signing Affiliation Forms – This bulletin establishes requirements and procedures for enrolled and newly enrolling provider groups who wish to assign signatory authority to an employee or employees other than authorized official (s) for the sole purpose of reporting affiliations and disaffiliations either through the Provider Application and Validation for Enrollment (PAVE) electronic form (e-Form) or the Medi-Cal Rendering Provider/Group Affiliation/Disaffiliation Form (DHCS 4029) only.
Designation of Categorical Risk Levels for Pharmacy Providers in Los Angeles County – This bulletin designates newly enrolling pharmacy applicants and revalidating pharmacy providers in Los Angeles as high risk, with the exception of those operated by governmental entities, chain pharmacies and non-profit corporations, and those operated by a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC).
Revised Drug Medi-Cal Application and Medi-Cal Supplemental Changes Form – In accordance with the authority granted to the Director of the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) by Welfare and Institutions Code (W&I Code), Section 14043.75 (b), the Director has established the revised application form requirements, set forth below, that must be followed by providers who apply to the Medi-Cal program to be reimbursed.
Requirements and Procedures to Report Affiliations Between Rendering Providers and Provider Groups – This provider bulletin establishes requirements for the reporting of any affiliation between a rendering provider or Non-Physician Medical Practitioner (NMP) and the Medi-Cal provider group (enrolled or newly enrolling) billing for their services.
Provider Application and Validation for Enrollment (PAVE) – Web-based Provider Application for Enrollment in the Medi-Cal Fee-for-Service Program – DHCS is instituting PAVE for the provider types included within this bulletin.
Updated Medi-Cal Non-Emergency Medical Transportation Provider Requirements – In accordance with Welfare and Institutions Code (W&I Code), Section 14043.75 (b), the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) has revised the application requirements for non-emergency medical transportation providers. These requirements implement W&I Code, Sections 14043.15 and 14043.26.
Informational Bulletin Regarding Medi-Cal Requirement to Submit Fingerprints for a Criminal Background Check – This bulletin amends the initial bulletin regarding Medi-Cal Requirements to Submit Fingerprints for a Criminal Background check on September 11, 2015.
Medi-Cal Screening Level Requirements for Compliance with 42 Code of Federal Regulations Section 455.450 – (Reference to 42 CFR Section 455.434 on page 2 has been corrected to 424.518.) In accordance with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) is implementing Medi-Cal screening level requirements to comply with 42 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Section 455.450 and California Welfare and Institutions Code (W&I Code), Section 14043.38.
Informational Bulletin Regarding Medi-Cal Application Fee for Governmental Agencies – Informational bulletin on alternate method of payment for governmental entities applying for enrollment in the fee-for-service portion of the Medi-Cal program.
Medi-Cal Requirements and Procedures for Enrolled Group Providers Requesting to Add a Provider Type – Effective April 3, 2016, enrolled Medi-Cal fee-for-service group providers requesting to add a provider type to an enrolled location will be required to submit a Medi-Cal Supplemental Changes (DHCS 6209) form.
Updated Form: Medi-Cal Provider Group Application (DHCS 6203) – Effective April 3, 2016, the Medi-Cal Provider Group Application (DHCS 6203) will no longer contain references to the application fee.
Informational Bulletin Regarding Medi-Cal Revalidation Requirement – DHCS will send out notification of the revalidation process to each provider. Providers must wait to submit the revalidation until asked by DHCS to do so.
Medi-Cal Enrollment Requirements and Procedures for Licensed Midwives – Effective March 2, 2016, the Department of Health Care Services will accept applications to enroll licensed midwives as direct billers.
Application of Health and Safety Code Section 1206 to Medi-Cal Fee-for-Service Provider Enrollment – Informational bulletin regarding the enrollment of clinics exempt from licensure.
Informational Bulletin Regarding Medi-Cal Application Fee Requirements – This informational bulletin supplements the initial bulletin, titled "Medi-Cal Application Fee Requirements for Compliance with 42 Code of Federal Regulations Section 455.460," posted November 30, 2012.
Requirements and Procedures for Enrollment as a Substance Use Disorder Clinic Located on a School Site – Informational bulletin about exemptions to regulations and implementations of specific enrollment procedures for a Drug Medi-Cal (DMC) applicant or provider, to enroll as a "Substance Use Disorder Clinic Located on a School Site" (School Site Clinic).
Discontinuation of the Moratorium on the Enrollment of Clinical Laboratory Providers – Informational bulletin for clinical laboratory applicants and providers applying for enrollment following the discontinuation of the clinical lab moratorium.
Stakeholder Electronic Notification System – Informational bulletin on subscribing to e-mail service (ListServ) for updates on Drug Medi-Cal (DMC), Fee-for-Service (FFS) Medi-Cal, and PAVE.
Provisions of the Drug Medi-Cal Regulation – Informational bulletin summarizing the emergency changes made to the California Code of Regulations, Title 22 effective August 17, 2015, pertaining to the Drug Medi-Cal program.
Department of Health Care Services Proposed Implementation Plan for Certification/Continued Certification of Providers Under Proposed Drug Medi-Cal Organized Delivery System Waiver – In November 2014, the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) submitted to the federal Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) a proposed waiver for Drug Medi-Cal Organized Delivery System ("waiver").
Updated Disclosure Statement and Rendering Provider Application/Disclosure Forms – In accordance with Welfare and Institutions Code (W&I Code), Section 14043.75 (b), the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) has established revised application form requirements.
Provision that Allows an Applicant or Provider to Request to Withdraw an Application – On September 18, 2014, California Senate Bill 1465, which allows for an applicant or provider to request to withdraw an application for enrollment or continuing enrollment (Application) under certain conditions, became effective as state law.
Medi-Cal Specific Request for Live Scan Service Now Available
Drug Medi-Cal Provider Agreement Now Available
Medi-Cal Enrollment Requirements and Procedures for Licensed Clinical Social Workers and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists – Effective November 3, 2014, Licensed Clinical Social Workers and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist providers may apply for enrollment in the fee-for-service Medi-Cal program.
Medi-Cal Requirement for the Drug Medi-Cal Provider Agreement – Effective October 24, 2014.
Medi-Cal Requirement to Submit Fingerprints for a Criminal Background Check – Effective October 11, 2014, any time an application is submitted to DHCS by a Medi-Cal provider or applicant categorized as "High risk," that provider or applicant must submit proof that fingerprints for all the required individuals have been submitted to an authorized State Identification Bureau (Bureau of Criminal Information and Analysis, Department of Justice [DOJ] in California).
Designation of Categorical Risk Levels for the Drug Medi-Cal (DMC) Program – Effective September 22, 2014, the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) is required to screen at the high categorical risk level all Drug Medi-Cal Treatment Program providers participating in the Medi-Cal program.
New Versions of Medi-Cal Disclosure Statement and Application Forms for Rendering Providers and Ordering/Referring/Prescribing Providers – Effective July 7, 2014, the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) is revising the Medi-Cal Disclosure Statement (DHCS 6207), the Medi-Cal Rendering Provider Application/Disclosure Statement/Agreement for Physician/Allied/Dental Providers (DHCS 6216) and the Medi-Cal Ordering/Referring/Prescribing Provider Application/Agreement/Disclosure Statement For Physician and Non-Physician Practitioners (DHCS 6219) to require applicants completing these forms to disclose their social security number.
Updated Applications Required for Durable Medical Equipment Providers – Effective May 1, 2014, the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) is revising the Medi-Cal Pharmacy Provider Application (DHCS 6205) and the Medi-Cal Durable Medical Equipment Provider Application (DHCS 6201) to include detailed lists of business activities.
Continued Certification for Drug Medi-Cal Providers – Informational bulletin on the continued statewide certification process for all certified Drug Medi-Cal providers.
Medi-Cal Requirement to Report Provider Enrollment Terminations – In accordance with Section 1902 (kk) (6) of the Social Security Act and in accordance with 42 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Section 455.416 (c) published on February 2, 2011, in the Federal Register to implement the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010, the director of California's Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) is issuing this informational provider bulletin.
Provisions of the Affordable Care Act Create New Medi-Cal Provider Application Screening and Enrollment Requirements – On January 1, 2013, California Senate Bill 1529, which implements sections of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 that pertain to Medicaid provider screening and fraud prevention, becomes effective as state law.
Medi-Cal Requirement for Ordering/Referring/Prescribing Providers Forms and Procedures – In accordance with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) is establishing the requirement for the Medi-Cal program to enroll ordering, referring or prescribing only providers in accordance with 42 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Section 455.410 and 42 CFR Section 455.440.
Medi-Cal Application Fee Requirements for Compliance with 42 Code of Federal Regulations Section 455.460 – In accordance with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) is establishing the Medi-Cal application fee requirements to implement 42 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Section 455.460.
Revised Medi-Cal Provider Disclosure Requirements for Compliance with 42 Code of Federal Regulations – Effective November 15, 2011, in accordance with Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) requirements, the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) is revising provider disclosure statements and provider agreements.
Crossover Only Providers Approval for Reimbursement – Effective immediately, a new form is available for use by Crossover Only providers who are seeking reimbursement for services rendered to dual-eligible beneficiaries. This form is to be used solely for approval for reimbursement by Crossover Only providers and not for general Medi-Cal enrollment.
Requirements and Procedures for 'Clinic-Based Certified Nurse Midwife' Enrollment – This bulletin provides a supplement to the current enrollment requirements of the Medi-Cal program for certified nurse midwives.
AB 1226 – Physician Forms & Provisions Effective July 1, 2008 – Effective for dates of service on or after July 1, 2008, Welfare and Institutions Code (W&I Code), Section 14043.26 (b) and (e) allow doctors of medicine and osteopathic physicians who meet specified criteria, and who change their business locations within the same county, to use a "change of location" form.
Provider Enrollment Application Changes Due to NPI – Effective February 15, 2008, in accordance with Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) requirements, the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) is revising all provider enrollment application forms to accommodate the National Provider Identifier (NPI).
Assembly Bill 1226 – Provisions Affect All Providers – Effective for dates of service on or after January 1, 2008, Assembly Bill (AB) 1226 has two provisions, that affect all providers, and that amend the laws the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) uses to review provider applications for participation in the Medi-Cal program.
Important Reminder: Providers Selling or Purchasing a Business – As introduced in regulation package R-04-04E, the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) wishes to remind providers of the ability to accept successor liability with joint and several liability requirements.
Revised Application Form Requirements, Procedures Due to NPI Implementation – Effective May 23, 2007, applicants and providers will be required to submit their National Provider Identifier (NPI) with each Medi-Cal provider application package.
New Versions of Provider Applications and Disclosure Forms – All required provider application and disclosure forms have been revised to comply with the disclosure requirements of California Code of Regulations (CCR), Title 22, Sections 51000.30, 51000.31, 51000.32, 51000.35 and 51000.40. Published in the March 2006 Medi-Cal Update.
Changes to Rendering Provider Enrollment Process – Effective immediately, rendering providers within provider groups no longer need to re-enroll for every group and location where they practice. Published in the December 2005 Medi-Cal Update.
Requirements and Procedures for 'Clinic-Based Provider' Enrollment – Intended to provide a supplement to the enrollment requirements currently applicable to physicians who are solely employed by or provide services pursuant to a contract with licensed primary care clinics, except for services provided as part of a graduate medical education program, and who do not have any active Medi-Cal provider numbers issued to them individually to bill for clinical services to Medi-Cal beneficiaries at another location. Published in the December 2005 Medi-Cal Update.
Requirements and Procedures for Successor Liability – Pursuant to the California Code of Regulations (CCR), Title 22, Sections 51000.20.1, 51000.24.1, 51000.25.2, 51000.32 as introduced in regulation package R-04-04E, the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) is introducing the ability for providers to accept successor liability with joint and several liability requirements. Published in the December 2005 Medi-Cal Update.
Effective Date of Enrollment – How DHCS determines "the date on the notice" when granting provisional or preferred provisional provider status under the Welfare and Institutions Code (W&I Code), Section 14043.26 and an exception for contractors for hospital-based services for emergency care. Published in the June 2004 Medi-Cal Update.
Preferred Provider Status – How physicians can request, and provide documentation and verification for, consideration for enrollment in the Medi-Cal program as a Preferred Provisional Provider. Published in the February 2004 Medi-Cal Update.
Resources
For current application fee information, please see the Current Application Fee document on the DHCS website. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has announced a change in the provider Application Fee for Calendar Year 2021.
Medi-Cal Provider Application Fees
Application Fee for Calendar Year 2021
Application Fee for Calendar Year 2020
Preferred Provider Status
Current Information on Preferred Provider Status
Returned Warrants
The provider number (s) used by a provider are subject to deactivation when warrants or documents mailed to a provider's mailing address, pay-to address, if any, or its service or business address, are returned by the U.S. Postal Service as not deliverable (W&I Code § 14043.62). Changes in address are to be reported to the Department of Health Care Services (DHCS) within 35 days of the change (22 CCR § 51000.40). Upon notification from DHCS that the address has been updated, the provider may request payments be re-issued by submitting a written request to the California MMIS Fiscal Intermediary for Medi-Cal, at the following address:
California MMIS Fiscal Intermediary
c/o Cash Control Unit
P.O. Box 13029
Sacramento, CA 95813-4029
You must include your provider number, warrant number, date issued, and the amount of the warrant on the letter. The FI will re-issue warrants to the pay-to address listed on the Provider Master File (PMF).
Contact Us
Contact DHCS Provider Enrollment Division
Suspended and Ineligible Provider List
Suspended and Ineligible Provider List
Note:
If you cannot view the MS Word or PDF (Portable Document Format) documents correctly, please visit the Web Tool Box to link to a download site for the appropriate reader. |
msmarco_passage_01_274240911 | FILM REVIEW: Vikings (2013-) – filmed in Ireland - filmfantravel.com | FILM REVIEW: Vikings (2013-) – filmed in Ireland - filmfantravel.com
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FILMED IN IRELAND
FILM REVIEW: Vikings (2013-) – filmed in Ireland
August 21st, 2015 Sonja ENGLISH FILMS, FILM REVIEWS, FILMED IN IRELAND, TV / DVD SERIES
Photo: Vikings History Facebook page
(Last Updated On: 19th December 2020)
I've been a huge fan of Vikings ever since I discovered the first episode on Amazon Prime back in 2013. Meanwhile, they have conquered Netflix, too and there have been five incredibly entertaining seasons, with the last and final season (part 2 of season 6) being released on 30 December 2020.
Although pretty brutal, "Vikings" makes for the perfect time travel trip into 8th century Scandinavia brought to life on the shores of Ireland as its main film location! Here is what the series is all about…
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Trailer of "Vikings", season 1
The Story: The Legend of Ragnar
The story is loosely based on the sagas surrounding Ragnar Lothbrok who was supposedly a legendary Viking king in the late 8th and early 9th century AD. However, the existence of the historical person is not proven, so he may be a construct of different kings and rulers who lived in Scandinavia ( modern Denmark, Sweden and Norway) at the time.
Ragnar Lothbrok portrayed by Travis Fimmel. Photo: Vikings Facebook Page
In the legends as well as in the series, Ragnar sets out on several bloody raids to the land of the Anglo-Saxons (modern-day England) with the typical Viking ships. There were also fights with other Viking kings and rulers at home.
And of course there is some personal drama, too. According to legend, Lothbrok was married three times and had several children, mostly boys. As legend has it, Ragnar's life ended when one of his main Anglo-Saxon enemies, King Ælla of Northumbria, threw him into a pit of snakes.
The Film Locations: Ireland and beyond
Although the Vikings are supposed to be in what is now Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the series has been filmed on the shores of Ireland, more precisely in Wicklow County on Ireland's East Coast.
The hilly coastline, which is located a short drive from Ireland's capital Dublin, looks a lot like the Scandinavian homelands of the Vikings.
"Kattegat Bay" in Wicklow County, Ireland. Photo: Sonja Irani / filmfantravel.com
In addition to Vikings, the area has served as a filming location for many other Hollywood productions such as Braveheart (1995) or P.S. I Love You (2007). Film crews still regularly choose this versatile filming location.
So on a dedicated half-day Film Location Tour from Dublin you might even get to spot some film stars in action.
Read more about this film location tour in my post
Vikings Film Location Tour in Wicklow County, Ireland
The Performance: Bound by blood
Photo: Vikings History Facebook page
What I particularly like is that there is a very realistic feel about this TV series, which is partly due to all the blood that the Vikings got on their faces after a battle. Even though it's not a pretty sight, it is probably what they would have looked like in real life.
What is important to understand about Nordic mythology and the religion of the Vikings at the time is that they believed that only men who died in battle will be allowed to get into the warrior heaven "Valhalla", where they will feast on a big festive table with the über god Odin.
Thus, Viking men (and sometimes women, too if they fought as shield maidens) weren't afraid to die in battle. In fact it was something they aspired to because they would get to Valhalla. If someone died as an old man in bed rather than in battle, he would not get to Valhalla.
Another detail adding to the authentic feel of the series Vikings is the language they use. The dialogues are usually in modern English. However, some of the characters (including the main ones such as Ragnar and his wife Lagertha) speak with a slight Scandinavian accent on purpose.
When the Vikings face the Anglo-Saxons in Britain or the French in Paris, there are also several scenes where Old Norse, Old English and Old French are used to highlight the actual language barrier that the real Vikings faced on their raids.
Read On: Four Vikings -inspired Travel Posts
Travel Tip 1: In case you're finding yourself in Stockholm, a day trip to the former Viking stronghold of Birka is a must!
Travel Tip 2: A range of amazing displays, exhibitions and museums make the Viking age come alive once more in Gothenburg, Sweden and Oslo, Norway!
Travel Tip 3: To check out the stunning film locations in Wicklow County just outside from Dublin, book the half day film location tour offered by Day Tours Unplugged. I took this tour in November 2016 and have written this post about my experience.
Travel Tip 4: To trace the main film locations of season 5 (including Iceland, England and Morocco), check out my Vikings Film Locations Guide.
Over to you: What do you like about the Vikings? Its film locations, storylines or characters? Let me know in the comments below!
Ragnar's son Björn and ex wife Lagertha! Photo: Vikings History Facebook page
FILM REVIEW: Vikings (2013-) – filmed in Ireland">
Sonja
Hi! I am Sonja, the founder and editor of FilmFanTravel.com. Having worked part-time in a cinema since my school days, the cinema (or in 2020/2021 rather Netflix & co) is my second home. If you don't find me there, I am probably travelling the world in order to trace my favourite film locations and film settings. On FilmFanTravel.com, I combine these two passions by sharing my best tips about film-inspired travel. Join the journey on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram @filmfantravel! |
msmarco_passage_01_278420310 | How Much Money Can You Put Into a 529 Plan? | Finance - Zacks | How Much Money Can You Put Into a 529 Plan? | Finance - Zacks
Finance
Investing
Investing for Beginners
How Much Money Can You Put Into a 529 Plan?
How Much Money Can You Put Into a 529 Plan?
By: Tom Gresham
Qualified tuition plans -- also known as 529 plans, named after the section of the Internal Revenue Code that governs them -- are financial accounts designed to provide a tax-advantaged way to save for college. There are the two types of 529 plans: college savings plans and prepaid tuition plans. States sponsor most 529 plans, and each plan has its own contribution limits. However, in general, states maintain very high ceilings for 529 plans so that investors are not prevented from saving sufficient funds to cover college costs. A 529 plan allows contributions from both the plan account holder and any other individuals.
Qualified College Expenses
Although contribution limits vary among different 529 plans, each must follow the overriding IRS edict that contributions cannot exceed the funds needed to pay for qualified college expenses for the beneficiary. College savings plans and prepaid tuition plans have different definitions of "qualified expenses." Funds in college savings plans, which are investment accounts, can be used for tuition, room and board, mandatory fees and required equipment, such as textbooks. Prepaid tuition plans allow account holders to pay only tuition and mandatory fees, locking in rates years before the beneficiary attends college. Contribution limits are treated differently with the different plans, too. Prepaid tuition plans place limits on contributions into the account. College savings plans, however, also take into account earnings, so that the limit is triggered by the total value of the account, not just what you paid into it.
State Limits
Since costs vary among colleges, states can set their limits based on the maximum possible expenses for the highest-priced college in their plan. They also sometimes include the cost of graduate school. Prepaid tuition plans typically have a limited number of eligible colleges in their plans, such as public colleges and universities in that state, whereas college savings plans include a much wider selection of colleges stretching nationwide. Many states currently have contribution limits of more than $300,000 and adjust their limits annually to keep pace with growing college costs.
Gift Tax and Annual Limits
The IRS does not impose annual contribution limits on 529 plans for either a single contributor or an entire account beyond the maximum overall limit guidelines. However, states might set an annual limit. The IRS notes that large contributions to a 529 plan can have tax consequences in a given year. In particular, contributions by a single individual that exceed $13,000 in a single year might trigger a federal gift tax for the contributor -- although some exceptions to that rule may exist, too, depending on your circumstances.
Excessive Funds
Receiving distributions from a 529 plan to pay for qualified college expenses is tax-free, but withdrawing funds from a 529 plan for anything other than qualified college costs carries a tax impact. In particular, the account holder or beneficiary, depending on who receives the money, must pay income tax on the withdrawal and an additional 10 percent tax penalty. However, the 529 plan offers a level of flexibility that allows an account holder to avoid paying taxes and penalties if the designated beneficiary does not ultimately need all of the funds in the account for college expenses. Account holders simply can replace the designated beneficiary with a new one. This transfer of beneficiaries can occur without a penalty or charge to the account holder.
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References
Internal Revenue Service: Tax Benefits for Education
Internal Revenue Service: 529 Plans - Questions and Answers
USA Today: Money in a 529 College Saving Plan is Flexible, To a Point
Peterson's: The Pros and Cons of Using a 529 Plan to Save for College
Securities and Exchange Commission: An Introduction to 529 Plans
Writer Bio
Tom Gresham is a freelance writer and public relations specialist who has been writing professionally since 1999. His articles have appeared in "The Washington Post," "Virginia Magazine," "Vermont Magazine," "Adirondack Life" and the "Southern Arts Journal," among other publications. He graduated from the University of Virginia.
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msmarco_passage_01_27983081 | All The Questions Guys Wish Women Would Just Ask Them | All The Questions Guys Wish Women Would Just Ask Them
Peter Bernik
All The Questions Guys Wish Women Would Just Ask Them
By Paul Hudson
Dec. 17, 2015
There are some questions we just don't want to ask. Even though people are naturally curious, we don't want to get answers that we don't like.
We feel tremendous stress when we think about getting answers we don't like. So sometimes we don't even ask. And that's a problem because the questions we have are important.
The dating game is stressful. We get nervous when we meet someone new. Then -- if we like the person -- we get excited about our potential for a relationship. Then we worry about the likelihood of things working out. We start to judge, and we fear we're being judged in return -- because if we're thinking harsh thoughts, other people must be doing the same...right?
We fear screwing up. We fear other people will screw up.
There is very little certainty when it comes to dating. Security and trust only come with time. But how much time? When do you know if the relationship you have is actually a relationship?
In a perfect world, we would understand how people feel about us simply by how they act. But this isn’t a perfect world, and we aren’t perfect people. Sometimes you just have to grow a pair and ask the questions you’ve been meaning to ask.
Men seem to be better at this (or worse, depending how you look at it). We hate uncertainty, and we lack the willpower to hold ourselves back from asking the questions we want answered.
On the other hand, just about all the women I’ve met (with some exceptions, of course) have tremendous willpower. But they also tend to be plagued by tremendous fear.
When you find a good guy, you don’t want to lose him. Sadly, there aren't as many good guys out there as you'd think. So it only makes sense that women are a bit scared to ask important questions about the relationship.
However, this fear really isn’t warranted. If you're with the right man, he won’t run for the hills the second you ask him serious grownup questions. In fact, asking your man what you want to know -- rather than allowing all that tension to build up -- is the only way to go.
Willpower can only go so far.
Here are some questions that guys wish girls weren’t so nervous to ask:
Where are things going with us?
You don’t want to pop this questions too early in a relationship. If you’ve only been dating for a month or two, hold off asking and focus on enjoying each other’s company instead.
If you haven’t been dating for at least six months, then it doesn’t even matter what the answer is. You don’t know each other well enough to know where things are going.
Don’t get me wrong: It’s an important question. But it’s really only important when you’ve put in enough time to consider the tradeoffs of continuing to see someone.
Once you reach the six-month mark, feel free to pull the trigger. He won’t mind answering.
Could you do ______, please? I really like it.
Whether it’s something sexual or something completely random, don’t be afraid to tell your man that you like whatever it is he did for you (or to you).
Men can't read minds, especially when it comes to women. I understand if you’re a little shy or worried about letting him know how much you like something. But you want to make sure the two of you click on every level -- and the only way to know is to be open about your likes and dislikes.
Could you not do ______, please? Ever again. Not my cup of tea.
I know you don’t want to come off as bossy or overly picky, but chances are your man will be more than fine with not doing something you don’t want him to do. And if he's not, dump him. Good riddance.
If he’s a good man, he’ll appreciate the honesty. People don’t always completely click. All connections develop over time. And the only way that works is if you communicate.
Do you plan on having kids?
Again, not something you want to bring up until you’re certain things are serious between the two of you. Some guys will get scared off -- it’s just the truth.
The topic of children isn’t always an easy one, but it’s important. If you don’t see eye-to-eye, chances are your lifestyles won't mesh well. You’re going to need to talk about it sooner or later.
If you feel like time has come to ask, then ask away. If he’s mature, he’ll probably be happy you brought it up.
Do you love me?
I know you want to know. In fact, the possibility of him loving you is probably all you think about. You may even be too afraid to admit to yourself that you love him and are waiting to be sure the feeling is mutual before saying the words. Chances are he feels the same way.
Men can be strong, but they can also be very cowardly -- especially when it comes to love. If you think there is a good chance he feels the same way, don’t be afraid to tell him you love him first.
I know telling him you love him isn’t technically asking him, but -- if you think about it -- it basically is.
For More Of His Thoughts And Ramblings, Follow Paul Hudson On Twitter , Facebook, And Instagram. |
msmarco_passage_01_284021326 | Capital Expenditure Budget financial definition of Capital Expenditure Budget | Capital Expenditure Budget financial definition of Capital Expenditure Budget
Capital budget
(redirected from Capital Expenditure Budget)
Also found in: Medical .
Capital budget
A firm's planned capital expenditures.
Copyright © 2012, Campbell R. Harvey. All Rights Reserved.
Capital Budget
A plan for a company's capital expenditures. Capital expenditures are payments made over a period of more than one year. They are used to acquire assets or improve the useful life of existing assets; an example of a capital expenditure is the funding to construct a factory. Making a capital budget must account for the potential profitability of the plans involved. Calculating the net present value or the internal rate of return are two methods for determining a capital budget.
Farlex Financial Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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"Our commitment is such that we have allotted the largest portion of this year's capital expenditure budget to wastewater management for programs aimed to protect the health and sanitation of our customers and the environment," Maynilad president and chief executive officer Ramoncito Fernandez said.
Maynilad to spend P6 B for new sewer lines
With a planned capital expenditure budget of 1.7 trillion yen ($16 billion) during the period, the company could cut between 170 billion to 340 billion yen ($1.6 billion to $3.2 billion) in spending.
Nippon Steel to cut capex spending as US-China trade war crimps demand
According to Kandorozu the CoW once again responded that they were waiting for the Ministry of Urban and Rural Development to approve the Capital Expenditure budget that also includes salary and wages, and only after that approval of the budget will they submit an item to the council for a mandate to negotiate.
CoW contract workers hold peaceful demonstration
For the remainder of 2019, we are taking a disciplined approach to our spending and we have reduced our 2019 capital expenditure budget from $80 million to $41 million.
Mammoth Energy reports Q2 EPS (24c), consensus (9c)
The assets are expected to generate approximately USD 44.9m in cash flow from operations (unhedged) during the second half of 2019, with an estimated second half capital expenditure budget of USD 15.6m.
Northern Oil and Gas Acquires Williston Basin Producing Assets
ICTSI's capital expenditure budget of $380 million this year is about the same as the original budget last year, although actual spending last year came in at only $261.3 million due to delays in construction works.
ICTSI sets aside $380M for 2019 capex
He added that N9.0billion capital expenditure budget proposal made by the Academy for 2019 fiscal year was reduced to N8billion by the Ministry of Budget and National Planning.
NDA Laments N1.3b Shortfall In 2018 Budget
The company is looking at a capital expenditure budget of about P5.9 billion, which is more than double last year's of P2.8 billion.
Villar-led Golden Bria income rises 87% in H1 on higher sales
We are on track to hit our declared target of achieving approximately AED 190 million in cost savings in 2018 and, as a newly public company, are continuing to exercise a heightened level of discipline in capital investments, resulting in a reduction in our capital expenditure budget compared to 2017.
ADNOC Distribution Announces Positive Results for the Second Quarter and Half Year 2018
We are on track to hit our declared target of achieving approximately Dh190 million in cost savings in 2018 and, as a newly public company, are continuing to exercise a heightened level of discipline in capital investments, resulting in a reduction in our capital expenditure budget compared to 2017," said Saeed Mubarak Al Rashdi, Adnoc Distribution Acting CEO.
Adnoc Distribution net profit up 18% in H1
*New fuel dispensing facilities include 15 mobile petrol stations Woqod (Qatar Fuel) will add 30 new petrol stations including 15 mobile fuel dispensing facilities in the country in 2018, the company said as it approved a capital expenditure budget of QR816mn for new projects next year.
Woqod to add 30 more petrol stations
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msmarco_passage_01_284285264 | Custodian financial definition of Custodian | Custodian financial definition of Custodian
Custodian
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Custodian
Either (1) a bank, agent, trust company, or other organization responsible for safeguarding financial assets, or (2) the individual who oversees the mutual fund assets of a minor's custodial account.
Copyright © 2012, Campbell R. Harvey. All Rights Reserved.
Custodian
A brokerage or other financial institution that holds and manages a client's securities or other assets on his/her behalf. This reduces the risk of the client losing his/her assets or having them stolen. They are also available to the brokerage to sell at the client's demand. Like a bank, a custodian provides an investor a place to store assets with little risk. Brokerages normally require a fee for custodial services. See also: Safekeeping.
Farlex Financial Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All Rights Reserved
custodian
An organization, typically a commercial bank, that holds in custody and safekeeping someone else's assets. These assets may be cash, securities, or virtually anything of value.
Wall Street Words: An A to Z Guide to Investment Terms for Today's Investor by David L. Scott. Copyright © 2003 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. All rights reserved.
Custodian.
A custodian is legally responsible for ensuring that an item or person is safe and secure. In investment terms, a custodian is the financial services company that maintains electronic records of financial assets or has physical possession of specific securities.
The custodian's client may be another institution, such as a mutual fund, a corporation, or an individual. For example, with an individual retirement account (IRA), the custodian is the bank, brokerage firm, or other financial services company that holds your account.
Similarly, the Depository Trust Company, a subsidiary of the Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation (DTCC), is the custodian of millions of stock certificates held in its vaults.
Dictionary of Financial Terms. Copyright © 2008 Lightbulb Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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msmarco_passage_01_284557908 | Earnings per share financial definition of earnings per share | Earnings per share financial definition of earnings per share
earnings per share
Also found in: Dictionary, Medical, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Earnings per share (EPS)
A company's profit divided by its number of common outstanding shares. If a company earning $2 million in one year had 2 million common shares of stock outstanding, its EPS would be $1 per share. In calculating EPS, the company often uses a weighted average of shares outstanding over the reporting term. The one-year (historical or trailing) EPS growth rate is calculated as the percentage change in earnings per share. The prospective EPS growth rate is calculated as the percentage change in this year's earnings and the consensus forecast earnings for next year.
Copyright © 2012, Campbell R. Harvey. All Rights Reserved.
Earnings per Share
In a given fiscal year, a publicly-traded company's profit divided by the number of shares outstanding. This is considered the single most important aspect in determining a share's price and value, because the calculation of earnings per share shows the amount of money to which a shareholder would be entitled in the event of the company's liquidation. In general, earnings per share applies only to common shares. It is calculated thusly:
Earnings per share = ( Net income - Preferred dividends) / Average shares outstanding.
Farlex Financial Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All Rights Reserved
earnings per share (EPS)
An earnings measure calculated by subtracting the dividends paid to holders of preferred stock from the net income for a period and dividing that result by the average number of common shares outstanding during that period. EPS is the amount of reported income, on a per-share basis, that a firm has available to pay dividends to common stockholders or to reinvest in itself. As with other financial measures, EPS can vary with differing accounting techniques; therefore, reported EPS may give a very misleading signal as to how the firm is really doing. Also called income per share, net income per share. See also basic earnings per share, diluted earnings per share.
Case Study Companies often release several versions of earnings per share to the investment community. In October 2001 telecommunications company Convergys Corporation, a 1998 spinoff from Cincinnati Bell, announced its third-quarter operating earnings rose 12% to 31¢ per share from the prior year's 27¢ per share. At the same time the firm announced that cash earnings per share, excluding goodwill amortization and special items, increased 13%, to 35¢ from 31¢ during the year earlier period. However, earnings per share calculated according to generally accepted accounting principles specified by the Financial Accounting Standards Board were reported as 2¢ per share, down over 90% from 27¢ per share a year before. The shareholders' quandary is determining which measure of earnings per share most accurately represents the company's performance. Companies would like you to focus on the earnings report that is most favorable to the company and its management. In this instance investors must have considered operating income the most important measure of the firm's performance because Convergys stock closed up $1.80 at $28.00. A month later the stock was trading in the low 30s.
Wall Street Words: An A to Z Guide to Investment Terms for Today's Investor by David L. Scott. Copyright © 2003 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. All rights reserved.
Earnings per share (EPS).
Earnings per share (EPS) is calculated by dividing a company's total earnings by the number of outstanding shares.
For example, if a company earns $100 million in a year and has 50 million outstanding shares, the earnings per share are $2.
Earnings per share can also be calculated on a fully diluted basis, by adding outstanding stock options, rights, and warrants to the outstanding shares.
The results report what EPS would be if all of those options, rights, and warrants were exercised and the company had to issue more shares to meet its obligations.
Earnings and other financial measures are provided on a per share basis to make it easier for you to analyze the information and compare the results to those of other investments.
Dictionary of Financial Terms. Copyright © 2008 Lightbulb Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
earnings per share
NET PROFIT after tax accruing to the ordinary shareholders in a JOINT-STOCK COMPANY, divided by the number of ORDINARY SHARES. Comparison of earnings per share with DIVIDEND per share indicates the proportion of earnings paid out as dividends and the proportion retained in the business.
Collins Dictionary of Business, 3rd ed. © 2002, 2005 C Pass, B Lowes, A Pendleton, L Chadwick, D O’Reilly and M Afferson
earnings per share
NET PROFIT after tax accruing to the ordinary shareholders in a JOINT-STOCK COMPANY, divided by the number of ORDINARY SHARES.
Collins Dictionary of Economics, 4th ed. © C. Pass, B. Lowes, L. Davies 2005
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msmarco_passage_01_284641307 | Escheatment financial definition of Escheatment | Escheatment financial definition of Escheatment
Escheatment
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Escheatment
The process of turning over unclaimed or abandoned property to a state authority. Escheatment laws require mutual funds to turn over uncashed or returned check dollars and/or client account fund shares if the owner cannot be located within a length of time determined by each state.
Copyright © 2012, Campbell R. Harvey. All Rights Reserved.
Escheat
The acquisition of property by a state or government from the estate of a deceased person. An escheat occurs when the deceased person has no will, no relatives, and no survivors to whom the property would otherwise go. Because it is rare for a person to have no relatives at all, escheats are fairly unusual. The concept has its origins in feudalism, when the immediately superior feudal lord would inherit property that would otherwise be left without an owner. Different states have different laws governing escheats.
Farlex Financial Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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References in periodicals archive ?
In that case, New Jersey had codified the so-called place-of-purchase presumption, under which stored-value cards purchased in New Jersey would escheat to New Jersey even if the primary state exempted that property from escheatment. The Third Circuit struck down the place-of-purchase presumption and noted that one state cannot infringe on the sovereignty of another state:
Unclaimed property: unraveling the business-to-business exemptions
If the balance of the unredeemed cards is subject to full escheatment, the company is precluded from recording any breakage income.
Lost and found: revenue recognition standard offers advice on booking liabilities and breakage income for unredeemed gift cards
The common-law concept of escheatment has its origins in feudal England, where its application was limited to real property.
A bridge too far: due process considerations in state unclaimed-property law enforcement
2519 (1983) (repealed 2000) (providing for the immediate escheatment of highly fractionated interest regardless of a valid will).
Dealing with the whip end of someone else's crazy: individual-based approaches to Indian land fractionation
According to an NAUPA survey in 2006, states controlled roughly $33 billion of various unclaimed property, managed more than 117 million accounts, and returned more than $1.7 billion in property But obtaining accurate figures on how much of these amounts are attributable to gift card escheatment is difficult because reporting requirements in most states lump unclaimed gift cards with other categories of abandoned property, such as dividends, payroll checks and utility refunds.
States bite into broken gift cards: understanding the impact of state escheat laws
The Claims Payment Analytics Tool automatically identifies duplicate payments, detects "failure to review terms" errors, provides notification to avoid escheatment, and prevents compliance errors.
2005 annual Claims Software Directory
In cases where no address is found, AP will forward the payment details to the appropriate area where funds will be held until escheatment is required.
Is refund processing creating a bottleneck in your AR and AP departments? How outsourcing can help you increase efficiency, reallocate resources and reduce costs
Escheatment to states: Some taxpayers are arguing that they do not have to recognize income on unredeemed gift cards until the earlier of redeeming the gift card/certificate or turning over the balances to a state.
IRS issues second directive on gift cards
Automatically identifies duplicate payments, detects failure to review term errors, provides notification to avoid escheatment, and prevents compliance errors.
2004 Annual Claims: Software Directory
Understand how to leverage the tools in the credit department to reunite property with your customer before escheatment is required, what an effective policy and procedure looks like for the credit department to minimize risk, and effectively handle unclaimed property.
NACM's 120th Credit Congress & Expo: June 12-15, 2016: Caesars Palace Las Vegas Nevada
Part B issues, for which no examination planning or procedural guidance is provided, include separate gift card companies, gift card versus gift certificate, reloadable gift cards, deposits, gift cards as refunds, dormancy fees, escheatment to states, bulk sales discounts, promotional gift cards (advertising), charitable contribution of gift cards, estimated cost of goods sold, franchise/franchisor gift cards, expiration date, and Rev.
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msmarco_passage_01_286460391 | Straddle financial definition of Straddle | Straddle financial definition of Straddle
Straddle
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Straddle
Purchase or sale of an equal number of puts and calls with the same terms at the same time. Related: Spread.
Copyright © 2012, Campbell R. Harvey. All Rights Reserved.
Straddle
The strategy in which one has the same position in both a put option and a call option with the same underlying asset, strike price, and expiration date. An investor may have a straddle when he/she believes that the market for the underlying asset will be volatile and will undergo dramatic price changes, but is unsure of which direction the changes will go. A straddle allows the investor to profit regardless of which direction the underlying moves, provided there is a significant movement. A small price change in either direction will result in a loss. See also: Long Straddle, Short Straddle.
Farlex Financial Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All Rights Reserved
straddle
1. In futures, the purchase of a contract for delivery in one month and sale of a contract for delivery in a different month on the same commodity.
2. In options, the purchase or sale of both a call and a put, generally with the same strike price and expiration date. The buyer of a straddle benefits from large price fluctuations in the underlying asset, while the seller of a straddle, who collects the premiums, benefits from small price changes in the underlying asset.
Wall Street Words: An A to Z Guide to Investment Terms for Today's Investor by David L. Scott. Copyright © 2003 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. All rights reserved.
Straddle.
A straddle is hedging strategy that involves buying or selling a put and a call option on the same underlying instrument at the same strike price and with the same expiration date.
If you buy a straddle, you expect the price of the underlying to move significantly, but you're not sure whether it will go up or down. If you sell a straddle, you hope that the underlying price remains stable at the strike price.
Your risk in buying a straddle is limited to the premium you pay. As a seller, your risk is much higher because, if the price of the underlying security moves significantly, you may be assigned at exercise to purchase or sell the underlying security at a potential loss.
Similarly, if you choose to buy off-setting contracts when the prices move, it may cost you more than the premium you collected.
Dictionary of Financial Terms. Copyright © 2008 Lightbulb Press, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Straddle
A straddle is any set of offsetting positions on personal property. One example, is a put and call option on the same number of shares of a particular security, with the same exercise price and expiration date.
Copyright © 2008 H&R Block. All Rights Reserved. Reproduced with permission from H&R Block Glossary
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msmarco_passage_01_287083336 | Check financial definition of Check | Check financial definition of Check
Check
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Check
A bill of exchange representing a draft on a bank from deposited funds that pays a certain sum of money to a certain person or party.
Copyright © 2012, Campbell R. Harvey. All Rights Reserved.
Check
A document in which the writer orders his/her bank to pay to the receiver of the check a stated amount of money. For example, Joe may write Andrew a check for $10. In doing so, Joe is signing a document stating that he wishes to give Andrew $10, that it is available in Joe's bank, and Andrew can receive it from there. Andrew can either go to Joe's bank, present the check, and collect $10, or he may go to his own bank to deposit the check into his own account. In that case, Andrew's bank contacts Joe's bank and collects the $10 that way. Checks can be for any amount. See also: Check hold.
Farlex Financial Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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References in classic literature ?
In the case of every species, many different checks, acting at different periods of life, and during different seasons or years, probably come into play; some one check or some few being generally the most potent, but all concurring in determining the average number or even the existence of the species.
Bears on natural selection -- The term used in a wide sense -- Geometrical powers of increase -- Rapid increase of naturalised animals and plants -- Nature of the checks to increase -- Competition universal -- Effects of climate -- Protection from the number of individuals -- Complex relations of all animals and plants throughout nature -- Struggle for life most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species; often severe between species of the same genus -- The relation of organism to organism the most important of all relations.
Hence we may confidently assert, that all plants and animals are tending to increase at a geometrical ratio, that all would most rapidly stock every station in which they could any how exist, and that the geometrical tendency to increase must be checked by destruction at some period of life.
What checks the natural tendency of each species to increase in number is most obscure.
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And he would receive the check when the story was published.
Each cuff was a check, and Martin went over them anxiously, in a fever of expectation, but they were all blanks.
Now and again he reached out and added a bundle of checks to the flying miscellany that soared through the roof and out of sight in a tremendous circle.
View in context
She spoke of the check. She had imagined no harm in accepting Wingrave's invitation to tea.
View in context
He laid my check on the table with a low bow, and left me.
View in context
I'll give you a check for THAT pair, but no commission."
View in context
She looked at him, and checked herself again; resolute to make her terrible confession, yet still hesitating how to begin.
He sprung from his seat and checked her, holding her with both his hands, raising her as he rose himself.
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Chechniia
Chechniya
Chechniya
Chechniya
Chechnya
Chechnya
Chechnya
Chechnya Republic, Russia
Chechnya Republic, Russia
Chechnya Republic, Russia
Chechnyan
Chechnyan
Chechnyan
Chechoslovak
Chechoslovakia
Chechoslovakia
Chechoslovakia
Chechulin, Dmitrii
Chechulin, Dmitrii Nikolaevich
Chechulin, Nikolai
Chechulin, Nikolai Dmitrievich
Chechya
Chechya
Chechya
Check
Check (disambiguation)
Check (disambiguation)
Check (disambiguation)
Check (disambiguation)
Check (disambiguation)
Check (finance)
Check (finance)
Check (finance)
check (one's) bags through (to) (some place)
check (one's) blood pressure
check (one's) luggage through (to) (some place)
check (one's) six
check (someone or something) skeef
check (someone's) blood pressure
Check 21
Check 21 Act
check 6
check A
Check Account
Check Account
Check Accounts
Check Accounts
Check and Branch
Check And Give Protection To
Check and Wait
check B
Check B'raise Poker Club
check back
check back
Check Back Later
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