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msmarco_passage_00_100057793 | U.S. Canada Marriages | Allen and Hodgman | U.S. Canada Marriages | Allen and Hodgman
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msmarco_passage_00_104183612 | home care per visit pay - Home Health Nursing - allnurses® | home care per visit pay - Home Health Nursing - allnurses®
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home care per visit pay
Specialties Home Health
Posted Jun 29, 2011
Bee_home care
Specializes in psychiatric home care. Has 10 years experience.
I work for a nonprofit home care agency that is considering going from paying an hourly rate for RN Case Managers to per visit pay. I don't exactly know what this means. I make less than $25/hour at this time. I get reimbursed for mileage. The per diem visit rate is $17/visit which I know is AWFUL!!!
I am responsible for admissions, recerts, OASIS and all other case management responsibilities.
If you can tell me more about this and give me advice on what questions to ask if the agency decides to go this direction, it would be much appreciated.
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caliotter3
Jun 29, 2011
Generally, people say they are paid better hourly. Set per visit rates are harder to get all of your 'time worked' compensated.
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RobinlynaRN
Specializes in med-surg, ICU, ER, Hospice, Home Health,. Has 24 years experience.
Jun 30, 2011
RUN!!! Run as fast as you can!!!! I am paid by the visit, and frankly it seems QUITE unfair! You cannot possibly do everything that case management requires you to do, and see your patients and document on them on a per visit basis!
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jbudrick, MSN
Specializes in Certified Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nurse. Has 18 years experience.
Jun 30, 2011
I recently did a pay per visit job. My pay fluctuated based on the agency need for nursing visits. There was no compensation for case management activities that did not involve visits. When I took the job, I thought I would make more money paid per visit. That only works if the agency has the volume of patients. I was also forced to "share" patients with LPNs - every other visit was to be done by an LPN to save the company money. the agency provided as few visits as possible to patients. I will never do the pay per visit again.
Good luck.
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KateRN1
Specializes in COS-C, Risk Management. Has 20 years experience.
Jun 30, 2011
I have to agree with all the above. Pay per visit encourages a piecemeal mentality for both the agency and the nurse. And $17 per visit would be okay for a home health aide in most areas, but not a licensed nurse. I would find that rate absolutely insulting to say the least. I will not work for an agency that doesn't treat nurses like the professionals we are and pays a salary.
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dblpn
Specializes in SN, LTC, REHAB, HH.
Jul 5, 2011
I inquired about a per diem pay per visit position for an lpn to do med pours. wouldnt tell me what the pay is but i am curious as to how much does an lpn get to do just meds?
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jbudrick, MSN
Specializes in Certified Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nurse. Has 18 years experience.
Jul 6, 2011
In connecticut an LPN earns approximately $25 for a med administration visit and $35.00 for a med prepour with assessment.
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Gommer
Specializes in Home care, case management. Has 13 years experience.
Jul 12, 2011
My company in Michigan Pays $40 per routine skilled visit for lpn's, dont know about med set ups.
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msmarco_passage_00_104650432 | New Grad Boston Rn's Making $55/hr??!! - Massachusetts Nursing - allnurses® | New Grad Boston Rn's Making $55/hr??!! - Massachusetts Nursing - allnurses®
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New Grad Boston Rn's Making $55/hr??!!
U.S.A. Massachusetts posted Sep 4, 2005
lisa41rn
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I'm a new RN in NH and have been told by someone that some of the new grads are making $55.00/hr as RN 's in Boston (I believe it was Beth Israel.) It made her start the application process to get her RN license for MA, but at a later time she said how great it would be to make $45.00/hr!! She seems a bit full of it to be honest. NH new grad RNs are making about $20/hr, thus doubling your pay for the travel might be worth it....regardless how bad the traffic is. Does anyone know what the new grad hourly rate is for RN 's in Boston and what is it with a year or two's experience? I have both my NH and MA license and wonder if Boston is worth looking into. Thanks.
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st4wb3rr33sh0rtc4k3
Specializes in Tele/ICU/MedSurg/Peds/SubAcute/LTC/Alz.
Sep 4, 2005
lisa41rn said:
I'm a new RN in NH and have been told by someone that some of the new grads are making $55.00/hr as RN 's in Boston (I believe it was Beth Israel.) It made her start the application process to get her RN license for MA, but at a later time she said how great it would be to make $45.00/hr!! She seems a bit full of it to be honest. NH new grad RNs are making about $20/hr, thus doubling your pay for the travel might be worth it....regardless how bad the traffic is. Does anyone know what the new grad hourly rate is for RN 's in Boston and what is it with a year or two's experience? I have both my NH and MA license and wonder if Boston is worth looking into. Thanks.
I never heard of that. One of my friends work there and she makes in the 20s. I am not sure how the rate is for seasoned nurses. But, you could always call there human resource department to find out.
She must be full of it, because I new of a classmate who lied and said she was getting a 20,000 sign on bonus through UMASS Corrections, because I was getting a 3,000 sign on bonus. That was totally bogus, I know nurses who work there and that was a bunch of bologne.
You know she might just be trying to make her job sound better than yours, because you might have have a great job. :)
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lisa41rn
Sep 4, 2005
Thanks. I think you're right. I couldn't imagine Boston paying double of NH. I would expect higher pay, but double-plus!! Just thought I'd check on it, but going to MA would mean paying income tax, higher travel expenses, etc....probably not worth it. I have three kids and a husband and work close to home now. I'd really need $40/hr to go elsewhere!! Thanks again.
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st4wb3rr33sh0rtc4k3
Specializes in Tele/ICU/MedSurg/Peds/SubAcute/LTC/Alz.
Sep 4, 2005
lisa41rn said:
Thanks. I think you're right. I couldn't imagine Boston paying double of NH. I would expect higher pay, but double-plus!! Just thought I'd check on it, but going to MA would mean paying income tax, higher travel expenses, etc....probably not worth it. I have three kids and a husband and work close to home now. I'd really need $40/hr to go elsewhere!! Thanks again.
You know I know that private duty, home health nurses, travel nurses, and even some temporary agencies offer salaries close to what you are looking for. I interviewed for Americare at home, they offered me $34.00 an hour. But, their medical/dental benefits are terrible.
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deedee30
Sep 5, 2005
lisa41rn said:
I'm a new RN in NH and have been told by someone that some of the new grads are making $55.00/hr as RN 's in Boston (I believe it was Beth Israel.) It made her start the application process to get her RN license for MA, but at a later time she said how great it would be to make $45.00/hr!! She seems a bit full of it to be honest. NH new grad RNs are making about $20/hr, thus doubling your pay for the travel might be worth it....regardless how bad the traffic is. Does anyone know what the new grad hourly rate is for RN 's in Boston and what is it with a year or two's experience? I have both my NH and MA license and wonder if Boston is worth looking into. Thanks.
I agree it sounds high. Many places will pay higher amounts if you work without benefits though.
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Biker RN
Nov 3, 2005
The Boston Area is very nice, the Longwood area is very busy. The traffic is ridiculous, morning and afternoon. The cost of parking is moronic.
Aggravation going to and from work will cost you. Lunch will cost you, etc. Double what you make now? Maybe per diem, but not with benefits. Storrow Drive and Memorial Drive are busy mornings and afternoons. Work 11-7 and u should be fine. You would need 55/hour to live nearby.
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palesarah
Nov 3, 2005
I know a nurse who had 10-15 years LDRP experience in Dover, NH; our pay scale topped out at around $29-32/hr and she was near the top. She took a position in Boston on a children's cardiac unit, which paid in the mid-40s hourly. It turns out she didn't like it and I think she's back on the LDRP she had left (I heard she was coming back per-diem just before I left).
I'm job searching now, and have often thought of going to Boston- there are SO many more opportunities down there! It's about 1hr 20min drive average, but the drive TO Boston is the easy part- driving IN Boston, parking, road rage & frustration... all keeping me from doing it. Just not worth it.
Although, my sister lives only a half-hour or so from Boston, maybe if I worked only 2 days a week and stayed at her house, it could work... or I could take the train there & back if I can get the right kind of work schedule... it's very tempting, but not at all easy.
Two more of my former coworkers (they left about a month before I did) are travel nursing in the Boston area, and they're only getting $30/hr but that's I think in Lowell. Hmmm.
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cb0027
Nov 3, 2005
Brigham's is paying new grads $26/hr. But there is a catch they are a unionized hospital so you have monthly dues.
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MarySunshine
Nov 3, 2005
I used to work as an NA at Beth Israel. I think the starting rate for new grads was $24 (with the benefits). They're a good hospital to work at from my experience. $55/hr is a lie.
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christvs, DNP, RN, NP
Specializes in ACNP-BC.
Dec 20, 2005
Hmm, that seems a tad bit high! I'm a new RN & I work at UMASS-Memorial in Worcester & they pay us newbies $24.33/hour to start plus $3/hour more for evenings, $5/hour more for nights, and $2.50/hour for weekends. So on my 3-11 PM shift I get paid $27.33/hour during the week and $29.83/hour on weekends. But I don't know how other area hospitals pay. I imagine the Boston hospitals are more. I did hear a new nurse at Mass General say she makes $50,000/year. Hope this helps.
-Christine
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caroladybelle, BSN, RN
Specializes in Oncology/Haemetology/HIV.
Dec 20, 2005
I have worked at BID recently and from the gossip of the new grads, I do not foresee them making $55.00. I can't see regular staff making that, either.
In Philly, there are several places that offer experienced nurses a per diem rate of $56.00 or more per hour. But that is without benefits.
In addition, the cost of parking, headaches of mass transit, cost of Boston makes it a difficult sell.
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NRSNFL
Specializes in Ortho/Neurosurgical.
Mar 3, 2006
christvs said:
Hmm, that seems a tad bit high! I'm a new RN & I work at UMASS-Memorial in Worcester & they pay us newbies $24.33/hour to start plus $3/hour more for evenings, $5/hour more for nights, and $2.50/hour for weekends. So on my 3-11 PM shift I get paid $27.33/hour during the week and $29.83/hour on weekends. But I don't know how other area hospitals pay. I imagine the Boston hospitals are more. I did hear a new nurse at Mass General say she makes $50,000/year. Hope this helps.
-Christine
I might add, if you calculate.....even at 24.33/hour...that IS 50k a year. I'd say that is a pretty sweet starting with an associates. I have a friend that has a masters in social work and started at 40k....did I add she has a masters. Everyone says Florida is paid low, but 4.00 hour difference at starting rate makes me thankful. I'll pay the 4.00/hour to stay warm.
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christvs, DNP, RN, NP
Specializes in ACNP-BC.
Mar 3, 2006
NRSNFL said:
I might add, if you calculate.....even at 24.33/hour...that IS 50k a year. I'd say that is a pretty sweet starting with an associates. I have a friend that has a masters in social work and started at 40k....did I add she has a masters. Everyone says Florida is paid low, but 4.00 hour difference at starting rate makes me thankful. I'll pay the 4.00/hour to stay warm.
True, if you work full time but I work part time & also I have my BSN. But where I work, we all get paid the same regardless of which nursing degree we have. We just got a raise too, so we get $27.83/hr on 3-11 during the week & $30.33/hour on weekends. Every little bit more makes me happy. :) I would totally love to move to Florida cuz I love warm weather. Now if I can just convince my husband that we should move.... :)
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leslie :-D
Mar 21, 2006
i heard the brigham & women's was the highest paying hospital, but you do have to take into acct the union dues, parking...
if you're driving a car into boston, it's a nightmare and costly- no getting around it.
mass general has all sorts of new grad openings with extensive orientations but their hourly wage is in the $20's....and they are rather elitist.
and finally, i also heard that new england baptist hospital's per diem rates are phenomenal.
much luck to all.
leslie
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sheezy01
Specializes in Emergency.
Jan 19, 2009
How do you obtain a license in more than one state? Can you give me the website to look into?
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Silverdragon102, BSN
Specializes in Medical and general practice now LTC.
Jan 19, 2009
sheezy01 said:
How do you obtain a license in more than one state? Can you give me the website to look into?
You need to endorse your license so just look at the state BON website (link at bottom of page) and meet their requirements for endorsing
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NurseKatie08, MSN
Specializes in Geriatrics, Transplant, Education.
Jan 20, 2009
OP, I think your friend is full of it. Boston can barely offer JOBS to new grads, let alone that sort of compensation.
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April, RN, BSN, RN
Jan 23, 2009
This thread is 3.5 years old. Anyway, I wonder if someone was told that new grads were making $55K a year and that got misquoted to the OP as $55/hr.
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wackyj2000
Specializes in Cardiac Tele.
Feb 18, 2009
I work at lahey clinic in burlington ma and the nurses start at 26.50 an hour and have full benefits and the hospital is not union. Evening shift its an additional 3 dollars and hours and night shift they just moved up from 5 to an additional 6 dollars an hour. It's a pretty good salary for a new grad, and they have a 10,000 sign on bonus if u stay for 4 yrs. I think it all depends on the hospital. But boston hospitals do pay more but take into consideration the commute into the city, or even the living expenses to live in a city. Its alot cheaper to live in NH. I know a nurse they works in NH and get paid alot less than what she did working at lahey- so she still works with us per-diem.
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machsspass
Feb 22, 2009
I highly doubt it a new grad is making $55/hr right out of school. I could totally believe $30/hr, $35/hr and even as far as $45/hr. I have seen those paychecks with my own eyes, mostly RN BSN, not that it matters most of the time. I worked in HR while in college @ couple Boston hospitals, and never ever seen anything more than a $45/hr for a new grad, and shall I mention that those new grads had multiple degrees and couple of them had MBA's. They had picked nursing as a second career, probably making more in their old jobs. It's a rewarding and wonderful field, what can I say :-)
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msmarco_passage_00_104697871 | buerger-allen exercises - Medical-Surgical Nursing - allnurses® | buerger-allen exercises - Medical-Surgical Nursing - allnurses®
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buerger-allen exercises
Posted Jun 14, 2004
by kay
Does anyone know of a site where I can download how to do buerger-allen exercises - as a patient teaching tool.
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chris_at_lucas_RN, RN
Has 7 years experience.
Jun 14, 2004
I found this by googling--here's the URL: http://www.apta.org/education/Continuing_Education/onLine_ceu_List/Neuro_Plantar/intervention_pg9
The physical therapist considers the use of postural exercises, such as Buerger-Allen exercises, to enhance circulation of the feet and help provide a better healing environment for Mr C's foot ulcer. As described by Bottomley,5 Buerger-Allen exercises are begun with the patient in the supine position on a bed. The patient raises the lower extremities to a 45-degree angle for a maximum of 3 minutes or until blanching occurs; pumps and circles the feet and performs isometric contractions of the quadriceps femoris and gluteus muscles for 1 minute or more in the elevated position; and, once blanching occurs again, returns the leg to the horizontal position for 3 minutes, pumping and circling the feet for 1 minute. Then, once the feet become a warm, rosy color, the patient sits up, hangs the legs over the side of the bed, and actively plantar flexes, dorsiflexes, and circles the feet, maintaining that position for 3 minutes or until rubor is observed. The patient then returns to the supine position with the lower extremities "flat" for another 3 minutes and performs an active muscle contraction for 1 minute in this position.
Thanks for your post--I never heard of this before!
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kay
Jun 14, 2004
thank you so much. i had tried a search but didn't find this!
thanks for your post--i never heard of this before!
these exercises are often used in pvd :)
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countryrose09
Specializes in geriatrics. Has 3 years experience.
Mar 7, 2007
I also want to thank you for posting this. I was just assigned to teach the Buerger-Allen exercises to my classmates tomorrow!
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KJRN79
Specializes in OB/peds (after gen surgery for 3 yrs).
Mar 7, 2007
This IS very interesting. My mom sees a vascular surgeon, is diabetic and has PVD, and I'm going to see what he has to say about this! It sounds easy enough to teach her (mid-70s with some memory deficits!) Thanks!
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anonymurse
Mar 19, 2007
I know this is an old thread, but the link provided didn't do it, here's some info I found online:
Buerger-Allen Exercises
- Life flat - legs up for 2 min. or until blanching
- Place legs in dependent position, until cyanotic/red
- Lie on horizontal position for 1 min.
- Repeat exercise 4x - 3x daily
From here (it's in the middle of a PPT):
http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/epalmer/Unit%205.1%202004.ppt#262,50,Buerger-Allen Exercises
Oops, didn't see Chris' quote, that's very good. Will ask my PT cousin if he has more.
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jrpawlik
Jul 25, 2008
More than twenty yeras ago I obtained a copy of a pampflet titled Buerger's Exercises for Venous Insufficency or something likke that from the "Ask the Doctor" Section of a local Chicago Newspaper. It had many more exercise moves than those described in the write uo provided with illustrations. These were ment to be performed by the patient alone in bed before arising and retiring. I lost the pampflet many years ago and have lokked for it in vain for more than a decade on the internet. I now have a research librarian working on the problem at our local library. I will most any new links that materialize.
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sunflowerross, LPN
Specializes in Geriatrics/Orthopedics/CDU/LTC/SNF.
Jan 6, 2010
i searched buerger-allen exercises studying for the nclex--first thing that popped up was this link--haha! gawd, i love this site!! allnurses.com --rocks!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
and--yes, this site does make you a better nurse--nurses are always learning--a site that you can come to for all different kinds of reasons/information is such a great tool. the day a nurse can't learn anymore, is the day you shouldn't be one! that's what my nursing instructor told me--yup!
thanx allnurses!!!
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msmarco_passage_00_106651371 | power ports - Oncology Nursing - allnurses® | power ports - Oncology Nursing - allnurses®
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power ports
Posted Jan 1, 2009
by schlemj
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Hoping for some opinions regarding power mediports (I think bard makes them) as I am all for our patients to have a port that can be used for contrast dye for CT but my collegeus and I are finding they can be very tempermental with giving blood. The majority of our patients (with these power ports) don't give blood. We are having to try all the tricks of the trade, several position changes, having the pt. cough or deep breath, several flushes and eventually cathflo. The patients are frustrated b/c eventually they have to end up getting a peripheral stick for blood test and CT will not use them w/o a blood return anyways-so the whole purpose is defeted. These ports are also difficult to access in some pts. if they are deep. It is impossible at times to find or feel the 3 dots and the area to access is mush smaller, I never miss the port but I have hit the edge many times and I have to reaccess again. I never in all the years of onc nursing have experienced so many problems, I will take the traditional ports any day.
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mtwife
Specializes in oncology. Has 9 years experience.
Jan 3, 2009
I have had similar experiences with the power ports. Overall, I like them but we've had several that are quite stingy with blood return, etc. When I spoke to the rep, he stated that most of the problems are related to how the port is placed initially (perhaps they are a bit different than traditional ports on how they are placed-- different technique). Of course, that doesn't help after the fact! I do recall that I had more trouble with a certain surgeon's power port placement than another's. Hopefully the mfr is inservicing those who place the ports!
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truern
Specializes in Telemetry & Obs.
Jan 3, 2009
I only recently had my Bard PowerPort removed and what a pain in the *** it was!!
NOBODY would use it for blood draws at the hospital..nor would they use it for anesthesia, for CT contrast..heck, I might as well not had it for all the good it did. They would only access it for chemo at the oncologist's office and once did a blood draw there as well.
Plus it ached always
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blondy2061h, MSN, RN
Specializes in Oncology. Has 15 years experience.
Jan 4, 2009
We don't use them, so I've only seen a power CVC once, on a patient that came with it from another facility. Her's worked well when she had it, but it got pulled with she went septic. We rarely use ports of any kind.
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NurseyBaby'05, BSN, RN
Specializes in Neuro/Med-Surg/Oncology.
Jan 4, 2009
They don't seem to anchor as well as the traditional ports. I think this makes the needle more likely to worm out of place enough to be a PITA. Some of our pt's have to have them accessed in fluro. Once they get it, we usually don't have additional problems.
Edited Jan 4, 2009 by NurseyBaby'05
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iluvivt, BSN, RN
Specializes in Infusion Nursing, Home Health Infusion. Has 32 years experience.
Jan 5, 2009
Any port without a blood return should be treated with TPA. Hopefully Bard will reconfigure the next generation of power ports!!!!!
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schlemj
Jan 10, 2009
Once again this past week with a very busy clinic another patient with a bard power port that would not give blood after several flushes and positon changes cath flo (altaplase) had to be used. Another patient with her power port that was in clinic for treatment had to endure several position changes and finally after several flushes as well a good blood return. Please let me know do you out there have patients with bard power ports? Or are you still seeing the traditional ports ( not compatable with the contrast dye or machines that CT uses)????? Luckily a rep from another co inserviced us on the smart port, another ct comapatable port in which I have used and it was much more user friendly. Please send in any feed back.
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jazzyday
Specializes in Oncology, Infusion, Med/Surg, Long term. Has 10 years experience.
Feb 12, 2009
Once again this past week with a very busy clinic another patient with a bard power port that would not give blood after several flushes and positon changes cath flo (altaplase) had to be used. Another patient with her power port that was in clinic for treatment had to endure several position changes and finally after several flushes as well a good blood return. Please let me know do you out there have patients with bard power ports? Or are you still seeing the traditional ports ( not compatable with the contrast dye or machines that CT uses)????? Luckily a rep from another co inserviced us on the smart port, another ct comapatable port in which I have used and it was much more user friendly. Please send in any feed back.
Thanks for that tidbit... At our hospital we sometimes have the luxury of requesting what sorta PORT we want that particular patient to have. We have have just started asking for the SMART ports, so far so good. But I must say that approx a year ago this particualr surgeon was placing dual POC... That is a nightmare! Both sides had to be accessed... you never knew which side had be accessed last... It was DUAL trouble (smiles). Some patient fail to have their implant card so you might stick in the middle and hit the septum... I'm cringing just thinking about it.
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schlemj
Feb 14, 2009
Thank you so much for the imput. We are also requesting smart ports now as well, they are much easier to use, more reliable for blood draws, easier to acess.
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Bob Snow RN
May 7, 2009
One question I do have related to the complaint of inability to draw blood from a Bard PowerPort is this? Who placed the port? Was it placed by a Interventional Radiologist or Surgeon? If it was placed by a Surgeon, that may possibly be the problem. It is my experience that my patients have better outcomes all around if the port is placed by Interventional Radiology MD. Port placements by a general surgeon at my facility are few and far inbetween.
When accessing a PowerPort, keep in mind that the septum is thicker than a standard port. This is to tolerate the high injection pressure of the contrast. I find that I have needed to apply a bit more pressure to the power loc needle when accessing. Other than that, I have had no issues.
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schlemj
May 11, 2009
Thank you so much for the feedback. I do see what you mean about the thicker septum, I too have needed to use more force when accessing the power ports. We have several oncologists in our practice, so who puts them in depends on what doc's patient it is. One of the docs will only use the vascular surgeons one doc uses the radiologist, and another uses general surgeon. I do agree that certain surgeons that are used seem to be more difficult but again there are just so many that won't give blood, even early on. I think the power ports are more difficult toaccess if they are deep compared to the traditional counterparts. We are having much better success with the smart ports (angiodynamics) wich are CT comapatable as well.
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iluvivt, BSN, RN
Specializes in Infusion Nursing, Home Health Infusion. Has 32 years experience.
May 17, 2009
Also use at least a 20 gauge power loc needle...rarely will use a 22 gauge..even on a regular port....b/c they do not draw as well.....I can not tell you how many x I got NO blood return or a sluggish one and de-accessed and re-accessed with a larger gauge and magically got a blood return...also a pre flush may help
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SamyRN
Jun 1, 2009
About 1 year ago my facility switched from regular conventional port-a-caths to the power port. We have n-e-v-e-r had problems with any ports like we do with these! On average, we loose blood return on the power ports in the first two uses. We have used cathflo after fluro proves fibrin sheath. We may get the blood return back for a use or two, but then start all over again with the one way valve effect of fibrin sheaths. We flush by all the rules, using pulsatile technique, clamping during last 0.5ml of hep., etc. We have even left cathflo set in the port overnight, with little success. We have had more cracks and fractures in the last 6-8 months than we have had in the last 10 years! I feel fairly certain it is not due to change on technique or carelessness on the nurses part... why would we only have begun experiencing problems after initiating use of powerport?!?
Our surgeon refuses to place powerports now. We have gone back to the good old fashioned ports.
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RN813
Specializes in Med/Surg. Oncology. GYN.. Has 3 years experience.
Jun 21, 2009
I don't see many power ports but I find the double ports quite useful for the patient needing chemo, IVF, ABX, transfusion. Or for the patient needing pain meds every 2-3 hours during an infusion!
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wrongwaydianne
Specializes in PACU, Critical Care, Hemodialysis, IR. Has 35 years experience.
Jun 26, 2011
I've been a PACU/critical care/trauma/GI and now IR on the weekends nurse. I don't do IR much so I don't experience too many placements. My sister moved from AZ to NJ recently and has a power port for her scleroderma, which was put in mostly because her venous access in nearly impossible and she needs IV iron and frequent blood draws, so she's between medical insurance's and asked me to look into flushing these catheters. I did a IVC permcath placement and asked to radiologist what he thought, and he recommened she go to an ER and have placement checked and so forth. I know nothing about flushing these ports and will not harm my own sister. The label she gave me that Bard gave her gives the recommended flushing times if not used as q 4 weeks with heparinized saline, but what concentration? After reading the posts here, I'm just going to recommend that she go to the ED and explain her situation. I cannot believe the problems these things have, but I hope they can iron out the kinks for the patient's sakes. Thank you for listening. Thank God there's a place for nurses to talk to other nurses. Dianne:nurse:
0 Likes
ChristineN, BSN, RN
Specializes in Pediatric/Adolescent, Med-Surg.
Jun 26, 2011
The facilities I currently work at don't use Power ports, but I used to work somewhere that did. I don't recall any of us having major issues frequently except for one pt. That particular pt had her power port place "pre-puberty" and once she started to get breasts it was near impossible to get a blood return. TPA did nothing to her line, and even positioning was often ineffective.
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it's hot in phoenix
Specializes in oncology, med surg & corrections.
Jun 27, 2011
We use only power ports and love them, no heparin though and I use to use the 3/4 inch needle and would have an issue sometimes with blood retrn, but when I changed to the 1 inch needle, problem has been solved.
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wrongwaydianne
Specializes in PACU, Critical Care, Hemodialysis, IR. Has 35 years experience.
Jun 27, 2011
I appreciate any replies to this, and I saw my sister yesterday. Her port is planted in the right subclavian and you can actually see the 3 dots. She is hoping to get into this nilotinib study at HSS in NY this year, and her port will be accessed use during the study. I just read all the side efffects of this drug and am leary about those, but at this point, she doesn't have much choice and she may not even be a candidate for the study because of her preexisting anemia and severe GI involvement. Time will tell. I hope to God this drug will help her and not harm her if she gets into the program. The drug has very nasty and numerous side effects. So I pray. Thanks all, Dianne
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Students TEAS Article
How I Passed the TEAS Exam
Updated Feb 4, 2020 | Published Dec 25, 2012
I recently took the TEAS V exam and I thought I would share test prep ideas, covered material, as well as test taking hints. Note: To respect forum rules and academic integrity (mine and yours) I will not post specific exam questions or examples, nor will I answer questions in regard to them. Nevertheless, I am hoping that by sharing my experience, I might help you in preparing for and taking the exam.
by rainbowvahmet
What resources and tools should I be aware of to pass the TEAS test?
#Teas Exam
#Teas
#Hesi
My Exam Results
Adjusted Individual Score: 94.3%
ATI Academic Preparedness Level: Exemplary
Mean - National: 64.3%
Mean - Program: 65.7%
Percentile Rank - National: 99
Percentile Rank - Program: 99
Individual Reading Score: 95.2%
Individual Mathematics Score: 96.7%
Individual Science Score: 89.6%
Individual English Score: 96.7%
This post is not intended to replace any post like this that may have come before it. It is very likely that you will see things in this post that have already been stated (more eloquently) by others. I simply wanted to relay my experience. It may help some of you to see patterns in the testing process, and thereby help you focus your efforts. That is my goal, as I am very aware of how taxing this can be.
Let me start by saying that, in my experience, the TEAS V is not necessarily a difficult exam, it simply requires critical thinking. I can not stress how important that concept is. As you study, it is critical to understand why your answer was correct/incorrect. If you understand that, you have already won half the battle.
Study Resources
I used a number of resources to prepare for the TEAS V. However, the content of this thread will deal largely with one source: The ATI Study Manual.
All of the sources I am listing were helpful, but in my opinion, if you are going to spend money on one source it should be the ATI Study Manual. While it is not the easiest book to work with, it does do a better job of introducing you to the subjects and style of questions you will see on the actual exam. After all, it is written by the same company that administers the exam. I purchased the manual/online practice exam combo for $50 from the ATI website. It is well worth the money and you are allowed to take each of the two online practice exams twice. This allows you to take both form A and form B the first time, then use the results to know which subjects you should concentrate the bulk of your study time. What that means for you is that you get to study smarter, not harder!
Though I have noticed that some felt the ATI manual a waste of money, I found that every question (without exception) on my TEAS exam was covered in the manual. It may not have been covered directly. However, the subject was covered, leaving no surprises in content. My suggestion would be to take the subjects covered in the manual and go into each of them a bit more in depth. Make your own notes and research topics that you find difficult, adding the fundamentals to your base knowledge. This is especially true in the sciences.
Other Sources
McGraw Hill's 5 TEAS Practice Tests (excellent practice)
khanacademy.org
chem4kids.com
biology4kids.com
youtube.com
Comparing the Exam to the Manual/Online Practice Exams
The best money I spent in my prep was on the online practice exams. As I stated, I got them as part of a bundle. Let me tell you, they are worth their weight in gold. These tests are invaluable in helping you understand what to expect on the actual exam, in both form and content. I found neither form A or B superior to the other, yet both are an excellent litmus test for the real deal. Additionally, the online practice exams will also give you an idea of the timing of the test...allowing you to judge whether you are taking too long in a given subject. Many people run out of time on the actual exam. Let these online tests assess how you are doing in that area. It's better to over run your time in practice, than on the actual exam. After all, blank answers are scored as wrong answers. Learn what you need to do faster, then practice, practice, practice.
My first attempt on online practice forms A and B produced a 78% and 82% respectively. I found the results very helpful because a breakdown of areas I needed to concentrate on was included. I simply focused my studies on those subjects. When I retook them, I scored higher...an 82% and 86%.
I found the online practice exams to be more difficult than the study manual questions. Surprisingly, in opposition to what I have read on this site, I found the questions on the actual exam to be more difficult than the practice exams. However, as has been stated by many, I scored significantly higher on the actual exam.
The point of all of this: buy the online exams. There is not a better way to get a feel for the actual exam. By the time you take each of them twice, you will be well versed in the form of the exam; and you will have a better idea of how you need to rationalize your way through each type of question. Trust me...these are your best prep resource.
Reading: Expect the stories on the actual exam to be longer then either the online practice exam or the manual. However, content is very similar, as are questions.
Math: This section was the most similar to both the online practice exams and the manual. After all, there aren't many ways to shake up an algebra problem. It is entirely possible to make a 100% in this section. You just need to practice.
Science: As many have stated, this section is the most random. All of the topics you need to study ARE covered in the manual. Make sure you know them cold. I would further suggest becoming familiar with each subject on a deeper level...keeping it in the fundamentals. You don't need to know graduate level concepts. But, the manual does not necessarily cover every fundamental on each subject. More on this later...
English: I found this section to be very similar to both the online tests and the study manual. If you are comfortable in both, you will do well on this section in the actual exam.
As far as the manual goes, read everything. It reads much like directions to programming a VCR, but force your way through it if necessary. I often found some of the most useful information in the middle of a lengthy, seemingly unimportant paragraph. I won't lie to you and tell you it's fun. But, I can honestly say that it is worth the time.
Moving on...here is a breakdown of the subjects covered on the version of the TEAS V I took. Again, I am listing subjects/concepts that relate specifically to the ATI Manual:
Reading - The First Section
Know which primary sources make sense for a given type of story
Be able to distinguish fact from opinion
Make sure you can discern the difference between the styles of stories given an example. (Ex: is the story Narrative/Persuasive/Technical/Expository)
Summarizing sentences...be able to choose which is the best fit for a given story.
Understand what you can logically conclude from a story
Inference and what can be concluded from a given example
Identifying the author's intent and purpose
Identify whether the writing is persuasive, informative, entertaining, or expressive
Be able to identify text structure as problem/solution, sequencing, cause/effect, or description.
Follow a set of directions to get to a specific end point. This can be on a map or drawing/turning shapes. (Read these very carefully)
Identify information based on a label, recipe, or set of directions
Decipher the meaning of a word based on its context in the sentence (mine were not as easy as the examples, so really think about this style of question.)
Finding information is a table of contents, ad, index....etc. (familiarize yourself/think about where you would look for information in each of these)
Deciphering which product is more economical given a set of options. (These take time...and require both reading and basic math skills.)
Gleaning information out of a telephone book. (sounds easy, but let me caution you to really look at the info. there are often similar answers and headings are very important.)
Reading a thermometer
Directions/map reading (Be very cautious of assuming cardinal directions...consult the map legend to acclimate which way is N/S/E/W)
Choosing an appropriate title for a given paragraph (again, sounds easy, but I had to really think about this one because the answers are similar)
Be able to identify what the author means to convey with italicized/bold letters.
Math - The Second Section
Order of operations (If you are unsure, google it...know it...forward and backward)
Addition/Subtraction/Multiplication/Division of whole numbers, fractions, and decimals.
Word problems with whole number, fractions, and decimals.
Know how to figure perimeter.
Calculation of percentages
You will only need to memorize two formulas for any section of the TEAS V. If there is a formula to be computed, they will give it to you. The two exceptions to this rule and the two formulas you will need to memorize are for the following: (1) calculating percent increase/decrease (2) Work rate problem formula. Google these if you don't know them. Seriously memorize them. You WILL have a question regarding each of these on your exam.
Be able to list four numbers in the order requested. These numbers may include whole numbers, fractions, and decimals in any combination. Be VERY careful to order them as requested. (ex: greatest to least, least to greatest)
Calculating take home pay based on salary, bonuses, and taxes. (These consist of adding and subtracting specific values based on their respective debit/credit values.)
Calculate the cost of an even given specific values times a number of guests.
Estimation to the nearest given value. Understand if you are supposed to estimate to tens, hundreds...etc.
Roman numerals. Know how to change a roman numeral into a number and how to change a number into a roman numeral. Google the values of M,C,D,V,X,L, and I if you are unsure of them. You will have a question like this on your exam.
Conversion problems (miles to km...etc.) The formula will be given. Do not bother memorizing these.
Recognizing which variable are dependent/independent in a given scenario. These are easy. Just construct a sentence stating, "Subject A depends on Subject B to be relevant." This gives you the answer every time.
Familiarize yourself with interpreting information based on charts. (seems easy, but be sure you read headings and info on the charts, as there may be very important information)
Know when you would use a bar chart/circle graph/histogram/scatter plot/line plot. Ex: if you want to show a change in something over time, you would use a line plot.
Know the FOIL method
Solving for 'x' ...these were very basic algebraic equations.
Be very, very, very familiar with absolute value and how to solve equations that include absolute value.
Science - The Third Section
Scientific reasoning
The scientific method (know the steps, in order, and know examples of each step)
Understand why an experiment is repeated
Know the fundamentals of electronegativity
Understand the various physical states of matter (gas, liquid, solid) and how a change in state might change pressure/volume/etc.
Get a feel for the chemical properties of water, along with the specific values for it (such as specific heat/temp at which it freezes/boils/etc.)
Understand what happens during serial dilution and what values result from it (these are very easy)
Know the general concepts of natural selection and adaptation. Make sure you are able to distinguish between the two given an example.
Know all of the factors that influence birth/fertility rates. Be able to decipher if the population will increase or decrease given an example.
understand population growth/decline based on rates of emigration immigration/birth/death.
Know your biological classifications from general to specific: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum...etc. Watch these questions, paying attention to whether they are asking for more specific or more general in the order.
Know as much as you can possibly learn about Nucleic Acids/DNA/RNA. Know their make up, how they bond, the nitrogenous bases and how they pair, which are unique to DNA or RNA, and which are shared by both DNA/RNA, know which are purines and which are pyrimidines.
Know what it happening in all of different stages of translation and transcription. Know where it happens.
Know the parts of a cells in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and what those parts do. Know if they produce anything or if they are involved in an immune response...etc.
Understand the makeup of the cell wall in both plant and animal cells.
Always, always, always equate protein with amino acids (the building block of proteins)
Understand what chloroplasts do and how they do it.
Chromosomes, genes, and alleles...know what they are, how they relate to each other, and how they affect organisms.
Cell differentiation - know what the meso/endo/ectoderm become.
Mitosis/Meiosis - understand all phases (ex: G1, S, G2...)of each and what is happening in each. (I found videos useful in this...especially those from Khan Academy) Know what types of cells these happen to.
Be sure you understand what a heterotroph and autotroph is and how they relate to each other in the life cycle.
Review photosynthesis - review it again - then review it again. (the entire process) Know what it produces and how that product is used.
Be very familiar with cellular respiration, why it happens and what is happening.
Be able to read a codon chart and decipher the outcome from a given example (this question was more difficult than the basic charts I studies. make sure you study both basic and more advanced examples)
Mutation vs. adaption
Phenotype/Genotype - what are they and how are they related?
Punnet squares and calculating probability given an example. You will need to make sure you can set these up properly, which includes knowing the difference between heterozygous/homozygous/recessive/dominant and how they fit into the equation)
Kinetic and potential energy. Make sure you can recognize an example of each. I suggest googling several examples so you can solidify the difference in your mind. My question was more difficult than the basic, but easy to understand because I had the concept down pat.
The dreaded earth science question - is there one? Yes. And as covered in the manual, mine was about the sun. It was a concept not covered in the manual, but was easy nonetheless. There were no other earth science questions on my test. No rocks, clouds, water cycle...etc.
Understand the purpose of a catalyst
Know everything there is to know about the periodic table and the information you can get from it. Atomic number, atomic mass, how many protons/electrons/neutrons are in a given element. Know how the numbers relate to each other and how to decipher how many of each is in an element if given a specific number. (again, Khan Academy was a great resource on this). Also know the physical and chemical patters withing the table (what the rows mean, what the columns mean, which elements are more likely to have ionic/covalent bonds). Lastly, make sure you understand electron configuration.
Be very familiar with valence electrons and why they are important
Enzymes and vitamins - what do they do, where do they come from, why are they important.
Understand pH balance/acid/base. Know what a given pH means (acidic or basic?) and understand what adding something to it may to to the pH (think about things that may raise or lower the pH of blood, for example)
Understand bonds - ionic/covalent
Understand hydrocarbons - saturated/unsaturated
Make sure you remember how to balance a basic chemical equation (Khan Academy has an excellent video on this.
Anatomy/Physiology as follows:
Know the path of blood through the heart, including valves and whether the blood is oxygenated)
Know the make up of the lungs and where oxygen exchange occurs
Know the sections of the brain and what each is responsible for
Tissue types, where you would find them, and what they do. Know several examples of each type of tissue.
Digestive: follow bollus through the digestive system in its entirety. Know about peristalsis. Know about the digestive enzymes. Know where protein/carbs/fats are broken down. Know where the bulk of nutrients are absorbed. Know which division of the nervous system controls it.
Know the functions of the liver, spleen and pancreas. Know which systems they belong to (and they may belong to more than one....hint)
Know what the lymph system does and how it accomplishes it. Be mindful, also, of what it doesn't do. Just a suggestion.
Be very familiar with the nervous system and its divisions. Know what each controls and the branches that make them up.
Make sure you understand the structure/function of the kidney...well.
Anatomical directions (super/inferior, proximal/distal...etc.) apply to an example.
Know how the thyroid and parathyroid work together and what they do separately.
Immune system - natural vs. artificial/active vs. passive. Recognize examples of each type. Also know the different cells involved and what they do.
English - The Final Section
Understand subject/verb agreement (watch for nouns that seem plural, but aren't, such as everyone, anyone, none...etc.) These may seem easy, but I suggest practice.
Recognize common possessive nouns.
Pronoun/Antecedent agreement.
Dialogue - correct punctuation and usage
First/second/third person voice and recognizing which from a sentence or short story.
Grammar usage for style/clarity (this will make more sense when studied in the ATI manual)
Using sentence context to decipher the meaning of a word.
Recognizing a simple vs. complex sentence (more difficult than you're imagining)
Be able to identify a top and supporting sentence. Know the difference.
Know the meaning of common prefixes/suffixes/roots (ex: uni, ous, endo...etc.) There is an excellent table in the ATI book.
Rules of capitalization. (again, sounds easy...but, these rules really need to be reviewed.)
Correct usage of commas, ellipses, semicolons, colons, hyphens, and parentheses.
Correct usage of quotation marks and apostrophes.
Do not forget the word 'whose' and its correct usage.
Do not forget the difference between it's and its.
Go over a list of commonly misspelled words. You will have one on your test. if you get confused, look away from the word and write it down. If that doesn't help, write it in a sentence.
General Tips
Read the directions carefully. Make sure you understand exactly what is expected of you.
Read each question carefully. I cannot stress this enough. I came close to making several dumb mistakes because I made assumptions as to what I was being asked. It is easier to do than you think. Make sure you know if you are being asked for least/greatest/first...etc. Take your time and really read the question.
Do not spend any length of time on any one question. There will be questions you won't know. Don't sweat it. Make an educated guess and move on. If you have time, go back to the question. But, it is more important to answer all questions. Unanswered questions count as incorrect questions.
Do not keep a mental score of incorrect questions. This will only serve to frustrate you. Consider only the question in front of you, forgetting all others. This is vitally important.
Many people feel like they are bombing the test as they are taking it. I felt that way. Don't allow that feeling to affect your test. Just keep working and be mindful of your time.
Make an outline of the subjects covered in this post, as well as those in others posts like this one. Use it as a study guide. It may seem daunting, but just start. No excuses.
If you do buy the ATI manual, pay attention to words in bold. Research them if necessary. They are bold for a reason.
Watch for labels on charts and directions on maps. They may not be what you expect them to be.
In the reading section, consider this: If the story doesn't reference something in one of the answers, that answer is probably incorrect. Check to see what is/isn't references and choose the best answer from there.
Be very mindful in the math section what they are asking. The order/value they are expecting may be different that you are anticipating.
Eat a good breakfast, but avoid over hydrating. You don't want that distraction during the exam.
Be prepared - bring pencils. Despite the directions from the test maker, my testing center did not supply them.
There are going to be questions you do not know the answer to. Don't worry. There are a small portion of questions that are ungraded.
Keep in mind, this test is as much about your critical thinking skills as your knowledge base. I suggest using the online exams for exactly that reason...to learn how the test maker wants you to 'think.'
Get to your testing center early. The last thing you need is the stress of showing up late and wondering if you will even be allowed to test.
Be confident in your own abilities.
The TEAS V is not an easy test; neither is it an impossible one. It does require some effort and some dedication. But, if I can score a 94, you can too! I spent a month studying for this exam, going over the material for an hour or two a day. But, I am an older student who hadn't had chemistry in 18 years. Remember to focus on the subjects you are least familiar with and simply go over the subjects you are more familiar with. And about all else, practice, practice, practice.
And, last, but not least...Best of luck to you all!!!
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i♥words
Dec 26, 2012
Thank you for posting this! I'm taking the TEAS V the second week of January. Great advice.
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sjtrk
Dec 26, 2012
Thank you so much for posting these tips! I'm taking my test on Jan 18th and I really appreciate this advice! And CONGRATS on doing so well and bless you for sharing your experience!
1 Likes
chorkle
Dec 27, 2012
Rainbowv--
CONGRATULATIONS upon outstanding!! results of your preparation & efforts. (Or, exemplary, if you prefer.)
And thank you, from (or for) all of us, for your mind-blowing super-analysis of the depth & breadth of the exam. If only all who query here would take thorough note of all you said, and apply it to their own preparations.
Concur with all that you said, from my experience.
English, & Math--96.7%! REALLY outstanding.
(I assume you have had, or soon will have, many requests to set up a tutoring school for TEAS prep in your area.)
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jagged777
Dec 27, 2012
congrats @ rainbow
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rainbowvahmet
Dec 27, 2012
Thank you all! Two things that came to mind that I did not include in the science portion:
-the lungs, surfactant, and surface tension (get a feel for how these things work together)
-mitochondrial DNA (who do you get it from and what is it)
I'll post again if anything else comes to mind. Best of luck @wordsofmymouth and @sjtrk!
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krystaldickinson
Dec 27, 2012
Thank you for posting this. I plan on taking my TEAS-V over the summer and I think I'm already starting to freak out about it. You're post helped me greatly! Congrats on your scores! I hope to be posting in here soon saying that I passed!
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rainbowvahmet
Dec 29, 2012
Quote
Thank you for posting this. I plan on taking my TEAS-V over the summer and I think I'm already starting to freak out about it. You're post helped me greatly! Congrats on your scores! I hope to be posting in here soon saying that I passed!
Very best of luck to you! Let us know how you did and what you can add to the study suggestions!
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RNtobe15
Jan 6, 2013
Congratulations on your amazing score! Thank you so much for breaking everything down so thoroughly, I know that must have been very time consuming. I will be following all your advice!
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Kayla_224
Jan 25, 2013
I'm taking the teas 5 in a week an 4 days I'm gonna use this as mine personal study guide! Lol thanks for all the info I'm glad I no what to expect now an prepare for it!!
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friendlyjane
Jan 26, 2013
Thank you for your post. It is very helpful.
1 Likes
tgcid00
Feb 28, 2013
Thanks for your post I take my TEAS V on Mar 1 so I will keep your pointers in mind. I will also post an update as to what tips can help the next person once I take my test.
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snb1028
Mar 2, 2013
Congratulations on your high score! Thank you for posting such an in depth breakdown of the test. Your experience and knowledge will surely help many people (myself included.) Best of luck to you in your career!
1 Likes
overthecliff
Mar 5, 2013
Wow, thank you!
1 Likes
HeatherMax
Mar 28, 2013
I am taking it in 12 days, I am printing this off. Thank you!
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determined_30
Apr 9, 2013
thank you so much you rock
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goal001
May 8, 2013
Thank you so much for posting this tips. They are extremely useful.
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goal001
May 8, 2013
rainbowvahmet said:
My first attempt on online practice forms A and B produced a 78% and 82% respectively. I found the results very helpful because a breakdown of areas I needed to concentrate on was included. I simply focused my studies on those subjects. When I retook them, I scored higher...an 82% and 86%.
I found the online practice exams to be more difficult than the study manual questions. Surprisingly, in opposition to what I have read on this site, I found the questions on the actual exam to be more difficult than the practice exams. However, as has been stated by many, I scored significantly higher on the actual exam.
The point of all of this: buy the online exams. There is not a better way to get a feel for the actual exam. By the time you take each of them twice, you will be well versed in the form of the exam; and you will have a better idea of how you need to rationalize your way through each type of question. Trust me...these are your best prep resource.
Hi, Dear Rainbow, You mentioned the online test which you used for practising, do you mean the McGraw Hill's 5 TEAS Practice Tests (excellent practice)
Thank you!
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msmarco_passage_00_11123884 | Everything You Wanted To Know About AWS VPG - 40Cloud | Everything You Wanted To Know About AWS VPG - 40Cloud
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Everything You Wanted To Know About AWS VPG
By 40Cloud Team
In AWS, Cloud Security
Posted November 5, 2014
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The Virtual Private Gateway (VPG) is an important and useful solution of the AWS service suite. Using the VPG, however, is somewhat tricky and may require some specific expertise.
This short post is aimed at providing a quick overview of the AWS Virtual Private Gateway (VPG) solution. We will review the VPG concept, capabilities and limitations. In addition, you can download a step by step VPG configuration walkthrough with some verification on IPSec configuration.
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We hope that this post will help AWS users to understand when they should use the VPG solution and how to make it work.
Additional information regarding AWS VPG can be found here
Introduction to VPG
AWS Virtual Private Gateway (VPG) is a solution offered as part of AWS VPC (Virtual Private Cloud) solution, The VPG provides AWS users with the capability to interconnect a VPC environment with an external remote non-VPC environment using IPSec tunneling. The most common use case for AWS VPG is connecting a private (and/or on-prem) datacenter with an AWS VPC.
An example for a simple VPG use-case is depicted in the following diagram
An organization wants to extend its private datacenter to an AWS VPC. The private datacenter’s network has CIDR block of 192.168.0.0/16 and the VPC was allocated with a 10.0.0.0/16 CIDR block.
VPG can be used to build and allocate two redundant IPSec tunnels connecting the VPC with an IPSec enabled device located on the private data-center. In the above example, the remote IPSec device has a public IP address, 50.40.30.20
VPG’s IPSec tunnels have the following characteristics:
Protocol –IKEv1, IPSec (both ESP, IPsec/UDP are supported)
Authentication method– only PSK (Pre Shared key) – the secret is automatically generated by AWS (can’t be provisioned into the VPG by the customer or changed). Refreshing the shared secret requires recreation of the VPG IPSec tunnels.
Encryption and signing algorithms – only aes128-sha1 for both IKE and IPSec), PSK and DH group 2. No ability to change algorithms.
Per connection AWS offers an option for an Active/Active setup based on two separated tunnels that also act as a redundant pair
IKE lifetime – fixed and set to 24h
IPSec lifetime – fixed and set to 1h
Dead Pear Detection is enabled with timeout of 30 seconds
Routing Protocols – Static or BGP
VPG limitations
Although the VPG is a very useful tool, it has some significant limitations.
This section is aimed to help you decide whether or not the AWS VPG is the right solution for you.
Here are a few limitations of the current VPG solution:
VPG cannot be used for interconnecting two VPCs – Technically, this is impossible since the PSK is dictated by AWS for each IPSec connection and can’t be provisioned.
Multiple VPCs in the same region cannot be connected with the same remote IPSec device – Most of the VPG connections that are created within the same region will share the same VPG Public IP address (I believe that there are 2-3 pairs of public IP Addresses per region). Due to the way the connection is structured, AWS doesn’t allow two connections within the same region to be connected to the same “Customer Gateway” (even when using multiple accounts). Peering will not work here since peering is not transitive and doesn’t allow packets to be forwarded beyond the peered local network.
EIP (Elastic IP) cannot be used with VPG connections – EIP is not part of the VPG implementation. There are few fixed IP addresses per region
Per connection the number of SA (Security Association) is limited to 2 (this item is a bit technical)
VPG implementation can only use one SA for IPSec. When using static routing, the IPSec connection offers the following subnets 0.0.0.0/0 çè0.0.0/0 as the local and remote subnets. This basically means IPSec will send/receive all traffic that is forward to/from the VPG.
Many IPSec implementations are able to negotiate multiple subnets and use multiple SAs for each subnet permutation – this can’t be used with VPG. VPG becomes unstable if the peer device performs such negotiation with more than 1 subnet pair (the VPG will basically deploy only the last negotiated SA).
Troubleshooting in the VPG environment is a bit challenging since an AWS user can’t access the AWS VPG and pull logs and must rely on AWS support to do so. You can try to deduct what’s wrong using your own logs from your remote IPSec device. The latter requires a certain level of expertise.
How can 40Cloud help?
One of the main goals we had when designing the 40Cloud solution was to provides a general-purpose IPSec connectivity solution for the Cloud, that will be flexible enough to cope with all foreseen connectivity scenarios as well as simple enough to install, configure and debug.
Using the 40Cloud software gateways (available for AWS as well as other clouds) can provide you with the following benefits:
Flexible IPSec connectivity scenarios
Interconnect multiple VPCs on single or multiple regions
Connect any standard IPSec device, on-premise or in private cloud, to an AWS VPC
Connect individual users via dynamic IPSec VPN to an AWS VPC.
Use EIP for IPSec
Control IPSec parameters like encryption algorithms and shared secret, and without limitations on the number of SAs.
Deploy multiple 40Cloud Security Gateways in a single VPC for redundancy and/or load sharing
Easily Troubleshoot the solution by yourself
Associate Firewall policies with your IPSec tunnels, including both site to site and user based VPNs, and associate those policies with AWS Security Groups.
Hope this helps.
Please feel free to send us any comments or questions regarding this post, or VPG and IPSec in general. Of course, if you like to experiment with the 40Cloud solution feel free to do so. For quick and easy installation, use the 40Cloud AMIs available on the AWS Marketplace.
Tags: AWS AWS VPG elastic IP IPSEC IPSec VPN Public IP VPC VPG VPN
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msmarco_passage_00_112592101 | Roast Potatoes Recipe | Allrecipes | Roast Potatoes Recipe | Allrecipes
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Roast Potatoes
Roast Potatoes
Rating: 4.56 stars
1 – Couldn't eat it
2 – Didn't like it
3 – It was OK
4 – Liked it
5 – Loved it
707 Ratings
5 star values: 449
4 star values: 217
3 star values: 32
2 star values: 4
1 star values: 5
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707 Ratings
458 Reviews
100 Photos
Simple and delicious recipe for rosemary-kissed roasted red potatoes.
By KIY
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Recipe Summary
prep:
10 mins
cook:
20 mins
total:
30 mins
Servings:
4
Yield:
4 servings
Nutrition Info
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2 pounds red potatoes, cut into quarters
2 tablespoons vegetable oil
1 teaspoon salt
½ teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
½ teaspoon dried rosemary, crushed
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Directions
Instructions Checklist
Step 1
Preheat oven to 450 degrees F (250 degrees C).
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Step 2
Place potatoes in a large roasting pan and toss with oil, salt, pepper, and rosemary until evenly coated. Spread out potatoes in a single layer.
Step 3
Bake in preheated oven for 20 minutes, stirring occasionally. Serve immediately.
Nutrition Facts
Per Serving:
227 calories; protein 4.3g; carbohydrates 36.4g; fat 7.3g; sodium 596.3mg. Full Nutrition
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monsieur sax
Rating: 5 stars
12/09/2006
I've been doing something very similar to these for several years now. If you like your potatoes crispy, after chopping them, dry them thoroughly on paper towel before adding the oil. I put the potatoes in a gallon ziploc bag, then add about 1.5 T of extra virgin olive oil. Generally speaking, the less oil you can use, the better the result. after tossing the potatoes in the bag with the oil to coat, add the herbs. I use dried Herbs de Provence, but almost any herb or blend will work, and kosher salt. Those on reduced sodium diets can omit the salt and add a bit more herbs. Toss to coat again. I also I use a dark cookie sheet lined with Aluminum foil. When opening the bag, dump the potatoes on the foil lined sheet, but DON'T dump the excess oil in the bag onto the sheet. The dark sheet absorbs heat and transfers it to the aluminum foil, and the aluminum foil itself provides easy cleanup. Bake for 20 minutes initially on 450° on the middle rack Then take the pan out of the oven, and gently turn the potatoes. This will keep them from sticking to the foil later. Reduce the heat to 400° and cook for another 15 minutes. A convection oven will yield a bit crispier results, but with only a small reduction in cooking time. Don't open the oven except to turn the potatoes. Read More
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(1684)
PrincessJenna
Rating: 3 stars
11/12/2005
This recipe is a good place to start from. However, after some trial and error, I would suggest some tweaks. I added garlic powder, italian seasoning and a little parmesan cheese to the mix. I also used olive oil (they needed more then 2 T). I doubled the cooking time (I like mine crispy on the outside) and gave them a stir about half way through cooking. I had fresh rosemary on hand so I used that instead of dried. Also, I've found I have better luck with keeping them from sticking and getting them crispy if I use a metal baking pan (rather than glass). Read More
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(778)
JDVMD
Rating: 5 stars
01/09/2004
I used olive oil and fresh rosemary for this recipe. Place all the ingredients in a ziplock bag to coat thoroughly and then place on the cooking sheet. Also baked for closer to 35 minutes instead of 20 minutes. Delicious recipe and goes so perfectly with steaks or roasted chicken. Read More
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(400)
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Navy_Mommy
Rating: 5 stars
11/10/2003
These are so good and couldn't be easier to make. This recipe also works well with regular potatoes. I don't tend to measure what I am using. To cut fat I make sure I use just enough oil to coat the potatoes and spray the baking sheet with spray. Read More
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(125)
posh
Rating: 5 stars
01/24/2008
This is almost exactly how I cook my husband's favorite - sea salt rosemary potatoes. Mine is even simpler - just add generous amount of good extra virgin olive oil,red potatoes, sea salt and fresh rosemary to a big baking dish, mix well and bake on 450F,then reduce to 400F. Healthy, simple and absolutely delicious! Read More
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(98)
kerrip
Rating: 5 stars
10/22/2005
Thought I had the best recipe for roasted potatoes already...I was wrong. This is great. I thought a whole tsp. of salt seemed like a lot, but used it all anyways, and it was perfect. A lot of the comments said that these potatoes looked really bland so they added a bunch of spices. However, my old recipe was similar to the ones they made up, and I think the extra spices take away from the simple rosemary flavour. Read More
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(81)
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Rebslo
Rating: 4 stars
09/06/2002
I like to use fresh herbs for this recipe and olive oil and some lemon juice. It is easy and has a nice flavor. Some other additions are garlic powder and parsley too! Read More
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(71)
LEE_101
Rating: 5 stars
01/09/2004
Very yummy and crunchy on the outside, soft on the inside. It does take longer than 20 minutes though. I think I usually keep them in for about 40-45 minutes. **variation** - sometimes I add dried onions, garlic salt, and all kinds of herbs from my herb garden to spice it up a little. Sprinkle the dried onions on tope before placing in the oven. Read More
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(57)
almondjoy2807
Rating: 4 stars
04/23/2008
These are really good! I usually sub Herbs de Provence for the rosemary but otherwise stick to the recipe and they turn out flavorful. They do stick to the foil though. After making these 4 or 5 times I went in search of a different recipe because I wanted something that didn't dry out as badly or stick to the foil. They are good but tasted basically the same as my home fries I make on the stove-top and not so much like the roasted potatoes I get in restaurants and love. I have now taken some techniques from another recipe and use them with this one. Here's what I suggest: Use baby potatoes and cut each in half. Simmer halved potatoes for 6-7 mins to soften and infuse with moisture so they don't dry up during baking. Line the baking sheet with foil and drizzle olive oil over the foil to lightly coat then place each potato half on the foil cut-side down. Brush potatoes with excess olive oil from the pan then season and bake. Now my potatoes turn out PERFECT every time -- nicely carmelized crispy skin soft on the inside not at all dry and they don't stick to the foil! Read More
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(50)
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msmarco_passage_00_113251617 | Baked Tortilla Chips Recipe | Allrecipes | Baked Tortilla Chips Recipe | Allrecipes
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Baked Tortilla Chips
Baked Tortilla Chips
Rating: 4.34 stars
1 – Couldn't eat it
2 – Didn't like it
3 – It was OK
4 – Liked it
5 – Loved it
535 Ratings
5 star values: 307
4 star values: 153
3 star values: 46
2 star values: 9
1 star values: 20
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535 Ratings
394 Reviews
60 Photos
Tasty baked tortilla chips you make at home that are much better than store bought chips. Serve with your choice of salsas and garnishes.
By Michele O'Sullivan
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Recipe Summary
prep:
10 mins
cook:
15 mins
total:
25 mins
Servings:
6
Yield:
6 servings
Nutrition Info
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Ingredients
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Ingredient Checklist
1 (12 ounce) package corn tortillas
1 tablespoon vegetable oil
3 tablespoons lime juice
1 teaspoon ground cumin
1 teaspoon chili powder
1 teaspoon salt
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Directions
Instructions Checklist
Step 1
Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C).
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Step 2
Cut each tortilla into 8 chip sized wedges and arrange the wedges in a single layer on a cookie sheet.
Step 3
In a mister, combine the oil and lime juice. Mix well and spray each tortilla wedge until slightly moist.
Step 4
Combine the cumin, chili powder and salt in a small bowl and sprinkle on the chips.
Step 5
Bake for about 7 minutes. Rotate the pan and bake for another 8 minutes or until the chips are crisp, but not too brown. Serve with salsas, garnishes or guacamole.
Nutrition Facts
Per Serving:
147 calories; protein 3.3g; carbohydrates 26g; fat 4.1g; sodium 418mg. Full Nutrition |
msmarco_passage_00_119899511 | Italian Sausage, Peppers, and Onions | Allrecipes | Italian Sausage, Peppers, and Onions | Allrecipes
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Italian Sausage, Peppers, and Onions
Italian Sausage, Peppers, and Onions
Rating: 4.71 stars
1 – Couldn't eat it
2 – Didn't like it
3 – It was OK
4 – Liked it
5 – Loved it
1787 Ratings
5 star values: 1358
4 star values: 358
3 star values: 56
2 star values: 10
1 star values: 5
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1,787 Ratings
1,228 Reviews
309 Photos
My family has been using this very simple and delicious recipe for sausage, peppers, and onions for years and years now. For an extra kick, try using half sweet sausage and half hot sausage!
By GIGI9801
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Recipe Summary
prep:
15 mins
cook:
25 mins
total:
40 mins
Servings:
6
Yield:
6 servings
Nutrition Info
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Ingredients
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Original recipe yields 6 servings
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Ingredient Checklist
6 (4 ounce) links sweet Italian sausage
2 tablespoons butter
1 yellow onion, sliced
½ red onion, sliced
4 cloves garlic, minced
1 large red bell pepper, sliced
1 green bell pepper, sliced
1 teaspoon dried basil
1 teaspoon dried oregano
¼ cup white wine
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Directions
Instructions Checklist
Step 1
Place the sausage in a large skillet over medium heat, and brown on all sides. Remove from skillet, and slice.
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Step 2
Melt butter in the skillet. Stir in the yellow onion, red onion, and garlic, and cook 2 to 3 minutes. Mix in red bell pepper and green bell pepper. Season with basil, and oregano. Stir in white wine. Continue to cook and stir until peppers and onions are tender.
Step 3
Return sausage slices to skillet with the vegetables. Reduce heat to low, cover, and simmer 15 minutes, or until sausage is heated through.
Cook's Note:
Add a little more white wine while simmering if needed.
Nutrition Facts
Per Serving:
461 calories; protein 17.1g; carbohydrates 7g; fat 39.4g; cholesterol 96.1mg; sodium 857mg. Full Nutrition |
msmarco_passage_00_122602367 | HOTEL POLICY/HOUSE RULES - All Seasons Inn & Suites (406) 547-8888
All Seasons Inn & Suites (406) 547-8888
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HOTEL POLICY/HOUSE RULES
We strive to provide our guests with an exceptionally clean, safe, and friendly hotel experience. The following Hotel Policy/House Rules have been established based on industry standards, management and operational procedures, and our personal experience of owning and operating the All Seasons Inn & Suites since 2007. These Hotel Policy/House Rules are considered a part of our reservation agreement with you. As our hotel guest, by reading and signing your hotel registration you are agreeing to abide by all of our Hotel Policy/House Rules, terms and conditions, and procedures. These Hotel Policy/House Rules are presented here to help promote our guests’ safety and enjoyment and to ensure that each guest is aware of the understandings between the All Seasons Inn & Suites and the guest. Our Hotel Policy/House Rules may change from time to time, so please check back often.
100% SMOKE-FREE
All Seasons Inn & Suites has been 100% Smoke-Free since 2008. For safety and to assure that our facility is not exposed to items or actions that create an odor which is unhealthy and objectionable to our guests and staff, and that is difficult to remove from the air, carpet, walls, and furniture we do not permit smoking tobacco, marijuana, illegal drugs, e-cigarettes, vape pens, vaping, cartridges containing the liquid of nicotine, hookahs, incense, cooking, cigars, candle burning, the use or diffusing of patchouli oil or other strong-smelling plant-based essential oils or synthetic products in our facility.
Guests are encouraged to notify Front Desk staff immediately if they smell cigarette, marijuana, or other objectionable odors. This policy is not intended to stop people from smoking, but to regulate where they smoke and how it affects others. A Designated Smoking Area is provided outside and away from the building. Marijuana is prohibited at all times.
CANDLE, INCENSE, ESSENTIAL OILS:
Candle, incense, essential oils (diffusing, vaporizing, etc.) are prohibited. These items and activities will be treated as smoking, a fine accessed, and the guest may be evicted with no refunds.
NO-COOKING, COOKING APPLIANCES, COMBUSTIBLES, OR FIREWORKS:
The safety of our guests, staff, and this facility is extremely important to us. Except for the microwave and refrigerator units that the hotel provides, preparation of food in guest rooms by any type of cooking appliances is prohibited. A minimum fee of $300.00 will be charged for cooking in a room, including, but not limited to coffee makers, hot plates, toaster ovens, water heaters, rice cookers, combustible, open flame, barbecue grill, burners, heating appliance, or any other item intended for cooking. Open fires, flames or cooking grills, either charcoal or gas, and fireworks are not allowed anywhere on hotel property. A microwave is available 24 hours for all registered guests to use in our breakfast area. Coffee is also available twenty-four (24) hours in the breakfast area.
GUARANTEED RESERVATIONS:
All reservations must be guaranteed with a valid major credit card. Guests must be 18 years and older. We accept Visa, Master Card, American Express, and Discover Card. We do not charge your credit card at the time you make your reservations. Your credit card guarantees your reservations. Please make sure to receive a reservation confirmation number when you make a reservation. Reservations must be cancelled Forty-eight (48 hours), hotel time, prior to your arrival date, in order to avoid a one (1) room night, plus tax cancellation fee. Reservations will be held until 11:00 a.m. the morning following your scheduled arrival date. If you have not checked in by that time, a NO-SHOW charge of one room night, plus tax will be charged to your credit card and the balance of your reservations will be cancelled. All Seasons Inn & Suites is not responsible for weather conditions, personal emergencies, or schedule changes.
CHECK-IN TIME: 4:00 p.m.
EARLY CHECK-IN/PRE-REGISTRATION:
Early check-in is offered based on availability. If you require a guaranteed check-in for arrival prior to 4 p.m. then Pre-Registration and payment may be required. Please contact Front Desk staff directly to make reservations and complete a credit card authorization form prior to your arrival (406) 547-8888.
CHECK-IN REQUIREMENTS:
Guests must be at least 18 years of age to check in at All Seasons Inn & Suites. In the interests of security and to prevent fraud, guests are required to confirm their identity by providing their valid government issued photo identification (State driver’s license, passport, etc.)at check-in. A valid, signed, and pre-approved credit card in the name of the guest registration is also required. It is your responsibility to fully understand the manner in which your bank processes pre-authorizations and charges to your credit/debit card. Some banks hold pending authorizations for up to 30 business days.
PRE-AUTHORIZATION AT CHECK-IN:
We have required pre-authorized of credit cards/debit cards at check-in since 2007. A pre-authorization is a temporary hold of a specific amount of your available credit limit balance placed on your credit/debit card for the full amount of your intended stay, plus tax. All credit/debit cards are pre-authorized at check-in. Pre-authorization is not a charge to your account, it is a hold on those funds. Once your actual charge is posted at check-out it can take anywhere from 24 hours to 30 days for the original pre-authorization to be removed by your bank. Generally, most banks release the hold within 3-5 days. It is your responsibility to be aware of how your bank handles all of your transactions, including pre-authorizations. We are unable to remove pre-authorizations directly through our hotel.
GUEST REGISTRATION:
We require valid contact information from the guest making the reservations including first and last name, address, phone number, and signature. The names of all guests occupying the room must be registered (ARM 37.111.130). Information regarding your license plate/car description is also gathered at check-in for security.
CHECK-OUT TIME: Room rental period expires at 11:00 a.m. Additional day charge, plus tax may apply for late checkout.
CHECK-OUT PROCEDURE:
Check-out time is 11 a.m. Please check-out with Front Desk so that housekeeping may begin cleaning your room as soon as possible. If you require a later check-out, please contact Front Desk prior to the day of your departure and we will do our best to accommodate your request. A charge may apply for late check-out.
EARLY DEPARTURE:
Guests who check out of the hotel after 11:00 a.m. and prior to their scheduled departure date are subject to an early departure fee of one night, plus tax.
SPECIAL REQUESTS:
We will make every effort to honor special requests such as a specific floor or room number, adjoining rooms, roll-away beds, refrigerator/microwaves, etc. upon your arrival. All special requests are noted on reservations and we will do our best to accommodate. However, the availability of these items cannot be guaranteed in advance.
MICROWAVE/REFRIGERATOR:
Except for the microwave and refrigerator units that the hotel provides, preparation of food in guest rooms by any type of cooking appliances is prohibited. Not all rooms have a microwave and refrigerator unit. These units are provided on a first-come, first-served basis. Use of the breakfast area microwave is provided to all registered guests 24 hours a day. A limited number of Styrofoam ice-chests are available for your use free of charge. We ask that you refrain from microwaving any pungent food as the odor is difficult to remove from fabric, a cleaning fee may be assessed. Most commercially prepared food intended for the microwave has not previously caused a problem, so we suggest that option. Microwaving your fresh caught trout will be an issue.
ADA/HANDICAPPED ROOMS
Two ADA compliant guest rooms are available and should be reserved in advanced; please contact the hotel directly (406) 547-8888.
PAYMENT: All reservations and registration must be guaranteed with a valid major credit card. We accept Visa, Master Card, American Express, and Discover Card. Pursuant to credit card agreements, credit cards are not valid unless signed by the cardholder. Credit cards must be signed. Cash (USD) payment is welcomed with a signed and pre-authorized credit card. All guests are required to present a valid major credit card and government issued photo identification even if guests are planning on paying in cash upon check-out. Checks and foreign currency not accepted.
CHECKS AND CHECK CASHING:
We do not accept checks. We do not provide check cashing services.
DEBIT CARD/CREDIT CARD HOLDERS
Your credit card is not valid unless signed. We will refuse an unsigned card. Your Debit or Credit Card will be pre-authorized at check-in for the full amount of your stay. The pre-authorization will HOLD the funds until check-out, at which time the amount actually incurred during your stay will be charged. If you change your method of payment at check-out or change the length of your stay, your bank may not post the changes to your account immediately. All Seasons Inn & Suites has no control over the policies of your bank and will not be held liable for any “insufficient funds” penalties or any other resulting fees or charges. It is your responsibility to fully understand the manner in which your bank processes pre-authorizations and charges to your debit or credit card. Some banks hold pending authorizations for up to 30 days.
DEPOSITS AND GUARANTEES:
There is no deposit required to make an individual room reservation. However, a major credit card is required at the time of booking to guarantee the room and secure the reservation period.
RESERVATION AND PAYMENT FOR GUESTS BY PRIVATE THIRD PARTIES:
Generally, third party payment is not permitted. In the case of paying for a family member if you will not be physically present at the hotel, we require prior completion and approval of a Credit Card Authorization form including a copy of your driver’s license and the front and back of your signed credit card. You will be responsible for any and all damages and loss. We reserve the right to refuse reservation at any time for any reason.
CREDIT CARD AUTHORIZATION BY CORPORATE THIRD-PARTIES:
Please contact All Seasons Inn and Suites reservations department at least 24 hours prior to guest’s arrival to request a Credit Card Authorization form. We are open 24 hours, (406) 547-8888. We must receive the information by fax (406) 547-2573 and process the approval for your reservations prior to the guest’s arrival.
GIFT CERTIFICATES & PREPAID BOOKINGS:
Please contact the hotel directly to purchase or redeem gift certificates (406) 547-8888. Unless the transaction takes place directly at the hotel, Pre-Paid Bookings require a Credit Card Authorization form to be completed and faxed to the hotel (406) 547-2573. This form is available by calling the hotel directly (406) 547-8888.
TAX EXEMPT GUESTS:
Guests with GSA payment cards will be taxed or exempt in accordance to their individual card status. If tax exempt status cannot be verified at check-in you will be charged a lodging tax until verification is made.
RATES:
All rates are quoted in United States currency, plus tax. Rates may increase without notice. Rates as advertised on the All Seasons Inn & Suites website or any other website or promotional material are subject to change at any time and may increase or decrease at the hotel’s discretion. Rates are based on standard room (1-4 occupancy), king (1-2 occupancy), king handicapped (1-2) occupancy, small suite (1-6 occupancy), large suite (1-6 occupancy) and extra-large suite (1-8 occupancy) and are subject to availability.
RIGHT TO REFUSE SERVICE: All Seasons Inn & Suites is privately owned and operated. We reserve the right to refuse service to anyone for any reason(s) that does not violate Federal or State laws. All Seasons Inn & Suites has a zero tolerance policy in which we will refuse to admit or refuse service or accommodation in our hotel or may remove a person, without refund, who refuses to abide by the reasonable standards and policies established by the State of Montana and the owners for the operation and management of the hotel. All Seasons Inn & Suites will refuse service or evict a guest: for refusal or failure to pay for accommodations, is under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or any other intoxicating substance and acts in a disorderly fashion as to disturb the peace of other guests or is not in compliance with state liquor laws; acts in a disorderly fashion as to disturb the peace of other guests; is unable to properly supervise their children at all times, seeks to use the hotel for an unlawful purpose; seeks to bring into the hotel: an unlawfully possessed firearm; or something, including an explosive or hazardous or toxic substance, that is unlawful to possess and that may be dangerous to other persons; destroys, damages, defaces, or threatens harm to hotel property or guests; causes or permits persons to exceed the maximum allowable occupancy of room, refuses to abide by the reasonable standards or policies established by All Seasons Inn & Suites for the operation and management of our hotel. MCA 70-6-511, 70-5-512,70-6-513, 70-6-514
QUIET HOURS: 10:00 p.m. to 9 a.m. If you become aware of a disruptive guest, please contact Front Desk staff immediately by room phone or in person. Televisions, voices, or other devices must be kept at a respectful low level at all times. Doors should be opened and closed quietly. No congregating or running in halls.
VISITORS: No visitors after 10:00 p.m. Visitors must notify Front Desk upon their arrival. Visitors must be accompanied by the registered guest at all times. Visitors are not allowed to use guest amenities including the hot tub, continental breakfast, or Wi-Fi. As a registered guest, you are responsible for your visitor at all times.
CONTINENTAL BREAKFAST:
Our Continental Breakfast is free to registered guests only. Visitors may not join a registered guest for a free breakfast. Visitors may pay $6.00 per person at the Front Desk. If you desire a full hot breakfast, Front Desk staff is happy to provide you with a discount coupon to a local restaurant.
CONNECTING ROOM POLICY:
Connecting rooms are subject to availability and can only be booked directly through the hotel. Please call the hotel directly to discuss available configurations. Guests with a pet requesting a connecting room will be assessed a pet fee for both rooms. The following connecting combinations are available.
Upstairs- Connecting standard rooms (two queen beds in each room).
Downstairs-King Handicapped room to a standard room (two queen beds).
DISCOUNTS:
We do not offer discounted room rates for participation or employment in organizations such as AAA, AARP, government employees, etc.
CANCELLATION:
All Seasons Inn & Suites is not responsible for weather conditions, personal emergencies, or schedule changes. Reservations must be cancelled forty-eight (48 hours) hotel time, prior to your arrival date, in order to avoid a one (1) night full room cancellation fee. If reservations are cancelled less than 48 hours before the arrival date, your credit card may be charged the full room charge plus taxes. If you are staying more than one (1) night, only the first night and taxes will be charged. If you cancel any reservation, you must obtain and save the cancellation number for your records.
NOSHOW CHARGES:
Failure to check in on the scheduled arrival date for a reservation guaranteed with a credit card will result in a No-Show fee being charged to your credit card. You will only be charged the first night, one (1) night’s full room rate plus taxes and the balance of the reservation will be cancelled.
GROUP RESERVATIONS:
Large group/Block reservations must be cancelled eight (8) weeks prior to arrival date. Reservations cancelled after that date may be charged one (1) full room charge plus tax for each room reserved and the balance of their reservations cancelled.
HOUSE RULES: Groups, School groups, sports/ski teams, weddings, special events, etc.
Please contact hotel directly for current House Rules (406) 547-8888. Schools, sport/ski teams are directed to also review their specific school or sport organization Code of Conduct.
DO-NOT DISTURB AND ACCESS TO ROOMS:
To provide all of our guests with an exceptionally clean and safe hotel experience, we provide daily housekeeping. Our Housekeeping Staff will honor the “IN”door hanger once during a twelve hour period indicating that the room is occupied. The Housekeeping Staff is required to enter the room at subsequent times to clean the room, check for safety, and verify the condition of the room. Management reserves the right to enter a room with a known status of “IN” for reasonable purposes, such as an emergency, housekeeping, maintenance, verify that the room, its furnishings, and mechanical equipment are intact, or to address or prevent a violation of our Hotel Policy/House Rules. In the event of suspected illegal activity, management reserves the right to summon law enforcement to aid in eviction. The right to privacy ends when a Hotel Policy/House Rule is broken. Law enforcement will be granted immediate access to hotel property and rooms of evicted guests.
CHILDREN: Well behaved children of all ages are welcomed. Children aged 12 and under stay for free when sharing a room with one or more paying adult(s), using existing bedding. As the parents, guardians, or chaperones of children you are personally and legally responsible for and must supervise them at all times MCA 70.6.514. For safety reasons, please do not leave children unattended in guest rooms or allow them to roam the hotel property unsupervised. Children under the age of 13 are not allowed in the hot tub area without being accompanied and supervised by their parent/guardian/chaperone.
ADDITIONAL BEDDING:
A limited number of rollaway beds and baby cribs are available upon request. Availability is on a first-come, first-served basis for a King room or Suite only. The charge is $5.00 each, plus tax per night. Maximum capacity of baby crib or rollaway is one (1) per room. Rollaway beds are not allowed in a Standard Queen room. For safety, pillows are not provided for cribs.
MAXIMUM OCCUPANCY:
Room occupancy requirements are based on fire code/fire safety restrictions. Standard Room maximum occupancy is 4, King or King Handicapped maximum occupancy is 2, Small Suite maximum occupancy is 6, Large Suite maximum occupancy is 6, and Extra-Large Suite maximum occupancy is 8. If you exceed the maximum number of guests allowed, you will be asked to rent another guestroom for proper accommodations or vacate the hotel.
ROOM KEYS:
Room keys are issued to the registered guest(s). No room keys will be issued to youth under 18 at any time. I.D. is required if you have lost your key and require a duplicate. Please return room keys to Front Desk at Check-out.
HOUSEKEEPING/ROOM INSPECTION:
Housekeeping is provided daily between the hours of 9 a.m.-2 p.m. Housekeeping may start as early as 6 a.m. during hunting season. This is a 100 % NON-SMOKING hotel, including medical marijuana. Rooms are cleaned and inspected daily and a detailed log is maintained on each room and linen. Rooms are rented to guests in appropriate condition without any prohibited odor. Housekeeping and Front Desk staff are trained and skilled in identifying the odors from prohibited items. If our investigation concludes that you have smoked in your room, cooked, or brought a prohibited item into our facility, you will be fined, and evicted without any refund.
LINEN CHANGING:
Your comfort is very important to us. For guests staying multiples nights, bed linen is changed on a rotation schedule. Used towels are exchanged for fresh towels daily. If Housekeeping is unable to change a bed due to personal items left on a bed, a note will be left. Housekeeping will be happy to change your bed linens and make your beds each day if all personal items are removed. Please contact our Front Desk staff if you have any additional questions or concerns.
LOST & FOUND POLICY:
All Seasons Inn & Suites assumes no liability for lost, misplaced, stolen, or damaged valuables or belongings. If you discover that you have left behind something of value to you, please call us immediately (406) 547-8888 and we will try to assist you in locating your lost item.
FOUND ITEMS:
All Seasons Inn & Suites is not responsible for any item left behind by a guest. However, any item, with the exception of perishable items, left behind by our guests and found after departure by Housekeeping will be collected, logged in, and kept in a secure location for collection by the owner for up to fourteen (14) days. Records of Lost & Found items are retained for five years. Reasonable effort will be made to notify the guest that an item has found. Perishable items, underwear, and miscellaneous toiletries are discarded.
RETURN:
We would be happy to return your lost item(s) to you by United States Postal Service. Sorry, no UPS or FED EX deliveries. Your credit card will be charged packaging and postage, plus a $10.00 handling fee. A separate receipt will be mailed to you. All Seasons Inn & Suites is not responsible for any item lost or misdirected during shipment by the United States Postal Service. Please contact the USPS Customer Service Department at 1-800-275-8777.
UNCLAIMED ITEMS/NO CONTACT: Lost & Found items are held for fourteen (14) days while we attempt to contact the guest. If guest contact information is incorrect or cell phone mailbox is full and we are unable to contact the guest during the fourteen (14) day holding period, the unclaimed item(s) are thrown away, given to local organizations, or disposed of accordingly by All Seasons Inn & Suites.
HOT TUB:
For safety, our Hot Tub area has a camera. Our large hot tub is available for registered guest only. Visitors are not permitted in the hot tub or hot tub area. The hot tub is located on the ground floor and is open from 10:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. The hot tub temperature is 104 degrees. For the safety of our guests and staff the hot tub is closed if the outside temperature drops below 32 degrees. Adult supervision is required for all children under the age of 13. No children under the age of five or pregnant women permitted. No life guard on duty. No dogs, food, drinks, or smoking is allowed in the Hot Tub area. Please refer to the posted rules at the Hot Tub for more use guidelines and rules-those guidelines and rules are considered a part of our Hotel Policy/House Rules
ALCOHOL POLICY:
Registered guests of legal age who choose to bring their own alcoholic beverages must consume those in their room. Alcohol is not allowed in public areas such as the lobby, hot tub, halls, etc. Alcohol consumed during special events served by a licensed caterer with permit to serve/sale alcohol is restricted to those 21 years old or older (valid photo identification required) and can only be consumed at that event venue. MCA 70-6-513, MCA 27-1-710, MCA 16-3-105, MCA 16-4-204.
FIREARMS AND WEAPONS:
The safety and security of our guests and staff is extremely important to us. Our Firearms and Weapons Policy is designed for the protection of our guests, vendors, staff, and owners, and pertains to the presence of firearms and weapons on hotel premises. All Seasons Inn & Suites recognize that guests and vendors may legally possess firearms or weapons for a variety of legitimate purposes. This policy has been developed to create a safe environment by providing appropriate guidance over the custody of firearms and weapons on our premises. All Seasons Inn & Suites is private property. Guests, who are lawfully permitted to possess a firearm or weapon, may bring such onto our hotel premises for storage purposes only, with the understanding that they are personally responsible for following:
Guests must abide by all Federal, State, and local laws.
Firearm and weapons must be appropriately registered.
Firearms must be unloaded
No cleaning of firearms is permitted on hotel premises.
Firearms and weapons must be safeguarded and secured in either a locked, hard sided firearm container or a soft gun case provided by the guest at all times and clearly labeled with their name and contact information.
No firearms or weapons in the breakfast area.
Damages caused by arrowheads will be charged accordingly, please be careful.
Guests and vendors who fail to abide by our policy may be asked to leave the hotel premises, are subject to trespass and may be subject to further legal action. Exempted from this policy are law enforcement officers and designated military personnel who are on-duty and required to carry firearms in the performance of their duties. No exemption to this policy is allowed for private persons, even those licensed and permitted to carry a firearm openly or concealed under local, state, or federal law, are exempt from this policy. It is our policy to promptly turn over any firearms left on the property to the Meagher County Sheriff's Office if we are unable to contact the owner. Questions concerning these policies or its implementation may be addressed to the hotel owners directly (406) 547-8888. MCA 70-24-110
BICYCLES/HOVER BOARDS/ROLLER BLADES:
Bicycles, Hover boards, and roller blades are not permitted in guest rooms. Depending on available space, Front Desk staff will be happy to secure these items in our mechanical room. We assume no liability for theft, loss, and/or damage, and you waive any and all such liability.
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY OR FIRE:
Please notify Front Desk in the event of a fire or other emergency. A map that shows emergency exits can be found on the back of your room door and in the Guest Information Notebook located in each guest room.
FIRE SAFETY POLICY:
The hotel is fully equipped with smoke detectors, fire safety information in Guest Room Notebook, and emergency evacuation plans on the door of each guest room. Please review this important information.
NO IN-ROOM PARTY:
All Seasons Inn & Suites enforces a No In-Room Party Policy to ensure we can protect the hotel and our guests at all times. No parties, loud disturbances and/or noise-nuisance are allowed or tolerated on these premises. In the event of a disturbance, one polite request (warning) will be given to reduce the noise. If our request is not followed, the guest will be asked to leave the hotel without refund. Registered guest(s) is responsible for all persons visiting. Non-Registered visitors are only permitted until 10:00 P.M. If found with more “people” not listed on the Guest Registration Form after 10:00 P.M. your stay will be considered a party. You will be ordered to vacate the premises without refund and may be access Guest Compensation Disturbance Fee.
FREE WiFi ACCESS:
Access to our WiFi is free for our registered guests. The hotel WiFi access code is subject to change without notice. WiFi signals are subject to change without notice depending on the room’s location, the status of our WiFi-equipment, and interference from other local wireless signals. All Seasons Inn & Suites assumes no liability for guest use.
ENFORCEMENT:
All staff is trained and required to respond to potential violations of our Hotel Policy/House Rules. Guests who refuse to abide by the reasonable standards and policies established by All Seasons Inn & Suites for safety of all guests, staff, owners, property, and the operation and management of the hotel will be evicted, with no refund (MCA 70-6-511). In addition to the room charge, a minimum $300.00 cleaning fee per room will be charged for infraction(s) of our Hotel Policy/House Rules.
TERMS & CONDITIONS:
All Seasons Inn & Suites makes its best efforts to ensure that all the information that appears on its website is accurate. However, no warranty, expressed or implied, is given that the information provided on this website is error free. All Seasons Inn & Suites does not accept liability for any errors and/or omissions, and reserves the right to change the information published at any time and without notice.
LINKS:
The links provided on the All Seasons Inn & Suites website are for the convenience of site visitors and are provided in good faith. All Seasons Inn & Suites does not accept liability for the contents or links provided on such websites, nor does it accept liability for any indirect or consequential loss arising out of the use or connected with its website.
ILLNESS AND EPIDEMICS:
All Seasons Inn & Suites reserves the right to refuse accommodations to a guest arriving with a contagious disease. In cases where sickness occurs during the stay, please notify the Front Desk staff. In the case of serious sickness, you may be requested to receive appropriate health care from a nearby healthcare facility. During epidemics we are entitled to employ precautionary measures within our judgment or as required by local authorities. We may charge you a room cleaning fee as we deem appropriate under the circumstances.
INFESTATION:
The cleanliness of our rooms is extremely important to our guests. If you bring any infestation into your room or onto our hotel premises, we may charge you for any and all costs and expenses, including immediate or urgent response requirements and loss of room revenue, that we deem necessary to address the infestation.
PARKING AT OWN RISK:
All vehicle(s) must be listed on the registration at check-in. Parking for registered guest(s) is free. All vehicles are parked at the risk of the owner. All Seasons Inn and Suites shall not assume liability or responsibility for any vehicle, occupants, or contents while operated or parked on the hotel property. If a vehicle is left in the hotel parking lot after the guest has departed without the written consent of the hotel, the hotel reserves the right to have the vehicle towed at the owner’s expense. No vehicle repairs on hotel premises.
DAMAGE AND/OR THEFT OF HOTEL PROPERTY
You are liable for any damage howsoever caused (whether by the deliberate, negligent, or reckless act) to the room (s), hotel’s premises or property caused by you or any person in your party whether or not staying at the hotel during your stay. All Seasons Inn & Suites reserves the right to retain your credit card and/or debit card details as presented at registration and charge or debit the credit /debit card such amounts as it shall in its sole discretion deem necessary to compensate or make good the cost or expenses incurred or suffered by All Seasons Inn & Suites as a result of the aforesaid. Should this damage come to light after the guest has departed, we reserve the right and you hereby authorize us to charge your credit or debit card for any damage incurred to your room or the Hotel property during your stay, including and without limitation for all property damage, missing or damaged items, smoking fee, cleaning fee, guest compensation, etc. We will make every effort to rectify any damage internally prior to contracting specialist to make the repairs, and therefore will make every effort to keep any costs that the guest would incur to a minimum.
DAMAGE DISCOVERED AFTER CHECK-OUT:
Guest Rooms found with waste strewn around, in complete disorder, and/or “trashed” will be subject to maintenance deep cleaning fee, administration fee and/or third party fees.
DAMAGE TO ROOM: Damage to rooms, fixtures, furnishing and equipment including the removal of electronic equipment, towels, art work, etc. will be charge at 120% of full and new replacement value plus any shipping and handling charges. Any damage to hotel property, whether accidental or willful, is the responsibility of the registered guest for each particular room. Any costs associated with repairs and/or replacement will be charged to the credit card of the registered guest. In extreme cases, criminal charges will be pursued.
DAMAGE TO MATTRESSES AND BEDDING:
Damage to mattresses and linen including; towels, mattress pads, sheets, bedspreads, blankets resulting from the use of body oils, make-up, shoe-polish, etc. will result in a charge for the special cleaning, repair or replacement of the damaged article.
DAMAGE OR TAMPERING WITH FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS/FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT:
All Seasons Inn & Suites reserve the right to take action against any guest or visitor found to have tampered or interfered with any detection equipment throughout the hotel, including detector heads in public areas, guest rooms, break glass points and fire extinguishers. Guests or visitors found to have tampered with any fire detection or fire-fighting equipment will be charged with any costs incurred by the hotel due to their actions and will be evicted from the hotel. Depending on the severity of the guest actions, law enforcement may become involved at the hotel’s discretion. Should the fact that fire-fighting or detection equipment had been tampered with come to light after the guest has departed, we reserve the right and you hereby authorize us to charge your credit or debit card for any damage incurred to your room or the Hotel property during your stay, including and without limitation for all property damage, missing or damaged items, smoking fee, cleaning fee, guest compensation, etc.
CHANGES OR MODIFICATION TO THE HOTEL POLICY/HOUSE RULES:
All Seasons Inn & Suites reserves the right to amend, modify, change, cancel, vary or add to these Hotel Policies/House Rules or the arrangements and content featured on our Hotel website at any time without prior notice. Please check our website regularly for updates to Hotel Policy/House Rules. Any modification to these Hotel Policy/House Rules that occurs before your departure is considered a part of your reservations agreement with us. A copy of these Hotel Policy/House Rules is located on our website, in the Guest Room Notebook, and available from Front Desk staff upon request.
BUSINESS CENTER: Photocopies and faxes are provided for a fee. The Business Center computer is provided for the registered guest(s) to check their email, print airline tickets, etc. like activities. Children are not allowed on the computer, nor is it intended for gaming, movies, etc.
TELEPHONE CHARGES:
Phones charges are computed and assigned to your room folio at the end of each telephone transaction.
Local Calls- 1.5 mile radius from hotel/White Sulphur Springs area and 800 numbers – are free.
Do not dial a 1 or area code to place a local call. If you dial (1+406) the accounting system records your call as long distance.
Call Within Area Code- .30 first minute, .30 for each additional minute.
Calls Outside of Area Code- $3.00 first minute, $3.00 for each additional minute.
International Calls-$10.00 first minute, $10.00 for each additional minute.
Local Directory Assistance-$4.00 first minute, $4.00 each additional minute.
Long Distance Directory Assistance-$4.00 first minute, $4.00 each additional minute
Operator Assisted Calls-$10.00 first minute
All Seasons Inn & Suites 808 3rd Avenue SW White Sulphur Springs, MT 59645 (406) 547-8888 RESERVATIONS ONLY: (877) 314-0241 info@allseasonsinnandsuites.net
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msmarco_passage_00_129992098 | What is Electricity? (page 2) | What is Electricity? (page 2)
PAGE TWO OF: What Is "Electricity"?
(c)1996 William J. Beaty
Electrical Engineer
Back to PAGE ONE
What is electric charge?
Electric charge, also called "the Quantity of Electricity," is a funamental component of everyday matter. Objects are made of molecules and atoms, atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and the protons and electrons are made in part out of electric charge. Electric charge is substance-like. If you have a quantity of charge, you cannot destroy it, you can only move it from place to place. A flow of electric charge is called "electric current."
Here's an interesting problem. Electric charge once had a different name. It was called "electricity" by nearly all scientists throughout history. They said things like "charge of negative electricity" or "charge of positive electricity." They called electric currents by the name "flows of electricity." Eventually they changed the name and stopped using the word "electricity." They called it "electric charge" or simply "charge." Yet the old Quantity of Electricity definition is still used by Britannica, and the CRC Handbook, and the SI units definitions of NIST.
See also:
What is electric charge ?
Scientists' definition of the word "electricity." ?
Misconceptions about charge
What is electricity, REALLY? ("charge" versus energy)
What is electrical energy?
Each of these is a kind of electrical energy:
X-rays
Light
Microwaves
Radio signals
Telephone signals
These five things really are exactly the same, only their frequency is different. We can add two more items to the list above. Power lines carry the same "stuff" as above, but the frequency is even lower, it is 60 cycles per second (50Hz in Europe.) And batteries produce the same "stuff", but the frequency in that case is near zero. Lets add them to the list:
X-rays
Light
Microwaves
Radio signals
Telephone signals
60Hz energy from Electric company generators
DC energy from batteries
Electrical energy is also called "electromagnetic energy" or "EM energy" or "electromagnetic vibrations." Electrical energy is a type of wave energy, and these energy-waves always move very quickly (they usually move at the speed of light.) When you turn on a wall switch, the light bulbs light up instantly because the electrical energy moves so fast.
Electrical energy is a combination of two things: magnetic fields and electrostatic fields. Electrical energy can be guided by wires, but also it can travel through space without any wires. For example, if we wave a bar magnet near a coil of wire, electrical energy produced by the moving magnet will leap into the coil even though the magnet did not touch the coil. Another example: if we build an antenna that's about 5000 miles long, we can plug it into an AC wall outlet, and the electrical energy will be broadcast into space and lost. There is no basic difference between "radio signals" and "AC Power", only their frequency is different.
Also see:
What is electrical energy?
What is electricity, REALLY?
Electricity is not a form of energy
What are electrons?
Everyday matter is composed of atoms, right? But atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. This tells us that atoms are patterns, and that that everyday matter is just a big bunch of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons are a natural part of everyday matter. MATTER IS FULL OF ELECTRONS. This is important, because whenever an electric current appears in a copper wire, the electrons already present within the copper are forced to flow. As far as wires are concerned, "electric current" means "copper's electrons start flowing."
Here's the most important part: batteries and generators don't put those electrons into the wires. The electrons were already there, because wires are made partly of electrons. When you plug a lamp into an AC outlet, the electrons already inside the copper wires are forced to vibrate back and forth.
An analogy: if sound is like electrical energy, then air molecules are like electrons. How do sound waves travel? They are travelling vibrations in the air. How does electrical energy travel? It is a vibration that travels in the "cloud of electrons" inside of metals.
What is electric current?
Whenever electric charge moves or flows, that is an electric current. The words "electric current" are the same as the words "charge flow."
An Analogy: If charge is like air, then electric current is like wind. Or if charge is like water, then Electric Current is like "gallons per second" of water flow.
See also: HOW CAN WE MAKE ELECTRIC CURRENTS?
What is an imbalance of charge?
Objects are matter, and among other things, matter is made from a combination of positive and negative electric charge. When the quantities of positive and negative charge aren't perfectly equal, there is an imbalance of charge. An imbalance of charge is commonly called "static electricity", but this can be misleading because there is nothing really "static" about it. If a charge imbalance should flow along... it's still an imbalance; it's still "static electricity."
See also:
Red and Green Electricity
"static electric" misconceptions
What is an electric field?
When positive charges attract negative charges, there is an electric field joining the charges together. Electric fields are a lot like magnetism. Both are invisible, both contain "lines of force," and both can reach across empty space and cause things to attract or repel. However, electric fields are NOT MAGNETIC. They are a whole different thing than magnetism. The poles of a magnet are surrounded by a magnetic field, but how do we create an electric field? Just rub a balloon on your hair! Charged objects create electric fields in much the same way that magnet poles create magnetic fields. So what is an electric field? One answer: north and south magnetic poles create magnetic fields, while positive and negative ELECTRIC POLES create electric fields.
See also: WHAT IS VOLTAGE?
What is voltage?
"Voltage" or "electric potential" is one way that we can measure an electric field . To produce a very high voltage, rub a balloon on your head, or scuff your shoes upon the floor when the humidity is very low.
Electric fields can push or pull upon electric charges, so electric forces are caused by voltage (or instead we could say that voltage and electric forces are caused by electric fields.) In a battery circuit, the voltage from the battery causes the charges of the wire to flow. VOLTAGE CAUSES CURRENT. Some people like to say that voltage is a sort of "electric pressure." That's almost correct (it's correct as far as grade school is concerned, but in physics classes we will learn that voltage is not pressure, not exactly.)
Another answer here .
What is electric power?
"Electric power" means "flow rate of electrical energy." If electrical energy was like water, then electric power would be the gallons-per-second. Energy is measured in Joules, and when energy flows, the flow is measured in Joules per second. What is a watt? The word "Watt" is just another way of saying "Joule per Second." Energy comes in Joules, while power comes in Joules per second.
The important part: while energy is very much like a stuff, power is not. Power is a FLOW RATE of energy, or a RATE OF USE of energy. We can store electrical energy, but electric power is not something that is ever stored. (Think in this way: we can store gallons of water, but it's impossible to store any "gallons per second" of water.)
Also see:
How are Watts and Amps different?
How are Watts, Amperes, and Volts related?
What is a spark?
An electric spark is a volume of air which has been electrically converted from a gas into a plasma, the fourth state of matter. While plasma can be created by high temperatures, it can also be created electrically when a high voltage pulls loose the outer electrons of air molecules.
Sparks are made of glowing air, and the color of the spark depends on the type of gases involved. Sparks in nitrogen/oxygen are bluish-violet, while sparks in Neon are red/orange. (Yes, the glow inside a neon sign is a kind of fuzzy low-pressure spark.)
Also, sparks are conductive. Once formed, they can contain an electric current in much the same way that a wire can. In many ways a spark is like a bit of air which has been turned into an electrical wire. When you watch a thunderstorm, imagine that the clouds are throwing out highly charged wires which will explode if they touch the ground. Or when watching a Tesla Coil, don't forget that the glowing fractal streamers are conductors with alternating current inside.
Sparks can leap in either direction regardless of polarity, and can leap from both a DC electrode or an AC electrode. They can start on a DC negative electrode and jump towards positive. Or they can start on the positive and go towards the neg. They can even start in the air between two electrodes and spread outwards in both directions.
Sparks in air involve avalanches of electrons from the air molecules, but they also involve photons of Ultraviolet light. The strong electrostatic field at the tip of a spark causes nearby air molecules to break apart into separate electrons and ion as a free electron strikes molecules and releases more electrons in an avalanche. Air turns into plasma. But also the electrons captured by atoms can give off ultraviolet photons, and if this light is absorbed by nearby air molecules, it can knock electrons off and spread the plasma that way. (And if gamma rays or Beta particles from background radioactivity should strike a growing spark, they can grow it much faster as a gamma/Beta spark rather than a UV/electron spark, by the process of Runaway Breakdown.)
Another answer here .
What is electromagnetism?
"Electromagnetism" usually means "electrical energy" or "electromagnetic fields."
Another answer here.
What is electrical science?
Electrical science is the study of electrical effects... and electrical effects are caused by electric charges and by the electric and magnetic fields associated with charges. Electrical science is divided into sections called Electrodynamics, Electrostatics, Magnetism, and EM wave mechanics.
Electrical science is often called "electricity," which can be confusing. For example, the study of lightning is the study of electrical science, so the study of lightning is the study of "electricity." But this doesn't mean that lightning is "made" of electricity. When we study lightning, we are studying a science topic, and we're not studying a substance called "electricity."
It might be better if electrical science had some other name than "electricity." After all, the study of light is not called light. It's called optics. Nobody thinks that lenses and light bulbs are made out of light, since whenever we study lenses and light bulbs, we study "optics." Optics is obviously a science topic. But plenty of people think that lightning is made out of electricity, since whenever we study lightning, we study a science topic named Electricity, and most people imagine that we're studying a SUBSTANCE named "electricity." which looks like blue-white fire that reaches across the sky.
"Electricity" or Electrical Science is confusing in another way. This science topic is divided into two sections called Electrostatics (the study of charge and voltage), and Electrodynamics (the study of current and changing fields.) Many people have convinced themselves that there are two kinds of electrical energy: static and current. Wrong. In truth, there are two kinds of ELECTRICAL SCIENCE: Electrostatics and electrodynam ics. Since "electrical science" is called "electricity," we can say that the two types of electricity are static and current. What we MEAN is that the two types of electrical science are the study of charge and the study of charge-flow. See what's happening here? A field of science has been mistaken for a type of energy! And the two fields of science, Statics and Dynamics, have been mistaken for two separate KINDS of energy.
How many K-6 textbooks insist that "static electricity" and "current electricity" are the two main forms of energy? This is a weird distortion which probably arose over many years of misunderstanding. What they MEAN is that there are two types of electrical science, one dealing with charge and voltage, and the other dealing with currents and circuits. Two kinds of "electricity," where the word "electricity" means Electrical Science.
What is electrodynamics?
Electrodynamics is a field of science and a class of phenomena which involves electric current, magnetic fields, and attractive/repulsive magnetic forces. The study of generators, motors, circuitry, electric currents, etc., falls under the heading of "electrodynamics."
What is electrostatics?
Electrostatics is a field of science and a class of phenomena which involves charged subatomic particles, net electrical charge, electric voltage, electric fields, and attractive/repulsive electric forces.
What are electrical phenomena?
"Electrical phenomenon" means "electrical happening." When you turn on a flashlight, that is an electrical phenomenon. During a thunderstorm, the thunder is an electrical phenomenon and the flashes of light are electrical phenomena.
Unfortunately the term "electricity" means "electrical phenomenon." This causes confusion, because sparks, wires, batteries, currents, and voltage are all electrical phenomena, so they are forms of electricity. See what I just said? Batteries ARE ELECTRICITY. Sparks ARE ELECTRICITY. Electron flows ARE ELECTRICITY.
But these are not such odd statements. After all, transistors and radios and computers are electronics. When we hear about "electronics", we don't end up thinking that "electronics" is some kind of weird invisible energy that's hidden inside our computer. The word "electronics" fortunately has a clear meaning.
Not so with "electrical phenomena" or "electricity." If someone tells you that motors are electricity, you'll probably get the right idea (motors are electricity just as transistors are electronics.) But if someone tells you that lightning is electricity, or that electric currents are electricity, you probably WON'T decide that lightning and currents fall under the heading of electrical phenomena. Instead, you'll probably decide that currents and lighting are MADE OUT OF "electricity," and that "electricity" is a very strange substance indeed.
http://amasci.com/miscon/whatis2.html
Created and maintained by Bill Beaty. Mail me at: .
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msmarco_passage_00_131460191 | Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D., America’s first female doctor | Amazing Women In History | Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D., America’s first female doctor | Amazing Women In History
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Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D., America’s first female doctor
Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D. (1821-1910), was the first woman to graduate from medical school in the United States and is often thought of as America’s first woman doctor. A dedicated public health advocate, social reformer, and prolific writer, Blackwell changed the course of modern medicine, founding hospitals and medical colleges for women in the United States and England, pioneering in preventive medicine and infection control, and breaking prejudicial barriers against women in medicine on two continents.
Elizabeth Blackwell was born in England, near Bristol on February 3, 1821, the third of nine children, at a time when women had no access to higher education or the professions, and married women had no legal identities separate from their husbands. Elizabeth’s early home life was rich and satisfying for her and her siblings. Both boys and girls were tutored at home. Meals provided spirited discussions for the children as well as their parents’ frequent dinner guests, anti-slavery crusaders, missionaries, and political and religious leaders.
Nine years later everything changed. Life in Bristol became unstable. Cholera swept through the city. Riots began to break out and factories were burned. When Elizabeth’s father Samuel’s sugarcane business floundered, he decided to move his family to America. They settled in New York City in 1832. Eleven year old Elizabeth continued her studies, reading everything, learning French and German, and studying music and art.
Despite his best efforts, Samuel never regained the financial prosperity they had known in England. The family dismissed their servants and economized but found it necessary to start over once again and moved to Cincinnati, Ohio six years later. Three weeks after their move to Ohio however, Samuel died unexpectedly from biliary fever caused by a tick bite, leaving his family alone and impoverished.
Hand bill from the New York City Board of Health, 1832
To support the family, Elizabeth, then 18, her mother Hannah, and two older sisters opened a private school: The Cincinnati English and French Academy for Young Ladies. It became the primary source of income until the boys were old enough to go into business two years later in 1842. At that point Hannah closed the school and Elizabeth tutored students privately. When she received an invitation to teach in Henderson, Kentucky, she left home for the first time. Though she enjoyed her students, Elizabeth found the realities of slavery and racism untenable, and she refused to accept the attitudes of the southern families paying her wage. She resigned her position and returned to Cincinnati within the year.
While she enjoyed a full and active social life, she wrote in her diary that she felt “the want of a more engrossing pursuit than the study of music, German, and metaphysics.” When she visited a friend dying of cancer, Mary Donaldson told her how difficult it was to have exams and treatments performed by a male doctor. She suggested that since Elizabeth loved to study, she should study medicine.
Though initially repelled by the idea of studying anything connected with the human body, Elizabeth found herself constantly returning to the idea. She said, “Other circumstances forced upon me the necessity of devoting myself to some absorbing occupation. I became impatient of the disturbing influence exercised by the other sex. I had always been extremely susceptible to this influence.” Because her family did not have the financial means to provide for her, she either had to marry or work. The challenge of becoming a woman physician intrigued her, and she thought the pursuit of medical training would be the deterrent she sought to a stifling marriage.
Since she had no idea how to become a physician, Elizabeth consulted several doctors known to her family, as well as close family friend Harriet Beecher Stowe.
Harriet Beecher-Stowe, American abolitionist and author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, family friend of Elizabeth Blackwell
They said it was a good idea, but impossible suggesting there were strong prejudices and too many obstacles to overcome. It was commonly assumed women were morally unfit to practice medicine, that they were ignorant, inexact, untrustworthy, un-businesslike, lacking in sense and mental perception, and contemptuous of logic. Not to mention immodest. There was no education available to women and in addition, medical school was expensive.
Elizabeth reasoned that if, as others advised, the idea had value, then there would be a way to do it. She wrote,
The idea of winning a doctor’s degree gradually assumed the aspect of a great moral struggle, and the moral fight possessed immense attraction for me. Elizabeth Blackwell
In 1845, at age 24, Elizabeth decided she was going to get a medical education. To accomplish her goal, she took another teaching position to save the $3000 necessary for tuition and expenses. She found a job teaching music at an academy in Asheville, North Carolina. She lodged with the Reverend John Dickson, who had been a physician before becoming a clergyman. In her free time, Elizabeth studied the medical books in Dickson’s library. When the academy closed unexpectedly a year later, Elizabeth found work at a boarding school in Charleston, South Carolina and lodged with John Dickson’s brother, Dr. Samuel Dickson, a prominent Charleston physician.
Within two years, Elizabeth achieved her financial goal. The summer of 1847, Elizabeth sailed to Philadelphia because it was considered to have the best schooling. She applied to the four best medical colleges in Philadelphia and was rejected. She recorded in her diary that interviews with school officials were disappointing.
While she continued to seek admission, Elizabeth began to study anatomy privately with a doctor sympathetic to her. She also found support in Dr. Joseph Warrington who allowed her to visit his patients, attend his lectures, and make use of his library. He spoke to various friends on her behalf. Though she eventually applied for admission to every medical college in Philadelphia and New York City all twenty nine schools rejected her. Refusing to give up, she then wrote to a number of lesser known colleges, including Geneva Medical College in western New York state.
Elizabeth Blackwell with her adopted daughter Kitty and two dogs, 1905.
After her acceptance at Geneva Medical College, she found out the college administrators let the students decide whether to allow a woman admission or not. The young men thought it was a good joke and said yes. She started classes in November facing prejudice and loneliness. A woman studying medicine was such an aberration, townspeople would stop and stare at her. They thought her insane, immoral, or both. She stayed strong in herself and kept sight of her goal. Even though she joined the class midterm, she caught up and became the head of her class.
In the summer between school terms, Elizabeth returned to Philadelphia to work at the Blockley Almshouse where a typhus epidemic had broken out. There, she gained the clinical experiences she wanted, and her increasing interest in the disease later became the subject of her thesis at Geneva.
In January, 1849, at the age of 28, Elizabeth Blackwell received her medical degree, at the top of her class. Though she had received the necessary training and credential, she was banned from practicing medicine by the medical community. Blackwell decided to continue her studies in Europe, only to find the hospitals of England closed to her as well.
After a few months, she traveled to the Paris hospital, La Maternite, where she was admitted under the condition she be treated as a student midwife, not as a physician. She found support in a young resident physician who provided mentoring throughout her training in obstetrics. Her study was cut short when she contracted purulent ophthalmia resulting in one eye being removed, preventing her from fulfilling a dream of becoming a surgeon.
Anne Isabella Byron, Baroness Byron
Elizabeth returned to England in 1850 and was accepted as an intern at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, through the help of a cousin. During this time, she led an active social life, becoming friends with Anne Isabella Byron, the widow of Lord Byron. She also met young Florence Nightingale, just before she defied her family to study nursing.
A year later Elizabeth returned to New York City determined to open her own practice. She found no male doctor would accept her as an associate. No landlord in the city would rent space. Eventually she rented a room in Jersey City. She hung out her shingle and waited, but very few patients came. To increase business, Elizabeth began giving lectures on women’s health. She wrote articles on the importance of good hygiene as well as the importance of exercise and physical education for girls in school.
After her sister Emily received her medical degree in 1853, she joined Elizabeth. Together they opened a clinic in the slums of New York City for women and children. Elizabeth wrote, “my working powers were more than doubled by the arrival of my sister…who became my partner and able co-worker.” They were later joined by Dr. Marie E. Zakrzewska, a trained midwife from Berlin who had done her pre-med studies with Elizabeth before graduating from Cleveland.
In 1857, the clinic was closed and the three women opened The New York Infirmary for Women and Children. This facility still exists as the Beekman Downtown Hospital. It not only served the poor but provided a training facility and positions for female medical and nursing students. Dr. Zak served as chief resident and Dr. Emily as the chief of surgery.
Elizabeth Blackwell founded the New York Infirmary for Women and Children with her sister Emily in 1857
During this time, Elizabeth adopted an orphan Katherine Barry, who became a lifelong companion as well as an adopted daughter. Although Elizabeth provided for Barry’s education, she never allowed the girl to develop her own interests, or make her own friends. Rather shy and self conscious about her slight deafness, Barry dedicated herself to Elizabeth’s welfare, staying with her all her life. Elizabeth recorded an incident she found amusing, “She had always been accustomed to call me ‘Doctor.’ On one occasion she was present during the visit of a friendly physician. After he was gone, she came to me with a very puzzled face, exclaiming, ‘Doctor, how very odd it is to hear a man called Doctor!'”
Elizabeth once again travelled to England in 1858 to fundraise and increase awareness for women in the medical field. She returned a year later after becoming the first woman to have her name entered on the Medical Register of the United Kingdom. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Elizabeth contributed by training and organizing a unit of female field doctors and nurses.
Seven years later she founded the Woman’s Medical College adjacent to the New York Infirmary. It was the first American medical school for women. Dr. Rebecca Cole, the first American black woman to become a doctor, was one of the first graduates of the Women’s Medical College. It was one of the first medical schools in America to require four years of study.
Dr. Emily Blackwell took over management of the college which freed Elizabeth to return to England and establish a medical college for women there. Elizabeth said,
The first seven years of New York life were years of very difficult though steady, uphill work. It was carried on without cessation and without change from town, either summer or winter. Patients came very slowly to consult me. I had no medical companionship, the profession stood aloof, and society was distrustful of the innovation. Insolent letters occasionally came by post, and my pecuniary position was a source of constant anxiety. My keenest pleasure in those early days came from the encouraging letters received from the many valued English friends who extended across the ocean the warm sympathy they had shown in London. They strengthened that feeling of kinship to my native land which finally drew me back to it. Elizabeth Blackwell
She sailed in 1869. Dr. Zakrzewska soon left to open a woman’s hospital in Boston.
She said, “In 1869, the early pioneer work in America was ended. Our New York centre was well organised under able guidance, and I determined to return to England for a temporary though prolonged residence, both to renew physical strength, which had been severely tried, and to enlarge my experience of life, as well as to assist in the pioneer work so bravely commencing in London, and which extended later to Edinburgh.”
She opened a private practice and enjoyed an active social life exchanging conversations with leading artists and social reformers. She helped form the National Health Society of England in 1871 and three years later also participated in the creation and opening of the New Hospital and London School of Medicine for Women. Her health, however, gradually declined. In 1873 she was forced to spend time in Italy to recover the strength lost in several bouts of “atrocious biliary colic.” She curtailed her private practice, but two years later accepted a position of Professor of Gynecology at the London School of Medicine for Woman.
In 1879, Elizabeth moved to the village of Hastings, on the English Channel. She gave up private practice and began a period of prolific writing on issues she felt needed reform. These included medical education and ethics, preventative medicine, sanitation, family planning, and women’s rights. She wrote her autobiography, “Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Woman” which was published when she was 74. Other works include “The Religion of Health” (1871), “Counsel to Parents on the Moral Education of Their Children” (1878), “The Human Element in Sex” (1884), and “Essays in Medical Sociology” (1902). She received a steady stream of visitors, corresponded vigorously, and actively wrote for publication.
In 1907, at age 86, Elizabeth took a serious fall from which she never recovered. She died on May 31, 1910 at her home, after suffering a stroke. She was buried in St. Mun’s churchyard at Kilmun on Holy Loch in the west of Scotland.
At the time of her death, America had over 7,000 practicing women physicians who had graduated with a medical diploma. Though Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell was not the first woman to practice medicine in America, she was the first to receive the same training as every other medically educated physician. Through her hard work, persistence, and determination, she achieved her personal goals and worked tirelessly to open doors for women following her. Elizabeth was a strong-willed woman who relied on inner counsel to manifest her dreams and to help others to do the same. She is said to have had a strong personality, and was often quite acerbic in her criticism of others, especially of other women. Nevertheless, she supported and actively promoted the careers of many women seeking her help to enter the medical field. She was ahead of her time, insisting on strict hygienic standards in her hospitals, and a rigorous curriculum in the schools she founded, which were later copied by other established medical schools. Through her lifelong devotion to medicine and medical practice, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell changed and improved the course of the American and British medical professions forever.
Next, read about Margaret Nash, courageous WWII POW navy nurse, or Nettie Stevens: A Discoverer of Sex Chromosomes.
Sita Khalsa
Sita Khalsa is a guest contributor for Amazing Women In History.
Thoughts:
17 Comments
Categories: Activists, Other, Teachers, Women Firsts, Writers Tags: 19th century women, american women, english women, women doctors, women in medicine, women pioneers in education
Reader Interactions
Comments
Keri
October 31, 2012 at 10:39 am
Thanks so much for writing this awesome post, Sita! Elizabeth Blackwell accomplished so much and paved the way for women doctors after her. I love the fact that there were over 7,000 women doctors practicing medicine at the time of her death. And she sure knew a lot of famous people! What an inspiring story =)
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JeanP
April 30, 2013 at 12:43 pm
Great article, keep them coming. When pregnant with my first child and having to stop my high school teaching job at 4 months into that pregnancy, (yes, that was the rule in 1970) I went to the county library and started reading biographies at the letter A. One of the first women i came upon was Ekizabeth Blackwell, which led me to reading only bios of women and an advocate of women’s history.
Reply
sophia
May 19, 2016 at 8:45 pm
This is the most useful article i have ever had thank god i discovered it thank you for creating this article!!!
Reply
Bonsen
December 20, 2016 at 8:50 pm
This really inspires me I’m a woman and I want to become a surgeon someday
Reply
madalynne
January 4, 2017 at 2:56 pm
I am inspired by her! : )
Reply
Betty
April 16, 2019 at 11:57 am
Great woman. I’m thrilled. I have learnt from Elizabeth’s story to keep pressing on and not to give up. Women are not a mistake; God doesn’t make mistakes. Women are a blessing, world changers. Thank you for this page.
Reply
madalynne
January 4, 2017 at 2:58 pm
I don’t know what I want to be yet with all the medical stuff but im thinking. : ) ; )
Reply
Jeremy
January 16, 2017 at 3:19 pm
Great career!
Reply
natalie
January 17, 2017 at 8:27 pm
you go girl
Reply
yerelin
January 18, 2017 at 7:53 pm
I love this women she had a lot of work to do and that means that girls rock!!!!!!!!
Reply
Donna Schiavone
January 24, 2017 at 11:01 am
Love this – thanks! I’m sure it wasn’t easy to shorten her life story to this article, but you did a great job.
Reply
Mary Jones
January 3, 2019 at 3:45 pm
Dr Rebecca Crumpler was the first U S Black female doctor, not Dr. rebecca “Cole”..
Reply
Constantine Papanicolaou
January 3, 2018 at 6:24 pm
In the 1845 Baltimore City directory, there is a woman on it named Eleanor Stewart listed at a “doctoress,” the only one in the city at that time. That would predate Elizabeth Blackwell as you report Blackwell did even think of medicine as a career until 1845.
Reply
Reminah Vincent
March 5, 2018 at 1:23 am
Yes, I also want to be a surgeon and that really does inspire me.
Reply
Shanmugavadivu
June 9, 2018 at 3:03 am
Thank you for saying this
Reply
Kathy
March 10, 2019 at 11:07 pm
Wonderful article, very interesting
Reply
carolina
June 16, 2020 at 4:40 am
Girls rules!!!!!
Reply
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msmarco_passage_00_136998050 | Staffing Company Beaumont Texas | American Personnel & Temps | Staffing Company Beaumont Texas | American Personnel & Temps
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msmarco_passage_00_137270613 | Are These Pregnancy Symptoms? | American Pregnancy Association | Are These Pregnancy Symptoms? | American Pregnancy Association
Pregnancy Symptoms
You know your body is telling you you’re pregnant so let’s look at key pregnancy symptoms. Since many signs of pregnancy are not specific only to pregnancy let’s see what else these signs could be.
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Wednesday August 19th, 2020
Early Signs of Pregnancy
Pregnancy symptoms differ from woman to woman and pregnancy to pregnancy; however, one of the most significant signs of pregnancy is a missed period. It's important to understand the early signs of pregnancy because each symptom may have causes other... more...
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msmarco_passage_00_137801108 | Bleeding During Pregnancy | American Pregnancy Association | Bleeding During Pregnancy | American Pregnancy Association
Bleeding During Pregnancy
Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy can occur frequently in the first trimester of pregnancy, and may not be a sign of problems. However, bleeding that occurs in the second and third trimester of pregnancy can often be a sign of a possible complication. Bleeding can be caused by a number of potential reasons.
Some basic things to know about bleeding:
If you are bleeding, you should always wear a pad or panty liner, so that you can monitor how much you are bleeding and what type of bleeding you are experiencing.
You should never wear a tampon or introduce anything else into the vaginal area, such as douche or sexual intercourse if you are currently experiencing bleeding.
If you are also experiencing any of the other symptoms mentioned below in connection with a possible complication, you should contact your health care provider immediately.
First Half of Pregnancy:
Miscarriage: Bleeding can be a sign of miscarriage, but does not mean that miscarriage is imminent. Studies show that anywhere from 20-30% of women experience some degree of bleeding in early pregnancy. Approximately half of the pregnant women who bleed do not have miscarriages. Approximately 15-20% of all pregnancies result in a miscarriage, and the majority occur during the first 12 weeks.
Signs of Miscarriage include:
Vaginal bleeding
Cramping pain felt low in the stomach (stronger than menstrual cramps)
Tissue passing through the vagina
Most miscarriages cannot be prevented. They are often the body’s way of dealing with an unhealthy pregnancy that was not developing. A miscarriage does not mean that you cannot have a future healthy pregnancy or that you yourself are not healthy.
Ectopic Pregnancies:
Ectopic pregnancies are pregnancies that implant somewhere outside the uterus. The fallopian tube accounts for the majority of ectopic pregnancies. Ectopic pregnancies are less common than miscarriages, occurring in 1 of 60 pregnancies.
Signs of Ectopic Pregnancies:
Cramping pain felt low in the stomach (usually stronger than menstrual cramps)
Sharp pain in the abdominal area
Low levels of hCG
Vaginal bleeding
Women are at a higher risk if they have had:
An infection in the tubes
A previous ectopic pregnancy
Previous pelvic surgery
Molar Pregnancies:
Molar pregnancies are a rare cause of early bleeding. Often referred to as a “mole”, a molar pregnancy involves the growth of abnormal tissue instead of an embryo. It is also referred to as gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
Signs of a Molar Pregnancy:
Vaginal bleeding
Blood tests reveal unusually high hCG levels
Absent fetal heart tones
Grape-like clusters are seen in the uterus by an ultrasound
What are the common reasons for bleeding in the first half of pregnancy?
Since bleeding that occurs in the first half of pregnancy is so common, many wonder what the causes are besides some of the complications already mentioned.
Bleeding can occur in early pregnancy due to the following factors:
Implantation bleeding can occur anywhere from 6-12 days after possible conception. Every woman will experience implantation bleeding differently—some will lightly spot for a few hours, while others may have some light spotting for a couple of days.
Some type of infection in the pelvic cavity or urinary tract may cause bleeding.
After intercourse, some women may bleed, because the cervix is very tender and sensitive. You should discontinue intercourse until you have been seen by your doctor. This is to prevent any further irritation—having normal sexual intercourse does not cause a miscarriage.
Second Half of Pregnancy:
Common conditions of minor bleeding include an inflamed cervix or growths on the cervix. Late bleeding may pose a threat to the health of the woman or the fetus. Contact your health care provider if you experience any type of bleeding in the second or third trimester of your pregnancy.
Placental Abruption:
Vaginal bleeding may be caused by the placenta detaching from the uterine wall before or during labor. Only 1% of pregnant women have this problem, and it usually occurs during the last 12 weeks of pregnancy.
Signs of Placental Abruption:
Bleeding
Stomach pain
Women who are at higher risks for this condition include:
Having already had children
Are age 35 or older
Have had abruption before
Have sickle cell anemia
High blood pressure
Trauma or injuries to the stomach
Cocaine use
Placenta Previa:
Placenta previa occurs when the placenta lies low in the uterus partly or completely covering the cervix. It is serious and requires immediate care. It occurs in 1 in 200 pregnancies. Bleeding usually occurs without pain.
Women who are at higher risks for this condition include:
Having already had children
Previous cesarean birth
Other surgery on the uterus
Carrying twins or triplets
Preterm Labor:
Vaginal bleeding may be a sign of labor. Up to a few weeks, before labor begins, the mucus plug may pass. This is normally made up of a small amount of mucus and blood. If it occurs earlier, you could be entering preterm labor and should see your physician immediately.
Signs of Preterm Labor include these symptoms that occur before the 37th week of pregnancy:
Vaginal discharge (watery, mucus, or bloody)
Pelvic or lower abdominal pressure
Low, dull backache
Stomach cramps, with or without diarrhea
Regular contractions or uterine tightening
Get the Fetal Life App for Apple and Android endorsed by the American Pregnancy Association. It features meal recommendations, kicks counter, blood glucose tracking, and more.
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Apr 26, 2017 |
msmarco_passage_00_137968115 | Signs of Miscarriage – American Pregnancy Association
Most miscarriages occur within the first 13 weeks. Learn about the types of miscarriage, signs, symptoms, treatment and support available, ...
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Signs of Miscarriage
Signs of Miscarriage
A pregnancy that ends on its own within the first 20 weeks of gestation is called a miscarriage. It is the most common type of pregnancy loss. Studies reveal that anywhere from 10-25% of all clinically recognized pregnancies will end in miscarriage. Chemical pregnancies may account for 50-75% of all miscarriages. This occurs when a pregnancy is lost shortly after implantation, resulting in bleeding that occurs around the time of her expected period. The woman may not realize that she conceived when she experiences a chemical pregnancy.
Warning Signs of Miscarriage
If you experience any or all of these miscarriage symptoms, it is important to contact your health care provider or a medical facility to evaluate if you could be having a miscarriage:
Bleeding may start as light spotting, or it could be heavier and appear as a gush of blood. As the cervix dilates to empty, the bleeding becomes heavier.
The heaviest bleeding is generally over within three to five hours from the time heavy bleeding begins. Lighter bleeding may stop and start over one to two weeks before it completely ends.
The color of the blood can range from pink to red to brown. Red blood is fresh blood that leaves the body quickly. Brown blood, on the other hand, is blood that’s been in the uterus a while. You may see discharge the color of coffee grounds, or near black, during a miscarriage.
Exactly how much bleeding you’ll experience depends on a variety of circumstances, including how far along you are and whether or not your miscarriage is progressing naturally. Let your doctor know if you fill more than two sanitary pads an hour for two or more hours in a row.
Other miscarriage symptoms may include:
Mild to severe back pain(often worse than normal menstrual cramps)
Weight loss
White-pink mucus coming from the vagina
True contractions (very painful happening every 5-20 minutes)
Tissue with clot like material passing from the vagina
A sudden decrease in signs of pregnancy
Most miscarriages occur during the first 13 weeks of pregnancy. Pregnancy can be such an exciting time, but with the great number of miscarriages that occur, it is beneficial to be informed.
What Causes Miscarriage?
During the first trimester, the most common cause of miscarriage is chromosomal abnormality – meaning that something is not correct with the baby’s chromosomes. Most chromosomal abnormalities are the cause of a damaged egg or sperm cell or are due to a problem at the time that the zygote went through the division process. Chromosomes are tiny structures inside the cells of the body that carry many genes, the basic units of heredity. The reasons for miscarriage are varied, and most often cannot be identified.
Other Causes of Miscarriage Include (but are not limited to):
Infection
Exposure to environmental and workplace hazards such as high levels of radiation or toxic agents
Hormonal irregularities
Improper implantation of fertilized egg in the uterine lining
Maternal age
Uterine abnormalities
Incompetent cervix (The cervix begins to widen and open too early, in the middle of pregnancy, without signs of pain or labor.)
Lifestyle factors such as smoking, drinking alcohol, or using illegal drugs
Disorders of the immune system including lupus, an autoimmune disease
Severe kidney disease
Congenital heart disease
Diabetes that is not controlled
Thyroid disease
Radiation
Certain medicines, such as the acne drug isotretinoin (Accutane®).
Severe malnutrition.
Group B beta strep.
Note:There is no proof that stress, or moderate exerciseor sexual activitycauses miscarriage.
What are the Chances of Having a Miscarriage?
Women under the age of 35 yrs old have about a 15% chance of miscarriage
An increase in maternal age affects the chances of miscarriage
Women who are 35-45 yrs old have a 20-35% chance of miscarriage,
Women over the age of 45 can have up to a 50% chance of miscarriage
A woman who has had a previous miscarriage has a 25% chance of having another (only a slightly elevated risk than for someone who has not had a previous miscarriage)
Types of Miscarriage
Miscarriage is often a process and not a single event. You may hear your health care provider mention types of miscarriages:
Threatened Miscarriage: Some degree of early pregnancy uterine bleeding accompanied by crampingor lower backache. The cervix remains closed. This bleeding is often the result of implantation.
Inevitable or Incomplete Miscarriage:Abdominal or back pain accompanied by bleeding with an open cervix. Miscarriage is inevitable when there is a dilation or effacementof the cervix and/or there is a rupture of the membranes. Bleeding and cramps may persist if the miscarriage is not complete.
Complete Miscarriage:A completed miscarriage is when the embryo or products of conceptionhave emptied out of the uterus. Bleeding should subside quickly, as should any pain or cramping. A completed miscarriage can be confirmed by an ultrasound or by having a surgical curettage (D&C) performed.
Missed Miscarriage:Women can experience a miscarriage without knowing it. A missed miscarriage is when embryonic death has occurred but there is not any expulsion of the embryo. It is not known why this occurs. Signs of this would be a loss of pregnancy symptoms and the absence of fetal heart tones found on an ultrasound.
Recurrent Miscarriage (RM): Defined as 3 or more consecutive first trimester miscarriages. This can affect 1% of couples trying to conceive.
Related Issues
Blighted Ovum:Also called an embryonic pregnancy. A fertilized egg implants into the uterine wall, but fetal development never begins. Often there is a gestational sac with or without a yolk sac, but there is an absence of fetal growth.
Ectopic Pregnancy: A fertilized egg implants itself in places other than the uterus, most commonly the fallopian tube. Treatment is needed immediately to stop the development of the implanted egg. If not treated rapidly, this could end in serious maternal complications.
Molar Pregnancy:The result of a genetic error during the fertilization process that leads to the growth of abnormal tissue within the uterus. Molar pregnancies rarely involve a developing embryo, but often entail the most common symptoms of pregnancy including a missed period, positive pregnancy test and severe nausea.
Understanding early fetal developmentand first-trimester development can give you a good idea of what is going on with your pregnancy, and help you know what your health care provider is looking for when there is a possible miscarriage occurring.
Miscarriage Treatments Options
The main goal of treatment during or after a miscarriage is to prevent hemorrhaging and infection. The earlier you are in the pregnancy, the more likely that your body will expel all the fetal tissue by itself and will not require further medical procedures.
If the body does not expel all the tissue, the most common procedure performed to stop bleeding and prevent infection is a dilation and curettage, known as a D&C. Drugs may be prescribed to help control bleeding after the D&C is performed. Bleeding should be monitored closely once you are at home; if you notice an increase in bleeding or the onset of chills or fever, it is best to call your physician immediately.
Prevention
Since the cause of most miscarriages is due to chromosomal abnormalities, there is not much that can be done to prevent them. One vital step is to get as healthy as you can before conceiving to provide a healthy atmosphere for conception to occur.
Exercise regularly
Eat healthily
Manage stress
Keep weight within healthy limits
Take folic acid daily
Do not smoke
Once you find out that you are pregnant, the goal is to be as healthy as possible, to provide a healthy environment for your baby to grow in:
Keep your abdomen safe
Do not smoke or be around smoke
Do not drink alcohol
Check with your doctor before taking any over-the-counter medications
Limit or eliminate caffeine
Avoid environmental hazards such as radiation, infectious disease, and x-rays
Avoid contact sports or activities that have a risk of injury
Emotional Treatment for a Miscarriage
Unfortunately, miscarriage can affect anyone. Women are often left with unanswered questions regarding their physical recovery, their emotional recoveryand trying to conceive again. It is very important to keep the lines of communication open with family, friends and health care providers during this time.
Some helpful websites that address miscarriage and pregnancy loss include:
www.mend.org
Pregnancy Loss Support
Ways that we can help. If you are concerned or have questions, you are welcome to contact our helpline at 1-800-672-2296. You are welcome to alert our prayer team by sending an email to (prayers@americanpregnancy.org ).
Compiled using information from the following sources:
1. Current Obstetric & Gynecologic Diagnosis & Treatment Ninth Ed. DeCherney, Alan H., et al, Ch. 14.
MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2006 Feb 23]. Pregnancy Loss; [updated 2006 Feb 22; reviewed 2006 Feb 7; cited 2006 Feb 23].
2. Planning Your Pregnancy and Birth Third Ed. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Ch. 15.
Williams Obstetrics Twenty-Second Ed. Cunningham, F. Gary, et al, Ch. 9
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Apr 26, 2020
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msmarco_passage_00_138086154 | Spotting During Pregnancy | American Pregnancy Association | Spotting During Pregnancy | American Pregnancy Association
Spotting During Pregnancy
Spotting during pregnancy is a common concern that many pregnant women face. Approximately 20% of women report they experience spotting during their first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Bleeding that occurs early in pregnancy is usually lighter in flow than a menstrual period. Also, the color often varies from pink to red to brown. The majority of women who experiencing spotting during pregnancy go on to have a healthy pregnancy and baby.
Spotting During Pregnancy Versus Bleeding
Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy is any discharge of blood from the vagina. It can happen anytime from conception (when the egg is fertilized) to the end of pregnancy.
Light bleeding, or spotting, during pregnancy is common, especially during the first trimester. It is considered spotting when you notice a few drops of blood occasionally in your underwear, or if you wipe yourself with tissue and see a little blood on the paper. There should not be enough blood to fill a panty liner.
Bleeding is a heavier flow of blood. With bleeding, you will need a liner or pad to keep the blood from soaking your clothes. Whether you are bleeding or spotting, it is best to contact your healthcare provider and describe what you are experiencing.
What Causes Spotting During Pregnancy?
Implantation bleeding is a common cause of spotting early on in pregnancy. Implantation bleeding happens when the fertilized egg attaches to the uterine lining. This can trigger a few days of light bleeding or spotting. This spotting occurs before a woman even knows she is pregnant and is often mistaken as a pending period. Bleeding that occurs after the day a woman expects her period is typically too late to be considered implantation bleeding, and is more likely related to early pregnancy in general.
Another common cause of spotting is a cervical polyp (a harmless growth on the cervix), which is more likely to bleed during pregnancy due to higher estrogen levels. This may occur because there is an increased number of blood vessels in the tissue around the cervix during pregnancy. As a result, contact with this area (through sexual intercourse or a gynecological exam, for example) can cause bleeding.
Even without the presence of a cervical polyp, there are a few things that may cause some spotting in the couple days after:
Sexual intercourse
Gynecological exam, such as a vaginal ultrasound
Heavy lifting/excessive exercise
When to Worry About Spotting During Pregnancy?
Spotting or bleeding during pregnancy is not expected and may be abnormal, but it is not always a cause for concern. However, it is important to contact your healthcare provider to discuss the symptoms you are experiencing. The good news is that 50% of women with bleeding during pregnancy go on to have a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby.
Any spotting or bleeding in the second or third trimesters should be reported to your healthcare provider immediately. In the first trimester, spotting is somewhat more common, but should also be reported to your doctor or midwife.
Call your obstetrician especially if you notice heavy bleeding similar to a menstrual period to make sure the bleeding is not a result of pregnancy complications, such as an ectopic pregnancy. Abnormal bleeding in late pregnancy may be more serious because it can signal a complication with you or your baby. Call your doctor as soon as possible if you experience any bleeding in your second or third trimester. Your healthcare provider will most likely check for cervical polyps, and make sure your cervix is closed.
To help manage your spotting during pregnancy and to increase the probability of continuing with a healthy pregnancy, your healthcare provider may encourage you to do the following:
Bed rest or more naps
More time off your feet
Staying well hydrated
Limit your physical activity
Elevate your feet when possible
Avoid lifting items over 10 pounds
Remember, the good news is the majority of women who experience spotting during pregnancy go on to have a healthy pregnancy. However, do not let this fact keep you from contacting your healthcare provider. It is important to discuss spotting and bleeding with your doctor.
Want to Know More?
Sharp Pain During Pregnancy
7 Common Discomforts of Pregnancy
Warning Signs of Miscarriage
Compiled using information from the following sources:
1. Mayo Clinic Guide to a Healthy Pregnancy, New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
2. Obstetrics and Gynecology: The Essentials of Clinical Care. New York, NY: Thieme New York
3. Danforth’s Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ninth Ed. Scott, James et al., Ch. 17
4. Williams Obstetrics, Twenty-Second Ed. Cunningham, F. Gary et al., Ch. 51
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Jul 13, 2020 |
msmarco_passage_00_138619522 | La urticaria durante el embarazo - Asociación Americana del Embarazo | La urticaria durante el embarazo - Asociación Americana del Embarazo
Hives During Pregnancy
About 1 in 5 pregnant women experience changes in their skin during pregnancy, including acne, skin darkening, and stretch marks. Although women may feel self-conscious about these new “beauty marks,” skin changes during pregnancy are a normal occurrence. Hives during pregnancy are less common, but they do happen frequently.
Hives during pregnancy represent an allergic reaction to food, insect bites, medicine, chemicals, etc. With the increase in hormones and changes that happen in your body, it is possible that you become more sensitive to pathogens and experience hives while pregnant.
What Causes Hives During Pregnancy?
As your belly grows to keep up with your growing baby, skin discomfort in the form of itchiness and dryness can occur. Pregnant women can face more serious bouts of itchiness, hives or rashes, and 1 in 150 pregnant women will develop a more serious skin condition known as PUPP.
Hives are caused by allergic reactions. The dryness and stretching of your skin along with other changes can make you more susceptible to experiencing hives during pregnancy. Hives can be caused by an allergic reaction to almost anything.
Some common causes of hives during pregnancy are noted below:
Medicine
insect bites
chemicals
pollen
animal dander
foods (i.e. dairy, nuts, shellfish)
Hives can be triggered or brought on by scratching stress, or pressure on the skin. It is important to take great care of your skin as to not aggravate or worsen the hives you experience.
Another condition that affects 1 in 50 women is cholestasis of pregnancy. This is a condition where intense itching is also accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and potentially jaundice. This condition can indicate there are problems with your liver. Should you see these signs or symptoms, it is important to contact your doctor immediately.
What is PUPP?
PUPP stands for pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy. Women that develop PUPP will see outbreaks of red, raised patches on their skin.
The first site of the outbreak is generally the abdomen, but women with PUPP can see the condition spread to the arms and legs as well. Women with PUPP sometimes report extreme itching with these outbreaks.
Some research points to PUPP being linked to a genetic condition, as it seems to run in families, but ultimately, the cause of PUPP is still unknown. Generally, PUPP happens more often in a woman’s first pregnancy and is rarely seen in subsequent pregnancies.
How Can I Treat Hives During Pregnancy?
Minor rashes can have a tendency to go away on their own. However, it is important not to scrub the affected area. Soap can aggravate the condition, so cutting back on the amount of soap you use can be beneficial.
One technique that could reduce the itchiness is taking an oatmeal bath or using baking soda in your bath. Keeping your skin well-moisturized can also help with the itching and dryness.
There are several antihistamines that are considered safe to take during pregnancy such as Allegra, Benadryl, and Chlor-Trimeton, Claritin and Zyrtec. It is important to review the warnings on any medication and consult your pharmacist and healthcare provider before taking any medication.
For more serious skin conditions like PUPP, doctors may prescribe oral medications or a variety of anti-itch creams.
How Can I Prevent Hives During Pregnancy?
You might be someone who is more susceptible to hives in general. If that is the case, more than likely you know what foods or pathogens to avoid from previous experience.
Because you might be more susceptible and pregnancy tends to bring on dry and itchy skin, it is important to know steps you can take to prevent hives while pregnant. You at least want to know how you can minimize the hives you experience during pregnancy.
Here are some tips for minimizing or preventing hives during pregnancy:
Avoid hot showers and hot baths (at least lower the temperatures)
Avoid wearing tight fitted clothing
Try not to scratch your skin as it itches
Keep pressure off your skin
Avoid stress and practice relaxation techniques
The above may not prevent all cases of hives, but it usually makes the cases of hives less severe and go away quicker.
Want to Know More?
7 Common Discomforts of Pregnancy
How to Treat Itchy Skin Naturally During Pregnancy
Compiled from the following Sources
American Academy of Dermatology, (Accessed Oct 2014), Hives: Who Gets and Causes
National Institute of Health (access Oct 2014), Hives
Harms, R. (2004). Mayo Clinic guide to a healthy pregnancy (1st ed., pp. 480-481). New York: HarperResource.
Johnson, R. (1994). Mayo Clinic complete book of pregnancy & baby’s first year (1st ed., p. 17). New York: W. Morrow and Co.
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Oct 21, 2014 |
msmarco_passage_00_138786250 | 20 Iconic American Writers - American Profile | 20 Iconic American Writers - American Profile
20 Iconic American Writers
American Icons, People
https://americanprofile.com/articles/list-of-americas-top-20-authors/
By Stuart Englert on January 19, 2011
David Mudd
https://americanprofile.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/greatest-authors-books-list-150x150.jpg
While the United States has produced thousands of talented writers, a few dozen have penned the novels, poems and stories that comprise much of the nation’s literary heritage. Here’s a summary of 20 of America’s most celebrated and influential writers.
Willa Cather (1873-1947)
Born in Virginia’s Back Creek Valley in 1873, Cather was 9 years old when her family moved to Red Cloud, Neb., where she drew inspiration for some of her most famous works— O Pioneers!, 1913; and My √Åntonia, 1918—about life on the American frontier.
Visit willacather.org
James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)
Cooper, who grew up in Cooperstown, N.Y., is best known for his five-book Leatherstocking series, including The Last of the Mohicans, first published in 1826. In his frontier tales, Cooper introduces the first American hero, Natty Bumppo, a white child raised by Delaware Indians who matures into an adventurous, honorable and fearless woodsman.
Visit http://external.oneonta.edu/cooper/
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
One of the nation’s most prolific poets, Dickinson wrote nearly 1,800 poems while leading a reclusive life at her family’s home in Amherst, Mass. Few of Dickinson’s poems about art, gardens, joy, love, death and grief were published during her lifetime, and most of her work was discovered in her bedroom after her death.
Visit emilydickinsonmuseum.org
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
An ordained minister, Boston-born Emerson was a philosopher, essayist and poet whose insightful prose explored the mind of man and his relationship with nature. Emerson’s uniquely American vision and writing style is illustrated in the 1836 essay Nature and the 1841 essay Self-Reliance.
Visit rwe.org
William Faulkner (1897-1962)
The Nobel Prize-winning novelist and short story writer depicted the people, history and settings of his native Mississippi in most of his works, including the literary classics The Sound and the Fury, 1929; Absalom, Absalom!, 1936; Go Down, Moses, 1942; and The Reivers, 1962.
Visit olemiss.edu/mwp/dir/faulkner_william/
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)
A native of St. Paul, Minn., Fitzgerald wrote novels and short stories about the optimism, aspirations and excesses of the Jazz Age, including This Side of Paradise, 1920; The Beautiful and the Damned, 1922; and The Great Gatsby, his 1925 masterpiece. While sales of its initial printing were disappointing, The Great Gatsby is considered among the greatest novels of the 20th century.
Visit fscottfitzgeraldsociety.org
Robert Frost (1874-1963)
Born in San Francisco, the four-time Pulitzer Prize winner wrote much of his poetry about rural New England. Some of his best-known poems—”After Apple-Picking,” “Mending Wall,” “Birches,” “The Road Not Taken” and “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”—were inspired by his life and observations in Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont.
Visit frostfriends.org or frostplace.org
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
Known for his stories about sin, guilt and witchcraft in Puritan New England, the Salem, Mass.-born Hawthorne is revered for his 1837 short story collection, Twice-Told Tales; his 1850 masterpiece The Scarlet Letter; and the 1851 classic The House of the Seven Gables.
Visit hawthorneinsalem.org or hawthorneassoc.com
Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)
Considered among the best writers of his generation, the Oak Park, Ill., native is renowned for his action-packed stories about boxing, bullfighting, big-game hunting, fishing, war and human relationships, including the novels The Sun Also Rises,
1926; A Farewell to Arms, 1929; For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940; and The
Old Man and the Sea, 1952.
Visit timelesshemingway.com
Washington Irving (1783-1859)
One of the earliest American fiction writers, New York City-born Irving wrote the famous and timeless tales Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, first published in 1819 and 1820, respectively.
Visit museumofwashingtonirving.com
Harper Lee (1926- )
To Kill a Mockingbird is her only published novel, winning the Monroeville, Ala., native the 1961 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for the best-seller about 1930s race relations in the South.
Visit harperlee.com
Jack London (1876-1916)
Drawing on his experiences as a sailor, gold prospector and adventurer, San Francisco-born London wrote a profusion of stirring stories, including tales about canines in the frozen North and voyages on the high seas in his best-selling novels: The Call of the Wild, 1903; The Sea-Wolf, 1904; and White Fang, 1906.
Visit jacklondons.net
Herman Melville (1819-1891)
New York City-born Melville is best remembered for his 1851 masterpiece Moby-Dick, an epic novel about a ferocious whale that destroys a whaling ship, its vengeful captain and crew.
Visit melville.org or mobydick.org
Margaret Mitchell (1900-1949)
Atlanta-born Mitchell authored Gone with the Wind, the best-selling romantic novel set in the Civil War South. Published in 1936, the novel won the 1937 Pulitzer Prize and since has sold more than 30 million copies.
Visit margaretmitchellhouse.com
Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
A literary critic in his time, Boston-born Poe may have been the nation’s first published horror, mystery and science fiction writer. Poe wrote eerie, grim and cryptic tales exemplified in his 1839 short story “The Fall of the House of Usher,” 1843 short story “The Tell-Tale Heart” and 1845 poem “The Raven.”
Visit eapoe.org or poestories.com
J.D. Salinger (1919-2010)
Salinger’s 1951 The Catcher in the Rye is one of the best-selling American novels of all time, with more than 65 million copies sold. Though the only full-length novel by the New York City-born writer, the once scandalous story about teenage angst, rebellion and lust remains a standard in American literature curriculum.
John Steinbeck (1902-1968)
A native of Salinas, Calif., the Nobel Prize- and Pulitzer Prize-winning author captured the social conscience of the nation with his captivating stories about California’s various ethnic and immigrant groups, migrant workers and displaced sharecroppers. Among his best works are Of Mice and Men, 1937; The Grapes of Wrath, 1939; and East of Eden, 1952.
Visit http://as.sjsu.edu/steinbeck or steinbeck.org
Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
An author, philosopher and naturalist, the Concord, Mass., native is best known for his writings about independence, spiritual discovery and self-reliance depicted in his 1849 essay “Civil Disobedience” and 1854 book, Walden, written about a two-year retreat to the woods near Walden Pond.
Visit thoreausociety.org or walden.org
Mark Twain (1835-1910)
Born Samuel Clemens in Florida, Mo., Twain was inspired to write his classic novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, 1876, and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 1884, based on his childhood experiences in Hannibal, Mo., and his job as a Mississippi River steamboat pilot. Known for his witty and satirical prose, and the colloquial dialogue of his characters, Twain has been dubbed the Father of American Literature.
Visit marktwainmuseum.org or marktwainhouse.org
Walt Whitman (1819-1892)
One of America’s greatest poets, the West Hills, N.Y.-born Whitman is best known for Leaves of Grass, his Emerson-inspired 1855 poetry collection, and his 1865 poem “O Captain! My Captain!” about the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.
Visit waltwhitman.org
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msmarco_passage_00_144966144 | OVID - PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO | WORKS, LOVE POEMS | Ancient Rome | OVID - PUBLIUS OVIDIUS NASO | WORKS, LOVE POEMS | Ancient Rome
Ovid – Publius Ovidius Naso | Works, Love Poems | Ancient Rome – Classical Literature ancientadmin 2020-05-27T17:13:50+00:00
Ovid – Publius Ovidius Naso | Works, Love Poems | Ancient Rome – Classical Literature
(Epic, Elegiac and Didactic Poet, Roman, 43 BCE – c. 17 CE)
Introduction | Biography | Writings | Major Works
Introduction
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Ovid was a prolific Roman poet, straddling the Golden and Silver Ages of Latin literature, who wrote about love, seduction and mythological transformation. He is considered a master of the elegiac couplet, and is traditionally ranked alongside Vergil and Horace as one of the three canonic poets of Latin literature.
His poetry, especially the epic poem “Metamorphoses”, was much imitated during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, and is considered to have decisively influenced European art and literature, including Chaucer, Dante, Shakespeare and Milton.
Biography – Who is Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso)
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Publius Ovidius Naso was born in 43 BCE in the town of Sulmo (modern-day Sulmona) in the Apennines to the east of Rome. He came from a well-to-do equestrian family, and he and his brother were educated in Rome, with the intention of their pursuing careers in public life.
After the death of his brother, though, Ovid renounced the study of law and politics and began a period of travel in Athens, Asia Minor and Sicily. He held some minor public posts, but eventually resigned even these in order to pursue poetry in earnest. He attracted the patronage of the Roman general and important patron of the arts, Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, and became a friend of Horace. He was described by Seneca the Elder as emotional and impulsive by nature. He married three times (and divorced twice) by the time he was thirty years old, with just one marriage yielding a daughter.
By about 8 CE, Ovid had already published his major works: the early, somewhat irreverent (not to say lewd) “Amores” and “Ars Amatoria”, the collection of epistolary poems known as the “Heroides”, and his magnum opus, the epic poem “Metamorphoses”.
In 8 CE, however, the Emperor Augustus banished Ovid to the city of Tomis, on the Black Sea, in modern-day Romania, for unknown political reasons. The banishment was probably not, as is often assumed, due to his popular but rather lewd early poems, but may have been connected to his part in the lively social circle which had grown up around Augustus’ promiscuous daughter, Julia, who was also banished around that time (Ovid himself described the cause rather myteriously as “carmen et error”: “a poem and a mistake”).
While in exile, he wrote two multi-book collections of poetry, entitled “Tristia” and “Epistulae ex Ponto”, expressing his sadness and desolation and his longing to return to Rome and to his third wife. He was forced to abandon another ambitious work “Fasti”, his work on the days of the Roman calendar, probably due to lack of library resources. Even after Augustus’s death in 14 CE, the new emperor, Tiberius, still did not recall Ovid, and he eventually died at Tomis some ten years after his banishment in about 17 or 18 CE.
Writings
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Ovid’s first major work was the “Amores”, originally published between 20 and 16 BCE as a five-book collection, although it was later reduced to three books. It is a collection of love poems written in the elegiac distich, generally adhering to standard elegiac themes about various aspects of love, such as the locked-out lover. However, the poems are often humorous, tongue-in-cheek and somewhat cynical, and at times talk about adultery, a brave move in the wake of Augustus’ marriage law reforms of 18 BCE.
The “Amores” were followed by the “Ars Amatoria (“The Art of Love”), published in three books between 1 BCE and 1 CE. It is, on some levels, a burlesque satire on didactic poetry, composed in elegiac couplets rather than the dactyllic hexameters more usually associated with the didactic poem. It purports to offer erotic advice on the art of seduction (the first two books aimed at men, the third giving similar advice to women). Some have assumed that the supposed licentiousness of the “Ars Amatoria” was responsible in part for Ovid’s banishment by Augustus in 8 CE, but that is now considered unlikely. The work was such a popular success that he wrote a sequel, “Remedia Amoris” (“Remedies for Love”).
The “Heroides” (“Epistulae Heroidum”) were a collection of fifteen epistolary poems published between about 5 BCE and 8 CE, composed in elegiac couplets and presented as though written by a selection of aggrieved heroines of Greek and Roman mythology (which Ovid claimed to be an entirely new literary genre).
By 8 CE, he had completed his masterpiece, “Metamorphoses”, an epic poem in fifteen books derived from Greek mythology about mythical figures who have undergone transformations (from the emergence of the cosmos from formless mass to the organized, material world, to famous myths such as Apollo and Daphne, Daedalus and Icarus, Orpheus and Eurydice, and Pygmalion, to the deification of Julius Caesar). It is written in dactylic hexameter, the epic metre of Homer ’s “Odyssey” and “Iliad” and Virgil ’s “Aeneid”. It remains an invaluable source on Roman religion, and explains many myths alluded to in other works.
Major Works
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“Amores”
“Ars Amatoria”
“Heroides”
“Metamorphoses”
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msmarco_passage_00_148942665 | Practice Guidelines for Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography | Anesthesiology | American Society of Anesthesiologists | Practice Guidelines for Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography | Anesthesiology | American Society of Anesthesiologists
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Practice Parameter | May 2010
Practice Guidelines for Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography
An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal Echocardiography
An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal Echocardiography
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* Developed by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography: Daniel M. Thys, M.D., Chair, New York, New York; Martin D. Abel, M.B.B.Ch., Rochester, Minnesota; Robert F. Brooker, M.D., Wausau, Wisconsin; Michael K. Cahalan, M.D., Salt Lake City, Utah; Richard T. Connis, Ph.D., Woodinville, Washington; Peggy G. Duke, M.D., Atlanta, Georgia; David G. Nickinovich, Ph.D., Bellevue, Washington; Scott T. Reeves, M.D., Charleston, South Carolina; Marc A. Rozner, Ph.D., M.D., Houston, Texas; Isobel A. Russell, M.D., San Francisco, California; Scott C. Streckenbach, M.D., Boston, Massachusetts; Pamela Sears-Rogan, M.D., Washington, DC (American Society of Echocardiography); and William J. Stewart, M.D., Cleveland, Ohio (American College of Cardiology).
Anesthesiology May 2010, Vol. 112, 1084–1096.
https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181c51e90
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An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal Echocardiography; Practice Guidelines for Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography. Anesthesiology 2010; 112:1084–1096 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181c51e90
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Topics:
transesophageal echocardiography, surgical procedures, operative, practice guidelines, guidelines, care of intensive care unit patient, heart
PRACTICE Guidelines are systematically developed recommendations that assist the practitioner and the patient in making decisions about health care. These recommendations may be adopted, modified, or rejected according to clinical needs and constraints and are not intended to replace local institutional policies. In addition, Practice Guidelines developed by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) are not intended as standards or absolute requirements, and their use cannot guarantee any specific outcome. Practice Guidelines are subject to revision as warranted by the evolution of medical knowledge, technology, and practice. They provide basic recommendations that are supported by a synthesis and analysis of the current literature, expert and practitioner opinion, open forum commentary, and clinical feasibility data.
This update includes data published since the Practice Guidelines for Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography were adopted by the ASA and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists in 1995 and published in 1996. 1
Methodology
Definition of Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography
For these Guidelines, perioperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) refers to TEE performed on surgical patients before, during, or immediately after surgery, including the critical care setting. Evidence of effectiveness is discussed relative to specific settings where perioperative TEE is customarily used ( e.g. , cardiac surgery, noncardiac surgery, and critical care).
Purposes of the Guidelines
The purposes of these Guidelines are (1) to assist the physician in determining the appropriate application of TEE and (2) to improve the outcomes of surgical patients by defining the utility of perioperative TEE based on the strength of supporting evidence.
Focus
These Guidelines focus on the application of TEE in surgical patients and potential surgical patients in the setting of cardiac surgery, noncardiac surgery, and postoperative critical care. The Guidelines do not apply to the assessment of nonsurgical patients or to postdischarge follow-up assessment of surgical patients.
The Task Force believes that physician proficiency in the use of perioperative TEE is of paramount importance due to the risk of adverse outcomes resulting from incorrect interpretation. The Guidelines do not address training, certification, credentialing, and quality assurance, which are addressed elsewhere. 2–5
Application
These Guidelines are intended for anesthesiologists and other physicians ( e.g. , cardiologists, surgeons, and intensivists) who use TEE in the perioperative setting. Recommen- dations to perform TEE are not applicable when the procedure cannot be performed properly or safely nor do they apply when TEE equipment or skilled examiners are unavailable. The recommendations in this report are based on consideration of the risk benefit ratio for individual patients.
Task Force Members and Consultants
The ASA and Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists jointly appointed a task force of 13 members, including anesthesiologists in both private and academic practice from various geographic areas of the United States, two cardiologists (one representing the American College of Cardiology and the other representing the American Society of Echocardiography), and two consulting methodologists from the ASA Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters.
The Task Force developed the Guidelines by means of a seven-step process. First, they reached consensus on the criteria for evidence. Second, original published research studies from peer-reviewed journals relevant to TEE were reviewed and evaluated. Third, expert consultants were asked (1) to participate in opinion surveys on the effectiveness of TEE imaging and (2) to review and comment on a draft of the Guidelines developed by the Task Force. Fourth, opinions about the Guidelines recommendations were solicited from a sample of active members of the ASA who personally perform TEE as a part of their practice. Fifth, the Task Force held an open forum at a major international meeting†to solicit input on its draft recommendations. Sixth, the consultants were surveyed to assess their opinions on the feasibility of implementing the Guidelines. Seventh, all available information was used to build consensus within the Task Force to finalize the Guidelines ( appendix 1 ).
Availability and Strength of Evidence
Preparation of these Guidelines followed a rigorous methodologic process ( appendix 2 ). Evidence was obtained from two principal sources: scientific evidence and opinion-based evidence.
Scientific Evidence
Study findings from scientific literature published after 1994 (not excluding sentinel articles published prior to 1994) were aggregated and reported in summary form by evidence category, as described later. All literature ( e.g. , randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case reports) relevant to each topic was considered when evaluating the findings. For reporting purposes in this document, only the highest level of evidence ( i.e. , levels 1, 2, or 3 identified below) within each category ( i.e. , A, B, or C) is included in the summary.
Category A: Supportive Literature
Randomized controlled trials report statistically significant ( P < 0.01) differences between clinical interventions for a specified clinical outcome.
Level 1. The literature contains multiple randomized controlled trials, and the aggregated findings are supported by meta-analysis.‡
Level 2. The literature contains multiple randomized controlled trials, but there is an insufficient number of studies to conduct a viable meta-analysis for the purpose of these Guidelines.
Level 3. The literature contains a single randomized controlled trial.
Category B: Suggestive Literature
Information from observational studies permits inference of beneficial or harmful relationships among clinical interventions and clinical outcomes.
Level 1. The literature contains observational comparisons ( e.g. , cohort and case–control research designs) of two or more clinical interventions or conditions and indicates statistically significant differences between clinical interventions for a specified clinical outcome.
Level 2. The literature contains noncomparative observational studies with associative ( e.g. , relative risk, correlation) or descriptive statistics.
Level 3. The literature contains case reports.
Category C: Equivocal Literature
The literature cannot determine whether there are beneficial or harmful relationships among clinical interventions and clinical outcomes.
Level 1. Meta-analysis did not find significant differences among groups or conditions.
Level 2. There is an insufficient number of studies to conduct meta-analysis, and (1) randomized controlled trials have not found significant differences among groups or conditions, or (2) randomized controlled trials report inconsistent findings.
Level 3. Observational studies report inconsistent findings or do not permit inference of beneficial or harmful relationships.
Category D: Insufficient Evidence from Literature
The lack of scientific evidence in the literature is described by the following conditions.
(1) No identified studies address the specified relationships among interventions and outcomes.
(2) The available literature cannot be used to assess the relationships among clinical interventions and clinical outcomes. The literature either does not meet the criteria for content as defined in the “Focus” of the Guidelines or does not permit a clear interpretation of findings due to methodologic concerns ( e.g. , confounding in study design or implementation).
Opinion-based Evidence
All opinion-based evidence relevant to each topic ( e.g. , survey data, open-forum testimony, Internet-based comments, letters, and editorials) was considered in the development of these Guidelines. However, only the findings obtained from formal surveys are reported.
Opinion surveys were developed by the Task Force to address each clinical intervention identified in the document. Identical surveys were distributed to two groups of respondents: expert consultants and ASA members.
Category A: Expert Opinion
Survey responses from Task Force–appointed expert consultants are reported in summary form in the text. A complete listing of consultant survey responses is reported in a table in appendix 2.
Category B: Membership Opinion
Survey responses from a sample of members of the ASA are reported in summary form in the text. A complete listing of ASA member survey responses is reported in a table in appendix 2.
Expert consultant and ASA membership survey responses are recorded using a 5-point scale and summarized based on median values.§
Strongly agree: median score of 5 (at least 50% of the responses are 5).
Agree: median score of 4 (at least 50% of the responses are 4 or 4 and 5).
Equivocal: median score of 3 (at least 50% of the responses are 3, or no other response category or combination of similar categories contain at least 50% of the responses).
Disagree: median score of 2 (at least 50% of responses are 2 or 1 and 2).
Strongly disagree: median score of 1 (at least 50% of responses are 1).
Category C: Informal Opinion
Open-forum testimony, Internet-based comments, letters, and editorials are all informally evaluated and discussed during the development of Guidelines recommendations. When warranted, the Task Force may add educational information or cautionary notes based on this information.
Guidelines
Cardiac and Thoracic Aortic Procedures
Cardiac and thoracic aortic procedures consist of cardiac and thoracic aortic surgery, and catheter-based intracardiac procedures.
Cardiac and thoracic aortic surgery: For cardiac or thoracic aortic surgery patients, the literature reports variations in sensitivity, specificity, or positive and negative predictive values for the detection of abnormalities relating to valvular, coronary, aortic, congenital, and other cardiovascular disease ( table 1 in appendix 2 ). Examples of these abnormalities include mitral valve abnormalities, valvular abscesses, myocardial ischemia, aortic dissection, and atrial septal defect ( Category B2 evidence ). The literature also reports a range of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the confirmation or refinement by TEE of the preoperative diagnosis ( table 1 in appendix 2 ). Examples include aortic dissection, aortic intramural hemorrhage, and valvular or mural infective endocarditis lesions ( Category B2 evidence ). The ASA members agree and the consultants strongly agree that TEE should be used for all cardiac or thoracic aortic surgery patients.
Recommendations for cardiac and thoracic aortic surgery.
For adult patients without contraindications, TEE should be used in all open heart ( e.g. , valvular procedures) and thoracic aortic surgical procedures and should be considered in coronary artery bypass graft surgeries to: (1) confirm and refine the preoperative diagnosis, (2) detect new or unsuspected pathology, (3) adjust the anesthetic and surgical plan accordingly, and (4) assess the results of surgical intervention. In small children, the use of TEE should be considered on a case-by-case basis because of risks unique to these patients ( e.g. , bronchial obstruction).
Catheter-based intracardiac procedures: Studies with observational findings confirm the utility of TEE or intracardiac echocardiography for guiding management of catheter-based intracardiac procedures ( e.g. , occluder device placement, percutaneous valvular procedures, and intracardiac ablation procedures) ( Category B2 evidence ). In addition, studies with observational findings report the detection of unsuspected abnormalities by TEE, such as aortic root abscess, atrial thrombi, atrial septal aneurysm, shunting, mitral valve/annular calcification and regurgitation, wall motion abnormalities, and tamponade ( Category B2 evidence ). The detection of pericardial effusion is also reported ( Category B3 evidence ).
Both the consultants and ASA members agree that TEE should be used for patients undergoing transcatheter intracardiac procedures when general anesthesia is provided and intracardiac ultrasound is not used. The ASA members agree and the consultants strongly agree that TEE should be used for septal defect closure or atrial appendage obliteration. Both the consultants and ASA members strongly agree that TEE should be used during catheter-based valve replacement and repair. Finally, both the consultants and ASA members are equivocal regarding the use of TEE during dysrhythmia treatment.
Recommendations for catheter-based intracardiac procedures.
For patients undergoing transcatheter intracardiac procedures, TEE may be used.
Noncardiac Surgery
For noncardiac surgery patients, studies with observational findings or case reports note the detection of the following abnormalities by TEE: (1) venous air embolism and patent foramen ovale in neurosurgery ( Category B2 evidence ); (2) pericardial effusion and compression of the cardiac chambers in liver transplantation ( Category B3 evidence ); (3) intracardiac emboli and patent foramen ovale ( Category B2 evidence ), mitral regurgitation, left ventricular hypertrophy, and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in orthopedic surgery ( Category B3 evidence ), (4) left ventricular segmental wall motion abnormalities ( Category B2 evidence ), aortic lesions and atrial tumors in vascular surgery ( Category B3 evidence ), and (5) atrial septal defect, myocardial ischemia, hypovolemia, pericardial tamponade, thromboembolic events ( Category B2 evidence ), pericardial effusion, tamponade, and intrapulmonary emboli in other major surgery ( i.e. , lung, renal, abdominal, and head/neck/chest wall surgeries) ( Category B3 evidence ).
The consultants and ASA members agree that TEE should be used for noncardiac surgical patients when the patient has known or suspected cardiovascular pathology that might result in hemodynamic, pulmonary, or neurologic compromise. The consultants and ASA members both strongly agree that TEE should be used during unexplained persistent hypotension. Further, both the consultants and ASA members agree that TEE should be used when persistent unexplained hypoxemia occurs. The ASA members agree and the consultants strongly agree that TEE should be used when life-threatening hypotension is anticipated.
Both the consultants and ASA members agree that TEE should be used during either lung transplantation or major abdominal or thoracic trauma. The consultants agree although the ASA members are equivocal regarding the use of TEE during open abdominal aortic procedures and liver transplantation. Both the consultants and ASA members are equivocal regarding the use of TEE during: (1) endovascular aortic procedures, (2) neurosurgery in the sitting position, and (3) percutaneous cardiovascular interventions ( e.g. , femoral artery stenting). Finally, the consultants and ASA members both disagree with the assertion that TEE should be used during orthopedic surgery.
Recommendations for noncardiac surgery.
TEE may be used when the nature of the planned surgery or the patient's known or suspected cardiovascular pathology might result in severe hemodynamic, pulmonary, or neurologic compromise. If equipment and expertise are available, TEE should be used when unexplained life-threatening circulatory instability persists despite corrective therapy.
Critical Care
Studies with observational findings for critically ill patients with an unexplained adverse postoperative clinical course report TEE detection for the following abnormalities: regurgitant valvular lesions, aortic or mitral valve vegetation, aortic dissection, intracardiac mass, tamponade, ventricular failure, and hypovolemia ( Category B2 evidence ). Case reports of critically ill postoperative patients indicate that TEE detects abnormalities such as aortic root abscess, pericardial hematoma, atherosclerotic debris in the thoracic aorta, left ventricular hypertrophy, wall motion abnormalities, and ventricular masses ( Category B3 evidence ).
Both the consultants and ASA members strongly agree that TEE should be used for critical care patients when diagnostic information expected to alter management cannot be obtained by transthoracic echocardiography or other modalities in a timely manner. The ASA members agree and the consultants strongly agree that TEE should be used during unexplained persistent hypotension. They both agree that TEE should be used when persistent unexplained hypoxemia occurs.
Recommendations for critical care.
For critical care patients, TEE should be used when diagnostic information that is expected to alter management cannot be obtained by transthoracic echocardiography or other modalities in a timely manner.
Contraindications for the Use of TEE
Studies with observational findings and case reports indicate that, although rare, potential complications associated with TEE may include esophageal perforation, esophageal injury, hematoma, laryngeal palsy, dysphagia, dental injury, or death ( Category B2 evidence ). However, there is insufficient literature to assess whether there are contraindications for the use of TEE ( Category D evidence ).
Both the consultants and ASA members are equivocal with regard to whether there are no absolute contraindications to TEE other than previous esophagectomy or esophagogastrectomy. Those consultants and ASA members who do not agree that there are no absolute contraindications other than previous esophagectomy or esophagogastrectomy do agree that the following four conditions should be absolute contraindications to TEE: esophageal stricture, tracheoesophageal fistula, postesophageal surgery, and esophageal trauma. Both the consultants and ASA members disagree that the following four conditions should be absolute contraindications to TEE: Barrett esophagus, hiatal hernia, large descending aortic aneurysm, and unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Finally, both the consultants and ASA members are equivocal with regard to whether the following three conditions should be absolute contraindications to TEE: esophageal varices, postradiation therapy, and previous bariatric surgery. The consultants agree but the ASA members are equivocal that Zenker diverticulum and colonic interposition are absolute contraindications. Finally, the ASA members disagree and the consultants are equivocal that dysphagia is an absolute contraindication to TEE.
Recommendations.
TEE may be used for patients with oral, esophageal, or gastric disease, if the expected benefit outweighs the potential risk, provided the appropriate precautions are applied. These precautions may include the following: considering other imaging modalities ( e.g. , epicardial echocardiography), obtaining a gastroenterology consultation using a smaller probe, limiting the examination, avoiding unnecessary probe manipulation, and using the most experienced operator.
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Vuille C, Trigo-Trindade P, Lerch R, Kalangos A: Common coronary ostium mimicking an aortic abscess in a case of bacterial endocarditis. J Am Soc Echocard 1998; 11:80–2
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Kupersmith AC, Belkin RN, McClung JA, Moggio RA: Aortic valve commissural tear mimicking type A aortic dissection. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002; 15:658–60
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Akowuah EF, Onyeaka CV, Cooper GJ: A subtle sign of aortic outflow obstruction in an infected 29 year old Starr-Edward's valve. Heart 2001; 85:384
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Sherwood JT, Gill IS: Missed acute ascending aortic dissection. J Card Surg 2001; 16:86–8
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Kaneko Y, Furuse A, Takeshita M, Miyaji K, Yagyu K: Fibrous tissue overgrowth and prosthetic valve endocarditis: report of a case. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 45:150–2
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Park P, Khawly JA, Kearney DL, Altman CA, Yen KG: Bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to endocarditis with negative transesophageal echocardiogram. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 138:151–3
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Dalal A, Asirvatham SJ, Chandrasekaran K, Seward JB, Tajik AJ: Intracardiac echocardiography in the detection of pacemaker lead endocarditis. J Am Soc Echocard 2002; 15:1027–8
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Flachskampf FA, Banbury M, Smedira N, Thomas JD, Garcia M: Transesophageal echocardiography diagnosis of intramural hematoma of the ascending aorta: A word of caution. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999; 12:866–70
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Lick SD, Zwischenberger JB, Mileski WJ, Ahmad M: Torn ascending aorta missed by transesophageal echocardiography. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 63:1768–70
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Kang DH, Song JK, Song MG, Lee IS, Song H, Lee JW, Park SW, Kim YH, Lim TH, Park SJ: Clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of aortic intramural hemorrhage compared with acute aortic dissection. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81:202–6
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Beauchesne LM, Veinot JP, Brais MP, Burwash IG, Chan KL: Acute aortic intimal tear without a mobile flap mimicking an intramural hematoma. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003; 16:285–8
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Bauer M, Redzepagic S, Weng Y, Hetzer R: Successful surgical treatment of a giant aneurysm of the right coronary artery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 46:152–4
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Kunzli A, von Segesser LK, Vogt PR, Spahn DR, Schneider J, Jenni R, Turina MI: Inflammatory aneurysm of the ascending aorta. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65:1132–3
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Paolillo V, Gastaldo D, Barretta A, Guerra F: Idiopathic organized thrombus of the tricuspid valve mimicking valvular tumor. Tex Heart Inst J 2004; 31:192–3
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Konishi H, Fukuda M, Kato M, Misawa Y, Fuse K: Organized thrombus of the tricuspid valve mimicking valvular tumor. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71:2022–4
Appendix 1: Summary of Recommendations
Cardiac and Thoracic Aortic Procedures
Cardiac and Thoracic Aortic Surgery
For adult patients without contraindications, TEE should be used in all open heart (e.g. , valvular procedures) and thoracic aortic surgical procedures and should be considered in CABG surgeries as well
to confirm and refine the preoperative diagnosis,
to detect new or unsuspected pathology,
to adjust the anesthetic and surgical plan accordingly, and
to assess the results of the surgical intervention.
In small children, the use of TEE should be considered on a case-by-case basis because of risks unique to these patients ( e.g. , bronchial obstruction).
Catheter-Based Intracardiac Procedures
For patients undergoing transcatheter intracardiac procedures, TEE may be used.
Noncardiac Surgery
TEE may be used when the nature of the planned surgery or the patient's known or suspected cardiovascular pathology might result in severe hemodynamic, pulmonary, or neurologic compromise.
If equipment and expertise are available, TEE should be used when unexplained life-threatening circulatory instability persists despite corrective therapy.
Critical Care
For critical care patients, TEE should be used when diagnostic information that is expected to alter management cannot be obtained by transthoracic echocardiography or other modalities in a timely manner.
Contraindications for the Use of TEE
TEE may be used for patients with oral, esophageal, or gastric disease, if the expected benefit outweighs the potential risk, provided the appropriate precautions are applied. These precautions may include:
considering other imaging modalities (e.g. , epicardial echocardiography)
obtaining a gastroenterology consultation
using a smaller probe
limiting the examination
avoiding unnecessary probe manipulation
using the most experienced operator
Appendix 2: Methods and Analyses
State of the Literature
For these Guidelines, a literature review was used in combination with opinions obtained from expert consultants and other sources ( e.g. , ASA members, open forums, Internet postings). Both the literature review and opinion data were based on evidence linkages or statements regarding potential relationships between clinical interventions and outcomes. The efficacy and outcomes from the use of TEE were examined for the following procedures:
cardiac and thoracic aortic surgery
transcatheter intracardiac procedures
pacemaker and implanted cardioverter defibrillator lead extraction
neurosurgery
liver transplantation
orthopedic surgery
vascular/endovascular surgery
other major surgery ( i.e. , lung, renal, abdominal, and head/neck/chest wall)
postoperative critical care
The impact of the use of perioperative TEE was assessed on the basis of the following:
perioperative detection or diagnosis of new or unsuspected pathology
confirming or refinement of previous perioperative diagnoses
preoperative or intraoperative refinement of a surgical plan
detecting complications during surgery
assessing surgery outcomes
planning and confirming device placement
beneficial or adverse patient outcomes from the use of TEE
For the literature review, potentially relevant clinical studies published after 1994 were identified via electronic and manual searches of the literature. The electronic and manual searches covered a 16-yr period from 1994 through 2009. More than 8000 citations were initially identified, yielding a total of 861 nonoverlapping articles that addressed topics related to the evidence linkages. After review of the articles, 404 studies did not provide direct evidence and were subsequently eliminated. A total of 457 articles contained direct linkage-related evidence. A complete bibliography used to develop these Guidelines, organized by section, is available as Supplemental Digital Content 2, http://links.lww.com/ALN/A568.
Literature reporting the detection of new abnormalities by TEE was summarized, followed by a summary of literature reporting the confirmation of previously diagnosed abnormalities by TEE. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for the efficacy of TEE in detecting new abnormalities and in confirming or redefining previous diagnoses were also obtained ( table 1 ). Study findings reporting the misdiagnosis or limited effectiveness of TEE to detect pathology are also listed in table 1.
Table 1. Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Values for Perioperative TEE
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Table 1. Continued
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Interobserver agreement among Task Force members and two methodologists was established by interrater reliability testing. Agreement levels using a κ statistic for two-rater agreement pairs were as follows: (1) type of study design, κ= 0.50–1.00; (2) type of analysis, κ= 0.50–0.83; (3) evidence linkage assignment, κ= 0.75–1.00; and (4) literature inclusion for database, κ= 0.78–1.00. Three-rater chance-corrected agreement values were as follows: (1) study design, Sav = 0.66, Var (Sav) = 0.006; (2) type of analysis, Sav = 0.66, Var (Sav) = 0.007; (3) linkage assignment, Sav = 0.83, Var (Sav) = 0.005; and (4) literature database inclusion, Sav = 0.84, Var (Sav) = 0.046. These values represent moderate to high levels of agreement.
Consensus-based Evidence
Consensus was obtained from multiple sources, including (1) survey opinion from consultants who were selected based on their knowledge or expertise in the perioperative use of TEE, (2) survey opinions solicited from active members of the ASA who personally perform TEE as part of their practice, (3) testimony from attendees of a publicly held open forum at an international anesthesia meeting, (4) Internet commentary, and (5) Task Force opinion and interpretation. The survey rate of return was 53% ( n = 55 of 103) for the consultants, and 818 surveys were received from active ASA members who indicated that they personally performed TEE as part of their practice. Results of the surveys are reported in tables 2 and 3 and summarized in the text of the Guidelines.
Table 2. Consultant Survey Responses
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Table 2. Continued
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Table 3. ASA Members Survey Responses
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Table 3. Continued
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The consultants were asked to indicate which, if any, of the recommendations would change their clinical practices if the Guidelines were instituted. The rate of return was 14% ( n = 14 of 103). The percent of responding consultants expecting a change in their practice associated with each linkage topic was as follows: (1) major cardiac and thoracic aortic surgery, 7%; (2) transcatheter intracardiac procedures, 0%; (3) pacemaker and implanted cardioverter defibrillator lead extraction, 7% (4); neurosurgery, 7% (5); liver transplantation, 0% (6); orthopedic surgery, 7% (7); vascular/endovascular surgery, 7%, (8) other major surgery ( i.e. , lung, renal, abdominal, and head/neck/chest wall), 14%; and (9) postoperative critical care, 21%. Eighty-six percent indicated that their clinical practice will not need new equipment, supplies, or training to implement the Practice Guidelines. Eighty-six percent indicated that the Guidelines would not require ongoing changes in their practice which will affect costs. One hundred percent of the respondents indicated that the Guidelines would have no effect on the amount of time spent on a typical case. |
msmarco_passage_00_150409167 | Monkey Symbol | Monkey Symbol
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The monkey is a symbol meaning fun, activity, charm and an energetic nature. It is one of the signs of the Chinese zodiac which shows a person who has many friends. It is a sign of natural curiosity, but can show self-indulgence and rebellion.
The monkey is loyal, witty, playful and intelligent and the character has made it be adopted into religion, folklore, myth and astrology. As a tattoo symbol, Chinese kanji is depicted to leap over various parts of the anatomy while the Chinese zodiac is super-quick and multi-talented and opportunistic. In Hindu, it is a god called the Hanuman who is believed to be the reincarnation of Shiva their god. The monkey god is heroic and dedicated to justice while in Japan the monkey was the messenger of the gods. It was seen as a symbol of a harmonious marriage, safe childbirth, fertility and a protector against disease and demons.
A famous folklore tells of the monkey who accompanied a monk who carried the holy Buddhist teachings, on his journey from India to China. The monkey was chosen because it was smart and courageous and could protect the monk from demons and evil spirits. In Mexico, the Mayans glorified the monkey as a patron of the arts and was a symbol of knowledge and prophecy and it was also associated with the sun by the ancient Aztecs.
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msmarco_passage_00_151982484 | Mushrooming Season | Animal Crossing Wiki | Fandom | Mushrooming Season | Animal Crossing Wiki | Fandom
Mushrooming Season
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Mushrooming Season
Animal Forest
City Folk
New Leaf
Appearance
Animal Forest,
Animal Crossing,
Animal Forest e+,
City Folk,
New Leaf
New Horizons
Occurs
October 15 th - 25 th
( Animal Forest, Animal Crossing, Animal Forest+)
November 1 st - 30 th
( City Folk,
New Leaf,
New Horizons North)
May 1 st - 31 st
( New Horizons South)
Special character
None
Mushrooming Season is an event that occurs in Animal Forest, Animal Crossing, Animal Forest e+, City Folk, New Leaf, and New Horizons. It is officially mentioned as an event in all of the games, with the exception of Animal Forest+ and Wild World. As the name of the event states, it is the season where mushrooms will grow the best at.
Contents
1
Events
1.1
Animal Crossing
1.2
City Folk
1.3
New Leaf
1.4
New Horizons
2
Gallery
Events
Animal Crossing
In Animal Crossing, the season occurs from October 15 - October 25. Four or five mushrooms can be found around the town starting from 8am. The mushroom can be sold to Tom Nook for a hefty price (see Mushroom ). One mushroom disappears every 15 minutes , meaning that all mushrooms will disappear by 9:00 AM.
City Folk
In City Folk, all throughout the month of November, the player can find mushrooms at the base of trees. Some mushrooms are actually furniture from the Mushroom Series. There are five different types of mushrooms; Elegant, Rare, Flat, Skinny, and Round. These different kinds of mushrooms can be sold to Tom Nook ranging from low to a high amount of Bells .
New Leaf
In New Leaf, Mushrooming Season occurs in autumn. Round, Flat, Skinny, Rare and Famous Mushrooms are found near all tree stumps and trees. On each day, one of these reveals itself as a part of the Mush Series. Harvest Festival is the last day of this season. The rest of November there will no longer be mushrooms spawning as such.
New Horizons
In New Horizons, Mushrooming Season starts on the first day of the last month of autumn (November in the Northern Hemisphere, May in the Southern Hemisphere) and lasts until the end of that month. Each day of Mushrooming Season, up to five mushrooms that are randomly selected from the five mushroom types (Skinny, Flat, Round, Elegant, and Rare) will spawn on patches of grass across the deserted island, where they can be picked (or dug up, in the case of Rare Mushrooms) by the player. In addition, seasonal DIY Recipes from the Mush Set can be collected from balloons. The mushrooms are used as crafting materials in the recipes.
Gallery
Mushrooming Season in City Folk
Add a photo to this gallery
Events
Month
Events
January
Festive Season • La-Di-Day • Lunar New Year • New Year's Day • Yay Day
February
Bright Nights • Festivale • Groundhog Day • Leap Day • Lunar New Year • Valentine's Day
March
Bunny Day • Festivale • Shamrock Day • Spring Sports Fair
April
April Fool's Day • Bunny Day • Cherry Blossom Season ( N) • Maple Leaf Season ( S) • Nature Day • Weeding Day
May
International Museum Day • May Day • Mother's Day • Mushrooming Season ( S) • Nature Day • Spring Cleaning
June
Father's Day • Graduation Day • Summer Solstice • Wedding Season
July
Fireworks Show • Hometown Day
August
Fireworks Show • Founder's Day • Meteor Shower • Obon
September
Fall Sports Fair • Harvest Moon Festival • Labor Day
October
Cherry Blossom Season ( S) • Explorer's Day • Halloween • Harvest Moon Festival • Mushrooming Season
November
Harvest Festival • Mayor's Day • Mushrooming Season ( N) • Officer's Day • Maple Leaf Season ( N) • Sale Day
December
Festive Season • Naughty or Nice Day • New Year's Eve • Snow Day • Toy Day • Winter Solstice
Recurring Events
Bug Off • Fishing Tourney • Lottery • Flea Market • Morning Aerobics • Tortimer's Vacation
Retrieved from " https://animalcrossing.fandom.com/wiki/Mushrooming_Season?oldid=520663 "
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Events
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msmarco_passage_00_154323799 | Animal Shelter and Low-Cost Vet Clinic | The Animal Foundation | Animal Shelter and Low-Cost Vet Clinic | The Animal Foundation
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msmarco_passage_00_159881353 | Chipmunks & Their Young | Pets on Mom.com | Chipmunks & Their Young | Pets on Mom.com
Chipmunks & Their Young
By Jean Marie Bauhaus
i
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Chipmunks are small rodents that belong to the squirrel family. Chipmunks lack the big, bushy tail of a tree squirrel and are tinier than a ground squirrel. They are easily distinguished by the five dark stripes along the back, the center of which extends to the top of the head. Chipmunks are generally playful and harmless little animals that don't tend to cause the problems that other rodents sometimes do.
Range and Habitat
There are 21 chipmunk species spread through much of North America, from where the treeline ends in northern Canada all the way down into parts of Mexico. There are no chipmunks to be found in the icy regions of northern Canada and Alaska, in the prairie regions of the Midwestern United States, or in the tropical and swampy areas along the gulf coast or the southern coastal states. They can typically be found in forests and woodsy areas, including city parks and backyards in wooded suburbs. They live alone in individual burrows, usually in areas where they can find rocks, bushes, fallen logs or other natural cover.
Behavior
Chipmunks are diurnal animals, meaning that they're active during the day and sleep at night. During warm months, they spend most of their waking time gathering food and storing it in their burrows. Chipmunks are known for their expansive cheek pouches in which they can carry large amounts of food. They hibernate in the winter, disappearing into their underground burrows to while away the winter with their large stores of food.
Breeding
Chipmunk mating season is in the spring, after hibernation ends. Eastern chipmunks often have a second mating season in the early summer, giving birth to two litters each year. After mating, the males and females go their separate ways, and females alone are involved in caring for their young after a gestation period of about 30 days.
Young
A newborn chipmunk litter usually consists of two to five naked and blind baby chipmunks who weigh in at about 3 grams each. At about 10 days old they begin to get hair, and at about 28 days old their ears open up. Their eyes open when they're about a month old, and they start being weaned onto solid food. After another two weeks, they're allowed to venture out of the burrow as their mother teaches them how to forage and gather food. Chipmunks grow up fast and have a very short childhood; they're only about 8 weeks old when their mother kicks them out of the burrow for good, leaving them to fend for themselves.
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References
Hinterland Who's Who: Chipmunk
Mass Audubon: Chipmunks
Photo Credits
Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
Writer Bio
Jean Marie Bauhaus has been writing about a wide range of topics since 2000. Her articles have appeared on a number of popular websites, and she is also the author of two urban fantasy novels. She has a Bachelor of Science in social science from Rogers State University.
How to Buy a Hairless Cat
How Does a Chipmunk Gather Its Food?
How to Tell If the Chipmunk Is Male or Female
Where Does a Chipmunk Sleep?
Squirrel Varieties
Arizona Badger Species
How to Buy a Hairless Cat
By Regina Paul | Updated September 26, 2017
While there have been hairless cats throughout history, the most common type of hairless cat is the Spynx or the Canadian Hairless. This cat got its name because the Spynx was discovered in 1967 in Canada. The mother had fur, but her babies were hairless. The first hairless kittens from this long-haired cat were neutered, but she had other hairless kittens, two of which were sent to Europe and bred with Devon Rex cats. The current Spynxs are descendants of two lines, Dermis and Epidermis from Minnesota, and Punkie and Paloma from Toronto, Canada. Hairless cats are becoming more popular because of their intelligence and affection, as well as the fact that, at least for some people, they are hypoallergenic.
Find reputable breeders in your area. While you can purchase Spynxs in pet stores, they are overpriced and may have health problems. You will get a better price and a healthier cat if you purchase it through a reputable breeder.
Visit each breeder in your area and interview them. Also, while you are there, look at their Spynxs and make sure they appear healthy and well cared for.
Sit down with paper and pen and write out the pros and cons for each breeder. Decide which one you wish to purchase your Spynx or hairless cat from.
Contact the breeder and set up another appointment to go back and look at hairless cats that he has available.
Choose the hairless cat you want, purchase it and take it home.
Warnings
Hairless cats are expensive and can cost anywhere from $1200 to $3000 a piece.
Hairless cats can get sunburned.
Hairless cats sometimes are not hairless but have a peach fuzz covering their bodies.
Not all hairless cats are hypoallergenic since they can still shed skin flakes that cause allergies. This is something to consider if this is the reason you are purchasing a hairless cat.
Oils are distributed on a hairless cat's skin and can build up, making for a cat with greasy skin if he is not bathed regularly.
References
Choosing a Spynx
Hairless Cats
Photo Credits
http://www.flickr.com/photos/fleur-design/2002443967/
Chipmunks & Their Young
How to Tell the Difference Between Cougar & Bobcat Prints
Personality Differences for Male and Female Himalayan Cats
About Ragdoll Cats
How to Buy a Pet Fox
What Color Are Chipmunks? |
msmarco_passage_00_160598122 | Different Kind of Maggots | Pets on Mom.com | Different Kind of Maggots | Pets on Mom.com
Different Kind of Maggots
By Simon Foden
i
Ablestock.com/AbleStock.com/Getty Images
Maggot is a generic term referring to the larvae of dipteran flies, such as common houseflies, bluebottles and blowflies. Such flies are characterized by small bodies and small antenna. For this reason, maggots typically look the same regardless of species. Mosquitos and tsetse fly larvae, for example, are not classed as maggots because their larvae have distinct body parts. The maggots you might encounter in or around your home will typically be from a handful of calliphorid, or common fly species.
Common Invaders
Housefly (Musca domestica) maggots can be an unwelcome yet not uncommon sight around your home. During the summer months, houseflies will look for suitable materials in which to lay their eggs. These materials included rotting food, fruit and fecal matter. You may encounter housefly maggots in your trash can, in your yard and sometimes in the house. Eggs take approximately 24 hours to hatch. Once they hatch, larvae resemble small grains of rice approximately 1.2 millimeters long; most are typically a pale yellow or cream color. Bluebottles (Calliphora vomitoria) are common in and around homes, too. Their maggots are almost identical to housefly maggots but are slightly longer in length, typically around 18 millimeters.
Pest Species
The maggots of apple flies (Rhagoletis pomonella), also known as railroad flies, are common pests in rural areas. They destroy apple crops. The adult flies into which the maggots grow resemble common houseflies but are slightly smaller. The flies lay their eggs inside apples, providing an instant source of food for the hatching larvae. Once infested, the apples are worthless, as they can’t be sold.
One Weird Maggot
Maggots are typically tubular, with no discernible body parts. One notable exception to the maggot’s physical consistency across species is the rat-tailed maggot. This distinctive maggot is the larvae of the drone fly (Eristalis tenax), distributed widely and found in the United States and Canada. The rat-tailed maggot is aquatic and can be found in toilets, often to the alarm of the person about to use. It has a distinctive tail, which is actually a breathing tube. The tube is typically around 40 millimeters in length, twice as long as the maggot’s body.
Useful Maggots
Although maggots are very good at repulsing those who encounter them, especially when there are lots of them, they can be of use. Maggots are regularly used for medicinal reasons. The most common type of medicinal maggot is the bluebottle larva. Sterile maggots are inserted into wounds so they can eat away the dead and rotting flesh to aid healing. Maggots are also used as bait in fishing. Their movement and color attract fish to the hook.
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References
Washington State University: Garden Friends and Foes
Orkin: House Fly Larvae
Solution Pest Control: Blue Bottle Fly
University of Minnesota: Apple Maggot
North Carolina State University: Rat Tailed Maggots
Monarch Labs: Medicinal Maggots
Complete Fisher: Maggot
Merriam Webster: Maggot
Photo Credits
Ablestock.com/AbleStock.com/Getty Images
Writer Bio
Simon Foden has been a freelance writer and editor since 1999. He began his writing career after graduating with a Bachelors of Arts degree in music from Salford University. He has contributed to and written for various magazines including "K9 Magazine" and "Pet Friendly Magazine." He has also written for Dogmagazine.net.
Differences between Grubs & Maggots
List of Common House Insects
Difference Between a Gnat and a Housefly
List of Flying Brown Beetles
What Is the Difference Between Earwigs & Silverfish?
Are Lacewings Harmful to Humans?
Differences between Grubs & Maggots
By Kendal Elizabeth
i
Ablestock.com/AbleStock.com/Getty Images
Maggots are young flies at larval stage of the flies’ life cycle. Grubs are young beetles in the second stage of the beetles’ life cycle. Though maggots and grubs look very similar, flies and beetles are different insects. Maggots live in areas with abundance of food materials that are rotting, since they are voracious feeders. Grubs feed on roots and live in the soil.
Life Cycle
The life cycle of grubs is longer than that of maggots. Grubs take approximately a year to transform into pupae. Female beetles spend two to three weeks laying eggs in moist soil. After two weeks the eggs hatch into larvae. Female flies, on the other hand, lay eggs in rotting material. The eggs hatch after eight to 20 hours, depending on the temperature of the environment. Both types of larvae start feeding immediately after they hatch. Maggots feed on the rotting and decaying materials where the eggs were laid, while grubs feed on moist soil.
Uses
Grubs are destructive while maggots are beneficial in various ways. Grubs feed on plant roots and moist soil, leading to severe damage of turf and lawns. Maggots are used to catch fish by some fishing enthusiasts. Amazingly, they also have a medicinal use. Doctors can use certain types of maggots to treat wounds, because they eat dead tissue while leaving healthy tissue alone. They can promote healing when placed in the wound.
Diseases
Though maggots are sometimes beneficial to human beings, infestations can be dangerous. Some species of maggot are harmful since they feed on decaying and live materials alike. If such a species happens to lay eggs on a body opening such as a mucous membrane or edge of a wound, the maggots damage healthy tissue and cause damage. Such maggots can cause an infection known as myiasis. Grubs do not cause diseases; rather they damage lawns and turfs.
Identification
Maggots are smaller than grubs. Their size and color depends on their stage of development. Maggot larvae start out at 2 to 3mm in length, growing to 15 to 20mm. Their color ranges from creamy white to light brown. Maggots are legless, and therefore move by crawling. They have a brown head with a pair of hook-like parts that help them in feeding. Grubs are white in color with a length of about 20 to 45mm depending on the species. They have a C-shaped body, three pairs of legs and a brown head.
References
Penn State University: White Grubs in Home Lawns
Cornell University: A Grub's Life
National Geographic News: Medical Maggots Treat as They Eat
Resources
Pest Control Rx: Maggots
Washington State University: Maggots
Photo Credits
Ablestock.com/AbleStock.com/Getty Images
Writer Bio
Kendal Elizabeth has been a professional writer and editor since 2001. She has specialized in writing pet-related topics, home decor and gardening. Her work has appeared on several online and offline publication. Elizabeth holds a Bachelor of Science in Animal Science with a minor in marine biology from Cornell University.
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msmarco_passage_00_160690676 | The Duration of a Giraffe's Pregnancy | Pets on Mom.com | The Duration of a Giraffe's Pregnancy | Pets on Mom.com
The Duration of a Giraffe's Pregnancy
By Jane Meggitt
i
NA/AbleStock.com/Getty Images
Tall and elegant, giraffes roam the savannas and open wooded areas of Africa. There are nine species of giraffe, each with a distinct spotted coat pattern. Females initially give birth at ages 6 and up, while males don't begin breeding until about the age of 7. In the wild, giraffes live about 15 years, while captive giraffes often reach age 25 or older.
Mating
Unlike many other species, giraffes mate at any time of year. While mating season varies according to food availability, it usually takes place during the rainy season so the baby arrives during dry weather. Before mating, the female giraffe urinates, which the male then smells. If his nose tells him she's ready to breed, he'll lick her tail and lift his front leg. If she's willing, she places herself in a position for intercourse and the two mate.
Gestation
Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.
Calving
Giraffes genders bear the same names as cattle. The female giraffe is a cow, the male is a bull and the baby is a calf. The cow gives birth to the calf standing up. Yes, the baby takes quite a tumble at birth, which helps break the amniotic sac. Calves stand approximately 6 feet tall at birth, with males larger than females. Cows give birth in a calving ground, to which they return to have their babies. It's often the same place they were born in, as mothers in the herd return to the calving ground season after season.
Raising Baby
Cows nurse their calves for up to a year. When the calf is about 4 months old, he starts eating leaves. Since giraffes are ruminants, animals with four-part stomachs, eating solids begins the ruminating process, which includes chewing a cud. Males stay around their mothers until reaching the age of 15 months, while females stay with mom until they're a year and a half old. While males join other herds of adolescent males, the females tend to remain in their familial herd.
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References
Giraffe Conservation Foundation: Giraffe - The Facts
Africa Guide: Giraffes - Giraffa camelopardalis
World Animal Foundation: Giraffe Fact Sheet
Animal Diversity Web: Giraffa camelopardalis Giraffe
Photo Credits
NA/AbleStock.com/Getty Images
Writer Bio
Jane Meggitt has been a writer for more than 20 years. In addition to reporting for a major newspaper chain, she has been published in "Horse News," "Suburban Classic," "Hoof Beats," "Equine Journal" and other publications. She has a Bachelor of Arts in English from New York University and an Associate of Arts from the American Academy of Dramatics Arts, New York City.
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How Many Offspring Do Giraffes Have at a Time?
By Tammy Dray
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Giraffes don't reach sexual maturity, and start having babies, until they're at least three years of age or sometimes even four. Males might not start mating until much later, because only the stronger males get to mate with an available female, which means the younger male giraffes might not get any chance at all. The baby, or calf, is all mom's responsibility after she's born.
Baby Numbers
According to the San Diego Zoo, giraffes usually have only one baby at a time. In rare cases, they might have two. In December 2012, twin giraffes were born in a Chinese Zoo in the city of Shijiazhuang. The event was considered such a rarity for the species that it made the news all over the world.
Gestation and Birth
Gestation for giraffes is one of the longest of any mammals, between 425 and 465 days or about 15 months. There's no specific breeding season and dad doesn't stick around to help with the rearing of the baby. When it comes time to give birth, mom will find a private spot and give birth alone. She will remain on her own, with just the calf, for about a week.
What the Baby is Like
Babies weigh anywhere from 104 to 220 lbs. when they are born. Calves are over six feet tall when they are born, which is a good thing, since moms give birth standing up. If the calf was any smaller, the drop to the ground might hurt him. The babies are up and walking within minutes of being born.
Weaning Time
Babies spend a long time with mom before they venture out on their own. In fact, weaning can start as late as 12 months of age in some cases and complete independence often takes up to 18 months. Giraffes don't have a new baby until the first one is weaned. That's partly because baby giraffes are easy prey for predators, such as lions, and mom spends her time protecting her calf until she's ready to step out into the world on her own.
References
Mother Nature Network: 12 Animals With the Longest Gestation Period
San Diego Zoo: Giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis -- Reproduction and Development
Girafffe Conservation Foundation: Giraffe -- The Facts
World Association of Zoos and Aquariums: Giraffe
Resources
Decan Herald: Baby Twin Giraffes Born in China Zoo
Photo Credits
Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
Writer Bio
Tammy Dray has been writing since 1996. She specializes in health, wellness and travel topics and has credits in various publications including Woman's Day, Marie Claire, Adirondack Life and Self. She is also a seasoned independent traveler and a certified personal trainer and nutrition consultant. Dray is pursuing a criminal justice degree at Penn Foster College.
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msmarco_passage_00_162772723 | How Long Does it Take a Duck to Hatch? | Pets on Mom.com | How Long Does it Take a Duck to Hatch? | Pets on Mom.com
How Long Does it Take a Duck to Hatch?
By Gryphon Adams
i
Tom Brakefield/Stockbyte/Getty Images
A wild duck nesting on your property is likely to be a mallard. Her eggs take 25 to 29 days to hatch, according to the U.S. Geological Survey website. Before she begins to incubate, she lays one egg a day, usually ending up with a clutch numbering about a dozen. Only after she's laid all the eggs does she begin to sit on the clutch, and that's when the 25-to-29-day incubation period begins.
Laying Can Take Two Weeks
Duck eggs are inert when laid. Their incubation period doesn't begin until they're under the warm body of the mother duck or surrogate, or in an incubator. Unless the weather turns freezing, with a bit of insulation the eggs will keep just fine and remain viable during the laying period. The laying period may take almost two weeks from the first egg to the last egg in the clutch. The duck lays her eggs and works on the nest each day, adding more material, including her down, to keep the eggs insulated from temperature changes.
Incubation Takes About a Month
By waiting until she has laid all the eggs before she sits on them, the mother duck ensures that they will hatch within a relatively short time frame. This way she keeps her brood together and safe. The incubation period begins once she lays the last egg and begins sitting on the clutch. Her warmth helps them develop and prepare to hatch. The incubation period varies by species and generally takes about a month. When the ducklings begin to crack through their shells at the end of the incubation period, they should all hatch within 24 to 48 hours. Some eggs may fail to hatch.
Most Domestic Ducks Take 28 Days
Domesticated ducks take 28 days to hatch. The one exception is Muscovy ducks. These ducks have bumpy red faces and are white, black or a mix of white and black. This breed takes 35 days from the beginning of incubation to hatch. Muscovy hens can hatch 12 to 15 eggs, including eggs from other mothers added to her clutch. Domestic ducks are of two main types, the Muscovy and ducks breeds descended from mallards. Mallard descendents include Pekins, the classic all-white ducks; Indian runner ducks, lean and fast-moving ducks; Cayuga ducks, which come in dark colors; and bibbed mallards. These ducks don't have red on their faces; they all have curled feathers that flip up at the tail.
Hatching Tips
Some people who raise ducks incubate eggs under a broody duck or in an incubator, also called a setter. The incubator keeps the eggs at a controlled temperature and a controlled humidity for the eggs' development.
In a pinch, you can incubate duck eggs under a broody chicken. Broody means she's been laying eggs and is inclined to sit on them.
In an incubator, a duck egg loses 14 percent of its weight from water loss. The air cell in the egg enlarges to take up a third of the shell. The egg's weight and the size of its air cell are the main ways to tell if the egg is near the end of its incubation period.
Never disturb wild ducks who are courting, nesting, brooding or caring for their young. Wild ducks are protected by law, and disturbing them could lead to the abandonment, injuries or deaths of the embryos or ducklings.
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References
U.S. Geological Survey: Mallard Nesting Behavior
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine: Hatching Duck Eggs
Dallas/Ft. Worth Wildlife Coalition: Ducks Courting in My Swimming Pool
Cornell University: Confusing Domestic Ducks
Resources
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Laws and Treaties Protecting Migratory Birds
University of Michigan Animal Diversity Web: Anas Platyrhynchos - Mallard
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension: Artificial Incubation
University of Hawaii Cooperative Extension: Raising Ducks and Geese in Small Numbers
Photo Credits
Tom Brakefield/Stockbyte/Getty Images
Writer Bio
Gryphon Adams began publishing in 1985. He contributed to the "San Francisco Chronicle" and "Dark Voices." Adams writes about a variety of topics, including teaching, floral design, landscaping and home furnishings. Adams is a certified health educator and a massage practitioner. He received his Master of Fine Arts at San Francisco State University.
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How Long Does it Take for a Chicken Egg to Hatch?
By Jen Davis | Updated August 11, 2017
On average, it takes 21 days for a fertilized chicken egg to hatch into a healthy chick. It takes about 21 days for a chick to hatch, give or take a few. If you are trying to hatch your own chicks, you will need to familiarize yourself with the basics of egg care or you could put the health of your chicks at risk.
Egg Formation
Chickens lay an average of one egg every 25 to 26 hours. Eggs are formed when the ovum, otherwise known as the yolk, develops within the ovary and is released during ovulation. The yolk passes down from the ovary and into the oviduct, where it develops the egg white and the shell. Fertilization takes place while the egg is inside the oviduct. The egg passes out of the oviduct through the vagina. Any physical abnormalities with the egg are likely to occur during the formation process. The average hen will lay 250 to 270 eggs each year.
The Natural Process
When a hen decides she wants to sit on her eggs and hatch them, she is referred to as being broody . Broody hens will lay a clutch of eggs and sit on them and care for them until they hatch. The average clutch of eggs contains between three and eight eggs. Your hen will need to be provided with food, water and a living space free of predators. She will keep the eggs warm and periodically turn them so the developing chicks stay viable and healthy.
Incubating Chicks
You can hatch fertilized chicken eggs without the help of a hen. Incubators are designed to keep chicken eggs warm and moist, providing them with the necessary environment for healthy development until they hatch. Eggs should be placed into the incubator within seven days of being laid. The temperature inside the incubator should be between 99 and 102 degrees, depending on the style of incubator. Turn the eggs regularly to minimize the likelihood that the chick will become stuck to the inside of the shell and grow abnormally.
During incubation, you can use a process called candling to check on your chicks to see if they are developing inside the egg. Candling involves putting the egg up to a shielded light so the contents of the egg can be seen partially through the shell. If the egg looks clear, you do not have an embryo developing. As time passes, more and more of the inside of the egg should appear dark in color. This is the embryo developing and growing. If the embryo stops developing, it most likely died.
Hatching Problems
Not all eggs will be fertile and you cannot expect 100 percent of your fertilized eggs to hatch. The length of time it takes your chicks to hatch can be affected by environmental temperatures. Chicks who are kept in too cool temperatures may hatch late, while those who are kept in too warm temperatures may hatch early. Some chicks may die prior to hatching due to being exposed to conditions that are too hot or too cold. You can leave unhatched eggs in the incubator for a day or two after the 21-day incubation period just in case any of your chicks are late hatchers. If chicks have not hatched after day 23, they are probably not going to.
References
Backyard Chickens: How To Incubate & Hatch Eggs - Just 21 Days From Egg To Chicken!
Extension: Avian Reproductive System—Female
Extension: Raising Chickens for Egg Production
University of Illinois Extension: Incubation and Embryology Questions and Answers
Hoegger Supply Company: All About Broody Hens
Poultry Hub: Reproductive System
University of California: Common Incubation Problems: Causes and Remedies
University of Minnesota: Hatching and Brooding Small Numbers of Chicks
University of Illinois Extension: Operating a Still Air Model Incubator
Photo Credits
Airubon/iStock/Getty Images
Writer Bio
Jen Davis has been writing since 2004. She has served as a newspaper reporter and her freelance articles have appeared in magazines such as "Horses Incorporated," "The Paisley Pony" and "Alabama Living." Davis earned her Bachelor of Arts in communication with a concentration in journalism from Berry College in Rome, Ga.
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msmarco_passage_00_164719125 | Testicle Problems for Rabbits | Pets on Mom.com | Testicle Problems for Rabbits | Pets on Mom.com
Testicle Problems for Rabbits
By Carlye Jones
i
Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images
Check regularly and check often is a good motto for your rabbit's reproductive health. Testicle problems often progress rapidly and require immediate medical treatment. Take a look at your rabbit's groin frequently to catch problems before they become serious. His testicles should be pink, oval-shaped and evenly matched.
Abscess
An abscess is, in short, an infected wound. A cut on your rabbit's testicles can quickly turn into an abscess. An abscess usually forms when rabbits fight and one bites the other in this sensitive area, but it can also be caused by a loose cage wire, unsafe toy or even sharp pieces of hay. The testicle will appear swollen and red and may be hot and firm to the touch. Your rabbit may also stop eating and act lethargic, although some rabbits don't show any symptoms other than a swollen testicle. Veterinary treatment is necessary and often includes antibiotics and draining the abscess.
Vent Disease
Vent disease is known as rabbit syphilis. Formally, it is called Treponematosis and is caused by a bacteria that is spread through sexual contact. It affects the entire genital region, but may appear as small blisters or sores on the testicles. Eventually these sores become covered in thick scabs. Vent disease is treated with Penicillin injections. Examine your rabbit before breeding or allowing any type of physical contact with another rabbit to prevent vent disease from spreading.
Hutch Burn
Red, raw skin on a rabbit's testicles is often a sign of hutch burn. The testicle itself is not normally swollen or infected, but the skin covering it is. This is caused by too much contact with urine and is often the sign of a dirty cage. It can also be caused by urine splashing back on to the rabbit's genital area when he sprays a solid surface. Hutch burn is treated by cleaning and applying ointment to the affected skin. Keep the cage and your rabbit's genital area clean to prevent recurrences.
Cancer
Like all mammals, rabbits can get testicular cancer. Although there may be other symptoms such as weight loss and decreased appetite, one of the first signs many owners notice is a swollen or enlarged testicle. The testicle will probably be removed as part of the treatment, but if it isn't caught early the cancer can spread to other parts of the rabbit's body.
Bacterial Infection
Pasteurellosis is a bacterial infection that can cause a rabbit's testicles to become filled with puss. This infection can also affect other parts of the body, including the respiratory tract. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, but often fail to rid the rabbit's body of the infection completely. He may go into remission but show signs of the infection again at a later time. Pasteurellosis that affects the testicles is spread through contact with mucous membranes. It can be spread between rabbits during breeding or a male rabbit with a respiratory tract infection can spread it to his own reproductive tract during grooming. Sample testing by a veterinarian is used to verify a pasteurellosis infection. This type of bacterial infection is highly contagious and is prevented by keeping infected rabbits permanently away from healthy ones, even when symptoms disappear.
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References
Merck Manual: Disorders and Diseases of Rabbits (Reproductive Disorders)
University of Arizona Cooperative Extension: Spaying and Neutering Your Rabbit
Oregon State Cooperative Extension: Domestic Rabbits Diseases and Parasites (Pasteurellosis, Hutch Burn)
Michigan Department of Natural Resources: Abscesses
Photo Credits
Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images
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What Is That Bump on a Rabbit's Cheeks?
By Jane Meggitt
i
Michael Blann/Photodisc/Getty Images
If you see a bump or lump on your bunny's cheeks, take him to the vet for a diagnosis. It could be fairly innocuous, or evidence of a life-threatening condition. Let your vet know if your rabbit displays any symptoms of illness, such as lack of appetite or lethargy, which might help pinpoint your pet's problem.
Abscesses
While abscesses in other animals -- and people -- usually burst and drain, that's not true of bunnies. The infection inside a rabbit's abscess, that is a lump of pus underneath his skin, has a thicker consistency than in other mammals, similar to toothpaste. Since rabbit abscesses often result from dental disease, you'll notice a tender, painful swelling on the cheek.
Treatment
Your vet examines the rabbit's mouth for signs of disease, as well as taking a sample of the abscess to determine the type of bacteria inside it. While your vet might prescribe antibiotics for smaller, less invasive abscesses, larger abscesses might require surgical removal. While abscesses are lanced in other animals, that doesn't always work with bunnies. If the abscess is lanced, it might continue to require regular surgical draining along with long-term antibiotic therapy. The dental issues causing the abscess also require veterinary attention. A constant supply of timothy or grass hay usually provides sufficient fiber to wear down the teeth and prevent dental disease.
Warts
According to the House Rabbit Society, warts are the most common causes of bunny lumps and bumps. These are generally caused by the papilloma virus. Most warts are harmless and may disappear on their own. If the wart changes shape or color or continues growing, take your bunny back to the vet.
Tumors
Although skin tumors on a rabbit's face aren't common, they can occur. The lump could also be a cyst, a sac under the skin containing a semi-solid substance. An X-ray can reveal more information about the lump. Your vet can remove a cyst and perform a biopsy if she suspects a tumor. While the tumor can also be surgically removed, your bunny's prognosis depends on whether the tumor is benign or malignant.
Myxomatosis
The rabbit disease myxomatosis is always fatal, but the swelling on a rabbit's head appears after other obvious symptoms. Initial signs include conjunctivitis, or inflammation of the eye's mucus membranes. The rabbit runs a high fever and might die very soon. Those that don't succumb right away develop swellings on the face, ears and genitals. This condition cannot be treated or cured.
References
The Center For Avian and Exotic Medicine: Management of Dental Abscesses in Rabbits
petMD: Lump Under the Skin in Rabbits
Veterinary Partner: Abscesses in Rabbits
House Rabbit Society: Skin Diseases in Rabbits --: Common Causes, Common Treatments
Merck Veterinary Manual: Myxomatosis
Photo Credits
Michael Blann/Photodisc/Getty Images
Writer Bio
Jane Meggitt has been a writer for more than 20 years. In addition to reporting for a major newspaper chain, she has been published in "Horse News," "Suburban Classic," "Hoof Beats," "Equine Journal" and other publications. She has a Bachelor of Arts in English from New York University and an Associate of Arts from the American Academy of Dramatics Arts, New York City.
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msmarco_passage_00_169822996 | Sakura Haruno | AnimeVice Wiki | Fandom | Sakura Haruno | AnimeVice Wiki | Fandom
Sakura Haruno
Overview
Image Gallery
Sakura Haruno
Kanji
春野サクラ
Rōmaji
Haruno Sakura
Characteristics
Race
Human
Gender
Female
Birthday
March 28
Height
161 cm (Part II)
Weight
45.4 kg (Part II)
Eye Color
Light Green
Hair Color
Pink
Status
Occupations
Medical Ninja
Affiliations
Hidden Leaf Village
Teams
Team Kakashi
Konoha 11 (Anime only)
Team Asuma (Anime only)
Eight Man Squad
Team Three (Anime only)
Third Division
Hanabi Rescue Team
Debut
Manga
Naruto Volume #1 Ch.3
Anime
Naruto Episode #1
Film
Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow
Game
Naruto: Clash of Ninja
Portrayal
Japanese
Chie Nakamura
English
Kate Higgins
Sakura Haruno is a character in the Naruto franchise. Sakura is a bright and energetic ninja of the Hidden Leaf Village and a member of Team 7 as their medic. She was trained by the Fifth Hokage, Tsunade, in both medical jutsu and combat. Now, she's a powerhouse in close-combat.
Contents
1
Origin
2
Creation
3
Character Evolution
4
Major Story Arcs
4.1
Introduction Arc
4.2
Land of the Waves Arc
4.3
Chunin Exams Arc
4.4
Invasion of Konoha Arc
4.5
Sasuke Retrieval Arc
4.6
Kazekage Rescue Arc
4.7
Sasuke and Sai Arc
4.8
Itachi Pursuit Arc
4.9
Invasion of Pain Arc
4.10
Five Kage Summit Arc
4.11
Shinobi World War Arc
5
Powers & Abilities
6
References
Origin
Sakura was born and raised in the Village Hidden in the Leaves in the Land of Fire. Her parents are shopkeepers, but she entered the Ninja Academy to train to be a ninja of the village. At the academy, she was ruthlessly teased by the other girls in her class for the size of her forehead. This drove her to try and cover her forehead with her hair but this only made her insecurities easier to target by the bullies in the class. The person who came to her rescue was Ino Yamanaka. Ino defended Sakura and told her to embrace her large forehead. She took a bow and pulled Sakura's hair up and out of her eyes. The two became close friends and Sakura came out of her shell to be more confident and assertive.
This friendship began to fracture when one day Sakura told Ino that the boy she was interested in was Sasuke Uchiha. Not only was he the star of the class but also the boy Ino liked. In a short period of time, they went from friends to bitter rivals. Each even grew their hair out just on a rumour that Sasuke liked girls with long hair. Ino mocked Sakura for her forehead, and she would call Ino a pig (inoko). They were now in constant competition with each other over a boy who hardly noticed either of them. Upon learning of her assignment to Team 7, Sakura returned the ribbon Ino gave her replacing it with her forehead protector.
Creation
Sakura Haruno is a lead character of the Naruto series that was created by Masashi Kishimoto. It first began serialization Weekly Shonen Jump in November 1999. She was first introduced during the first story arc, when Naruto was assigned to a team. Despite Sakura's popularity, she was not intended to be the heroine of the series. Kishimoto blames himself for this by describing himself as being unable to draw a good heroine character type. The best he came up with for Sakura is a girl who couldn't understand men, who is an irritating character but always well intentioned. Still, he became quite fond of Sakura and feels much of her personality can be found in just about everyone. This is possibly one explanation as to why she is so easy to relate with for most readers. In an interview with Kishimoto for Weekly Shonen Jump of June 2006, he said that she was the closest to being a normal person and would make the best ninja instructor of the Team 7 members.
He also blamed his own lack of experience for not being able to draw her as looking "cute". Even his staff agreed she was "far from cute". He does imply that he felt she became cuter as the series went on and his skills improved. Her most prominent feature is her large forehead. He would occasionally overcompensate and draw it too large. In a 2010 interview, he said that he felt Hinata Hyuga would be a better fit as the heroine of the series, but would strive to give Sakura more heroic scenes in the future.
"This was how I first imagined Sakura. Let's face it...she's really not that cute, is she? Especially back then! But that was mostly because I'm not that good with female characters in general, so making one of them cute is always a big challenge for me. "
" There's a lot more to being a good manga character than just cuteness, you know... At least, that's my excuse. The trouble makers and the curmudgeons I can draw without breaking a sweat....but girls are really hard. "
Masashi Kishimoto - "Naruto" Volume 3 Early Character Designs - Sakura
Sakura Haruno early design sketches.
While designing Sakura, Kishimoto first concentrated on her silhouette and wanted her costume to be as simple as possible. This wasn't the case for the other male leads who were given more complicated designs. So much so that he was concerned about being able to draw the series every week. Shorts were added to her Chinese style of dress to give her a feel of being more active. The first design had them as long as past her knees but were brought up higher to mid-thigh. These became tighter and shorter as the series progressed. For her redesign after the two year time skip, Kishimoto wanted to give her a costume that reflected a more karate background that kept a Chinese design to keep a feminine feel. This is seen in her top.
Sakura was given pink hair to create a unique look for the series and relation to cherry blossoms, for which she is named. Her family name of Haruno (春野) means "spring field", and her given name of Sakura サクラ comes from the Japanese cherry blossom (桜, sakura), the national flower of Japan. When put together, her full name Haruno Sakura can mean " spring field of cherry blossoms ". The sash of her forehead protector, boots, and shorts were nearly always colon teal. She is also coloured with painted nails and pink eye shadow. For the anime, her accessories are all painted as a standard blue and is never shown to wear any cosmetics. The second season Naruto Shippuden anime accurately follows the colour scheme used in the manga. Sakura has had various places in the fan polls for the Naruto cast. In the first poll she ranked 5th, the second she fell to 14th, the third she reached 9th, the fourth she ranked 10th, in the fifth she ranked 8th, in the sixth she ranked 12, seventh she ranked 6th with 9,701 votes, and in the eighth poll she tied for 12th with Sai. Sakura is the only member of Team 7 whose parents have never been shown, her mother has been heard talking but is never seen.
Character Evolution
"I've always considered myself to be a true ninja... but those were just empty words, because Sasuke and Naruto were always in the lead! But now it's my turn to take the lead, and all of you can watch me from the background! "
Sakura Haruno
Sakura with long hair.
Sakura has had some of the most dramatic growth of the series. Her infatuation with Sasuke was the reason her childhood friendship with Ino Yamanaka fell apart. They both grew their hair out long because they had heard a rumour that Sasuke liked girls with long hair. She tried to play the sweet and innocent young girl, but often times her inner thoughts are exposed in the series through what is called the "Inner Sakura". It shows that she's far more aggressive than the face she shows to the public and enjoys immature activities, such as pranks. Though, she was open in her hatred for Naruto. She always felt that she was being left behind in her squad since Sasuke was already so skilled and Naruto was showing constant improvement. Her overindulgence in superficial issues, such as her hair care, nearly got her and her team killed during the Chunin Exams.
Sakura with short hair
Tired of always being the victim in need of being saved, she used her own kunai to slice her long hair to free herself and defend her friends. She battled Ino for the second potion of the Chunin Exams, even though they both lost, their battle helped them work out their issues and mend their broken friendship. After the invasion of the Hidden Leaf Village, Sakura was surprised to learn that it was Naruto and not Sasuke who saved her from Gaara. Her opinion of Naruto slowly began to rise, but Sasuke began to move further away emotionally. She tried to stop Naruto from fighting and jumped into the middle of it. She may have been killed if not for Kakashi Hatake ending the fight.
Later that night, she ran into Sasuke who was leaving the village to go to Orochimaru. At first she tried to get him to stay but when that failed she pleaded with him to take her along. She confessed her love, but he still ignored her. When she threatened to scream, he moved behind her, thanked her, then knocked her unconscious. Shikamaru refused to allow Sakura to join the retrieval team, and in tears she begged Naruto to bring Sasuke back. This mission failed and Naruto was nearly killed. When Naruto left to go train with Jiraiya, Sakura turned to the Fifth Hokage, Tsunade, to be trained by her so she could help Naruto on his return. Next time, she could help bring Sasuke back.
Rank: Chunin
Registered Ninja #: 012601
Zodiac Sign: Aries
Blood Type: O
Completed Assignments:
D-Rank 12 / C-Rank 9 / B-Rank 6 / A-Rank 7 / S-Rank 0
After a two year time skip in the manga series, Sakura is now at the age of 15 or 16 years old and reached the rank of Chunin. She was trained in all the skills and techniques of Tsunade and even has the same level of monstrous strength. No longer would she be playing the support role and was now a force to be feared in hand-to-hand combat. When Naruto returned, their first mission together was to save Gaara from the Akatsuki.
She cured Gaara's brother Kankuro from the effects of an unknown poison, and defeated Sasori of the Akatsuki with the assistance of Chiyo. They eventually found Sasuke and she got her first look at the powers of the Nine-tailed Fox sealed within Naruto. After Sasuke escaped with Orochimaru, Sakura spent most of her time back at the Leaf Village after they returned. She was shocked to later learn that Sasuke had joined the Akatsuki and was classified as a Rouge Ninja.
Sasuke's Team 7 replacement, Sai, would question her about what she was doing to Naruto with the promise he made to her to get Sasuke back. With this in mind, she made a resolution that she shared with the rest of her friends. First she met with Naruto and confessed to him that she was in love with him and had given up on Sasuke. When this failed to get Naruto to return, she left in search of Sasuke so she could kill him herself. He got the best of her and was ready to kill her, but she was saved at the last moment by Kakashi, who was told what she was attempting. Sasuke told them both he intended to return to the Leaf Village to kill everyone. Sakura took part in the Fourth Great Shinobi War that broke out on the side of the Ninja Alliance against the Akatsuki. It is unknown if Sakura's confession of love was her honest feelings or just a ploy to get Naruto to stop chasing after Sasuke for her.
Major Story Arcs
Introduction Arc
Before graduating, Sakura and the rest of the students were given the task of forming a chakra clone of themselves, which Sakura passed. She was now a Genin (lowest ninja rank) and would soon learn who her two teammates are. The next day, on her way to school she ran into Ino. Sakura and Ino both wanted to be on Sasuke’s team, but only Sakura would be lucky enough. However, her other teammate was Naruto, who had a crush on Sakura. Sakura was now a part of Team 7, with Naruto and Sasuke, and their leader was Kakashi.
The team learned of a pass or fail survival test that Kakashi was going to administer. The next day, they arrived at the training location with their ninja gear ready to go. However, Kakashi deliberately arrived hours late, and told them that he “crossed a black cat and had to take a detour." Kakashi shows them two bells and tells them that both only two, one, or none of them are going to pass, and the failure will return to the academy.
When the test begins, Sakura showed more interest in following Sasuke around and ignored Naruto. After this, Sakura was lectured by Kakashi for not helping Naruto, and she finally realized how serious this test was. Kakashi then tied Naruto up and gave Sakura and Sasuke food to eat. He warned them that if they allow Naruto to eat, they will fail immediately. Sasuke and Sakura defied Kakashi’s words and fed Naruto anyway. Kakashi showed up extremely angry and demands an explanation; Sakura told Kakashi that they fed him because he was their teammate. Kakashi then revealed that they are the first team to pass this test, and now the team is ready for missions.
Land of the Waves Arc
Sakura and her team-mates protecting Tazuna
Team 7 is assigned to protect a bridge builder named Tazuna. Their mission becomes a Class A ranked mission when they discover that a high ranked ninja was after him. Sakura suggests that they abandon the mission because it is ranked A and Naruto’s hand is injured, but they decide to proceed with the mission anyways. Team 7 runs into a Hidden Mist village ninja named Zabuza. They discover that he is extremely powerful and they prepare before the confrontation. Sakura would eventually head to the battlefield herself, where she discovers that she has amazing control over her own chakra. When Sasuke appeared to have died in the battle, Sakura violates Shinobi Rule #25, which states that a shinobi may never display any kind of emotion in the battlefield, by crying when Sasuke “died.”
Chunin Exams Arc
Upon returning to Konoha, Team 7 arrive just in time to register and take the Chunin Exams. The exams are used to promote Genin from all hidden villages to Chunin rankings. The first part of the exam is written, which is good for Sakura. The second part of the Chunin Exams was a survival test. Each team was given a scroll to protect, and the team must steal more scrolls and take it to the middle of the arena. Team 7 is first attacked by Orochimaru, whom Naruto and Sasuke were able to fend off. However, both of them were rendered unconscious during the fight and Sakura was left to care for them until they recovered. Unfortunately, Genin from the Sound village were ordered by Orochimaru to finish off Team 7.
Sakura frees herself from Kin's grasp by cutting her hair.
Sakura tries her best to protect her unconscious teammates. Rock Lee arrived to protect Sakura, but was defeated by the Sound Genin. One of the Sound Genin named Kin Tsuchi (female Genin) grabs Sakura’s hair and taunts her for her weakness, claiming that she would rather look pretty instead of training her ninja skills. Sakura in turn, cuts off her own hair and matures during the process. Sakura continued to try and defend her team, until Ino and her team realized that Sakura was in trouble.
Sakura prepares to attack Zaku.
An unconscious Sasuke re-awakened during the fight after receiving Orochimaru's cursed seal, and proceeded to ask Sakura who injured her. Quickly overcome by his new cursed mark, he begins a violent rampage on the Sound Genin. Frightened by his new behavior, a tearful Sakura rushes to his side and wraps her arms around him, begging him to stop. Her tearful words and embrace get through to him, and his cursed seal quickly recedes. Team 7 would be allowed to rest while Ino and her team watch their backs. When they fully recover, the team heads toward the middle and meets a fellow Konoha Genin named Kabuto. The four help each other to reach the middle of the arena and are successful.
Sakura fighting Ino during her preliminary match.
Reaching the middle allows them to proceed in the exam. The next part of the exam were one-on-one preliminary battles. Sakura was forced to battle Ino first, but the two accepted their fate. Sakura and Ino go down to the battle area and insult each other face to face. Ino cuts her hair claiming to follow what Sakura did earlier, however Ino had placed her own chakra in the cut hair. When Sakura came near the hair spread upon the floor, Ino was able to use her chakra to ensnare Sakura in place. With Sakura trapped, Ino was able to use her Mind Body Swap technique easily. Ino appeared to be the victor as she was going to force Sakura to forfeit.
However, Sakura was strong enough to resist Ino’s technique and force Ino out her of own body. The two of them were both exhausted, and would charge each other for the final blow. Sakura and Ino both strike the other's face simultaneously, resulting in a double knockout. The final decision of the match was declared a draw, and both were disqualified from the exams. When Sakura and Ino recovered, they reconciled their friendship.
Invasion of Konoha Arc
The third part of the Chunin Exams was a tournament for those that passed the second part of the exams. Naruto and Sasuke both advanced to this round, and Sakura, who was disqualified, watched the rest of the exam. However, the Chunin Exams would be interrupted by an invasion of Konoha shortly after Sasuke’s fight with Gaara began. Many of the ninjas were forced into sleep by a genjutsu, Sakura was one of the few qualified Genin to repel the genjutsu, as she was trained in its use. Kakashi then assigned Sakura to wake Naruto and go after Sasuke. When the two of them catch up to Sasuke, they discover him fighting Gaara in a monster form. Upon catching up with Sasuke, Sakura protects him from Gaara's attacks, though Gaara uses his sand to immobilize her. As the sand slowly suffocates Sakura, Naruto fights to defeat Gaara, determined to save her life.
Sasuke Retrieval Arc
Just as Sasuke was recovering from his injuries, he became more violent and aggressive toward everyone. Sakura tried to stop Naruto and Sasuke as they were fighting at the top of the hospital, and she nearly got caught in the middle of their most powerful attacks. She was saved the Kakashi appearing to deflect the boys and flinging them away. Kakashi promised her that everything would be fine soon. This didn't turn out to be true, because Sakura caught Sasuke leaving the village to go to Orochimaru. At first she begged him to take her with him. After she threatened to scream, Sasuke appeared behind her, thanked her, then knocked her out. She reported his actions, and Naruto, Shikamaru, Neji, and Choji were sent after him.
Sakura training under Tsunade's tutelage.
Before they left, she begged Naruto to bring him back, and he confidently promised he would. When Naruto set out the next day to retrieve Sasuke, Sakura came out to meet him. Sakura begged for Naruto to bring Sasuke back, believing Naruto to be the only person who could get through to Sasuke. Naruto, looking at the crying Sakura, promised her that he would bring Sasuke back, making it his promise to her for a lifetime. This brought more tears as Sakura realised that Naruto knew how she felt and that he had always been there for her. After Naruto failed to bring Sasuke back and was left hospitalised in the process, he apologized to Sakura for his failure and asserted that he would definitely keep his promise. Inspired by Naruto's determination, she replied that, next time, they would retrieve Sasuke together, and that she would be there to help him from now on. Determined to never be useless again and to save Sasuke and help Naruto, Sakura then asked to become Tsunade's apprentice, a request which Tsunade happily accepted.
Kazekage Rescue Arc
Two years have gone by. Naruto has returned to the Leaf Village from his training with Jiraiya, and Sakura has become an excellent ninja under Tsunade’s training. When Naruto returned, Tsunade gave the two of them the mission of taking on Kakashi to show off the results of their training. He gave them the bell test once more, and the pair gave him much more of a challenge. They eventually got the bells by outwitting Kakashi. Just as their training ended, they received an emergency notice from the Sand Village that the Akatsuki had attacked and taken Gaara, the Kazekage. Team seven was given the mission to retrieve him, and they caught up with his sister Temari, who had just left the Leaf Village.
Sakura and Chiyo fighting together.
When they arrived at the Sand Village, they found Gaara's brother Kankuro had been poisoned with a special venom from Sasori, an Akatsuki member. She used the justu she had learned from Tsunade to save his life and develop an antidote. Team 7 was joined by Sand Village elder, Chiyo, in the search for Gaara. During the journey to the Land of Rivers, Sakura finally learned that Naruto was a Jinchuriki, a human with the Tailed Beasts sealed inside of them. Their pursuit was held back by who they thought was Itachi Uchiha, but revealed to be corpse puppets once defeated. Chiyo then explained that If the beasts are ever removed the host will die. Sakura finally understood the threat Naruto had been living under his whole life.
They reached the base of the Akatsuki and were joined by Team 9. The teams separated to break the seal, but
Sakura destroying Sasori's puppet body
once inside they found Gaara to be dead. Naruto lost his temper and chased after Deidara. Kakashi followed, and Chiyo and Sakura fought with Sasori. After destroying his first puppet form, his more human puppet body was revealed. Unable to match Sasori's skills solo, Sakura allowed Chiyo to use her Puppet Master Jutsu to control her body. They had both used Sakura's antidote so Sasori's poisons would but useless for a short time.
Sakura was injured after the antidote had worn off. Though Sasori had been defeated, Chiyo used a jutsu that sacrificed some of her own life to heal Sakura. As a prize for winning, Sasori revealed he had a spy in Orochimaru's camp he was scheduled to meet. Chiyo and Sakura caught up to Naruto after he got back Gaara's body. Chiyo then used her forbidden jutsu once more with the help of Naruto's chakra to revive Gaara. Sakura withheld from Naruto that this would sacrifice Chiyo's life. After resting at the Sand Village, they all returned home with a source of how to find Sasuke.
Sasuke and Sai Arc
Kakashi had been badly wounded during the mission and was forced to be hospitalized after they returned to the Leaf Village. Naruto and Sakura would gain a new leader and teammate for their next missions. Yamato was assigned as the team leader and Sai was assigned as their third teammate. The team is briefed about their next mission, they were to meet the “spy” in Orochimaru’s group. The new team sets out and discovers that the spy was waiting for the dead Sasori. However, it turns out to be a trap and the group battles Kabuto and Orochimaru. Naruto is left badly injured, but Sakura was able to heal his wounds. They then proceeded to Orochimaru’s hideout, and began infiltrating his lair. Going to room after room looking for Sasuke, they eventually confront Sasuke outside of the lair.
They try to convince Sasuke to return to Konoha, but he declines once again and begins attacking them. Sakura tries to stop Sasuke, even attacking him. However, Sasuke was able to escape. The team returns to Konoha after the failed mission, Naruto and Sakura were deeply depressed that they once again could not recover Sasuke.
Itachi Pursuit Arc
When news reached Konoha that Sasuke had killed Orochimaru, Sakura and Naruto were the first to join Kakashi's Eight Man Squad, and began the hunt. During her search, she barely missed a member of Sasuke's Hebi, Karin, and later regrouped with the others. When Kiba caught Sasuke's scent, the group followed until they encountered Tobi. Sakura initially suspected that he was using genjutsu or clone techniques, but after Hinata pointed out that his chakra remained in one location and Tobi managed to escape Shino's bugs, she realised that he was removing parts of his body from existence. She attempted to head to Sasuke's location with her team, but Tobi had already taken him away.
Invasion of Pain Arc
After word is sent to Tsunade via Jiraiya's toad that Jiraiya is dead and was killed by beings who called themselves Pain, Sakura is seen scolding Naruto for lashing out at Tsunade after she has informed him of Jiraiya's death. Sakura is then seen helping deciphering Jiraiya's coded message but little to no help with that. When Pain attacks Sakura is seen helping and healing villagers seen also saves a villager from one of Pains giant (but not biggest) summoning. After Pain destroyed most of Konoha Sakura is seen alive protected by Katsuyu who Tsunade had summoned earlier to protect villagers. Sakura then comes in contact with a member of the Hyuga clan who is able to watch and inform Sakura of the battle between Pain and Naruto (who has returned from his training). Sakura is informed by the Hyuga clan member HInata was hurt defending Naruto and that Naruto had transformed and was becoming the Nine-Tails.
When the Hyuga clan member says that Pain and Naruto were moving away from Konoha Sakura goes to help Hinata who is next seen with her cousin and the rest of Team Guy slowly dying. Sakura is then seen healing Hinata and informing Neji that Hinata tried to save Naruto because she loved him. When Sakura heals Hinata she is thanked by her and Sakura told her she shouldn't have done that. Sakura is next seen when Fukasaku is revived due to Nagato believing in Naruto's dream she is next seen with all of Konoha greeting Naruto however she greets him with a punch and then a heart warming hug and thanks him.
Five Kage Summit Arc
Team Kakashi confronted by Karui and Omoi.
Sakura is later seen in a tent along with Naruto, Kakashi, and Shizune, telling them about Tsunade going into a coma, and that neither she nor Shizune could do anything for her. She tried to cheer Naruto up, but her effort was interrupted by the arrival of Kiba. Kiba told them that Danzo, has replaced Tsunade as Hokage and that he has ordered Sasuke to be executed as a missing-nin. Naruto and Sakura, hoping they might be able to convince Danzō to change his mind, asked Sai about him.
Sakura forms a team to hunt down Sasuke
Sai is unable to tell them anything, but their questioning attracted the attention of Omoi and Karui. The Kumogakure ninja informed them of Sasuke's crimes and demanded any information they may have on Sasuke. Seeing how upset this made Sakura, Naruto volunteered to tell them for her the information they wanted to know about Sasuke.
Naruto, along with Kakashi and Yamato, went to the Land of Iron to ask the Fourth Raikage to forgive Sasuke. While they are gone, Sai informed Sakura of the lengths Naruto has gone to make her happy. He also said that although Naruto loved her, the strain of trying to bring Sasuke home and fulfilling the promise he made to her, cause him nothing but constant pain. Shikamaru joined the conversation on behalf of the other members of the Konoha 11, telling Sakura that Sasuke's actions will only lead to war. Believing that the best course of action would be for them to personally stop Sasuke, Shikamaru asked for Team 7's consent. Sakura agreed, but insisted that she be the one to tell Naruto.
Sasuke attacking Sakura from behind.
Sakura, Sai, Kiba, and Lee went to the Land of Iron to talk to Naruto. After they located him, Sakura made a false confession of love to Naruto and claimed she no longer cares about Sasuke and encouraged him to give up on the promise he made to her. Naruto, knowing very well that she's still in love with Sasuke and that she doesn't love him, does not believe her and says she is lying to herself. Angered by this, she insisted it was true and then pushed for Naruto to forget his promise to her and focus on the fact that Akatsuki is after him. Naruto, in turn, said that he was also pursuing Sasuke for his own reasons, not just because of his promise to her. Again, furious by this, Sakura left with her group. Ignoring Kiba's questions about why she hasn't told Naruto their plans, she asked him to help her find Sasuke. When they start nearing Sasuke, Sakura tried to set off a knockout gas to incapacitate Kiba, Sai, and Lee. Sai stopped her and, having told Naruto and Kakashi about their plans, instructed them to wait for Kakashi to arrive. She convinced Kiba and Lee to fight Sai with her, but used the knockout gas on them as they began to scuffle.
Sakura found Sasuke about to kill Karin. She stopped him and told him that she wanted to join him, even if that means betraying Konoha. Suspicious, Sasuke told her to show her resolve by killing Karin. Pretending to agree, Sakura approached them, thinking that if she killed him now, it will all be over. Karin interrupted her by warning her that Sasuke was about to kill her, but his attack was blocked by Kakashi. he instructed Sakura to heal Karin and to leave once she had done so. However she snuck up on Sasuke and tried once again to kill him, but she then started to remember all the times they had together and she was ultimately unable to bring herself to do it.
Sasuke noticed Sakura and seized her by the throat and attempted to kill her, she was then rescued by Naruto. Naruto then prepared himself to attack Sasuke after Kakashi tells him and Sakura that he will personally take care of Sasuke and wishes for them not to witness it. Kakashi states that Sakura's kunai was crafted by Sakura herself, with poison learned from Shizune, and that it would most likely not work as Orochimaru would have made him immune to it. After Naruto voiced his determination that he and Sasuke will die together one day in battle, and that he would shoulder Sasuke's hatred as a friend, Sakura was touched by Naruto's determination, and showed her gladness that he showed her a way for Team 7 to still have a happy ending.
The "Konoha 11" meet to discuss Sasuke
However, Naruto suddenly collapsed from the poison kunai that Sasuke used to nick Naruto's face when he saved Sakura from him, and Sakura panicked, and gave him an antidote on Kakashi's request. After Sakura gave Naruto the antidote, Naruto says he still feels sick. When Naruto asks who Karin is, Sakura replies that she's a partner of Sasuke, which Karin denies. When the group are ready to leave the bridge, Kakashi reminds Sakura that she left something behind to which he is referring to Kiba and the others. Team 7 and Karin are later seen with the sleeping Kiba, Akamaru, Lee and Sai and Kakashi expects Sakura to apologise to them after they awake to which she will.
After returning to Konoha, Sakura is seen present with the rest of her friends, wondering as to what Naruto is hiding from them, remembering his statement about his and Sasuke's death in a possible fight. She is then seen out of breath when she meets up with Naruto at the Ramen Ichiraku, and she is happy to inform him that Tsunade is awake. Teuchi then offers her a bowl but, being in a rush to tell people the good news, she turns it down. She then tells Naruto she will see him later.
Shinobi World War Arc
Sakura healing Guy before the start of the war.
Sakura is placed within the Third Division and is later seen using her Mystical Palm Technique to heal Might Guy and wondering how he got to be in this condition right before the war, while a worried Lee looks on. Later on, Sakura is seen with her division as a red flare goes off and Kakashi orders them to go the Surprise Attack Division. Along with her division, they encountered Zabuza and Haku who were about to attack the Surprise Attack Division. She was shocked to see Zabuza and Haku again. After Haku and Zabuza's personalities were wiped out along with those of Pakura and Gari, Kakashi orders his squadrons to group themselves around the sensor ninja in the Manji Formation. Lee then tells Sakura that he'll protect her no matter what, to which Sakura tells him to also be careful as last time Zabuza attacked from the only weak spot of the formation: the centre. When the battle began in earnest, Sakura began healing the wounded. As the battle came to a halt when night fell, Sakura went to the Logistical Support and Medical Division compound to heal all the wounded that were being moved to a central location.
She attends to an unknown ninja's wound before Neji arrives. After she finishes she tells him that he should take the opportunity to get as much
Sakura defeating "Neji"
rest as possible. She is later seen outside one of the barracks after being alerted that three jōnin level medics were killed by an unknown assailant. When they surmise that a spy must've entered their numbers despite their stringent security measures, she dismisses the Transformation Technique as their method as the sensors would've detected them and assumes that one of their own must be under the enemy's control. Later as she prepares to start her rounds again, she is approached by the ninja she had healed earlier who hands her a love letter saying that he didn't know if he'll survive the war or not. She takes the letter and thanks him, but tells him that she loves someone else.
Sakura and Shizune autopsying White Zetsu Army clone.
After one last compliment, the Iwa shinobi leaves the tent visibly disappointed that Sakura was in love with someone else, Sakura soon afterwards becomes saddened as she starts thinking about Sasuke. Moments later, Neji then enters her tent asking her if she was ok. He then tells her that he doesn't blame her for being upset given the current situation. Sakura says that they need to be vigilant to which Neji agrees. He then asks for Shizune as he had made some headway in uncovering who the culprit was. Sakura tells him that she's attending to Tonton who had sprained her leg. Neji then says it's better than her arm to which Sakura agrees that she would still be able to form seals. He then asks her to take a look at his hand again to which she agrees, telling him to sit down. As he draws for a kunai to kill Sakura, she slams him to the ground. Surprised he inquires how she knew and retorts that piglets don't have hands. After being punched the transformation technique wears off and the White Zetsu clone resumes him original appearance. Sakura then interrogates the Zetsu about how he was able to get onto the compound undetected. Together with this information and a report Yamato had compiled on Zetsu, she pieces together the Zetsu's abilities and then leaves the clone in the hands of two shinobi to inform headquarters of this latest information.
Powers & Abilities
Sakura Haruno is a talented ninja who originally began her career with considerable textbook knowledge of Ninjutsu and an intelligent analytical mind. She always felt left behind by the incredible progress of her teammates Sasuke and Naruto.
She eventually became fed up with feeling useless. After Naruto left to train under Jiraiya for two years, Sakura went to the Fifth Hokage, Tsuande, to ask for training in medical ninjutsu. She was accepted as her new pupil and was taught Tsunade's fighting techniques that greatly enhances the user's physical strength in hand-to-hand combat. She studied hard in those two years and was able to reach the rank of a Chunin class ninja.
Sakura's taijutsu skills have seen tremendous growth thanks to Tsunade's training. By building up and releasing her chakra with precise timing, Sakura can easily demolish or destroy obstacle with powerful punches or kicks. An opponent struck by her full strength could suffer blunt force trauma resulting in broken bones, ruptured organs, or even death. Through repeated use, Sakura no longer needs to put any conscious effort into using this strength, and so can use it instantly. Her strength, coupled with her medical expertise and the beauty she gained over the time skip, had caused many to see Sakura as a younger version of Tsunade, or even someone who could even surpass Tsunade. She was also able to use this new-found strength to lift a boulder nearly twice her size, throw the Lion-Headed Kannon with enough force and speed that it caught Sasori by surprise, and was also able to stop an airborne Sasori from reaching his target, later smashing his body to pieces. During her battle with Sasori, Sakura's strength was enough to knock away the giant constructs created by the Iron Sand Gathering Assault technique.
Sakura's strength was great enough to completely immobilize a transformed White Zetsu Army clone, which are extremely durable, with just one blow. While under the influence of the Yin Seal, Sakura's strength dramatically increases, possibly surpassing even Tsunade's own monstrous strength, earning high praise from Hashirama Senju himself. During the Fourth Great Shinobi War, she destroys dozens of Ten-Tails Mini Clones with ease, while completely obliterating the battlefield surrounding them, with a single punch. Her speed also increased to the point she could follow a target that she punched with ease without being outrun.
Another key component of Sakura's fighting style is her evasive skill. As a field medic, she cannot afford to be gravely injured or killed on the battle field, as drilled into her by Tsunade when she trained her. Sakura would attempt to read an opponent's fighting style in order to find the dominant hand/foot or anything that the enemy was using. With that, she could increase her evasive skill to impressive levels. Sakura was proficient enough in this that she could figure out Sasori's finger movements and predict the movements of his puppets. Sakura's skill in evasion is so great that she can completely evade a barrage of poisoned senbon, a multitude of puppet arms, and defeat one-hundred puppets without even being scratched.
References
↑ Naruto [Secret: Scroll of Facing] Character Official Databook, Page 101.
↑ 2.0 2.1 Naruto [Secret: Scroll of People] Character Official Databook, Page 137.
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Answered 2010-02-03 22:58:28
Decomposition occurs because of oxygen and bacteria. Without decomposition the earth would become dry and lifeless. It a series of things that happen. Like the food chain if one fails they all.
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This process is the thermal decomposition.
What happened carbonate heated?
A thermal decomposition reaction occur:CaCO3 = CaO + CO2
What is the equation for decomposition reaction that can occur with aspirin?
water + acetylsalicylic acid ---> acetic acid + salicylic acid
What are some chemical changes that occur in nature?
Some chemical changes that occur in nature are the oxidation of metals, the decomposition of organic matter, and combustion. These chemical changes occur without any influence from humans.
What will occur if your compost does not get enough air?
Anaerobic decomposition is what happens when compostable materials do not get enough air. Aerobic breakdown occurs when proper aeration is achieved whereas landfill-like decomposition happens in its absence.
What type of reaction occur when complex compound are broken down into simpler substances?
This kind of reaction is called "decomposition".
Why is cooking meat a chemical reaction?
During cooking thermal decomposition of some organic compounds from meat can occur.
What kind of reaction occur if vanadium compound fluoride broke down into vanadium and fluoride?
It will be a decomposition reaction, which may be Endothermic.
What is the difference between disintegration and decomposition of rock?
Disintegration is fragmentation of rock and there is no chemical change during or after this process. Decomposition is resulting in the destruction of some or all of the unstable minerals and thus chemical change occur and new minerals are formed.
Why does silver compounds cause paper to turn brown under UV rays?
A photochemical reaction of decomposition occur and silver is released.
What is the common way reactions occur?
Examples of chemical reactions: neutralization, thermal decomposition, synthesis, single displacement, double displacement.
What will happen when lead nitrate is heated strongly?
A thermal decomposition reaction occur: lead oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen are obtained.
Where is decomposition in the forest?
rotting Or decomposition
What are some examples of a decomposition?
Examples are:- decomposition of CaCO3 by heating- decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with a catalyst- decomposition of organic materials by fermentation
What is the physical process when you die?
If you are referring to the general term for the chemical and physical processes that take place on the cells and tissues of the human body immediately after death, then you are referring to decomposition. In the initial stages of decomposition the individual cells of the body undergo changes that lead to autolysis, necrosis and putrefaction. In humans, there are several stages that sequentially occur in the process of decomposition.
Could plants and animals survive if decomposition didn't occur?
Decomposition is the process of some fungi breaking down the dead organism into nutrients for the plants to use. Actually, plants and animals wil still survive, even if decomposition or fungi does not exist. The nutrients is optional, only helping the plant to grow better and produce for food for the animals.
What are examples of decomposition?
the examples of decomposition is sugar
What is the decomposition reaction of Al2O3.3H20?
decomposition of Al2O3
What are fluxes?
Fluxes are changes that occur in systems or objects. A flux means that there are variables or inconsistencies in a system.
What is an edible decomposition reaction?
Digestion of foods involve decomposition reactions, for example decomposition of starch.
What is the chemical reaction that occur the most?
I would say decomposition. It simply refers to the breaking down of substances into simpler forms with the use of oxygen. All dead matter experience this. (bacteria breaking dead matters into nutrients for plants). Even burning of wood is decomposition. So, in my opinion, decomposition would be it. I have no proof to back it up though, it may not be right.
What is a sentence for decomposition?
The decomposition is a natural phenomena.Urea on decomposition gives out ammonia which results in the bad smell.
Thermal decomposition and decomposition temperature-is it refer to the same things?
Thermal decomposition is the process by which chemical bonds are broken in the presence of heat. Decomposition temperature is the temperature at which thermal decomposition occurs, which differs for different compounds.
What is the decomposition of sucrose?
the decomposition of sucrose is carbon and water
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msmarco_passage_00_173195852 | Google Answers: Core and Periphery | Google Answers: Core and Periphery
Hello Bangmal, Core-periphery relationship is defined in the first mentioned source below as "the spatial expression of wider development processes around the globe and at various scales." Basically the relationship between a "center" and its surrounding elements. These periphery elements are often controlled or exploited by the "center". In world political terms, as a relationship wherein the core area is something considered more important, given the better stuff, while the periphery is the other areas that are left or marginalized. It is related to the concept of "centralization". One quick example I could pick from my mind would be the former Soviet Union and its satellite states. Russia would be the core and Ukraine, Kazahkstan, Afghanistan and other such states forming the periphery. First world countries are seen and the core, while the periphery would be made up of third-world countries. In South Asia, China could be considered the core, while surrounding states, like India, Nepal, Bhutan and Mongolia would be considered it's periphery. This is because in South Asia, China comes to mind first since it has dominance in the area. In world currency exchange, the US in a way might be the center, since most world currencies are based on the US Dollar. Sources: New World Order - Indiana State University (PDF document) http://mama.indstate.edu/users/gejdg/nwo.pdf Some examples of Core-Periphery areas from Oregon State University website http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/anth210/coreperiph.html Core-Periphery Model from Barcelona Field Studies Centre http://www.geographyfieldwork.com/CorePeriphery.htm Core And Periphery in the World Economy: An Empirical Assessment Of The Integration of the Developing Countries into the World Economy (PFD document) http://gias.snu.ac.kr/wthong/IEJ/99winter/w3.pdf Core-periphery is a model also applied in math, which I assume you are not after. Below is a document with such as application. Models of Core-Periphery Structures (Word Document) http://www.analytictech.com/borgatti/peripheries.doc Book: Core/Periphery Relations in Precapitalist Worlds http://www.irows.ucr.edu/cd/books/c-p/cprel.htm Google Search terms: core periphery relationship core periphery definition core periphery study I hope this has been a most helpful answer. If you have any problem with it, do please post a Request for Clarification and I shall respond. Thank you.
Request for Answer Clarification by bangmal-ga on 26 May 2003 01:16 PDT
it was my fault to not post the question well. The relationship between periphery and core has been described as one of dependency. This dependent pattern often produces "distorted development" and environmental degradation in the periphery. In the core, this relationship can produce patterns of unsustainable consumption and different kinds of environmental damage. and what i need to know are the examples for both the peripheral regions and the core regions.
Clarification of Answer by techtor-ga on 27 May 2003 01:03 PDT
Thank you for your request. Please hold on while I try to gather the requested information.
Clarification of Answer by techtor-ga on 27 May 2003 07:37 PDT
Here are Core and Periphery examples that I’ve collected that are related to the environment, as well as others that might be of help. The role of agri-environmental indicators in assessing the 'success' of agri-environmental schemes: towards a framework for evaluation - King’s College London http://www.kcl.ac.uk/kis/schools/hums/geog/phdpapps.htm - Here’s a study’s abstract that mentions core-periphery views of certain countries. I suppose considered within the periphery are the foresters of Burma and the West African savanna systems. Acid rain policies have been found to have a core-relationship by a certain researcher named Hajer. In the middle part, core and periphery are identified in the European scene as political forces (core) and agri-environmental people (periphery). Journal of World Systems Research, Volume 3, Number 3 (Fall 1997) http://csf.colorado.edu/jwsr/archive/vol3/v3n3a0.htm - Paper that generally describes the core countries (I’d assume first-world countries) as those with the surplus in resources. It has this quote: “The core-periphery aspect of world system theory might suggest that dependent development also creates more environmental degradation--large core based multinationals to extracting resources and destroying the environment.” The Role of Planning Practices toward Sustainable Urban Environment in Asia http://www.iges.or.jp/en/ue/activity/iges-kei/20030304/summary.htm - You might want to use this as an example. The core of Asian megacities are exploiting the rural periphery for their business. Article on “Environmental Dependency” from Pennsylvania State University http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/n/a/nac144/Environmental_Dependency.htm - Could be helpful. Contents of a test at Harper College http://www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/g101t/studygd/unit1/europe/europe.htm Environmental Politics Abstracts - Issue 8.4 http://www.frankcass.com/jnls/ep_8-4.htm - An abstract just in case in might help. Global Environmental Issues Module B: World Economic & Social Issues http:www.bbk.ac.uk/geog/study/courses/gei/GEI1.pdf - Provides a basic view of a core and periphery view of countries. Geographical endowment and other tricky phrases for GG4 - Kay's Geography http://www.geography.btinternet.co.uk/trickyphrases.htm - Gives a definition of ‘core’ and ‘periphery’ Core-Periphery Model with Forward-Looking Expectations (PDF document) http://heiwww.unige.ch/~baldwin/papers/CP&fwd_ap00_r2.pdf - Contains a formula on a core-periphery model (on economics though) that might be helpful. Search terms: core periphery environment core periphery environmental I hope this gave you the examples you need.
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msmarco_passage_00_179536751 | Benefits to defragment a Raid 0 SAS (2 disk) in Windows 7 - Microsoft Community | Benefits to defragment a Raid 0 SAS (2 disk) in Windows 7 - Microsoft Community
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SeniorKraut
Created on October 30, 2009
Benefits to defragment a Raid 0 SAS (2 disk) in Windows 7
Just wondering if there are any
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Ross Jaburg
Replied on October 31, 2009
Just wondering if there are any
Do not defragment RAID 0 or RAID 5 arrays. There is no point since the RAID controller determines where the bytes are written to on the two (or more) physical drives. Any benefit you receive will be extremelty short-lived as a few writes later you will be extremely fragmented again.
See, the problem is Windows sees RAID 0 as a single drive and defrags it that way. The RAID controller does not.
If the RAID controller wrote data only to one drive then defragging would help.
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msmarco_passage_00_186498564 | Anaerobic Bacteria - Infectious Disease and Antimicrobial Agents | Anaerobic Bacteria - Infectious Disease and Antimicrobial Agents
Anaerobic Bacteria
Microbiology
An aerobic Gram-positive Non-sporeforming Rods and Anaerobic Gram-positive Cocci
The anaerobic Gram-positive cocci and anaerobic Gram-positive non-sporeforming rods such as Anaerobic+bacteria, Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium species are, for the most part, components of the normal flora of the mucosal surfaces and, to a lesser extent, the skin. They are generally considered to be of relatively low virulence and are especially prevalent in infections associated with predisposing or underlying conditions such as previous surgery, malignancy, immunodeficiency, diabetes and presence of foreign bodies. These opportunistic pathogens are seldom recovered as single isolates ( 13 ). They are often mixed with other anaerobic or aerobic bacteria. The infections in which this group of microorganisms most often has been recovered are skin and soft tissue infections, chronic otitis media and sinusitis, aspiration pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections, gynecological infections, and dental infections ( 13 , 43 ).
Actinomycosis is an uncommon bacterial infection that has a characteristic chronic indolent course. Anaerobic+bacteria species are relatively often recovered from female genital tract infections, especially in women using intrauterine contraceptive device. Although most cases of pelvic actinomycosis are associated with long term use of an intra-uterine device, also other foreign bodies may cause similar pathogenesis. Recently a case was reported where retained intrauterine fetal bone was detected and the agent of infection was identified as Anaerobic+bacteria israelii ( 86 ). Pelvic actinomycosis associated with intrauterine device might mimic pelvic malignancy and A. israelii may cause localized tumor-like infections. This species has been reported in a case of renal actinomycosis mimicking renal carcinoma ( 24 ). If the diagnosis of actinomycosis can be obtained preoperatively, antibiotic treatment may lead to complete resolution ( 24 , 34 , 60 , 86 ). Anaerobic+bacteria species are also isolated from patients with dental infections, anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, from skin and soft-tissue abscesses in intravenous drug abusers ( A. odontolyticus) and nonintravenous drug abusers ( Anaerobic+bacteria sp.) ( 33 ). A. radicidentis, has been associated with failed endodontic treatment ( 44 ). Infections caused by Anaerobic+bacteria sp. may also involve the eyes. A. neuii subspecies anitratus has been isolated from chronic endophthalmitis after cataract surgery ( 68) and A. israelii was identified from a case of bilateral blepharokeratoconjunctivitis ( 36 ). Both cases were successfully cured by antimicrobial therapy. The rare species A. turicensis and A. radingae have been isolated from two cases of breast abscess. Both infections displayed chronicity and required recurrent aspirations and drainage in combination with prolonged antimicrobial therapy to cure ( 2 ).
Bifidobacteria are seldom encountered in clinical materials. Bifidobacterium dentium seems to be the major Bifidobacterium with pathogenic potential. It has been isolated from dental caries, feces and vagina from humans and from lower respiratory tract specimens. It has also been isolated from a case of peritonsillar abscess together with several other anaerobes ( 22 ). Bifodobacterium sp. was among other anaerobic bacteria reported in a recent study on anaerobes in pleural empyema ( 9 ). B. longum and B. breve are occasionally found in clinical materials. Sepsis caused by B. longum after acupuncture therapy ( 37) and neonatal meningitis caused by B. breve has been reported ( 62 ).
The genus Eubacterium currently comprises a heterogeneous group of bacteria and recent taxonomic studies have led to the suggestion of new genera to include species originally placed in the genera Eubacterium. Eubacteria are not frequently isolated from clinical specimens. They have been reported from anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections and intrauterine contraceptive device-associated infections ( 9 , 33 ), in mixed cultures from abscesses, wounds and infections at different sites such as head and neck, thorax, bone, skin, peritoneal fluid ( 43) and dental infections ( 25 , 48 ).
The pathogenic potential of lactobacilli is very low and infections caused by these bacteria are rare, in spite of their ubiquitous presence in the gastrointestinal tract and their widespread consumption in fermented milk. In a study of lactobacilli and bacteremia by Saxelin et al. ( 74 ), lactobacilli were identified in eight patients among 3,317 blood culture isolates. There was no evidence that any particular species or subspecies of Lactobacillus was the cause of the infections. Lactobacillus sp. are occasionally recovered from anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections ( 9 , 33 ). They may also be involved in other human diseases such as dental caries, rheumatic vascular disease, septicemia and infective endocarditis ( 48 ). In infective endocarditis L. rhamnosus and L. paracasei subsp. paracasei are quite frequently isolated which suggests that they may have a greater pathogenic potential than other Lactobacillus species, or it is just a reflection of their relative high numbers in the oral cavity ( 4 , 39 ). L. rhamnosus has also been isolated from a liver abscess ( 69 ).
Propionibacterium species are colonizing the human skin and mouth and are frequently recovered from mixed infections of the skin and soft tissue, acne vulgaris and infections linked to operative procedures or foreign bodies ( 13 , 48 ). Propionibacteria are dominating in conjunctival cultures from children and adults and have been reported from cases of chronic infectious endophthalmitis following extracapsular cataract extraction ( 38 ). Although serious infections due to P. acnes are rarely reported it is increasingly recognized in severe infections like blood stream infections, prosthetic joint infections, osteomyelitis, meningitis and endocarditis ( 23 , 49 , 66 ). Propionibacteria has also been isolated from pleural empyema ( 9 ).
The Gram-positive anaerobic cocci are a heterogeneous group of bacteria that form a part of the normal human microflora of the skin, oral cavity, gut and urogenital tract. Taxonomical changes are ongoing in this group of microorganisms and it has been suggested that the genus Peptostreptococcus should consist of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and P. stomatis. The other species formerly belonging to this genus have been proposed to be reclassified into new genera that will be used in this chapter ( 29, 76, 77, 80 ). Gram-positive anaerobic cocci are isolated from clinical specimens more often than any group of anaerobic bacteria except Bacteroides sp. They are seen particularly in dental infections, head and neck infections, and other infections related to the oropharyngeal flora, as well as in female genital tract infections where they are the most common anaerobic isolates. They also seem to have a potential role in mediating impaired wound healing ( 85 ). The most frequent species of gram-positive anaerobic cocci isolated from clinical specimens are Finegoldia magna, Parvimonas micra and Peptinophilus harei ( 12) and F. magna is considered as the most pathogen species ( 76 ). Gram-positive anaerobic cocci are also one of the major groups isolated from patients with pulmonary ( P. micra, F. magna and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius) ( 9) and intra-abdominal infections (P. micra ). It has been demonstrated that the predominant anaerobic microorganisms isolated from diabetic foot infections are F. magna, Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus, P. anaerobius, and Anaerococcus prevotii ( 20 , 31 , 33 ). The three species of gram-positive anaerobic cocci most commonly seen in clinical specimens from the intestinal and genital tracts are F. magna, P. anaerobius and P. asaccharolyticus. A. prevotii and A. tetradius are also clinically important Gram-positive anaerobic cocci. P. micra is frequently found in periodontal and peritonsillar infections ( 56 , 57 , 82) and F. magna has been identified as the cause of infection in five cases of endocarditis ( 6 ). P. asaccharolyticus has been isolated from a renal abscess in a pediatric patient ( 18 ). Renal abscess is uncommon in pediatrics and is rarely a cause of fever of unknown origin, as it was in this special case.
An aerobic Gram-negative Rods Excluding Bacteroides sp.
Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli are the anaerobes most commonly encountered in clinical infections. Pigmented and non-pigmented Prevotella species are, after the B. fragilis group and Gram-positive anaerobic cocci, one of the most commonly encountered group of anaerobic bacteria in human infections.
The pigmented anaerobic Gram-negative rods are composed of species of the genera Prevotella, Porphyromonas and Alistipes finegoldii ( 19 ). Several species of these genera are found in human clinical material and eight of them originate mostly from the oral cavity ( Prevotella corporis, Pr. denticola, Pr. intermedia, Pr. loeschii, Pr. melaninogenica, Pr. nigrescens, Porphyromonas endodontalis and Po. gingivalis) while Po. asaccharolytica and Po. levii -like organisms are prevalent in the urogenital and intestinal tracts ( 43 ). A. finegoldii has been isolated from appendicitis specimens ( 19 ).
Some of the pigmented Porphyromonas and Prevotella species are important pathogens in dental and bite wound infections ( 43 ). They are also isolated from infections of the head, neck, lower respiratory tract and gynecological infections. Pr. corporis, Pr. intermedia and Po. asaccharolytica have been reported in peritonsillar abscesses, suggesting that these species may have a role in the pathogenesis of this type of infection. Eighty-four percent of the positive cultures in peritonsillar abscesses have been reported to contain anaerobic bacteria ( 57) and similar results were described in a study of pleural empyema where anaerobes were isolated from 74 % of the cases ( 9 ). Periodontal diseases are often associated with a subgingival microflora comprising of specific potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Among the most important periodontal pathogens associated with adult periodontitis are considered to be the black pigmented Po. gingivalis and Pr. intermedia ( 54 , 59 , 82 ). Prevotella spp are common isolates in endodontic infections. Pr. bivia and Pr. disiens are non-pigmented and often isolated from female genital tract infections and less frequently in oral and respiratory tract infections. The non-pigmented species Pr. oris and Pr. buccae are found in different oral, pleuropulmonary and other infections ( 19 , 43 ).
The fusobacteria are normally found in the oropharyngeal and the intestinal tracts. They are often isolated from severe infections such as peritonsillar abscesses, head and neck infections, brain abscesses, meningitis, gynecological infections and intra-abdominal abscesses. F. nucleatum is the Fusobacterium species most commonly encountered in clinical infections. F. necrophorum, F. varium and F. mortiferum are also common clinical isolates ( 43 , 72 ). F. necrophorum is a very virulent species causing infections, most often in children or young adults, often originating from pharyngotonsillitis and it has also been encountered in peritonsillar abscesses in pure cultures ( 57 , 71 ). It was stated by Bartlett and Gorbach ( 5) that “ F. necrophorum is another normal cohabitant of the upper airways”, but this has been questioned since no convincing culture evidence exists to confirm this statement ( 71 ). Lemierre’s syndrome is a severe, septicemic illness most commonly caused by F. necrophorum and it is characterized by an acute oropharyngeal infection, with secondary septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and frequent metastatic infections ( 11 , 71 ). The microorganism is encountered frequently in mixed infections and, therefore, synergism between F. necrophorum and other pathogens may play an important role in infections. An association of fusobacterial infections and infectious mononucleosis has been observed, but more investigations are needed to clarify the correlation between Epstein-Barr virus and fusobacteria ( 16 , 11 ). A case of orbital cellulitis caused by F. necrophorum in a previously healthy young female was reported by Escardo et al. ( 28 ). The patient required three sinus debridement operations and 30 days of intravenous antibiotics, but her vision did not fully recover. Fusobacteria are involved in endodontic infections and are also associated with refractory and recurrent periodontitis ( 50 , 54 , 57 , 82 ). Three chemotherapy-induced neutropenic hematologic patients with severe systemic infection by F. nucleatum, has been reported ( 51 ). The infection was considered to be promoted by a combination of chemotherapy-induced mucositis, which served as a portal entry for the systemic infection, and the antibiotic regimen (vancomycin) used in these patients. F. nucleatum has also been isolated from pyarthrosis of the hip, following a transient synovitis in an otherwise healthy boy ( 21 ). Anaerobic bacteria are uncommon pathogens in septic arthritis.
Anaerobic Gram-negative Cocci
Veillonella sp. are small, nonmotile Gram-negative cocci present as commensals in the oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract and female genital tract. Infections caused by these bacteria are seldom reported, as they in most cases are regarded as normal flora or non-pathogenic microorganisms. They have been isolated from head and neck infections, skin and soft tissue infections and infections in the respiratory tract, peritoneal fluid and blood and also bite wound infections ( 43 ). The majority of Veillonella sp. from clinical specimens are V. parvula, but also V. dispar, V. atypica and the newly discovered species V. montpellierensis have been isolated from human specimens. Veillonella sp. may occur in severe infections such as meningitis and endocarditis ( 7 , 55 , 73 ).
E pidemiology
Anaerobic infections caused by bacteria described in this chapter are mainly endogenic infections, and are therefore not spread between individuals.
Cl inical Manifestations
The clues listed in Table 1 are not specific except for the odor, but when two or more are present, anaerobic bacteria should be considered potential pathogens.
L aboratory Diagnosis
The most important factor in obtaining clinically relevant microbiology culture results is the quality of the specimen. Special precautions are needed in specimen collection and transport. Contamination by the normal mucosal flora at sampling must be avoided and the specimen should immediately be placed in a suitable anaerobic transport tube or pouch to avoid exposure to air. A short transport time to the laboratory is also of great value. The initial processing procedures include direct examination of the sample (macroscopic: e.g., foul odor, and microscopic: Gram-stain) and inoculation onto appropriate agar media and liquid anaerobic medium. If possible, specimen processing should be done in an anaerobic chamber to minimize aeration. In the case no such equipment is available, the sample should be processed within 15 minutes and incubated in an anaerobic environment. The culture should be incubated at 37oC for at least 48 hours. The Gram-stain is a useful tool since many anaerobes are unique morphologically. As culture results may not be available for several days this information is very important in deciding the initial therapy. The microscopic findings must always be correlated to the specimen source. It should also be taken into account that anaerobic bacteria can act synergistically with non-anaerobic bacteria in the mixed flora of anaerobic infections, or with each other. Preliminary grouping and even complete identification of some organisms are based on colonial and cellular morphology, Gram reaction, susceptibility to special potency antibiotic discs, catalase, indole and nitrate reactions. Gas-liquid chromatography is used to analyze the metabolic end products produced by anaerobic bacteria ( 43 , 64 ).
Molecular methods (e.g. 16S rRNA PCR-RFLP, sequencing of special regions of 16S rRNA, DNA-DNA hybridization, PFGE) in the diagnostics of anaerobic bacteria may be useful tools in the everyday clinical microbiological practice as well as in special situations. Methods for species diagnostics to distinguish species that are otherwise difficult to differentiate, or to identify new species, detection of slow growing bacteria and non-cultivable microbes, detection of resistance genes and toxins are examples of areas where molecular methods are successfully used ( 61 , 66 ). A high proportion of the human microflora cannot be grown in the laboratory and the cultivable microorganisms are not necessarily the most relevant species.
Despite attractive advantages for species identification, the nucleic acid based methodologies are less useful when polymicrobial infections are to be analyzed. When PCR-based methods are used, some bacterial species might be discriminated against others and as a result an incorrect proportion of pathogenic bacteria will be displayed. Such inaccuracy regarding the proportion of individual pathogens in a polymicrobial infection might hamper the decision of the most adequate therapy ( 41 ). In a recent report on detection of bacteria in placental tissues it was described that, although culture positive samples, no bacteria in the specimens could be detected by PCR. The negative PCR results were probably due to constituents in the chorionic plate of the placenta that rapidly degraded or blocked the detection of foreign DNA, thereby preventing identification of the foreign DNA by PCR ( 65 ).
P athogenesis
Anaerobic infections may arise in different ways and have a variety of clinical presentations with abscess formation and tissue necrosis especially common. These infections are derived from the normal flora of the oropharynx, skin, intestinal or female genital tract. Anaerobic bacteria are generally considered to be of relatively low virulence and are especially prevalent in infections associated with predisposing or underlying conditions such as trauma or previous surgery, thus affording an opportunity to penetrate deeper tissues and to set up infection. Other predisposing factors are tissue necrosis, poor blood supply, malignancy, immunodeficiency, diabetes and presence of foreign bodies. In aspiration pneumonia anaerobic bacteria from a site of normal carriage (oropharynx) may move into another area normally free of organisms to produce infection at that site. These opportunistic pathogens are seldom recovered as single isolates. They are often mixed with other anaerobic or aerobic bacteria. The three major virulence factors in anaerobes are the ability to adhere to or invade epithelial surfaces, the production of toxins or enzymes that play a pathogenic role, and surface constituents of the organism such as capsular polysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide ( 11 , 13 , 30 ).
S USCEPTIBILITY IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
During several years, an increasing resistance to different antimicrobial agents in anaerobic bacteria has been observed. Anaerobic bacteria are naturally resistant to certain antibiotics, including the aminoglycosides and the earlier quinolones, and many anaerobes now exhibit resistance to several β-lactam agents as well. Resistance to β-lactam agents is most often caused by production of β-lactamases, enzymes that inactivate β-lactam compounds by hydrolysis. Changes in the penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) or blocked penetration of drug into the active site via alteration of the bacterial outer membrane pores are also decreasing the susceptibility to β-lactam agents. Resistance is more common in Gram-negative than in Gram-positive anaerobic isolates. Patterns of susceptibility vary in different geographic areas and even in different hospitals in the same city, depending on antibiotic-prescribing practices. Four groups of drugs are active against almost all anaerobic bacteria of clinical significance: nitroimidazoles, carbapenems, chloramphenicol, and combinations of β-lactam drugs with a β-lactamase inhibitor (ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam) ( Table 2 ).
The antimicrobial activity of clindamycin is directed against most anaerobic bacteria and clindamycin is therefore often used for treatment of anaerobic infections. The drug penetrates into bones and joints but does not efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier and should not be administered in CNS infections ( 17 ). It is not active against enterococci and aerobic Gram-negative rods. Periorally administered clindamycin causes marked ecological disturbances in the normal oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora and resistant clostridia and enterococci are frequently isolated during and after treatment ( 53 ).
Metronidazole is an antimicrobial agent that is often used for treatment and prophylaxis of anaerobic infections. Anaerobic bacteria sensitive to metronidazole include peptostreptococci, clostridia, bacteroides, fusobacteria, prevotella and porphyromonas. A few clinical anaerobic isolates, other than B. fragilis, resistant to metronidazole have been reported ( 58 , 67 , 82 ).
Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic, highly effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. The drug is very active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and has an excellent activity against anaerobic bacteria. Chloramphenicol is specially indicated for use in seriously ill patients when the nature and susceptibility of the infecting bacteria are unknown and in CNS infections ( 17 ). The major side effect is bone marrow toxicity, which complicates the use of chloramphenicol.
Since the bacteria in anaerobic infections are often mixed with aerobic microorganisms, combinations of two antimicrobial agents may be used in the treatment of these infections, where the microbiological analyses reveal two or more pathogenic species with different susceptibility patterns. In certain situations, the pharmacologic properties of the drugs and whether or not they are bactericidal are important considerations. In central nervous system infections, a drug that crosses the blood-brain barrier well must be used. In such infections and in endocarditis, the bactericidal activity is important ( 17 , 32 ). Most of the drugs that are active against anaerobes have good bactericidal activity, except chloramphenicol. Prescription of antimicrobial agents must always be based on distinct clinical and microbiological diagnoses and the clinical benefits must always be expected to outweigh the potentially ecological disadvantages and other side effects of the treatment.
Most Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (>90%) isolates are susceptible to β-lactam agents, although cephalosporins may be less effective ( 10 , 12 , 76 ). In a study by Duerden ( 26 ), all except two of 25 Gram positive anaerobic cocci isolates were susceptible to penicillin. The two resistant strains had MIC values >16 mg/L and neither strain were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanate. Aldridge et al. have also reported similar results in a multicenter surveillance study from the US, where 49 isolates of Gram-positive anaerobic cocci were examined ( 1 ). β-Lactam resistance in Gram-positive cocci seems not to be due to β-lactamase production, but rather to modifications in the PBPs that frequently involve cross-resistance to cefoxitin and β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Macrolide-lincosamide resistance has been shown to be inducible in Gram-positive anaerobic cocci strains and highly resistant populations in Po. asaccharolytica (MIC>8 mg/L) to erythromycin (30 % resistant strains) and clindamycin (22 % resistant strains) have also been documented ( 70 ). Recent multicenter studies have reported resistance to clindamycin in Gram-positive anaerobic cocci Prevotella, Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium sp. varying between 4 and 33 % ( 1 , 10 , 12 , 20 , 35 , 67 ).
The information on antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic non-sporeforming Gram-positive rods is limited compared with the information available on the other anaerobic bacterial groups. In general, members of this bacterial group are susceptible to benzylpenicillin, carbenicillin and chloramphenicol. With few exceptions clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline are active against 60-94 % of isolates tested in this group of bacteria and the rods are commonly resistant to nitroimidazoles ( 20 , 66 , 87 ). In a recent European surveillance study on antibiotic susceptibility of P. acnes, resistance to clindamycin varied between 0 and 67% depending on region of isolation ( 66 ).
Resistance is increasingly common among anaerobic Gram-negative rods. Approximately two-thirds of Prevotella species are β-lactamase producers ( 8 , 40 , 67, 84 , 87) and β-lactamase production among oral pigmented Prevotella species is also frequently present in young children. β-Lactamase production has been studied among different ribotypes of Pr. melaninogenica isolated from the oral cavity of young children and their mothers. Seventy-six percent of the strains isolated from the children and 69% of the strains isolated from their mothers were β-lactamase producers ( 46 ). Most strains are still susceptible to clindamycin and metronidazole, while resistant strains to tetracycline have been reported. In a recent study on antimicrobial resistance in anaerobic bacteria isolated from periodontal infections three of 39 Prevotella sp. strains were reported resistant to moxifloxacin (MIC >32 mg/L) ( 59 ).
The fusobacteria have become more resistant to antimicrobial agents during the last years. Penicillin-resistant strains due to β-lactamase production have been found and also clindamycin-resistant strains. The fusobacterial isolates are still susceptible to β-lactam agents combined with β-lactamase inhibitors. Metronidazole is also active against most strains ( 1 , 33 , 9 , 82 , 87 ). Most anaerobic Gram-negative rods are susceptible to metronidazole but there are exceptions: It has been demonstrated in a Colombian population that metronidazole lacked activity against Fusobacterium strains (45% resistant strains), Prevotella strains and Porphyromonas strains (25% resistant strains) isolated from patients with periodontitis ( 56 ). The clinical implication of these findings is unknown.
A NTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
Drugs of Ch oice
The anaerobic Gram-positive non-sporeforming rods are susceptible to β-lactam agents including penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations which are used for the treatment of infections caused by these microorganisms. Clindamycin can be given to patients allergic to β-lactam agents while metronidazole is inactive against the majority of isolates. All strains are susceptible to chloramphenicol.
Most Gram-positive anaerobic cocci are normally susceptible to penicillins and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Clindamycin and metronidazole are less active against Gram-positive anaerobic cocci but can be used in most infections ( 17 ). Gram-positive anaerobic cocci resistant to metronidazole might be microaerophilic species. In two recent surveillance studies on antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-positive anaerobic cocci, 4-7 % of the isolates were reported resistant to penicillin and 4-7 % to clindamycin. No metronidazole resistance was described in these extensive surveys ( 10 , 12 ). In another recent report by Boyanova et al. resistance to penicillin and clindamycin in Gram-positive anaerobic cocci was accounted to 21 and 15 % respectively and metronidazole resistance was found in 16 % of the tested strains ( 9 ).
About 70 % of Prevotella strains and 20% of Porphyromonas strains produce β-lactamases making penicillin inactive. The combination of a β-lactam agent together with a β-lactamase inhibitor is active against these strains ( 1 , 33 , 84 ). In an antimicrobial susceptibility study by King et al., 68% of the P. bivia strains tested were reported resistant to penicillin. Among the isolates of P. melaninogenica 60% were resistant, P. denticola 41% and P. oralis 53% ( 45 ).
Fusobacterium strains have also been reported to produce β-lactamases. Resistance to β-lactam agents is relatively frequent among fusobacteria, about 13-30% in Europe and 10-40% in the US ( 1 , 8 , 35 , 47 ). β-Lactam-resistant strains of F. nucleatum are most often seen, but resistant F. varium and F. mortiferum strains have also been isolated. Some strains of these species produce β-lactamases. β-Lactamase producing F. nucleatum strains has been isolated from the tonsils during penicillin treatment ( 81 ). In a study by Könönen et al., 10 of 20 children ranging in age from 2 to 3.4 years harbored β-lactamase producing F. nucleatum isolates. They had not received antimicrobial treatment within the last month preceding the specimen collection ( 47 ). As Fusobacterium species are intrinsically resistant to erythromycin, which is often the alternative antibiotic for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in patients allergic to penicillin, a combination of erythromycin or penicillin with metronidazole will provide protection against both the aerobic and anaerobic pathogens. Alternatively clindamycin, chloramphenicol, imipenem or a β-lactam agent in combination with a β-lactamase inhibitor can be effective ( 11 ).
S pecial Infection
A naerobic Endocarditis
Anaerobic endocarditis is a rare but serious infection with a mortality rate of 21-43 % and it accounts for 2-16 % of all cases of infective endocarditis ( 15 ). Gram-positive anaerobic cocci and Bacteroides fragilis are most often causing anaerobic endocarditis. In patients with prosthetic heart valves, vascular grafts or intravascular prosthesis, endovascular infections caused by lactobacilli, propionibacteria and bifidobacteria have been reported. Benzylpenicillin is considered to be the agent of choice for treatment of endocarditis caused by Gram-positive anaerobic cocci, lactobacilli, propionibacteria and bifidobacteria ( 33 ). In a report of endocarditis caused by F. magna it was concluded that the diagnosis seems to be depending on the blood culture system used, as some of these patients had several negative blood cultures before the infecting microorganism finally was detected ( 6 ). The incidence of infective endocarditis caused by Propionibacterium sp. is low, a fact that limits the understanding of the disease. The diagnosis of Propionibacteriumendocarditis is often missed or delayed due to the prolonged incubation (7-14 days) required for isolation of these bacteria from blood cultures, as well as the difficulty to differentiate whether the positive cultures represent skin contamination or a true bacteremia. A large multinational study of Propionibacterium infective endocarditis was recently conducted to examine clinical features, complications and outcomes of 15 cases, using prospectively collected data. Prosthetic valve endocarditis occurred in 13 of 15 patients and clinical findings included valvular vegetation in nine cases and cardiac abscesses in three cases. Ten of 15 patients underwent valve replacement surgery and two died ( 49 ). The infections indolent clinical course and negative blood cultures may delay appropriate therapy and contribute to abscess formation. P. acnes is the most frequently reported species in Propionibacterium endocarditis and the most common antimicrobial therapy is penicillin alone or in combination with an aminoglycoside ( 23 ).
A naerobic Pericarditis
Anaerobic bacteria have only rarely been isolated from pericardial fluid. In a review by Skiest et al. 30 cases of pericarditis were reported, in which at least one specific type of anaerobic bacteria was implicated ( 75 ). The anaerobes were isolated from the pericardial fluid in 27 cases and from the blood in three cases. In these three cases the cultures of purulent pericardial fluid were sterile. The following anaerobic organisms were isolated: Bacteroides species (including Prevotella species), "anaerobic streptococci", peptostreptococci, Clostridium species, Fusobacterium species and Bifidobacterium species. The mortality rate was 52%. No firm conclusion concerning the impact of treatment on outcome could be drawn because of the small number of cases. Cases due to Anaerobic+bacteria were excluded from the review. For patients with odontogenic infections, esophageal diseases, anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections, intraabdominal infections, or pelvic infections, purulent pericarditis may be caused by anaerobic bacteria. In all cases of pericarditis there should be a search for the source of the organism infecting the pericardium and initial antimicrobial therapy should include antibiotics directed against anaerobic bacteria ( 75 ).
A naerobic Meningitis
Anaerobic bacteria are uncommon as the etiology of meningitis. Anaerobic bacterial meningitis occurs in older children and adults with chronic sinusitis, chronic otitis media or bowel diseases. Benzylpenicillin is recommended for treatment of meningitis due to Gram-positive anaerobic cocci and propionibacteria ( 33 ). Chloramphenicol has also been used. Recently meropenem has shown to be useful for treatment of pneumococcal meningitis. It may therefore also be used for Gram-positive anaerobic cocci meningitis ( 63 ). Meningitis caused by F. necrophorum has high mortality (33 %) and morbidity (60 %). Two cases of fatal meningitis in children (4 and 5 years old) due to F. necrophorum were recently reported by Veldhoen et al. The children were previously healthy and a few weeks before admission they were both diagnosed with otitis media for which they were treated with antimicrobials, one of them with amoxicillin and the other with neomycin. At admission they were acutely ill with symptoms like high-grade fever, headache and vomiting. In the first case computed tomography scan (CT-scan) revealed no abnormalities at admission, but cerebrospinal fluid examination indicated leukocytosis and ceftriaxone was immediately initiated. A new CT-scan 12 hours later showed mastoiditis and suggestive pus in the ventricular system. Gram-negative rods identified as F. necrophorum was grown from blood and cerebrospinal fluid within 12 hours and the antibiotic was changed to meropenem. The F. necrophrum infection was rapidly progressing and a CT-scan made 12 hours after the second one revealed multiple hypodense areas, probably ischemic zones, and eight hours later the child was declared clinically brain dead. In the second case initial findings by CT-scan indicated mastoiditis and Pseudomonas was at first suspected as the infecting agent. The patient’s neurologic condition deteriorated rapidly during the next six hours despite meropenem therapy. A new CT-scan displayed among other findings, multiple cerebral infarcts and jugular vein thrombosis. A few days later the child was declared brain dead and F. necrophorum was grown from blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Microbiological diagnosis can be easily missed or delayed as F. necrophorum can only be isolated under strict anaerobic conditions and may require prolonged incubation ( 83 ). Meningitis caused by V. parvula was recently reported by Bhatti and Frank. A predisposing factor in this case was probably a chronic sinusitis. The V. parvula isolate was grown from spinal fluid, while blood cultures from the day of admission yielded P. intermedia and P. anaerobius and a culture of fluid from the right sphenoid grew Enterobacter cloacae and P. acnes. The patient was cured after a 6-week course of ceftriaxone and metronidazole ( 7 ).
An aerobic Liver Abscess
From liver abscesses the following anaerobic bacteria are most often isolated: Gram-positive anaerobic cocci, bacteroides and fusobacteria. The most common sources are biliary tract and other intraabdominal infections. A few cases of liver abscesses due to Lactobacillus spp. have been reported. In one case L. rhamnosus was isolated from a 74-year woman with a several year history of hypertension and non-insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus. The bacterium was indistinguishable from L. rhamnosus strain GG, which is used in diary products in Finland. Four months before her symptom onset, she had a daily intake of one-half litre dairy drinks containing L. rhamnosus strain GG, to relieve abdominal discomfort ( 69 ). Successful treatment of liver abscess requires drainage of the abscess and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. If the underlying source of infection such as bowel perforation or bile duct obstruction must be controlled, surgical drainage is indicated. Empiric antimicrobial treatment is recommended to start before the surgical drainage. A combination with an aminoglycoside plus metronidazole or clindamycin will give an optimal coverage for the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria involved. Carbapenems like imipenem and meropenem have also been used successfully for treatment of these infections ( 63 ).
A n aerobic Discitis
Staphylococcus aureus or other aerobic and facultative microorganisms generally cause diskitis, an inflammation of the invertebral disk. Anaerobic bacteria have been isolated from adults with spondylodiscitis, but this has not been reported in children. The recovery of anaerobic bacteria in two children with diskitis was recently published. One patient was a 10-year old boy. The blood culture showed no growth, but a Gram stain from the infected site revealed Gram-positive cocci in chains. Anaerobic cultures yielded heavy growth of F. magna, which was susceptible to penicillin , clindamycin and vancomycin ( 14 ). The other patient was an 8-year old boy. One month earlier he had an upper respiratory tract infection with sore throat, for which he had no therapy. Aspirated material from the disc space was sent for aerobic and anaerobic cultures. Gram stain showed fusiform Gram-negative bacilli and the anaerobic culture showed light growth of F. nucleatum. The strain produced β-lactamase and was susceptible to ticarcillin-clavulanate, clindamycin, metronidazole and imipenem ( 14 ). Veillonella sp. has also been identified as a cause of anaerobic diskitis. A 27-year-old man was admitted to the hospital after a 3-week history of low back pain. The onset of pain was abrupt with no identifiable precipitating factor. Spinal motion was limited in all planes and a CT-scan revealed a disk herniation. The pain persisted and at the 33rd hospital day laboratory tests disclosed worsening inflammation and findings from magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine suggested diskitis. Culture from a fine needle biopsy of the disk grew Veillonella sp. No portal of entry could be located, the patient was treated with amoxicillin for 11 weeks and was finally cured ( 42 ). A similar situation with veillonella -diskitis was reported by Marriott et al., although in this case the predisposing factor probably was a routine endoscopy that the patient underwent two months earlier. The initial antimicrobial treatment for the infection was flucloxacillin and ceftriaxone, but despite the therapy fever and pain worsened. Six days after admission V. parvula was isolated from disk aspirate and blood. The antibiotic was changed to cefotaxime and later on to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid that completed a total of 3 months successful antimicrobial therapy ( 55 ). In many cases no bacterial growth is obtained from infected invertebral discs, which might be caused by improper methods for their collection, transport and cultivation. Proper choice of antimicrobial therapy of diskitis can be accomplished only by identification of the causative organisms and its antimicrobial susceptibility. This is particular important in infections caused by anaerobic bacteria that are often resistant to antimicrobial agents used to empirically treat diskitis ( 14 ).
U nderlying Diseases
Anaerobic infections are often associated with predisposing or underlying conditions where host defenses are impaired, such as previous surgery, impaired blood supply, malignancy, immunodeficiency, diabetes and presence of foreign bodies. Tissue necrosis or poor blood supply lowers the oxidation-reduction potential, favoring the growth of anaerobic organisms. To cure the infection underlying factors should be traced and eliminated if possible. In a study by Lark et al., F. nucleatum and Leptotrichia buccalis were reported as the most frequently isolated anaerobic bacteria from bloodstream infections in patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation ( 52 ). In elderly and immunocompromised patients Lactobacillus sp. have been identified as potential emerging pathogens, particularly in those patients receiving broad spectrum antibiotic therapy ( 3 ).
A lternative Therapy
Moxifloxacin, a methoxyfluoroquinolone, has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and has been shown to be useful in mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections. The compound has good activity against anaerobes in addition to enhanced activity against Gram-positive bacteria as compared to earlier quinolones, like ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin. Moxifloxacin is particularly active against microorganisms causing respiratory tract infections and skin and soft tissue infections ( 79 ). However, resistance to this agent seems to increase among several genera of anaerobic bacteria such as the B. fragilis group ( 20 , 79 , 87 ).
Linezolid belongs to a class of synthetic antimicrobial agents called oxazolidinones. The agent is active against many clinically important Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and penicillin-resistant pneumococci. This compound does generally not inhibit Gram-negative aerobic bacteria. Linezolid has excellent activity against Gram-positive anaerobic microorganism, and exhibits also activity against Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria ( 27 ). Linezolid may be used for treatment of anaerobic infections. Sporadic isolates of Prevotella sp., anaerobic cocci and anaerobic Gram-positive rods resistant to linezolid have recently been reported ( 87 ).
Tigecycline is the first glycycline antibiotic to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. The compound is active against a wide range of bacteria: e.g. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin resistant enterococci and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae as well as several anaerobic bacteria but lacks activity against P seudomonas aeruginosa. The drug is unique for its ability to be used as monotherapy for empirical coverage of various drug resistant pathogens and polymicrobial infections. Because of poor oral absorption, tigecycline should be given parenterally ( 78 ). Resistance to tigecycline among anaerobes has been reported in the Bacteroides fragilis group (19 %) and a few isolates of clostridia but not in other anaerobes ( 87 ).
V ACCINES
At present, no vaccines against anaerobic bacteria are available. The anaerobic bacteria consist a great part of the normal microflora and the immune response is therefore low.
A DJUNCTIVE THERAPY
The two key approaches to treatment of infections involving anaerobic bacteria are surgery and antimicrobial therapy. In most anaerobic infections (except pulmonary), surgical drainage and debridement are necessary for a favorable outcome. Failure to carry out essential surgical therapy may lead to poor or no response to appropriate antimicrobial agents. Other modes of therapy such as hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and hydrogen peroxide occasionally may be useful in selected circumstances ( 30 , 33 ).
P REVENTION
Most of the anaerobic bacteria involved in infection are present as normal flora at various sites in the human body, which makes prevention of anaerobic infections difficult.
C ONCLUSIONS
Anaerobic bacteria are important pathogens in many different infections. During the last years, resistance to several antimicrobial agents in anaerobic bacteria has been more frequently described ( 1 , 10 , 12 , 20 , 35 , 45 , 59 , 66 , 67 , 87 ). While other groups of anaerobic bacteria have remained substantially stable in their susceptibility patterns, the Bacteroides genus and the genera Prevotella and Porphyromonas have become increasingly resistant to many anti-anaerobic agents such as penicillins and cephalosporins. Antimicrobial agents commonly used in the treatment of anaerobic infections are ß-lactam antibiotics (carbapenems), metronidazole and ß-lactam compounds (ampicillin, amoxicillin, ticarcillin and piperacillin) in combination with a ß-lactamase inhibitor, such as clavulanic acid, sulbactam, or tazobactam. The broad-spectrum quinolones moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin have potential to treat mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections, however resistance to these agents seems to increase among several genera of anaerobic bacteria ( 20 , 79 , 87 ). New antimicrobial agents such as linezolid and tigecycline may be an alternative in the therapy of anaerobic infections. The treatment of anaerobic infections must be individualized, taking into account the site, type, extent and severity of the infection. Empiric antimicrobial therapy is frequently used in the treatment of anaerobic infections as it might take several days for bacterial cultures to grow and, in many cases, the patient needs care without delay. The antibiotic resistance patterns are no longer predictable in anaerobic bacteria and the first choice of antibiotic might not be sufficient. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the infecting microorganisms will give essential information of the alternatives for treatment. The patient’s condition and the nature of the infecting microorganisms are of extreme importance.
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6 0. Muller-Holzner E, Ruth NR, Abfalter E, Schrocksnadel H, Dapunt O, Martin-Sances L, Nogales FF. IUD-associated pelvic actinomycosis: a report of five cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1995;14:70-74. [PubMed]
6 1. Nagy E, Urbán E, Sóki J, Terhes G, Nagy K. The place of molecular gentic methods in the diagnosis of human pathogenic anaerobic bacteria. A minireview. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2006;53:183-194. [PubMed]
6 2. Nakazava T, Kaneko K, Takahashi H, Inoue S. Neonatal meningitis caused by Bifidobacterium breve. Brain and Development 1996;18:160-162. [PubMed]
63. Norrby SR, Newell PA, Faulkner KL, Lesky W. Safety profile of meropenem: international clinical experience based on the first 3125 patients treated with meropenem. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995;36 (Suppl A):S207-223. [PubMed]
64. Olsen I, Solberg CO, Finegold SM. A primer on anaerobic bacteria and anaerobic infections for the uninitiated. Infection1999;27:159-165. [PubMed]
6 5. Onderdonk AB, Delaney ML, DuBois AM, Allred EN, Leviton A. Detection of bacteria in placental tissues obtained from extremely low gestational neonates. Am J Obst Gyn 2008. [PubMed]
6 6. Oprica C, Nord CE. European surveillance study on the antibiotic susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes. Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;11:204-213. [PubMed]
67. Papaparaskevas J, Pantazatou A, Katsandri A, Legakis NJ, the Hellenic Study Group for Gram-negative bacteria, Avlamis A. Multicentre survey of the in-vitro activity of seven antimicrobial agents, including ertapenem, against recently isolated Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria in Greece. Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;11:820-824. [PubMed]
6 8. Pérez-Santonja JJ, Campos-Mollo E, Fuentes-Campos E, Samper-Giménez J, Alió JL. Actinomyces neuii subspecies anitratus chronic endophtalmitis after cataract surgery. Eur J Ophthalmol 2007;17:445-447. [ PubMed]
6 9. Rautio M, Jousimies-Somer H, Kauma H, Pietarinen I, Saxelin M, Tynkkynen S, Koskela M. Liver abscess due to a Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain indistinguishable from L. rhamnosus strain GG. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:1159-1160. [ PubMed]
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7 1. Riordan T. Human infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum (Necrobacillosis), with focus on Lemierre’s syndrome. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007;20:622-659. [PubMed]
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7 3. Rovery C, Etienne A, Foucault C, Berger P, Brouqui P. Veillonella montpellierensis endocarditis. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:1112-1114. [PubMed]
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7 6. Song Y, Finegold SM. Peptostreptococcus, Finegoldia, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Veillonella, and other anaerobic cocci. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Pfaller MA. Manual of clinical microbiology, 9th ed, p. 862-871. ASM Press, Washington, DC, 2007.
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8 0. Tindall BJ, Euzéby JP. Proposal of Parvimonas gen. nov. and Quatrionicoccus gen. nov. as replacements for the illegitimate, prokaryotic, generic names Micromonas Murdoch and Shah 2000 and Quadricoccus Maszenan et al. 2002, respectively. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2006;56:2711-2713. [ PubMed]
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msmarco_passage_00_189656235 | Michigan International Speedway: Automotive Test Track & Facility Rental | Michigan International Speedway: Automotive Test Track & Facility Rental
Maps, Location and Directions
Michigan International Speedway is on US Highway 12 in Brooklyn, MI, one mile west of M50.
67 miles southwest of Detroit, Michigan
75 miles southwest of Windsor, Ontario
176 miles northwest of Cleveland, Ohio
194 miles north of Columbus, Ohio
210 miles east of Chicago, Illinois
220 miles north of Indianapolis, Indiana
308 miles west of Toronto, Ontario
Michigan International Speedway is conveniently located:
in the heart of the largest concentration of research and development companies in the country.
near the Michigan Department of Transportation.
a short drive to the Center for Automotive Research (Ann Arbor, MI, 38.7 miles).
less than one hour from Detroit, Ann Arbor, Lansing, and Jackson in Michigan; from Toledo in Ohio.
near University of Michigan, and Michigan State University campuses and the Michigan Tech Research Institute.
You will need Adobe Reader to view these files:
MIS Area & Location Map: Displays the extent of MIS property and the surrounding area including major roads and highways.
MIS Ground Elevation Map: A map of the elevation of the ground surface around the test tracks and open pavement areas.
MIS Potential Test Tracks Map: A printable map of the test tracks at MIS with scale and legend.
USGS Topographic Map: Map of MIS and surrounding area as a GeoPDF (PDF with geospatial information) which can be printed out or used for making measurements in Adobe Reader on your computer.
Click here to get directions to the Michigan International Speedway on Google Maps!
Hotel and Restaurant Information
MIS has lodging and catering options available on-site, but several hotel and restaurants are located near MIS in Irish Hills, Brooklyn, and the surrounding area.
Lodging
Click here for Michigan International Speedway's list of Preferred Hotels
Brooklyn Restaurants
Big Boy Restaurants
329 S. Main Street, 49230, (517) 592-3212
Old Town
109 S. Main Street, 49230, (517) 592-8007
Hometown Pizza
193 S. Main St., 49230, (517) 592-3266
Marco 's Pizza & Subs
145 Wamplers Lake Road, 49230, (517) 592-4444
McDonald's
306 S. Main Street, 49230, (517) 592-6134
Poppa's Place
208 S. Main Street, 49230, (517) 592-4625
Subway Sandwiches & Salads
311 S. Main Street, 49230, (517) 592-5994
Village Creamery
140 N. Main, 49230, (517) 592-8284
Irish Hills Restaurants
Harold's Place
10625 U.S. 12, Brooklyn, 49230, (517) 467-2064
Jerry's Pub
650 Egan Hwy, Brooklyn, 49230, (517) 467-4700
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msmarco_passage_00_201593186 | ISIS Headquarters | Archer Wiki | Fandom | ISIS Headquarters | Archer Wiki | Fandom
ISIS Headquarters
ISIS Headquarters
ISIS Headquarters is the home base of operations of the International Secret Intelligence Service ( ISIS ). It is located in New York City on the corner of a busy city block. Malory Archer is the owner and spymaster for ISIS. She also owns the entire building that ISIS is run out of, however she has leased out 3 of the floors for financial reasons.
The bottom floor was 4-5-6 Laundry, a wash and fold operated by an Indian-American owner. It has since been sold to Popeye a former loan-sharking pimp gone legitimate, who renamed the business Popeye's Suds and Duds .
Offices and Rooms of ISIS
Applied research laboratories - where Algernop Krieger performs his experiments
Armory
Conference Room
Situation Room
Firing Range
Locker room
Main Office Floor - workstations of Cheryl Tunt and other employees
Mainframe
Office of Cyril Figgis - Accounting Department
Office of Malory Archer - Spymaster
Office of Pam Poovey - Human Resources
Parking Garage - where ISIS employees park their cars
Reception Desk
Training and break room
Vault - located inside the mainframe
Trivia
In the pilot Mole Hunt, ISIS HQ is in a different building, one of an older brick skyscraper design. All subsequent episodes show it in a more modern building.
In the episode El Secuestro, the ISIS sat link screen shows ISIS HQ at GPS coordinates 33.806333, -84.344165. This actually appears to be the location in Atlanta of the former production offices of 70/30 Productions and Floyd County Productions. Floyd County has since moved to a new complex in Downtown Atlanta.
Retrieved from " https://archer.fandom.com/wiki/ISIS_Headquarters?oldid=43729 "
Categories:
Locations
ISIS Headquarters
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Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. |
msmarco_passage_00_203641055 | Lake of the Ozarks Becomes "Hog Heaven" During Bikefest | Lake of the Ozarks Becomes "Hog Heaven" During Bikefest
Lake of the Ozarks Becomes "Hog Heaven" During Bikefest
LAKE OF THE OZARKS, Mo. - The Lake of the Ozarks is the place to be for "hog" fans Sept. 13-16 during Lake of the Ozarks Bikefest, a four-day festival celebrating bikers, motorcycles and the scenic Lake area.
The festival, brought to you by Budweiser, plays host to over 10,000 bikers each year, entertaining them with fun, food, entertainment and some of the most scenic rides in Missouri. The festival, one of the Lake's newer events, also is one of its most popular events. Free entry to Bikefest sponsored events is a major factor in its popularity.
"This event just continues to grow every year," said Lake of the Ozarks Convention & Visitor Bureau Executive Director Tim Jacobsen. "With our numerous scenic rides and over 100 bars and restaurants, our area was just tailor-made for bikers and motorcycle enthusiasts."
To improve the Bikefest experience for everyone, the festival has increased its vendor villages from three to five this year. These vendor villages will be located at Dog Days Bar & Grill, Lake of the Ozarks Harley Davidson, The Dam Bait Shop & Campground, Camden on the Lake, and in the lower parking lot at the Bagnell Dam Strip. Each village showcases its own unique forms of live entertainment, food, beverages, custom bike displays and biker-themed merchandise.
For an up-to-date list of vendors and live entertainment schedules, please visit LakeoftheOzarksBikefest.com. Bikefest's official website also provides motorcycle riders with three printable maps of recommended scenic rides. These rides range from 84 to 115 miles and can take a minimum of two hours to complete. Riders can expect picturesque wooded views, a tour of two of the area's popular state parks and stunning vistas of the sparkling Lake of the Ozarks.
Another highlight this year is Bikefest's affiliation with the finale of the Lake's popular car and motorcycle festival, Hot Summer Nights, Friday (Sept. 14) on the historic Bagnell Dam Strip. This series finale features a patriotic tribute to wounded war veterans and a street party on Bagnell Dam Blvd. from 6 to 11 p.m.
"During the entire four-day event, we've decided to close the center lane of the Bagnell Dam Boulevard strip for free motorcycle parking," said Jacobsen. "This is just a way for us to give back to the motorcycle community and say thanks for coming to the Lake of the Ozarks."
And if that isn't enough for the motorcycle enthusiast, event organizers are offering a chance to win a Harley Davidson motorcycle in the Full Throttle Midwest Magazine Bikefest Passport Sweepstakes. The Passport Run takes motorcycle enthusiasts on a tour of 27 Lake's participating businesses, restaurants and nightspots. Bikefest visitors can get a passport at any of the participating businesses on the Passport Run. Passport participants visit each location on the run, passports are stamped as proof of their visit. Riders who visit all 27 locations are eligible for entry in a drawing for a new motorcycle. Full contest rules, including information on how to submit completed passports, are on Bikefest's Passport Run webpage at LakeoftheOzarksBikefest.com.
For more information about Bikefest or for details about hotels, motels, condominiums, resorts, campgrounds and RV parks in the Lake of the Ozarks area, visit the Lake of the Ozarks Convention & Visitor Bureau online at FunLake.com or call 1-800-FUN-LAKE (386-5253).
# # #
LOOKING AHEAD ...
The summer and fall seasons are loaded with fun fairs, festivals and events at the Lake of the Ozarks. For more information about getaway packages, lodging, dining, shopping, events and attractions throughout the Lake area, contact the Lake of the Ozarks Convention & Visitor Bureau at 800-FUN-LAKE (386-5253) or visit the Bureau's website, FunLake.com.
SEPT. 8-9
WESTLAKE STREET MACHINE FALL FOLLIES CAR SHOW
The City of Laurie's Fairgrounds will be the host for the Laurie-Sunrise Beach Rotary Club's 8th Annual Westlake Street Machine Fall Follies Car Show on Sept 8-9. This custom motor vehicle show features many makes and models of cars, trucks, drag boats and motorcycles on display for motor vehicle enthusiasts. Vehicles will be judged in their respective categories. This event also features parts dealers, food vendors, a beer garden, a duck race and an "engine blow" raffle. All event proceeds will go to the Westlake Aquatic Center. For more information, call 573-374-9500 or 573-280-5552.
SEPT. 14
HOT SUMMER NIGHTS
Hot Summer Nights will host the finale of its cruising series on the Bagnell Dam Strip in Lake Ozark on Sept. 14. The finale will feature all makes and models of cars, trucks and motorcycles, a street party on the Bagnell Dam Strip and a tribute to wounded war veterans. Visitors attending the event will enjoy classic cars, trucks and motorcycles, contests, giveaways, helicopter rides, live entertainment and much more. For more information about Hot Summer Nights, call 573-964-1008 or visit CruiseHotSummerNights.com.
SEPT. 14-16
43rd ANNUAL HILLBILLY FAIR
Have a heaping helping of fun and great food at the 43rd Annual Hillbilly Fair Sept. 14-16 at the Laurie Fairgrounds. This good-hearted celebration of the Ozark Hillbilly offers carnival rides and games, food and craft vendors, a parade, live music, karaoke, a tractor pull and a variety of live demonstrations, including martial arts, dancing and a firefighter demo. For a full schedule of events and a map, visit the City of Laurie's website at CityofLaurie.com.
SEPT. 15-16
BATTLE OF MONDAY'S HOLLOW CIVIL WAR REENACTMENT
Commemorate the Civil War's 150th anniversary with two thrilling reenactments of the Battle of Monday's Hollow at a Living History and Civil War Reenactment Weekend, Sept. 15-16, at the Missouri Trapshooters Association Grounds. The Civil War festival will feature a multitude of activities and will be open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday and 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Sunday. The reenactment of the Battle of Monday's Hollow will start at 1 p.m. each day and is expected to last 45 minutes to an hour. For more information, visit the Camden County Historical Society & Museum website .
SEPT. 22
2012 LAKE OF THE OZARKS AIR SHOW
Take flight with the 2012 Lake of the Ozarks Air Show on Sept. 22 at the Camdenton Memorial Airport. This full-scale air show presents a salute to our military, the return of the B-25 "Billy Mitchell" Bomber, the Team Vortex Air Show, a Ping Pong Ball Drop and brand new acts including the KC Flight Formation Team, the Dave Dacy Air Show & Wing Walker, the Free Fall Express Sky Dive Team, and Jet Truck racing. For more information about the air show, visit LakeoftheOzarksAirShow.com or call the Camdenton Chamber of Commerce at 573-346-2227.
SEPT. 30 - OCT. 7
GOLF WEEK ON THE LAKE OF THE OZARKS GOLF TRAIL
For golfers who love to golf at Lake of the Ozarks, it's like a dream come true: the first-ever Golf Week on the Lake of the Ozarks Golf Trail , Sept. 30 - Oct. 7. And it's no dream - it's an unprecedented, solid week of golf tournaments, golf exhibitions, golf clinics with PGA pros, great contests, deals and much more! The highlight of the week is the 2-day Golf Week Fall Invitational Tournament being held October 1-2 at Osage National Golf Resort and The Oaks at Tan-Tar-A Resort. The best part is the tournament is FREE. All you have to do is book your lodging on the Trail for two nights during the tournament (Sunday, Sept. 30 through Oct. 2). For complete details on how you can participate in Golf Week, visit GolfWeekOnTheTrail.com.
OCT. 6
33rd ANNUAL OLDE TYME APPLE FESTIVAL
The Olde Tyme Apple Festival, named the best festival in Central Missouri for several years by the readers of Rural Missouri magazine, enters its 33rd year in downtown Versailles. The festival's highlights include a grand parade, an Olde Tyme Fiddler's Contest, beauty pageants, apple pie contests, a wide variety of music concerts, roasted turkey drumsticks, kettle corn, numerous arts-and-crafts booths around the town square and much more. To find out more about the Olde Tyme Apple Festival, visit the Versailles Chamber of Commerce website at VersaillesChamber.com or call the City of Versailles at 573-378-4634, ext. 304.
OCT. 13
27th ANNUAL FALL HARBOR HOP
Extend the boating season into autumn with this annual Lake-wide poker run on the water, featuring dozens of participating businesses. Participants will "hop" from Lakefront restaurants and marinas collecting playing cards to compete for the best overall poker hand. Prizes will be awarded for the winning hands. For more information on the Fall Harbor Hop, please contact the Lake of the Ozarks Convention and Visitor Bureau at 1-800-FUN-LAKE (386-5253) or visit FunLake.com/HarborHop.
OCT. 19-20
15TH ANNUAL APPLE BUTTER DAYS FALL FESTIVAL
Apple butter and apple pies are the centerpieces for this fall festival at the Camden County Museum in Linn Creek. Apple Butter Days festivities consist of craft booths and demonstrations, a quilt raffle, a chili and soup lunch, as well as homemade apple butter and apple pies. For information on the festival or for booth availability, call 573-346-7191.
# # #
Note to Media: The summer and fall seasons are full of exciting travel stories at the Lake of the Ozarks! For more information, media assistance or high-resolution photos, please call The Beenders-Walker Group toll-free at 800-544-8474 or email Marjorie, Jo, Gene or Kyle .
LAKE OF THE OZARKS TRI-COUNTY LODGING ASSOCIATION & CONVENTION AND VISITOR BUREAU
Phone: 800-FUN-LAKE (386-5253) Fax: 573-348-4292
P.O. Box 1498 Osage Beach, MO 65065
Website: www.FunLake.com Email: Info@FunLake.com
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msmarco_passage_00_208602950 | So you want to Run for Office? - Aristotle | So you want to Run for Office? - Aristotle
So you want to Run for Office?
Monday, September 15th, 2014 aristotle Blog, Campaign Guide
Originally posted on CompleteCampaigns.com and written by Christopher Crotty
Is there a local issue that has you hopping mad? Think you can do a better job than the people who represent you? Dont just sit there – help fix the problem by running for office.
Whether youre seeking a seat on the local school board or a term as U.S. President, running for office is a challenging endeavor. Being successful requires careful attention to detail, a rigorous schedule, and a lot of volunteers who believe in you.
1) Choose the office you want to run for. While the idea of being President may be tempting, its always best to start on a local or state level.
2) Check the qualifications for the office. At a minimum, this usually means that you must be a registered voter in the geographical area in which you are running; there may also be age, residency or experience qualifications.
3) File the required papers to get yourself on the ballot. Procedures for doing this vary by city, county, and state. A filing fee may also be required.
Research the office you want to hold. Who will vote in the election, what will you do as an elected official, and what legal obligations do you have to meet? Your local Board of Elections can help you with demographics and legal questions; attending meetings of the office you want to hold will familiarize you with the duties.
Share with your family all the information youve gathered, and decide if running for office is right for you.
Take a personal inventory. Do you have the time, family support, name recognition, fundraising ability, drive to win, and public speaking skills necessary to run a good campaign?
1) Are you already involved in your community? Do you belong to civic (Rotary and Kiwanis) and/or political (local Democrat or Republican club) organizations?
2) Do you volunteer for causes like the PTA or the neighborhood watch?
Make a list of your fellow club members, family, friends, and colleagues you think will support you. Be realistic about how much time, money, or effort your friends and associates will be able to provide, given their daily work and family demands and priorities.
Exploratory Committee Meeting
You are not going to run for office alone. You will be relying heavily on the people around you. Do not decide to run for office alone, but involve those people who will be working on your campaign in the decision.
The first thing a prospective candidate usually does is to host a small gathering in their home to pitch the idea and see what kind of support might be available. It is very important to get the right people at this meeting. Do not simply invite your friends. Invite people who will be critical of the idea. Make sure that someone present has been involved with a campaign before.
If they want you to run, the people at your exploratory committee meeting should ask you very tough questions, be very impressed with your answers, and express their enthusiasm about your campaign without hesitation. As the prospective candidate, you will want to hear this. Be very careful not to convince yourself that you hear things that are not said. Ask someone you trust if they are hearing the same things you are.
The people in the room like you. If they have come to the meeting, it’s because they care enough about you to give a little of their time. They don’t want to hurt your feelings. So when they voice concerns, assume that their reservations are even bigger than they say. Listen for hesitation and doubt in people’s voices. What they might want to say is that they don’t think you should run.
People will feel flattered to have been invited to this kind of “inner circle” meeting. People like to feel important. Some people will advise you to run because it will make them feel important to be part of your campaign. The kind of support you want is the kind that comes from a shared commitment to the goals of the campaign, not someone’s glory – not yours, and not anyone else on your campaign.
If someone you invited does not come to the meeting, it’s probably safe to say they don’t think your candidacy is worth their while. However, don’t assume that if people come they do support you. Good attendance at an exploratory committee meeting is not the same as support.
Before they leave, ask people if they think you should run. Ask for a “yes” or “no” answer. Also, ask if they are willing to make a significant commitment to your campaign.
Only about half of the people that commit to something will actually come through. This is true for your close friends and advisors too. Things happen in people’s lives, and people that you are counting on will drop off the campaign. Make sure you aren’t relying to too few people to get this big job done.
The Campaign Plan
Having a written campaign plan is one of the most important, but most neglected, aspects of most campaigns. Writing a campaign plan will spare you a lot of anxiety and wasted effort. You should have a written plan before you do anything else! Here are the elements of a campaign plan.
How many votes?
People will tell you that you will win this race on one issue, or with the support of one person, constituency, or neighborhood. The reality is that the only thing that will win the race is to receive more votes than your opponent. You will need to go to your City Hall’s elections department to find the following numbers.
Number of people registered to vote:
In addition to finding the number of people who are registered to vote on the day you check (the actual number will vary slightly up to Election Day), look at the trend in this number over the last eight years or so (it varies in four-year cycles).
For a more accurate estimate, look at the trend in the number of residents eligible to vote, and the trend in the percentage of these who are registered to vote.
Percentage of registered voters expected to turn out:
To estimate this number, again look at historical data (eight years back should be plenty). Make sure you are comparing your race with a comparable election year. Consider less obvious factors, such as the number of candidates in the race, and whether there are any hot issues on the ballot.
Percentage of votes needed to win the election:
In a two-way race, this is a pretty easy formula – half the votes plus one (actually, you should shoot for 51-54% to be safe). However, most campaign races are for more than one seat, and there are more than two candidates. Look at past races that are similar to yours in the number of candidates and number of seats. Consider other “soft” factors, such as the extent to which the race is dominated by one or a few candidates, and consider how strong your competition’s support is.
You will have to come up with a target percentage that you think will win you the election, which is more art than science. Once you have settled on a number, pad it by a few percentage points to be safe. The number of votes you need is the estimated number of registered voters, times the percentage turnout expected, times the percentage you need to win. As the election gets closer, factors will change. You may need to revisit these numbers periodically over the campaign.
From where will they come?
You will want to know how many votes to shoot for in every ward and precinct in your district. To estimate these, find a candidate that was like you in ideology. It does not matter if the candidate won, but it helps if they didn’t finish a distant last. Attempt to identify a candidate who has run within the past four to six years because the issues and numbers of voters will be more comparable. If you can’t find a comparable candidate, you can identify ballot question results that are aligned with your personal philosophy (tax measures, environmental protection initiatives, school bonds, etc.). For your comparison candidate or question, calculate what percentage of the vote total came from each precinct. Then, take these percentages and apply them to your overall vote goal to determine your goals for each precinct.
Message
Are you aware of the issues that concern your neighbors and other members of your community? To find out what issues are important to your community, read the local section of the newspaper, listen to local talk shows, and talk to your colleagues. Do the issues about which you are concerned coincide with those of the community? You will only be successful if those issues are aligned.
Decide the issues upon which you will base your campaign. These should be decided based on your strengths and commitment.
1) Can you afford to commission a public opinion poll? You can usually find a political science or statistics professor at a local college who may be willing to do the poll as part of class or on the side. A professional political poll will cost you at lease $5,000. Most candidates for Congress spend between $10,000 and $20,000 for their polling.
2) The purpose of the poll is to find out how many voters know and are willing to vote for you, and about which issues the voting public is most concerned.
3) The results of the poll will help you plan your strategy for the campaign.
There are a few hard truths in campaigns, and one of them is that people only have so much attention for what you have to say. Therefore, you have to be able to let people know why they should vote for you in just a few words. Your message should differentiate you from your opponents in a meaningful way.
While you should be able to discuss relevant issues intelligently and in detail, you should also be able to discuss them in about a quarter of the time that you would like! You should have pitches ready in 30 second, three minute, and 10 minute
versions. You should get used to the idea of saying the same thing over and over and over again.
Campaign Structure
Find someone to manage your campaign. Being a candidate is a full-time job, so you are going to need help. This person will help you coordinate all aspects of your campaign, from raising funds to defining issues to organizing volunteers. The more politically savvy this person is, the better.
A great campaign manager is someone who works well under pressure, who knows how to delegate responsibility, and who can keep focused on the goal in the face of interminable distractions.
Once you have brought on a manager, it’s your job to do three things and three things only: 1) sound and look good and stay on message (e.g., say the same things over and over again), making it sound fresh each time; 2) raise money; and, 3) obtain votes.
The Treasurer
The Treasurer of the campaign is legally responsible for any financial irregularities. He is also responsible for making sure that campaign finance reports are filed correctly and on time, which can be extremely challenging.
The Steering Committee
Some campaigns have a “Steering Committee,” which is really a list of high-profile endorsers. They do not necessarily do any work on the campaign. They simply lend their good names.
The Advisory or Campaign Committee
This is what your exploratory committee will eventually become. An advisory committee is a low-profile group of people with experience running campaigns. They are the ones who decide on direction and strategy.
The Campaign Chair
This is basically the Chairperson of the Advisory Committee. This should be a fairly well known person, but also someone who will put in significant work on the campaign, particularly in networking.
Volunteer Coordinator
This person recruits volunteers to do phone calls, door knocking, and literature
dropping, and makes sure enough volunteers show up for each activity.
Scheduler
You will need someone to handle all the requests you get to appear at events. The scheduler is the one who determines which events are worth going to and arranges for a trustworthy volunteer to drive accompany the candidate there.
Fundraising
Fundraising doesn’t have to be scary or horrible if you plan well and set achievable goals. You’ll raise enough money to run the campaign and avoid sending yourself to the poor house as well.
By far the very best way to raise money is for the candidate to go through all available lists, pull the people he knows even vaguely, decide how much money to ask each person for, call them up and ask them for a commitment in a specific amount. Being successful at candidate calls is all about the follow up. You should
send a confirmation letter to the donor right away with an envelope for them to send the check. You should then follow up the pledge every two weeks until you get it. Depending on how comfortable your are with this, this is far and away the most money you will make for the investment of time and money required.
Fundraising Team
Everyone is more likely to give if they are asked personally by a friend. Because you only know so many people, a fundraising team broadens the number of people who can be asked on a personal level. Good candidates for your fundraising team are those who believe deeply in the campaign, who have an extensive contact network, particularly one that doesn’t overlap substantially with yours, and who is likely to do what they say they’ll do. The flake factor applies here as well as everywhere else: 30%-50% of the people who make commitments to you will not come through. And 30%-50% of those who make commitments to your fundraising team members will also not come through, so plan accordingly! Make sure your fundraising team has all the materials they will need (campaign literature, your bio or resume, etc.) and check in with them often! It’s the job of the fundraising team member to secure the pledge of a contribution, and the job of the campaign to follow up on it.
House Parties
House parties are small events hosted by campaign supporters who invite people from their own contact networks to meet the candidate. The host of the party must tell the guests ahead of time that they will be asked to contribute money and volunteer time to the campaign, then make a pitch after the candidate has given a very brief speech and answered questions. House parties are very time intensive because the campaign has to follow up very closely with people who agree to host house parties. Of course, the flake factor applies here as well.
But, at least the cost of food and invitations is usually born by the host. Hosting a house party is a good way for someone who is not ready to commit to the fundraising team to help with the fundraising. House parties also can create positive voter ID’s, identify new volunteers, and create lists of names for the candidate to call personally later for larger donations.
Events
Large events, or benefits, hardly make any money for the effort, but since they’re so visible, people think of them as the primary fundraising mechanism. Events can more easily lose more money than they make. However, events can serve a useful purpose, such as punctuating a fundraising drive (a celebration of meeting your goal) or putting on a good show for the media or your supporters.
Events should be farmed out to a highly trusted volunteer or even a paid consultant to avoid taking up too much of the campaign’s focus. If an event looks like it’s going to bomb, it’s better to cancel (“postpone”) it. It looks a lot worse to have a poorly attended event than to reschedule one.
Direct Mail
Direct mail is used most often by large campaigns, which use professional mailing houses to lists of prospective donors. Usually, the first mailing loses money or breaks even. Then the mailing house will send another fundraising piece to those who responded to the first one, and that’s how they make money.
On smaller campaigns, you might periodically send fundraising solicitations to people on your own campaign list of volunteers, supporters, and identidied “yes” voters. Fundraising letters are much more effective if followed up in a timely manner with a phone call. People who send in small donations are likely to send larger donations if asked for them, so the candidate should give small donors a call.
How much money will it take?
Sometimes people make rough estimates about how much a campaign will cost. Usually, the suggestion is $1 to $2 per household in your district. You should put together a more detailed budget as soon as possible, using real estimates of costs from vendors. Set a realistic fundraising goal and meet it.
The Heart of the Matter
The purpose of a campaign is to identify enough voters to win the election, and to turn these people out on election day. The way to do this is to contact voters and ask them to support you.
Assign numbers to names: “Yes’s” are “1,” “No’s” are “2,” and “Undecideds” are “3.” Your job is to identify enough “1’s” to win – actually, you should identify 125-130% of the “1’s” you need, because 25-30% will probably “flake” on you.
How to identify voters
1. Word of mouth: Ask your supporters to find you 10 “yes” voters each
2. Phone banking: Get lists of voters from your city or town. Look up the phone numbers, call people, and ask them if they support you. Don’t ask more than three questions in a phone call.
3. Door Knocking: During the course of persuading voters, you will also find some “yes” voters.
How to persuade voters
When you know who your “3’s” are, you can go to work turning them into “1’s.“ One good way to do this is by mailing them literature designed to sway them your way, or leaving it on their doorsteps (not in their mailboxes, that’s illegal). Another good way to turn a “3” into a “1” is to get a visit from the candidate. The ratio of “yeses” generated by the candidate versus those generated by volunteers is about 5 to 1. Voters are impressed that someone running for office actually took the time to visit them at their home and ask for their vote.
Door knocking is very time intensive, so you shouldn’t waste it on people who are already with you (1’s) or people who are already against you (2’s). In addition to these very precise persuasion methods (called ‘high quality’ contacts), you can use the media to persuade voters your way. Because you have much less control over the message and who receives it this way, media attention is called ‘low quality’ contact. Other types of low quality contacts are advertisements and radio spots. A popular estimate is that it takes 3 to 8 contacts to persuade a voter to vote for you.
Laying it on the map
Now go back to your comparable candidate or issue and categorize the precincts by their support for that candidate (high, medium, low) and by the turnout in the last election (high, medium, low). This will help you decide where your efforts can make the most difference. Don’t waste your time trying to persuade voters in low support precincts, and don’t try to squeak a few more “yes” voters out of high support precincts. Stick to your persuadable voters in medium support precincts.
Another good way to target persuasion efforts is to concentrate on repeat (also known as “high propensity” or “habitual”) voters. A review of the voting lists in the past few elections will help you identify these people. Likewise, trying to increase turnout in high turnout precincts isn’t going to give you much result for your work. Instead, concentrate on low and medium turnout precincts. In precincts with very low support, any campaigning you do may actually activate people to go out and vote against you. These are good places to collect “yes” voters by word of mouth.
In California, almost 25% of all votes cast are mail-in ballots, so don’t forget absentee voters. Absentee voters are also the most likely to turn out. Your City Hall can give you a list of people who have requested absentee ballots.
How to affect turnout
On Election Day, you should have the names and phone numbers of the people who said they would vote for you. About three days before the election, call all these people and remind them to vote, and ask whether they will need assistance getting to the polls. On the day of the election, a campaign volunteer sits at each polling place all day with a list of “yes” voters in that precinct. As voters come in and tell the election official their name, your volunteer looks for that name on his/her list and crosses off the name. Your poll workers call in or deliver these lists periodically throughout the day until the polls close. The people who have not showed up to vote must be called and reminded to go to the polls. If necessary, someone must be ready to pick them up and drive them there.
What Not to Do
Campaigns face considerable pressure to focus too much on visibility efforts such as candidate appearances, lawn signs and bumper stickers, and groups of supporters standing at traffic circles with signs. These are necessary evils, most useful for giving your existing supporters confidence in your campaign. But they persuade only a few people, if any, and do not provide any “yes” voters. Don’t concentrate on these.
Voter registration is a worthwhile effort, but is not the best campaign strategy unless it’s clear that you can’t win without it. The reason is, the more votes you add to the mix, the more you dilute the effect of each vote. So, persuading a likely voter is a much more valuable campaign activity than adding a new voter to the mix.
Crunch Time
Despite long campaign seasons, the majority of voters don’t make up their minds until the last couple of weeks of the campaign. This is especially true for local elections, when a fairly large group of voters (about 15%) go to the polls undecided. While most of your work persuading and turning out voters will go on in the last couple of weeks to one month before the election, there is a lot of work to do to prepare for the campaign. Much of this can be done well in advance, such as planning, fundraising, message development, volunteer recruitment, etc. The better prepared you are, the smoother things will go during the crucial period at the end.
Post Script
Almost all of the above can be done by a political consulting firm that will manage campaigns, raise funds, carry out public opinion polls and otherwise advise and direct your efforts. Cost varies according to what you want done, but these companies can be invaluable if you can afford them.
Remember, however, there are no guarantees in politics. Even if you handle everything perfectly, you still stand the chance of losing.
About the Author
Christopher Crotty / Crotty Consulting
Christopher J. Crotty is a seasoned public affairs professional with almost twenty years of experience serving national, state and local clients in several states. Crotty’s professional career began as a staff writer for the San Francisco Examiner. Crotty also has worked as a Public Relations Specialist for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX (San Francisco) and as an attorney. After serving as a policy, legislation, and intergovernmental relations specialist for San Diego Mayor Maureen O’Connor, and as Chief of Staff for California State Assemblywoman Lucy Killea, Crotty founded his public affairs, government relations, and political campaign consulting firm in 1990.
You can reach Christopher Crotty at:
2535 Kettner Boulevard, Suite 2b3
San Diego, CA 92101
Phone: 619.291.0407
Fax: 619.291.0480
Email: crotty@crottyconsulting.com
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Fox Network
Fox Network
Arrested Development originally aired on the Fox Network ( Fox Broadcasting Corporation) from November 2003 to February 2006. 20th Century Fox owns the rights to all four seasons of the series.
The network is teased several times in Arrested Development, including the fictitious FOX 6 affiliate based out of Newport Beach .
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World's Worst Drivers is a knock at Fox's array of low-brow reality TV shows. ("My Mother, the Car")
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"Ra's al Ghul"
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Ra's al Ghul
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Leader of the League of Assassins (formerly)
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Unnamed (son; deceased)
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" If there's one immutable truth about life... it's often more cruel than it is fair, and rarely provides an opportunity for any of us to find closure. "
—Ra's al Ghul to Felicity Smoak [src]
" Ra's al Ghul " (Arabic: رأس الغول Raʾs al-Ġūl; for Demon's Head) (before 1854 —May 13, 2015) was the title of an otherwise unidentified man who was the leader of the League of Assassins. He had inherited the title from his predecessor. He was also the husband of a late unnamed woman, the father of a late unnamed boy, a late unnamed girl, Nyssa al Ghul, and Talia al Ghul. Ra's was the former mentor of Oliver Queen, the former best friend-turned nemesis of Damien Darhk, and a recurring enemy of Batman .
Contents
1
Biography
1.1
Early life
1.2
Becoming Ra's al Ghul
1.3
20th century
1.4
Retrieval of Sara Lance
1.5
Meeting Mesi Natifah
1.6
The hunt for an heir
1.7
Death
2
Legacy
2.1
Original multiverse
3
Personality
4
Powers and abilities
4.1
Powers
4.2
Abilities
5
Equipment
5.1
Former equipment
6
Appearances
6.1
Arrow
6.1.1
Season 1
6.1.2
Season 2
6.1.3
Season 3
6.1.4
Season 4
6.1.5
Season 5
6.1.6
Season 6
6.1.7
Season 7
6.1.8
Season 8
6.2
DC's Legends of Tomorrow
6.2.1
Season 1
6.2.2
Season 2
6.2.3
Season 3
6.3
Batwoman
6.3.1
Season 1
6.4
Comics
6.4.1
Arrow: Season 2.5
6.4.2
Arrow: The Dark Archer
7
Gallery
7.1
Concept artwork
7.2
Promotional images
7.2.1
Arrow
7.2.1.1
Season 3
8
Trivia
9
Behind the scenes
10
References
Biography
Early life
At the age of 11, the boy who would become Ra's al Ghul killed a man for the first time because the man intended to harm his family. He felt ashamed that he had taken the life of a person, but also proud because he stood up to someone with ill intent who threatened his family. The boy justified what he had done as necessary by claiming he had "replaced evil with death".
At some point, he was approached by the leader of the League of Assassins to become the next Ra's al Ghul, a request he initially declined.
The man went on to live a blissful life, having two children with his wife. One day, Ra's al Ghul came to his home and offered the man a choice: either leave his family without a goodbye, or watch them tortured and killed. The man chose the latter, a decision he greatly regretted.
Becoming Ra's al Ghul
This man was conscripted to the League and underwent a brutal training process to cleanse his mind of his past life until he believed himself to have been reborn into something else, and was to eventually ascend to the mantle of Ra's al Ghul himself. He was conscripted with a man named Damien Darhk who underwent a similar training process with this man, and both became best friends and the horsemen of Ra's al Ghul. However Damien believed himself to be the better warrior and true heir to Ra's mantle, but this man was chosen instead. In order to eliminate any threats to his reign, this man was instructed by Ra's to kill Damien, but this man hesitated because of their friendship. With this distraction, Damien was able to flee with his followers, taking samples of the Lazarus Pit with him.
Damien would go on to continue the League's ways but through his own agenda in an organization called H.I.V.E.. However, their motives dishonored the League's ways and resulted in many unnecessary civilian deaths, which left a heavy burden on this man's consciousness and since his hesitation led to those deaths.
Eventually, this man was obligated by Ra's to initiate the final act of ascension, which called for the destruction of his homeland, the cleansing, and end of his former life entirely. This resulted in the deaths of everyone he ever knew including, presumably, his family. Following this, he ascended to Ra's al Ghul himself and took the name, following the death of his predecessor.
In 1854, Ra's happened upon an illusionist in Vienna and was mystified with his tricks. Nearly half a century later, he came across the man again, but the man was withered and old. Around 1947, someone challenged Ra's to a trial by combat, to the death, with Ra's coming out victorious.
20th century
At some point prior to 1958, Ra's had a daughter, Talia al Ghul .
Ra's and his daughter Talia in 1958.
In 1958, Ra's initiated Sara Lance into the League and found her to be exceptional in skill as if she had already completed her training before. Two years later in 1960, Ra's captured Rip Hunter and his team when they tried to infiltrate Nanda Parbat and ordered them to be killed, but Rip requested a trial by combat. Ra's selected Sara as his champion while Rip selected Kendra Saunders. Moments into the duel, Sara began hesitate after Kendra reached out to her. Suddenly, Chronos arrived to kill Rip and his team. Ra's was forced to release the team to fight Chronos. After Chronos' defeat, Ra's realized that Sara is from the future, and released her from the League, telling her that Nanda Parbat is not a place for people with conflicted feelings and identities. Before Sara left, she advised Ra's to send his daughter to an island called Lian Yu around 2008. Ra's was puzzled as to why he would send Talia there. However, Sara elaborated that it was not Talia who would be sent, but another daughter he had yet to conceive, whom he would name Nyssa.
At some point when Ra's was seeing to matters of importance in the desert, he encountered a woman named Amina Raatko, a woman with an appearance and personality that he was captivated by and was unable to live without. Ra's allowed Amina to become his concubine and eventually on May 10, 1985, they had a daughter who Ra's, acting on Sara's advice, named Nyssa. Nyssa was conscripted from birth to ascend to Ra's mantle herself, provided the if the prophecy of a man who doesn't die at Ra's blade will ascend to Ra's himself failed to come true.
Ra's in 1985.
At some point, Ra's and Talia became at odds. Because of that, Talia left to follow her own path by forming her own cult of warriors.
In 1985, Ra's forced an assassin to take full responsibility for losing The Hidden by drinking a fatal green liquid. Following this, another came to alert him to the discovery of the Ashkiri marker. He told the assassin to prepare to ride at dawn, allowing him to front the attack.
Ra's has history with the Batman.
In 1994, Malcolm Merlyn joined the League of Assassins. Two years later, he was released from his vows by Ra's.
At some point, Ra's and Talia faced Batman, an encounter which involved Ra's' resurrection. Although the specifics remain unclear, this incident led to Ra's making a frequent enemy out of The Dark Knight.
Around 2008, Ra's sent Nyssa to Lian Yu to retrieve the younger Sara Lance as per the prior instructions given to him in 1958.
Retrieval of Sara Lance
After Malcolm Merlyn 's Undertaking in 2013, Ra's sent a messenger to Sara, ordering her return, though she refused and killed the messenger when he declined to report to Ra's that he had not found her, as she wanted. Around a week later, Ra's sent Al-Owal and a team of assassins to bring Sara back by force, only to lose his team to both Sara and Oliver Queen.
Ra's was later contacted by Moira Queen after Malcolm mentioned that he went to Nanda Parbat. Upon learning Malcolm was still alive, it was revealed that Ra's had marked him for death over breaking the League's code by initiating The Undertaking, having realized his mistake in releasing Malcolm.
Ra's sent Nyssa and another League member to once again try to bring Sara back to Nanda Parbat. However, Nyssa ultimately released Sara from the League.
Meeting Mesi Natifah
Several months later, Sara returned to the League in exchange for their help to defeat Slade Wilson's army.
After Ra's heard of Khem-Adam and his extremist sect Onslaught, he wished to speak with Khem-Adam. Ra's sent Nyssa and Sara Lance to retrieve the man from his base in the Amon-Shu Caves of Kahndaq. They arrived back, with Khem-Adam and a girl named Mesi Natifah. Wishing to give Mesi her vengeance, Ra's gave her his sword to use on Khem-Adam.
The hunt for an heir
Ra's talking to Nyssa in Nanda Parbat.
Following her discovery of Sara Lance 's death, Nyssa arrived back at Nanda Parbat from a visit to Starling City, she confirmed Malcolm Merlyn was still alive. Ra's informed his daughter that Malcolm would face consequences for crimes against the League's code. Ra's asked about Oliver Queen, and he learned of Oliver's oath to protect Malcolm at any cost. Ra's took this to mean that Oliver was courting war with the League as well.
Ra's meets Oliver Queen for the first.
With Sara Lance's death unavenged, Ra's sent a squad of assassins, led by Nyssa and Sarab, to capture Oliver. They informed Oliver that he would be given 48 hours to find Sara's killer or the League would begin killing innocent civilians until the killer was caught. After the time was up, Ra's and various League members traveled to Starling City in preparation. However, Oliver met with them, falsely claiming to have killed Sara upon her request, which Ra's did not fall for. By League law, he was entitled to a trial by combat, and so Ra's accepted the duel, allowing Sarab to tell Oliver of the neutral meeting place.
Oliver and Ra's stare down prior to their duel.
The two met atop a mountain sometime later. Following tradition, they both removed their shirts, and Oliver picked up two swords against Ra's who was bare-handed. The latter discussed his first kill at age 11, feeling proud that he had replaced evil with death, which was what the League strived to do. They began fighting, with Ra's swiftly proving his skill greatly exceeded Oliver's by easily dodging each attack with his hands behind his back and swiftly retaliating,
Ra's stabs Oliver in the chest.
soon disarming Oliver of one of his swords. Ra's then masterfully dominated Oliver as they fought with both blades and pressure point attacks, easily parrying all of Oliver's strikes while simultaneously countering Oliver's jabs and hitting his pressure points before he cut him. As Ra's continued to easily overwhelm Oliver, he soon held him at sword point in the neck and led him back to the edge of the mountain, commenting on how impressed he was that he had lasted longer than most. Although Oliver was given a chance to steal back the blade, Ra's quickly caught the blade as Oliver stabbed at him, disarming him once again. He promptly stabbed Oliver in the chest, saying a quick prayer before pushing the dying Oliver over the edge, and tossing the sword to the ground as a grave for Oliver.
Ra's al Ghul asks Oliver to be the next Ra's al Ghul.
Ra's was confronted by his daughter, Nyssa who had just discovered Oliver survived and demanded Oliver be killed. Ra's revealed that he knew that Oliver did not kill Sara and commented he had always knew and was correct that loving Sara would only cause her pain and heartbreak and watched. After the League captured Malcolm and brought him to Ra's, Ra's mused that he had met a dazzling magician in Vienna whose power was magnificent but only half a century later, the magician was broken and dying of old age and that just like this magician, Malcolm may be able to cheat many things but he cannot cheat death. As Malcolm begged Ra's mercy, promising to work for him once more, Ra's told Malcolm to face his death with honor or at least dignity and ignoring Malcolm's continued pleas, stated that his crimes can only be paid by agony and blood but stated he took no joy in killing him. Ra's would then torture Malcolm to the point he was barely conscious but left his cell unguarded to lure Oliver, who he knew would come. When Oliver made an attempt to rescue Malcolm, Ra's locked Oliver in, along with Diggle. Later, Ra's had Oliver brought to him and commented on how he had once nearly lost his life to Ra's and still came straight to him to challenge him as if he wanted to actually die and stated that even he would die in the end. As Oliver begged Ra's only for Diggle's live, Ra's, only further impressed, commented on how tremendous Oliver's strength, fortitude and power is, revealed he had no intentions to kill him and asked if Oliver was willing to be his successor as Ra's al Ghul.
Ra's convinces Oliver to accept the title of Ra's al Ghul.
As Ra's continued to explain why Oliver should take his place, Oliver denied the request, and Ra's allowed Oliver to leave with Diggle and Malcolm. Sometime after their departure, Nyssa returned to the palace only to berate on why Malcolm was still alive. Ra's explained that Nyssa had only wanted Malcolm dead in revenge of Sara's death and that he had let them go as a sign of good faith to Oliver who will become his heir. Nyssa got enraged by his decision to make Oliver his heir and tried to kill him after which he easily disarmed her. Ra's puts Nyssa off, saying that Oliver surviving a fair duel with him merits the vigilante the right to take her father's place; and he never did approve and will never approve of the feelings of his daughter.
Ra's heals himself in the Lazarus Pit.
Sometime after Murmur 's arrest, Ra's arrives in Starling City dressed as the Arrow, and quickly killed Murmur's remaining men leaving only one alive to spread the word. To force Oliver to take his offer he made Maseo and other assassins dress up as The Arrow and kill criminals.
After Maseo killed Celia Castle and failed to kill Felicity Smoak, he met with Oliver and told him to accept the title of heir to the demon or he would spend the rest of his life in a cage, claiming he wasn't going to capture Oliver when he challenged it but a police helicopter soon arrived. He later sent Maseo to intercept and capture Captain Lance and brought him to Ra's where he revealed The Arrow's identity as Oliver Queen.
Oliver Queen got arrested but got free when Roy turned himself in as The Arrow to set Oliver free. After Roy faked his death, Ra's targeted Thea. He appeared in her apartment and asked her if she knew who he was. After she said Oliver would kill him, he said Oliver would beg him to become the next Demon's Head. He caught the knife Thea threw at him and the two got into a fight. Ra's effortlessly dodged her strikes after which he slammed her through a table. Drawing his sword, he then impaled her, and said a quick prayer, after which he left the apartment.
Ra's fights Thea Queen in her loft.
Ra's greeted Oliver with his entire league as a desperate Oliver arrived at Nanda Parbat holding a deceased Thea. After Thea's resurrection, Ra's expected Oliver to hold his end of the deal. Later, an upset Felicity approached Ra's and told him she doesn't care about the prophecy. Felicity told Ra's he didn't know what love was, though Ra's told Felicity about his past life. Ra's told Felicity he is offering a chance for Oliver to have a proper goodbye, one that he never had a chance to do.
Ra's al Ghul initiates Oliver into the League.
After a failed escape attempt by Felicity, Malcolm, and Diggle, Ra's asked Oliver who assisted them, though Sarab quickly came clean and revealed he killed three of the league members. Ra's told Sarab he won't punish him for Maseo's actions and spared him for his loyalty. Ra's went on to mark Oliver with a mark and started to cleanse Oliver of his personality so all that remained was Al Sah-him.
The next weeks Ra's personally trained Oliver and helped him improve his swordsmanship and combat skills. He used isolation and brainwashing techniques to make Oliver forget about his past and he began to accept his new identity and name. Exposing him to a herb Oliver started to hallucinate and believed a captured intruder was, in fact, his friend John Diggle. Ra's ordered him to kill him and Oliver quickly overpowered the intruder in a sword fight and killed him after which he realized the intruder was not John.
Impressed with the loyalty of Oliver Ra's showed him a few ruins as he told him he and Damien Darhk were like brothers and both candidates to become the new head of the demon. After Ra's was chosen he was ordered to kill Damien, however, he hesitated and Damien escaped and started his own organization called the H.I.V.E. Ra's explained to Oliver how Damien had attempted to buy the earthquake device and was responsible for multiple crimes. This was a direct result of Ra's having doubted in killing him. Ra's then told Oliver he does not want this for Oliver so he ordered Oliver to take out his rival for the title Heir of the Demon.
After Oliver captured Nyssa and brought her to Ra's, he complimented Oliver. He recalled how Nyssa used to steal food when she was young, but that she had never been able to hide things from her. He searched Nyssa her weapons and found the Omega virus. Ra's told her he would remember her as the warrior she once was, Nyssa replied that she was not afraid of him. Ra's ordered Oliver to kill her but stopped him at the last second. He mentioned Nyssa had been defeated by Oliver and was no longer a threat. He told both of them they would marry and Nyssa would become the bride of the demon.
Ra's orders Oliver to wipe out Starling City.
Ra's explained to Oliver that the ruined village he had shown him was his former home. He mentioned that to become the new head of the demon one had to wipe out his former home. Just like he had did and the former Ra's before him had whipped out Alexandria. Ra's explained that he would unleash the Omega Virus on Starling City. Ra's recalled how Maseo had come to him and offered him the Alpha-Omega Virus when he wanted to join him. Maseo reported a plane had been readied to spread the virus.
Ra's visited Nyssa and explained to her how he had met his concubine Amina Raatko. He gave Nyssa a necklace he had given to her, and she then gave it to him to give it to Nyssa for her wedding day. Nyssa refused and Ra's told her she would marry Oliver or she would suffer the pain of a thousand deaths.
Al Sah-him and Nyssa's wedding.
When John Diggle, Malcolm Merlyn, Laurel, Felicity, and Ray Palmer blew up his plane, a huge fight started in which Maseo and many assassins got killed. Ra's confronted them and made his men capture them. He explained to them the plane was just a distraction to see if there were any traitors reporting to them. Team Arrow made it appear like Maseo had been the traitor.
Ra's talked to Malcolm, who told him Oliver had been the one betraying him. Ra's called Oliver who told him that was not the case and he was devoted to the League. Ra's went to Team Arrow and threw in the Omega Virus as they screamed for Oliver to help. He and Oliver walked away as they left them to die.
Death
Ra's, Oliver, Nyssa and a squad of assassins departed on a plane. Oliver woke up and Ra's told him there are dreams of desire, temptation, and truth. Oliver explained that he dreamed of rebirth as Head of the Demon. Ra's told him they would destroy Starling and then he would get the ring that would allow him to command the League. The plane started to shake and the pilot told them the plane had been sabotaged. Enraged Ra's blamed Nyssa. Oliver told him it was his doing. Oliver handed Nyssa a sword and she started to fight the assassins. Ra's mentioned to Oliver he had given him his holy mission. Oliver told him he had one already. The two fought and Ra's managed to knock down Oliver. Nyssa killed his assassins but Ra's subdued her and Oliver and promised them he would destroy the city and then hunt them forever. He then escaped from the crashing plane by parachute.
Ra's tracked down his rival Damien Darhk to a hotel in Starling. However, he had already escaped, and Ra's noticed Oliver and his team closing in on his assistant. Ra's called the assistant and then shot him. He taunted Oliver and told him he would spread the virus and destroy the city.
Ra's minutes before his death.
Ra's then send a messenger to Oliver to tell him he would meet him so they could have a duel to finish this. Ra's met Oliver and mentioned how he would win either way. If Oliver would kill him he would become the Head of the Demon and if he would win his city would die. Ra's saw that Oliver used the sword he had been impaled with. Ra's and Oliver engaged each other in a sword fight. In spite of Oliver's considerable improvement from his training, Ra's kept the upper hand the entire fight and ended up taking Oliver down and destroying his sword in one strike. Ra's mentioned that thousands of men would mourn his death if he would die. He then attempted to strike down Oliver. Oliver disarmed him with the same move Ra's had used in their first battle and ended up impaling his chest, while refuting Ra's earlier claim, stating that his men would simply kneel before the next Ra's al Ghul. Oliver then recited the same prayer Ra's did after he had stabbed him. Proud of his student's success, Ra's handed him the ring before collapsing to the ground, dead.
Legacy
Original multiverse
"Ra's al Ghul", this unnamed man, chose Oliver Queen to be the next Demon's Head. In doing so, he had assassins go on a killing spree in Starling City while disguised as the Arrow to frame Oliver, providing the incentive for Roy Harper to take the fall for Oliver and fake his death, irrevocably altering the Arrow identity. This provided Oliver the necessity of eventually changing his codename to "Green Arrow".
Ra's deal with Oliver to save Thea Queen 's life with the Lazarus Pit in exchange for accepting his "offer" pushed Thea into becoming the vigilante "Speedy".
After Ra's death, Oliver passed on the mantle of " Ra's al Ghul " to Malcolm Merlyn as part of their deal when working together to take Ra's down. However, Nyssa swore to Malcolm she would kill him to reclaim her birthright and avenge Sara Lance 's death.
On the chance that the Lazarus Pit would fall into the wrong hands, Ra's devised a concoction to destroy it. Nyssa used the potion in October 2015 after Malcolm resurrected an insane, dehumanized Sara from the Pit. She was subsequently imprisoned and secretly began gathering loyalists to gain control of the League, succeeding months later in early 2016 with the help of Oliver and Team Arrow. However, Nyssa realized she was becoming just like Ra's in her methods to claim his title (essentially blackmailing Team Arrow into helping her by withholding the Lotus elixir from a dying Thea and threatening to attack Star City with devastating consequences if a civil war broke out). She ultimately chose to destroy the Demon's Head ring and disband the League of Assassins, ending her father's legacy.
A year and a half after Ra's' death, his elder daughter, Talia al Ghul, desired to avenge her father by training Adrian Chase and joining him in his efforts to destroy Oliver. Despite all the pain Ra's caused Oliver and his loved ones, Oliver still holds his former mentor in high regard, even calling him an honorable man who would be ashamed of his daughter throwing in with a psychopath like Chase.
When Thea was initially doubtful of Quentin Lance 's attempts to reform Earth-2 Laurel Lance, she pointed out that while Ra's had some honorable qualities, he was ultimately still an immoral individual.
When Oliver was against Thea becoming involved with Malcolm's legacy on the account that he was an evil man, Nyssa argued that Ra's was also an evil man and she has chosen to dedicate her life to righting her father's wrongs.
When being imprisoned together in Slabside 's Level Two, Oliver genuinely apologized to Talia for killing her father, as he was only thinking about his own family at the time and not those who cared for him. The two eventually resolved their issues and became good allies.
Personality
" I was 11 years old when I killed my first man. I remember the look in his face when the light went out behind his eyes. Such a sudden change, almost imperceptible, between life and death. And I felt ashamed. I had stolen from that man the most precious gift of all - life. But I also felt something else - pride, because I had taken up arms against someone who sought to do ill against my family. And I realized what I had done was necessary. You see... I had replaced evil with death. And that... is what the League exists to do. And I have killed several thousand more men since then. And the world is better for it. "
—Ra’s al Ghul [src]
In 1960, Ra's' displayed some humanity in him, releasing Sara Lance because he knew she was conflicted between being an assassin and her humanity. After realizing Sara had joined the League of Assassins in the future, he seemingly followed Sara's instructions to send his daughter, Nyssa al Ghul, there and trained Sara even though he knew full well Sara would not be able to follow through with her oath to the League. As a result, he never truly considered Sara as one of them.
In Ra's' later years, he had a cold and stoic demeanor, he was ruthless, as he would not hesitate to kill his enemies, he was also known to be relentless, unflappable, impatient refusing to impose his will after he speaks once and undeterred, allowing nothing (the lives of multiple innocents, anyone) to stand in the way of his goals of ensuring the purpose of the League of Assassins lives on, as a result of being the Demon's Head and having access to the Lazarus Pit for years. Astute and calculating, Ra's was an effective leader, having commanded the League for at least a century and a half, and lead, inspired and fashioned some of the greatest killers in all of history. Ra's himself said, that he feels pride for the thousands of people he had killed by his hand, genuinely believing he created a better world with these men dead. Nyssa mentioned the Lazarus Pit twisted Ra's mind, turning him into a ruthless monster.
Despite Ra's' ruthlessness and zealotry, he had a sense of honor, somewhat of a soft side and (if twisted) a sense of humanity. He was capable of respecting his opponents and even holding them in honor, as seen in his commending Oliver Queen 's combat skills and praying for him after stabbing him. As noted by Malcolm Merlyn, Ra's' custom after killing an opponent in a death duel was to leave his weapon in the arena of combat, as a marker to honor the opponent. He also let Oliver pretend to be the one who killed Sara despite knowing full well he did not and that Oliver was simply trying to keep the people in his city from dying. He displayed respect and humility towards Felicity, commending her courage and love for Oliver when she spoke up and out against him when he made the "offer" towards Oliver to become his heir, encouraging her to confess her feelings to him and say goodbye to him. Even despite all that he had done to him and his loved ones, Oliver still acknowledged and respected Ra's honorable side enough that he noted that Ra's would have been ashamed of his daughter, Talia, working for the profoundly psychopathic Adrian Chase. Even Thea, who had personally been killed by Ra's, had to acknowledge Ra's had honorable qualities even if he was ultimately unredeemable.
Ra's had some love and care towards his daughter, particularly her relationship with Sara Lance. After Nyssa told Ra's that Sara was (apparently) killed by Malcolm, he paid no heed and only focused on punishing him for his role in the Undertaking, saying he never saw Sara as a true member of the League of Assassins. Despite this, he seemed to have had some respect for their love, Ra's stated his reason for not seeing Sara as a true member of the League was because he knew she wasn't suited to kill people with her life and did not approve her relationship with Nyssa because he (correctly) believed it would end in Nyssa's heartbreak, his ruthless punishment of Malcolm was only out of obligation to the League's code, claiming he'd take no pleasure in making Malcolm suffer. He also released Malcolm from his obligations from the League under unknown circumstances on the condition Malcolm would honor the League's code of honor. He also spared Maseo for betraying him momentarily, respecting Maseo's past connection to Oliver.
Despite Ra's' generally calm, composed, dark and stoic demeanor, he was capable of being surprised; as when he first looked upon Oliver's youthfulness, the only thing he could say at the moment was "you're just a boy", he was also prone to fits of rage and fury if someone were to betray him or display defiance towards him. He disinherited, exiled Nyssa over her outburst towards his selecting Oliver in being his heir instead of her and upon her attempt to slay him in petty vengeance. He lost his temper when Oliver revealed his duplicity in pretending to be his heir in an to attempt to dismantle the League from within.
Ra's was intelligent, calculating, strategic and empathic towards others having led the League effectively for over a hundred years, Ra's knew the moment he had captured Malcolm, that Oliver would come and try to rescue his sister's father, actually planning to use this to request Oliver to succeed him, he let Oliver, Malcolm and Diggle go while predicting coming events for Oliver to make him overthink his offer, in Malcolm's words, Ra's doesn't make requests for people to do things he wishes, but rather he orders. This was shown when he started killing people in Starling City with the Arrow's tools to frame him to make the "request" to be Ra's al Ghul more appealing.
After Oliver "accepted" the offer to succeed him, Ra's focused solely on grooming Oliver to become the next Ra's al Ghul. He cared little for his own daughter at that point, even forcing her to marry and bare the child of a man she does not love and even threatened to torture her if she refused, only seeing her as a means to extend his and his son-in-law's bloodline.
In Ra's' final moments, before succumbing to his fatal injuries inflicted on him by Oliver, he displayed no guilt, morals nor remorse for his actions, being only pleased that he made the right choice, by choosing Oliver to become his successor, and he died somber with honor and dignity.
Powers and abilities
Powers
Longevity: Due to his unrestricted access to the Lazarus Pit, Ra's was able to live for centuries while retaining his peak health, vitality, as well as the physical appearance of a middle-aged man. However, he mentioned the waters had started to lose their potency on him, meaning that in time, the Pit would be unable to stop his aging and extend his lifespan. Still, the Pit was potent enough to heal a deep cut on his hand in mere seconds, without leaving a trace of it being there in the first place.
Enhanced physical conditioning: Due to the effects of the Lazarus Pit, Ra's gained increased feats of physical prowess such as strength, speed, and reflexes; with a single hand, he was capable of overpowering Thea Queen and pinning her to the ground, crushing Oliver Queen 's windpipe, and managed to shatter Oliver's sword with a single blow from his own in their final battle. Ra's feats also included easily catching a knife thrown at him by Thea with one hand and effortlessly reacting to both Nyssa's, and Oliver's sword strike, something which bewildered the latter, showing no signs of pain in both times he caught the blade with his bare hands. Ra's speed was great enough that he was able to land the first hit on Oliver before he could react during their final duel and managed to intercept Thea from running out the door, seemingly teleporting in front of her.
Abilities
Peak of human physical condition: With the longevity has given to him by the Lazarus Pit, combined with countless years of training and experience, Ra's was in such exceptional physical form. He proved capable of easily overpowering the likes of Oliver Queen (who he still beat to submission even after the latter had been trained by Ra's himself), Nyssa al Ghul, and Thea Queen, in terms of strength. Ra's even crushed Oliver's windpipe with a single blow and then casually kicked him off a cliff before leaving a sword deeply impaled in the rocky terrain after having defeated Oliver. Ra's later on managed to outpace Oliver to the Alpha and Omega despite Oliver being closer to the two viruses and stun him with only two blows, along with later on knocking down Nyssa with a similar amount of effort. Additionally, Ra's did not immediately die after being repeatedly fatally stabbed by Oliver, still having enough strength to declare Oliver as his successor and pass on the Demon's Head ring before ultimately succumbing to his wounds.
Genius-level intellect/Master tactician/Leader: Ra's al Ghul was a great leader, as he had led the League of Assassins for more than a century with success since he accepted the offer of becoming its next leader. His extended lifespan enabled him to gain the wisdom of the ages and he is able to recognize and predict the actions of others, including their mindsets; Ra's was able to predict the future adversities (which he later helped to orchestrate) of Oliver and used this while attempting to convince the latter to succeed him. Ra's later performed killings dressed as the Arrow to frame Oliver and make Starling City turn against him. Throughout his years of raising Nyssa, Ra's would always find the sweets she stole and hid.
Bilingual: Ra's was capable of fluently speaking English and Arabic.
Master scientist: Ra's possessed considerable abilities in science, having been able to come up with a concoction capable of destroying the Lazarus Pit if it fell into the wrong hands.
Master torturer: Ra's was an extremely feared torturer, to the point where Nyssa believed that he could torture Malcolm to the point where "Hell would be paradise". Malcolm likewise expressed deep fear of this to the point of begging to serve him once more. Ra's indeed was able to successfully torture Malcolm to the point where he was barely conscious and severely bleeding without killing him. Ra's also knew how to kill a man slowly over a matter of days, which he taught Sara Lance.
Occult knowledge: Ra's possessed some knowledge of magic and mysticism, as he fully understood how the Lazarus Pit functioned, including how to permanently destroy it.
Master hand-to-hand combatant/Martial artist: As the leader of the League of Assassins and with centuries worth of fighting knowledge, Ra's was an unarmed combatant and martial artist of incredibly tremendous, almost unrivaled skill, having killed hundreds of men within his lifespan. Ra's had undergone the same training like most League members do, but since he was chosen as the successor to the Demon's Head, his combat skills far surpassed that of most other assassins of the League since he had received the highest level of training any member could. His fighting style seems to be comprised of Kali, Krav Maga, Taekwondo, Karate, Kung Fu, Jeet Kun Do, Hapkido, Judo, Jujitsu, Panantukan, Muay Thai, Aikido, and Silat. During his leadership tenure, Ra's al Ghul's combat abilities were unmatched by anyone in or out of the League, save for Damien Darhk (who received the same level of training as he had), and possibly Vandal Savage and Dante. Even Malcolm Merlyn stated he would rather flee than face Ra's. In their first duel, Ra's managed to overpower and disarm Oliver while the latter had two swords and the former had none while holding both hands behind his back with ease. Ra's easily countered any bare-handed moves Oliver made and repeatedly hit and knocked his opponent down when they dueled with swords. Even after Oliver surprised and disarmed him, Ra's regained a sword with his bare hands, easily catching Oliver's sword strike before landing a blow to the latter's windpipe that stunned him. Ra's also effortlessly blocked each and every single one of Thea's attacks with a single hand, swiftly overpowering and restraining her. Even after Oliver had greatly improved his skills after being trained by Ra's himself, Ra's still proved to be superior to him in skill, as he was able to defeat Oliver in their final encounters, knocking him out in their altercation on a plane and nearly killing him in their final duel on the bridge, with Oliver only winning through surprise attacks. Since Ra's would've won either way, it is unknown if he let Oliver kill him, to force the latter to become his successor. He also displayed superb improvisation skills, able to use the Alpha and Omega container to easily overpower Nyssa wielding a sword. At one point in Ra's life, he seemingly got into a direct confrontation with Batman, but he was ultimately bested by the Dark Knight. Ra's was one of the most deadliest combatants in the entire multiverse .
Master swordsman: Ra's preferred weapon was a sword and with his long lifespan, his swordsmanship skills are nearly unrivaled, he was able to effortlessly defeat a group of assassins in a sword fight in mere seconds. Ra's also quickly outmatched Oliver in their first duel without much effort, with Oliver barely able to block any of Ra's attacks. Ra's once managed to slice Oliver's hand, only being disarmed after being surprised, and quickly stabbed Oliver in the mid-section after regaining a sword. Even after Oliver had improved his sword skills greatly due to having received training personally from Ra's himself, Ra's proved capable of going toe-to-toe with Oliver and ultimately managed to destroy his sword.
Master archer: Ra's proved to be a master archer, as seen when he took out several thugs while posing as the Arrow. It can be assumed that Ra's skills in archery are at least equal to that of Oliver's, if not completely superior.
Stealth/Infiltration: Ra's was able to silently break into Thea's loft and suddenly appear behind her, catching Thea completely off-guard.
Equipment
Lazarus Pit: Ra's used the Lazarus Pit's waters to live well beyond his lifetime and run the League of Assassins.
League of Assassins suit: Ra's wore a protective suit while on a mission in Starling City. The suit is identical to other League members with differences. It is unknown what materials it's made out of, with the exception of Kevlar.
Sword: Ra's carried a double-edged sword as his main weapon.
Straight Kris: Ra's carried a straight kris sword during both his duels with Oliver and during his Omega virus attack on Starling City.
Former equipment
Arrow suit: Ra's wore a suit identical to Oliver Queen 's while posing as the Arrow.
Customized hunting arrows: While posing as the Arrow, Ra's used a number of green arrows identical to Oliver's and used them to kill Michael Amar/Murmur 's men.
Customized Oneida Kestrel compound bow: Ra's used a bow identical to Oliver's while posing as the Arrow.
Demon's Head ring: Ra's wore a particular ring which symbolized his position as the Demon's Head. After his death, Ra's bequeathed this ring to Oliver, who in turn passed it to Malcolm Merlyn.
Quiver: Ra's wore a quiver while wearing the Arrow suit to carry arrows.
Appearances
Arrow
Season 1
" Dead to Rights " (indirectly mentioned)
Season 2
" Broken Dolls " (mentioned)
" League of Assassins " (mentioned)
" The Scientist " (mentioned)
" Heir to the Demon " (mentioned)
" Unthinkable " (mentioned)
Season 3
" The Magician "
" The Climb "
" Left Behind " (mentioned)
" Midnight City " (mentioned)
" Uprising " (mentioned)
" Canaries " (mentioned)
" The Return " (mentioned)
" Nanda Parbat "
" The Offer "
" Suicidal Tendencies " (mentioned)
" Public Enemy "
" Broken Arrow "
" The Fallen "
" Al Sah-him "
" This Is Your Sword "
" My Name Is Oliver Queen "
Season 4
" Green Arrow " (mentioned)
" The Candidate " (mentioned)
" Restoration " (mentioned)
" Haunted " (mentioned)
" Brotherhood " (mentioned)
" Unchained " (mentioned)
" Sins of the Father " (mentioned)
" Beacon of Hope " (mentioned)
" Genesis " (flashbacks)
Season 5
" Invasion! " (flashbacks)
" Checkmate " (mentioned)
" Missing " (mentioned)
" Lian Yu " (mentioned)
Season 6
" Fallout " (mentioned)
" Divided " (mentioned)
" Doppelganger " (mentioned)
" The Thanatos Guild " (mentioned)
" Fundamentals " (mentioned)
Season 7
" The Demon " (mentioned)
Season 8
" Leap of Faith " (mentioned)
" Crisis on Infinite Earths: Part Four " (vision)
" Fadeout " (mentioned)
DC's Legends of Tomorrow
Season 1
" Blood Ties " (mentioned)
" Night of the Hawk " (mentioned)
" Left Behind "
Season 2
" The Legion of Doom " (mentioned)
Season 3
" Necromancing the Stone " (mentioned)
Batwoman
Season 1
" A Secret Kept From All the Rest " (name seen)
Comics
Arrow: Season 2.5
Blood part 12 (mentioned)
" Assurances "
Arrow: The Dark Archer
" Sacrifice " (mentioned)
" Tempest " (mentioned)
" Blessed " (flashbacks)
" Traitor " (flashbacks)
" Betrayal " (flashbacks)
" Sacrifice " (mentioned)
" Vengeance " (flashbacks)
" Reckoning " (flashbacks)
" Justice " (mentioned)
Gallery
Concept artwork
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Promotional images
Arrow
Season 3
Ra's al Ghul fight club promotional.
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Trivia
Ra's al Ghul is the only main antagonist in the Arrowverse whose real name was never revealed.
Ra's al Ghul is the first main antagonist of Arrow to die.
Furthermore, he is also the first Arrowverse main antagonist to die, as technically Eobard Thawne, the main antagonist of the first season of The Flash, didn't die but was erased from existence.
Ra's al Ghul is one of the few individuals to ever defeat Oliver Queen in combat. Out of them all, Ra's is the most successful, as he not only nearly killed Oliver in their first fight but even with all of Oliver's improvements from their training, Ra's proved to be superior combatant in the end; while nearly every opponent who had bested Oliver was ultimately defeated, Ra's almost won their final battle and was only killed due to being caught off-guard at the last minute.
Ra's seems familiar with pressure point manipulation, as shown in his first duel with Oliver.
Ra's was Oliver's eighth mentor, after his daughter, Talia al Ghul .
Ra's is also the only Oliver's only mentor to start off as his enemy, as opposed to the other way around with most of Oliver's other mentors-turned-enemies.
Ra's is inadvertently partly responsible for the events of Arrow, from prior to the " Pilot " to Season 5 .
He trained Malcolm Merlyn to become the Dark Archer, which led to Malcolm planning The Undertaking, leading Oliver and Sara Lance to be stranded on Lian Yu .
Oliver's time on Lian Yu led to Slade Wilson becoming Deathstroke and Sara becoming the Canary (later White Canary).
He spared his ex-friend Damien Darhk 's life prior to the series, inadvertently allowing Darhk to form H.I.V.E. and initiate Genesis in 2016.
His daughter, Talia, trained Yao Fei Gulong, who was Oliver's first mentor, before Talia eventually trained Oliver herself.
Talia then trained Adrian Chase to become Prometheus in order avenge Ra's al Ghul's death, leading to the events of Season 5.
Behind the scenes
Ra's al Ghul, along with his daughter, Nyssa, are normally portrayed as enemies of Batman and his associates. However, his organization, the League of Assassins, has a history with Green Arrow and Black Canary. In the DC comics Ra's' other daughter, Talia, generally has a higher profile, having been (briefly) married to Bruce Wayne and giving birth to a son, Damian.
Matt Nable 's casting as Ra's was met with notable controversy from fans. In light of Liam Neeson suggesting he would be happy to reprise the role (and the follow-up reveal that Neeson was indeed offered the role but had to turn it down due to scheduling with other projects being given little attention), many criticized the actions of the casting department when Stephen Amell announced it. Nable's debut in " The Magician " went largely unnoticed by critics due to only a very small amount of screentime, though fans were critical. Despite all of this, following the airing of " The Climb ", Nable was heavily praised by fans and critics alike, with many suggesting he held up to Neeson's portrayal of the character.
After Damien Darhk, Ra's al Ghul is the second antagonist on Arrow who returned in DC's Legends of Tomorrow after his death on Arrow.
Similar to his DC comics version, Ra's al Ghul is not his birth name. However, the DC comics version actually assumes the identity of Ra's al Ghul whereas the show depicts the name as a title given to whoever is the current leader of the League of Assassins. Also, unlike the DC comics, there has been more than one Ra's al Ghul.
In the DC comics, Ra's has two daughters, Talia al Ghul and Nyssa Raatko. In the DC comics, Ra's arranged exactly the sort of alliance he proposed to Al Sah-him between Batman and his eldest daughter, Talia. Talia later becomes a recurring character on Season 5 .
Similarly, the hero that fights Ra's in both stories, Oliver in Arrow and Batman in the comics, believe Ra's to be one of their more honorable foes despite their conflicts.
Ra's al Ghul served as the main antagonist of Season 3 of Arrow.
References
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Nanda Parbat"
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "My Name Is Oliver Queen"
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 "The Climb"
↑ 4.0 4.1 "The Fallen"
↑ 5.0 5.1 "Al Sah-him"
↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Left Behind"
↑ 7.0 7.1 "This Is Your Sword"
↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Heir to the Demon"
↑ 9.0 9.1 "Checkmate"
↑ "Blessed"
↑ 11.0 11.1 "A Secret Kept From All the Rest"
↑ "Broken Dolls"
↑ "League of Assassins"
↑ "The Scientist"
↑ "Unthinkable"
↑ Blood part 12
↑ "Assurances"
↑ "The Magician"
↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 "The Offer"
↑ 20.0 20.1 "Suicidal Tendencies"
↑ "Public Enemy"
↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 "Broken Arrow"
↑ "Green Arrow"
↑ 24.0 24.1 "Restoration"
↑ "Unchained"
↑ "Sins of the Father"
↑ "Divided"
↑ "The Thanatos Guild"
↑ "The Demon"
↑ "Night of the Hawk"
Retrieved from " https://arrow.fandom.com/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul?oldid=768624 "
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msmarco_passage_00_214303743 | Reactive Arthritis How Long Does It Last | Reactive Arthritis How Long Does It Last
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by Francis
Reactive Arthritis How Long Does It Last
Rheumatoid arthritis is a debilitating disease characterized by the infection of the joints. Individuals experience great pains and stiffness and so they can even become incapable of getting around and of performing the simplest movements. Arthritis can take many forms and its causes are not yet clear. Patients must get a physician by all means in order to get an satisfactory joint disease treatment. This disease is a chronic one, so it doesn’t vanish entirely completely.
One can live with it his or hers entire life and the point of arthritis treatments is to offer comfort and alleviate the symptoms. Besides approved drugs for arthritis there are also natural treatments that patients can try. Taking manufactured pills for the complete life is not at all a nice perspective; this is why many people try natural remedies. Arthritis treatments depending on herbs and essential oils include, Lavender and rosemary essential oil – They have a strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and they provide pain relief if massaged on the painful areas.
Treatment Options for Arthritis in Dogs
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Knee Pain Pain Relief
It is used to prevent and treat acute attacks of malaria. It is also used to treat discoid or systemic lupus lupus and rheumatoid arthritis in patients whose symptoms have not improved with other treatments. Indomethacin Brand name s: IndocinIndomethacin is a member of the family of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs. NSAIDs reduce inflammation, pain and temperature. Indomethacin is used to reduce the pain / swelling involved in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis, tendinitis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis and headache.
It is thought that acupuncture has the ability to reduce arthritis pain. If you want to explore this method of treatment, make sure to find an accredited and certified acupuncturist in your state. Meditation and relaxation techniques can help you reduce the pain caused by arthritis by reducing stress and allowing you to better cope with it. According to the National Institutes of Health NIH, studies have shown that the practice of mindfulness meditation is helpful for some people with painful joints. The researchers also found that those who suffered from depression and arthritis benefited the most from meditation.
There are seven important self-management habits that can help you manage your illness successfully: 25 Doctors often recommend a physiotherapy class to help arthritis patients overcome some of the problems of arthritis and reduce the limits. on mobility. The forms of physiotherapy that may be recommended include: Research suggests that even though people with arthritis can experience short-term pain increases at the beginning of the exercise, Continuous physical activity can be an effective way to reduce long-term symptoms. arthritis can participate in a friendly physical activity, alone or with friends.
Treatment with leflunomide does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of infection. Usual Time of Action: TNF inhibitors have a rapid onset of action, sometimes with improvements4 weeks. However, further improvements can be seen over 3-6 months. At, Side Effects: With all TNF antagonists, there is an increased risk of both mild and severe infection. The most common are upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infections and skin infections.
The mechanisms of action of most of these agents are not known and they are all different, but they all seem to slow down or stop changes in the joints. They can alter the laboratory features of disease activity and delay the progression of bone damage. Patients taking DMARDs usually have a response within 8 to 10 weeks. However, this is variable depending on the patient and the drug. The dose of DMARDs is titrated as far as side effects permit.
Diet is only an adjunct to medical or surgical management Fish oil supplements contain a large amount of omega-3 fatty acids that fight inflammation. A diet rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents such as fruits, vegetables, legumes, cereals and monounsaturated fats would have helped many people with rheumatoid arthritis . It is important to supplement your diet with calcium to stimulate the bone, vitamin D, vitamin B, vitamin E and folic acid.
Reactive Arthritis Caused By Stress
Ginger – It is one of the joint disease treatments that may be safely used for an extended period of time. It has proven its efficiency in offering treatment both for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid joint disease sufferers. Ginger extract, turmeric tea and ginger gaze, they all have an excellent effect. Rosemary – Not merely the essential oil is employed in arthritis, but also rosemary tea. It is made up of four anti-inflammatory substances and cures of three several weeks are recommended. They can be repeated after a week of break. During the cures the patients need in order to two cups of of rosemary tea daily, one before breakfast and one prior to going to sleeping. Stinging nettle – The juice is helpful in arthritis because it is made up of anti-inflammatory agents and also boron, an essential vitamin. A tablespoon is suggested three times a day.
In general, people do not change treatment because of these side effects. Most people should try at least one non-biologic drug for rheumatoid arthritis for at least three to four months before switching to a biologic drug. If there is no improvement, a rheumatologist can talk to you about trying organic products. If a non-organic medicine has not helped you, there is a good chance that a biologic medicine will help your skin.
If followed closely, gold therapy may be continued, but other causes of hematuria should be excluded. Immune thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia and aplastic anemia rarely occur, but are absolute indications for discontinuation of gold therapy. Myochrysin, and less often Solganal, can produce a nitritoid reaction hot flashes, dizziness or faintness occurring immediately after gold injection. Rarely, there is a paradoxical increase in musculoskeletal pain that necessitates stopping treatment. Long-term use of gold can lead to a bluish discoloration of the skin that is generally irreversible.
It works by blocking the activity of TNF, a substance in the body that causes swelling and joint damage in arthritis. Name s of etodolacBrand: LodineEtodolac Extended Release Tablets, Capsules and Tablets are used to relieve pain, tenderness, swelling and stiffness caused by lodine osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Ectolac belongs to a class of drugs called NSAIDs. It works by preventing the production of a substance that causes pain, fever and inflammation.
RA accounts for about 22% of all deaths due to arthritis and other rheumatic diseases AORC. Approximately 40% of all deaths in people with RA are attributed to cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. For more information on Rheumatoid Arthritis, see our article: All About Rheumatoid Arthritis. An estimated 26.9 million adults have osteoarthritis in the United States.
Good nutrition and meticulous weight control are imimportant. Weight loss for overweight people will reduce the pressure on the joints of the knee and ankle. Physical therapy can be helpful for improving muscle strength and stiff joint movement. Therapists have many techniques to treat osteoarthritis. If the therapy does not make you feel better after 3-6 weeks, it is likely that it will not work at all.
Osteoarthritis usually occurs with age and affects the fingers. , knees andfps. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that often affects the hands and feet. Other types include gout, lupus, fibromyalgia and septic arthritis. They are all types of rheumatic diseases. Treatment may include joint rest and alternation between ice application and heat. Weight loss and exercise can also be helpful. Analgesics such as ibuprofen and paracetamol acetaminophen can be used. In some cases, joint replacement may be helpful. Osteoarthritis affects more than 3.8% of people while rheumatoid arthritis affects about 0.24% of people.
Psoriatic Arthritis Spondylitis
A Potential Pathway to a Remedy These combinations of drugs reduce virus levels so much that they can not be detected by lab tests, but we know that the virus is still there. It can persist at a latent stage in the immortal CD4 cells of the body, not multiplying, but ready to become active again if treatment is stopped. More than a million people in the United States live with HIV, so finding better treatments and even a cure are research priorities.
It is degenerative in nature – the cartilage in the joints wears out little by little, causing the friction of the extremities of the bones. Osteoarthritis can develop spontaneously for no apparent reason or due to a secondary cause, where joint injuries result from injury or trauma. From afarthe biggest risk factor for osteoarthritis of the hips and joints of the legs is overweight. Wear is the main sign of osteoarthritis, but science has begun to unravel the specific mechanisms of the disease.
Arthritis is a common disease with more than 100 different forms known to mankind. It is a degenerate condition that affects your joints and causes severe damage and loss of movement in the affected areas. It hampers the daily activities of patients and could lead to surgery in chronic cases. The best-known drugs for curing the symptoms of the disease are NSAIDs and DMARDs. Apart from these different alternative therapies can also be used to relieve pain and inflammation. Arthritis is a disease that can affect you at any age or stage of life. There is no reversal of this condition.
MRSA begins to develop outside the hospital environment. Enterobacteriaceae and P aeruginosa become more resistant to multiple antibiotics. Knowing the patterns of resistance in the community, as well as in the hospital, is the most important. If, after 5 days of treatment, the joint shows some degree of improvement, consider an empirical test of an anti-inflammatory agent. If the joint does not respond after 5 days of appropriate antibiotic therapy eg, clinically significant fever, continued synovial purulence, persistent positive findings on the culture , re-evaluate the therapeutic approach as follows: Antibiotics play a role in the suppression of associated chronic osteomyelitis and prosthetic material infected with chronic that can not be removed for various reasons.
Your doctor may prescribe a low purine diet found in many foods. “Gout is common among heavy drinkers, but there are also important genetics,” says Professor Conaghan. A person suffering from gout is told to reduce alcohol because it contains purines. There are many other forms of arthritis, ranging from potentially fatal lupus to fibromyalgia, which causes muscle weakness. Weight: After 40 years, people put on average one kilogram a year and this weight exerts additional stress on your joints.
To each agent. The treatment of RA has several important goals. These include: There are various approaches to non-drug management of rheumatoid arthritis. Many of them should be an essential part of each patient’s toolkit in managing RA. These treatments generally include: symptomatic treatments drugs whose main purpose is the relief of symptoms and disease-modifying treatments medications that can alter the evolution of the disease.
It is important to note that RA itself is a risk factor for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Other malignancies have been observed in patients treated with anti-TNF. There appears to be an increase in non-malignant skin cancer basal and squamous cells in patients receiving these agents. A regular dermatological evaluation is recommended for any suspicious strain quickly assessed. administration of TNF inhibitors in patients with previous malignancy should be discussed with the patient and their oncologist to assess the potential risk and benefits.
Symptoms usually include pain and stiffness of the joints. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In some types, other organs are also affected. The beginning can be progressive or sudden. There are more than 100 types of arthritis. The most common forms are osteoarthritis degenerative joint disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
Rheumatoid Arthritis Head Symptoms |
msmarco_passage_00_214432577 | Allopurinol Dosage | Allopurinol Dosage
Allopurinol Dosage
An Introduction to Allopurinol Dosages
The dosage of allopurinol ( Zyloprim ®) your healthcare provider recommends will vary, depending on a number of factors, including:
The medical condition being treated
The severity of your condition
How you respond to the medication
Other medications you are taking
Other medical conditions you may have.
As is always the case, do not adjust your dose unless your healthcare provider specifically instructs you to do so.
Dosage for Gout
To help avoid a flare-up of gout attacks (which can occur when starting allopurinol), it is recommended to start at a low dosage for treating gout: allopurinol 100 mg once daily. After that, your healthcare provider may increase your dose by 100 mg per day each week, until the maximum dose is reached (800 mg daily) or until your uric acid levels are under control (are 6 mg/dL or less). People with kidney disease should take a lower dose, depending on the severity of their kidney problems.
Unlike some gout medications, allopurinol is taken all the time, because this medication works to prevent gout attacks (not to treat them). It is usually recommended to take other gout medications along with allopurinol (when first starting allopurinol), as it takes a few weeks or months for it to start working. Also, allopurinol can initially cause gout attacks.
Doses of 300 mg or less can be taken as a single daily dose, but higher doses should be split up into a few (usually two or three) smaller doses per day.
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msmarco_passage_00_215424754 | Who Is Ari Melber's Wife?, Net Worth, Salary, Wedding, Girlfriend, Dating, Age, MSNBC | Who Is Ari Melber's Wife?, Net Worth, Salary, Wedding, Girlfriend, Dating, Age, MSNBC
Home
Biography
Ari Melber
Ari Melber Biography
Biography by Clarence Published on 07 Nov, 2016 Updated on 10 Feb, 2020
Facts of Ari Melber
Date of Birth:
1980 , March-31
Age:
41 years old
Birth Nation:
United States of America
Height:
5 Feet 11 Inch
Name
Ari Melber
Birth Name
Ari Melber
Father
Daniel M. Melber
Mother
Barbara D. Melber
Nationality
American
Birth Place/City
United States of America
Ethnicity
White
Profession
Journalist
Working For
Television
Net Worth
Unknown
Eye Color
Brown
Hair Color
Brown
Affair with
Unknown
Girlfriend
Unknown
Married
N/A
Married to
Drew Grant
Children
N/A
Divorce
Drew Grant
Education
University of Michigan, B.A., (2002) Cornell Law School, J.D. (2009)
TV Show
MSNBC Live, The Cycle
View more / View Less Facts of Ari Melber
American journalist, Ari Melber has worked for various networks such as NBC News, All In With Chris Hayes, The Rachel Maddow Show, The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell. He has also worked as the Chief Legal Correspondent for the MSNBC. He is the host of MSNBC's The Beat with Ari Melber, which has grown the audience to over millions of average viewers. He is also a member of the New York State Bar Association too.
Melber has been married to Drew Grant, a pop culture reporter at the New York Observer from 2014-2017.
Early Life And Education Of Ari Melber
Ari Melber was born on the 31st of March, 1980 in Seattle, Washington. He is an American by nationality and belongs to White- American ethnicity.
Melber was enrolled in the Cornell Law School for higher education. He studied at the University of Michigan from where he graduated with a BA Degree.
Ari Melber's Career
Ari Melber started off his career by supporting the presidential campaigns of Maria Cantwell and then John Kerry. After graduation from the Cornell Law School, he went along to work for the lawyer Floyd Abrams from 2009 to the year 2013. Side by side, he started writing political columns for The Nation, Politico, Reuters, and The Atlantic.
Ari Melber was called upon by MSNBC next to become their guest host. His work was liked so much that he eventually climbed up the ladder to become the Chief Legal Correspondent of the channel in 2015 in April.
He has been the substitute host for several of MSNBC’s shows like The Last Word with Lawrence O’Donnell, The Rachel Maddow Show and much more. he has also co-hosted The Cycle and is a correspondent for The Nation.
This personality has also had his writings published in Politico, Reuters, and The Atlantic and he covers legal issues of the Supreme Court as well as the FBI and DOJ for the MSNBC. This versatile and well-known personality has also contributed his writings to several books to date.
How Much Ari Melber's Net Worth And Salary In 2020?
Ari Melber's net worth is around $5 million at present. His annual salary ranges around thousands of dollars, as the employees at the MSNBC are paid an average salary of $64 thousand. He has earned a lot working at NBC as NBC pays an average salary of around $72 thousand to their employees.
Awards And Accolades
Ari Melber won an Emmy Award for his Supreme Court coverage. Melber was also a correspondent for The Nation, where his writing focused on law, politics, organizing, civil rights, and technology issues. His writings have also appeared in The Atlantic, Reuters, and Politico.
Who Is Ari Melber's Wife?
Melber is a married man. He currently resides in Carroll Garden, Brooklyn, New York, the U.S. He married Drew Grant, a pop culture reporter at the New York Observer in 2014.
Drew Grant is also a journalist by profession and has been working for the New York Observer. The couple divorced in 2017. The reason for their divorce is unknown.
Is He Dating Anyone Following Their Divorce?
The veteran TV personality Melber is reportedly dating an actress Alexandra Daddario for a few years now. The couple was spotted having lunch together at Cuban restaurant Cafe Habana Malibu in August 2018. The couple also shared a passionate kiss at that time.
Daddario also has a long dating history. She linked to Logan Lerman from 2015-16. She also dated Alexandra Daddario and Jason Fuchs .
NBC News
MSNBC
FBI
DOJ
American journalist
Ari Melber
American Attorney |
msmarco_passage_00_216098747 | Lorenzo Cain Bio - affair,married,networth,children,wife,girlfriend,ethnicity,career | Lorenzo Cain Bio - affair,married,networth,children,wife,girlfriend,ethnicity,career
Home
Biography
Lorenzo Cain
Lorenzo Cain Biography
Biography by Gabriel Published on 21 Aug, 2017 Updated on 21 Aug, 2017
Contents:
Synopsis Early Life and Education Professional Career Personal Life Net Worth and Body Measurement
Facts of Lorenzo Cain
Date of Birth:
1987 , April-13
Age:
34 years old
Birth Nation:
United States of America
Height:
6 Feet 2 Inch
Name
Lorenzo Cain
Nationality
American
Birth Place/City
Valdosta
Ethnicity
Black
Profession
Baseball player
Net Worth
$6.5 million
Married
Yes
Married to
Jenny Cain (m. 2013)
View more / View Less Facts of Lorenzo Cain
Synopsis
Lorenzo Cain is a professional baseball center fielder for the Kansas City of Major League Baseball. He is also known for his defensive prowess for which he was named MVP of the 2014 ALCS. Cain later won the World Series Championship with the Kansas City Royals in 2015.
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Early Life and Education
Lorenzo Cain was born on April 13, 1986, in Valdosta, Georgia. His father passed away when he was only four years old. Later he was brought up by a single mother, Patricia and grew up with his brother in Georgia area.
His mother Patricia still works at a printing plant in Madison, Florida. He didn�t play any professional games in the opposition of professional ballplayers until he completed his high school level. Lorezon belongs to American nationality and ethnicity wise, he is a Black American.
Professional Career
Lorenzo Cain started playing baseball during his sophomore season at Madison County High School in Florida. After that, Milwaukee Brewers selected Cain in the 17th round of the amateur sketch out of Tallahassee Community College.
Lorenzo was promoted to Class-A West Virginia Power in 2006 and was elected to the South Atlantic League�s mid and postseason All-Star partners. In the year of 2007, he was promoted to Class A-Advanced Brevard County Manatees.
Lorenzo currently plays for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball. Further, he received the 2014 American League Championship Series' Most Valuable Player Honor due in part to his defensive play. Lorenzo also won two Wilson Defensive Player of the Year Awards for outfielders and one Fielding Bible Award.
Personal Life
The 31 years old Lorenzo Cain is married to his long-term girlfriend, Jenny Cain. The couple exchanged their vows in the year 2013. They also shared two children together. The couple welcomed their first child, a son named Cameron Cain in October 2014.
After that, Cain�s wife Jenny gave birth to their second child, named Jayden Lamar Cain, in January 2016. As a caring dad, when his first son was born he flew to Baltimore in order to see his baby.
As of now, the couple�s relationship is going strong and there are no any gestures of divorce. Currently, Lorenzo lives in Kansas City, Missouri with his wife and two sons.
Net Worth and Body Measurement
Lorenzo Cain has a great name and fame in the baseball field. Lorenzo�s net worth is somewhere around $7-8 million and receives $6.5 million as an annual salary. Currently, Cain has an average salary of $775000.
Lorenzo�s main source of wealth is baseball and endorsements. Lorenzo drives Black Chevrolet Silverado Truck worth $3,223. Lorenzo also signed a deal with Kansas City Royals for a year which is worth of $2,725,000. He stands at the height of 6 feet 2 inches.
Baseball
Major League Baseball
awards
Kansas City Royals
honor
Jenny Cain
Jayden Lamar Cain |
msmarco_passage_00_217153940 | Rap Snacks incident leads fire brass to bust a move - Baltimore Sun | Rap Snacks incident leads fire brass to bust a move - Baltimore Sun
News
Rap Snacks incident leads fire brass to bust a move
Dan Rodricks THE BALTIMORE SUN
A LINE OF snack foods called Rap Snacks, multiflavored potato chips sold in bags featuring the faces of hip-hop artists, set off an alarm in one of the fire stations of Baltimore last week. A fire lieutenant found the rapper image on the bags offensive and complained about the chips being stocked in the station vending machine. His superiors had them pulled.
While some firefighters were surprised by the lieutenant's complaint, ridiculing it as another overreaction in an overly sensitive society, department brass sided with the officer and issued a directive reminding everyone of Fire Department policy. "Under no circumstances will the agency allow the display of any offensive item in the workplace that depicts negative stereotypes of groups of individuals based on race, sex, age, gender or orientation," said Departmental Order No. 77-01, issued June 28 by the acting chief, Michael Dalton.
The offending item showed up in a firehouse a couple of weeks ago. Apparently, a snack food distributor had recommended Rap Snacks to firefighters who keep the station stocked with food items for all members of the company. Rap Snacks, featuring the hip-hop performer Juvenile and other recording artists, were soon offered for sale in the station vending machine at 30 cents a bag.
If you haven't seen Rap Snacks in chain convenience stores or major supermarkets, it's because the Philadelphia company that produces them is just 7 years old and has been trying to gain ground in the competitive snack food industry, battling for shelf space against potato chip giants such as Frito-Lay.
Rap Snacks, headed by an entrepreneur named James Lindsay, has a niche market in the mom-and-pop grocery stores of city neighborhoods. It claims East Coast sales of 2 million bags per week.
I found Rap Snacks' "Bar-B-Quing with my Honey" chips at the Sunrise Grocery, Chase and Greenmount, yesterday morning.
A caricature of Juvenile appears on the front of the bag; he wears a yellow doo-rag, sports a significant amount of standard-issue rapper jewelry and exhibits the word "boy" as a tattoo on his left arm.
The slogan "Stay in school" appears just below his likeness.
The back of the bag bears a mini-profile of Juvenile, the "Multi-Platinum Cash Money Millionaire" whose songs include "Ha," among many others with sexual themes. Rap Snacks has a deal with Universal Records to promote 12 of its artists on potato chip bags. Juvenile was in the latest series.
According to Fire Department officials, a lieutenant regarded the caricature as "the image of a thug" and complained about it to his commander. The items were subsequently removed, an action that led to grumbles and jokes among firefighters.
The "potato chip incident" soon became the subject of conversation in city firehouses.
But department commanders took it seriously and moved quickly to use the incident as a reminder that what amuses one man can offend another, what provokes little more than indifference in one can incite bad feelings in another. So, instead of letting bad feelings fester, the offending item must go.
The Fire Department's carefully worded Order No. 77-01 is worth reading:
"The Baltimore City Fire Department has a substantial governmental interest in maintaining the respect for duty, discipline and high employee morale necessary to insure agency effectiveness in uniformed public safety services. The exercise of First Amendment rights by employees in the workplace will not be restricted more than is reasonably necessary to maintain order and discipline within the ranks. Each employee is entitled to a workplace that is free of materials that would be deemed offensive in nature by a reasonable individual."
The tiptoe dance around evolving sensibilities goes on in workplaces across the nation. Ask anyone in management about the kind of worker complaints they get, and Baltimore's "potato chip incident" won't seem so farfetched. (Historical note: In 1967, Frito-Lay promoted its famous corn chips with the Frito Bandito, who went around stealing chips at gunpoint. After protests from Mexican-American groups and others, Frito-Lay sent the Bandito into retirement.)
But James Lindsay, the proud, upbeat president of Rap Snacks, said he was surprised to learn that his packaging had bothered someone in Baltimore.
"I wish the fellow who felt like this would contact me and tell me why it offended him," Lindsay said.
It would be an equally good idea for the same thing to happen among firefighters at the center of this little controversy. Directives and orders serve a purpose. But talking this kind of thing out is always better - especially among those who count on each other (and live with each other) as much as firefighters do.
Copyright © 2020, The Baltimore Sun, a Baltimore Sun Media Group publication | Place an Ad |
msmarco_passage_00_218052624 | WHITLEY`S LAST DAYS - Chicago Tribune | WHITLEY`S LAST DAYS - Chicago Tribune
WHITLEY`S LAST DAYS
Maybe the most soulful of all country music`s young neo-traditionalists, Keith Whitley-who died Tuesday of alcohol poisoning-was the product of both a region and a musical mindset in which the most popular answer to life`s problems was whiskey.
His musical heroes were Hank Williams and Lefty Frizzell, both of whom liquor killed in one way or another, and his hometown was a hamlet in moonshine-associated eastern Kentucky.
''That`s just the way I grew up,'' he said in a very candid interview a few months ago.
''I learned to do things the way the old-timers did it. I thought everybody had to drink to be in this business. Lefty drank, Hank drank, George Jones was still drinking, and I had to. That`s just the way it was. You couldn`t put that soul in your singing if you weren`t about three sheets in the wind.
''And if I was nervous about going out with a girl, I took a drink. That was just the way we did it (at home) in Sandy Hook (Ky.). And it was a lot of fun. For me, the past isn`t deep and dark; I had a lot of fun I couldn`t have had any other way. But somewhere along the way it turned on me. Where it used to be a friend, it became an enemy.''
Tuesday, his longtime friend turned on Whitley a final time, snuffing out the life of a 33-year-old prodigy who finally had triumphed over an incredible set of obstacles and was becoming one of Nashville`s top stars.
Less than a month after his most recent record-appropriately titled ''I`m No Stranger to the Rain''-held country music`s national No. 1 spot two weeks in a row, his body, fully clothed, was found at home in his bed, laced with traces of cocaine and a lethal ingestion of alcohol. His wife, singer Lorrie Morgan, had just left to perform in Alaska. He was home alone.
Whitley was born in 1955 into the stress of expected stardom. Before he was school age, having been told by admiring friends and relatives in Sandy Hook that he would someday conquer Nashville, he became a devotee of country music`s vintage performers. But because there were few country bands around Sandy Hook, he drifted into the only kind there were: bluegrass.
While he was still in high school, Whitley and longtime friend Ricky Skaggs became members of the nationally prominent Clinch Mountain Boys, led by bluegrass pioneer Ralph Stanley. They also worked together on an album titled ''Cry From The Cross,'' widely designated the Bluegrass Album Of The Year.
''Ralph always used to let me take a drink with him,'' Whitley recalled of his Stanley years. ''He said, `You can handle it. I`m afraid to give it to the rest of these boys.`
''So I learned to just take a big ol` shot of Jim Beam right before I went on. Then, probably, I wouldn`t drink any more till after the show-or maybe not even then, because a lot of times back when I was with Ralph, I was doing most of the driving.''
He eventually moved on to the great New South aggregation of lightning-fingered Kentucky banjoist J. D. Crowe. While Whitley was with Crowe, the banjo player risked the wrath of bluegrass fans by exploiting the youth`s amazing lead-vocal skills and recording an LP that was traditional-country instead of bluegrass.
That album, recorded for small Rounder Records and titled ''Somewhere Between,'' found its way into Nashville`s major record company offices in the early `80s. By then, Skaggs had used bluegrass roots to blossom into stardom, and Nashville was looking for more of the same.
Whitley eventually was signed by RCA, and his initial recording session was attended by nearly everybody who was anybody in country music. But then he met with an incredible series of reverses.
His first effort, a six-song mini-LP titled ''Hard Act To Follow,''
reaped mixed reviews. Nashville momentarily second-guessed the nasal neo-traditional revolution launched by Skaggs, George Strait and Randy Travis, and many industry observers and radio programmers dismissed Whitley as ''too country.''
''I thought, `Too country?` '' Whitley remembered in the Tribune interview. '' `What business am I in?` ''
Some songs he had recorded as demonstration records for music publishers became big hits for other singers. These included ''Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind'' and ''Nobody In His Right Mind Would`ve Left Her,'' both by Strait, as well as Randy Travis` ''On The Other Hand.''
the thing that hurt most, he said, was that reviewers praised Strait for
''paying tribute to the style of Lefty Frizzell'' in ''Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind'' but panned Whitley for doing the same in ''Hard Act To Follow.''
Personal, as well as professional, problems mounted. Within a year after he moved to Nashville, an older brother was killed in a motorcycle accident back in Kentucky. And his first marriage headed toward divorce.
''I can`t really say that caused me to do any of the things I did,'' he said of the divorce. ''Because I was already doing `em.''
In the wake of the mini-LP, he ebbed toward what was perhaps his lowest psychological point. The problem seems to have been that he had begun to have too much time alone:
''That (the drinking to get up stage courage) was all well and good for the 10 or 12 years I was on the road before I came to Nashville, but in most cases, it`ll catch up with you.
''Where it caught up with me was the two years I had to wait by the phone for something to happen while I was trying to get my record deal.''
Then he went into a studio with Blake Mevis, a producer ''whose view of me was different from mine,'' and recorded a pop-styled ballad titled ''Miami, My Amy.''
Suddenly, Whitley the ultra-neotraditionalist heard himself singing a pop-ish song-in fact, a pop-ish hit. He recalled he was ''driving around''
Nashville one night when the song`s magnitude hit him.
''I was drinking and wondering what I was going to do and listening to
(Nashville radio station) WSM. And they played that song and announced I had been nominated for best new male vocalist by the Academy of Country Music. I didn`t even know it.''
By this time, 1986, Whitley`s secret self-destructiveness was becoming a subject of rumors along Nashville`s Music Row. There was talk he might be physically unable to make the trip to Los Angeles to perform on the network-televised ACM awards show. |
msmarco_passage_00_221001567 | Rich Little Poor Boy : A GHOST OF A CHANCE. <i> By Peter Duchin with Charles Michener (Random House: $27.50, 380 pp.)</i> - Los Angeles Times | Rich Little Poor Boy : A GHOST OF A CHANCE. <i> By Peter Duchin with Charles Michener (Random House: $27.50, 380 pp.)</i> - Los Angeles Times
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Rich Little Poor Boy : A GHOST OF A CHANCE. <i> By Peter Duchin with Charles Michener (Random House: $27.50, 380 pp.)</i>
By Georgia Jones-Davis
Aug. 4, 1996 12 AM PT
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<i> Georgia Jones-Davis is an assistant editor for Book Review</i>
There is a soundtrack to this book review. Start reading while you listen to a rendition of “I’ll Take Manhattan.”
Movie buffs and older baby boomers will recognize Eddy Duchin as the popular pianist and orchestra leader of the 1930s and ‘40s who was portrayed by Tyrone Power in a maudlin tear-jerker, “The Eddy Duchin Story.” Peter was the young son Tyrone Power so awkwardly tried to warm up to. Here is his story.
Today, Peter Duchin is a society orchestra leader who entertains for those who summer in places like the Hamptons, Westport, Grosse Point, Jupiter Island or Newport, R.I. His autobiography, “Ghost of a Chance” is a breezily written story co-authored with Charles Michener. It’s chock-full of name-dropping--but it’s more than a simple-minded celebrity bio.
There’s a whiff of old-time romance here and a few scraps of meaty gossip (the juiciest about Pamela Harriman in her more mercenary days). But what you really have is the autobiography of a working musician who has interesting thoughts about his heroes, jazz and popular music and about running the “orchestra business.” It is as much the story of a young bandleader’s education as the tale of an arrogant young man rubbing elbows with some of America’s most famous social and historical players, from World War II to the present.
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Much of the time the writing is bland, but sometimes a truly amusing and not always tasteful bit emerges; there’s little to match the excruciating horror of the time Duchin stepped on and crushed a date’s pet Yorkie.
Are you with me so far? Segue to Eddy Duchin’s signature tune, Chopin’s Nocturne in E-flat.
Peter Duchin was born in New York City in 1937, the only child of his handsome father, Eddy, and his attractive socialite wife, Marjorie Oelrichs. Duchin the elder, the son of Jewish immigrant parents, was a musical genius who began leading his own orchestra in 1931 when he was only 22.
During the years he performed at the glitzy Central Park Casino, Eddy Duchin entertained the cream of New York society, but he was never “of it.” He married Marjorie, a tall, brainy and extroverted society girl who didn’t complain that she was kicked out of the Social Register when she married Eddy. “Who cares?” she said. “It’s only a telephone book.”
In 1937, however, Marjorie died a week after having given birth to Peter. Eddy, devastated, couldn’t handle being physically or emotionally close to his infant son. He took his band on the road for months at a time, and Peter, a near-orphan, was taken into the household of Averill Harriman by his wife, Marie, a close childhood friend of the boy’s late mother. The Harrimans became his family.
In 1947, Eddy Duchin remarried and young Peter moved in with him for the first time. But it was too late to establish warm ties. Four years later, the famous bandleader died of leukemia at age 42.
The odd thing about Peter Duchin’s book is that he provides little, if any, information about his father’s family. He mentions Duchin relatives but provides no real picture of what his relationship with them was like or how they felt about his being raised by friends of his mother. They certainly couldn’t argue that the child lacked opportunities, being brought up in the home of an Protestant American prince. But he wasn’t raised by family.
The Harrimans provided roofs over his head; a governess; a pony; lessons in riding, shooting, fishing and skiing; education at the best schools; and opportunities for travel and socializing with a brilliant array of thinkers, politicians, artists and society types.
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Indeed, Duchin grew up feeling entitled to these luxuries. He graduated from Yale and moved to Paris, meeting the greatest jazz musicians of the ‘50s and frittering away what was left of his funds. Then, fresh out of the military, Duchin returned to New York, where he exhausted every social invitation tossed his way. Finally, Marie Harriman took him aside and told him to “get his ass in gear.”
It was time to earn a living, she said. There was no trust fund waiting for him, no inherited position at a Wall Street law firm or investment bank. All along, he had just been a rich little poor boy, whose trust from his father was barely enough to cover basic expenses and fine schooling.
Let’s conclude the soundtrack with “Make Someone Happy,” the theme song of Peter Duchin’s orchestra.
In the final section, Duchin reveals how his career and public celebrity were made possible by his brilliant social connections. But his ultimate success could not have come without real talent and the one legacy he did inherit from his father: a genuine passion for music.
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Duchin provides touching and vivid portraits of Eddy and Marjorie Duchin’s glamorous, doomed lives; the penny-pinching “Ave” Harriman and his tough but tender wife, Marie. Everyone from Frank Sinatra and Ernest Hemingway to Jackie and Ari Onassis makes an appearance in the course of Duchin’s star-studded story.
Sure, the rich and famous are different from you and me, as F. Scott Fitzgerald might have put it: That’s because their friends have excuses to write gossipy books like this. And we can forgive them because they pass the good times on to us.
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msmarco_passage_00_222057828 | Underscoring Richard Wagner's influence on film music - Los Angeles Times | Underscoring Richard Wagner's influence on film music - Los Angeles Times
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Underscoring Richard Wagner’s influence on film music
By Jon Burlingame, Special to the Los Angeles Times
June 17, 2010 12 AM PT
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Max Steiner, the pioneering film composer who wrote the music for “King Kong” and “Gone With the Wind,” was once complimented as the man who invented modern movie music.
“Nonsense,” he replied. “The idea originated with Richard Wagner. Listen to the incidental scoring behind the recitatives in his operas. If Wagner had lived in this century, he would have been the No. 1 film composer.”
That last point is debatable. (Try to imagine Wagner working for Harvey Weinstein.) But Wagner’s influence on film-music history certainly has been enormous, “probably more than any other single composer,” says Roger Hickman, professor of music at California State University Long Beach and author of “Reel Music: Exploring 100 Years of Film Music.”
Wagner’s 19th century music dramas, notably his “Ring” cycle, combined literature, visual elements and dramatic music in ways that would anticipate cinema’s fusion of the visual and aural arts a few decades later, adds Jeongwon Joe, associate professor of musicology at the University of Cincinnati and co-editor of the essay collection “Wagner & Cinema.” “Early composers and accompanists [in the silent era] openly acknowledged the influence of Wagner,” she says.
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John Mauceri, who as founding director of the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra conducted plenty of film music — and who during his eight years with Leipzig’s Gewandhaus Orchestra also conducted plenty of Wagner — says that two aspects of Wagner’s musical universe “are as operative today as they were when he invented and developed them. One was how to tell, in musical terms, a dramatic story over a long period of time; and the other was how music should describe natural events as well as emotional states, in very specific translations of what we see and feel,” Mauceri says by phone from North Carolina, where he is chancellor of the University of North Carolina School of the Arts.
Central to Wagner’s theory of dramatic storytelling was the leitmotif (although he appears to have disdained the term), in which a recurring musical theme would be associated with a person, place or idea. “This idea was adopted by every film composer who came to Hollywood to write dramatic underscore, starting with Steiner and Erich Wolfgang Korngold, right through to today,” Mauceri notes.
He compares Steiner’s application of music at a critical moment in “Gone With the Wind” to Wagner’s use of Siegfried’s funeral music late in “Gotterdammerung.” Both, he says, take advantage of the power of memory: “As the body of Siegfried is being carried up the hill, through the mist, as the scene changes, we hear a series of recapitulations in which we as audience members go through the whole story to this point without a word being spoken.”
Steiner uses similar tactics in the 1939 film classic, Mauceri says, citing the scene halfway through the film when a starving Scarlett O’Hara (Vivien Leigh) wanders the fire-ravaged land and swears “I’ll never be hungry again.” Steiner evokes her father’s credo that land is all that matters by playing the Tara theme that opened the film and which represents the family estate.
Millions (billions?) of moviegoers understand the leitmotif concept even if they’ve never heard the term, courtesy of John Williams’ “Star Wars” scores and, more recently, Howard Shore’s epic “Lord of the Rings” trilogy.
“Wagner kept his leitmotifs in a constant state of flux,” notes Chicago musicologist Doug Adams, whose book “The Music of ‘The Lord of the Rings’ Films” will be published later this year. “It was not theme and variations. It was a grab-bag of material that was constantly evolving, constantly changing. That’s how Howard Shore treated all his thematic material in ‘Lord of the Rings,’ and that’s largely what Williams does in the ‘Star Wars’ and ‘Indiana Jones’ films. You have a prime version of these themes that is then deconstructed and evolved throughout the films — which is wonderful, and has obviously worked for generations.”
According to some accounts, Williams wrote at least 18 leitmotifs for the first “Star Wars” trilogy and augmented them with another seven or more for the second trilogy. “You can close your eyes and know who’s on the screen,” quips Hickman, who credits Williams’ swashbuckling, richly orchestrated “Star Wars” music for “the incredible comeback of the orchestral score” in late-1970s and early-1980s movies.
One of Wagner’s other innovations involved music matching physical movement on the stage or, as it would later become derisively known in films, “Mickey Mousing,” since music matching action was so commonplace in cartoons. “Hollywood didn’t invent this,” Mauceri says. “The refugee composers” —specifically Austrian-born Korngold and German-born Franz Waxman, both of whom fled the Nazi menace in the 1930s — “were carrying on the very thing that they saw every day in the opera houses.”
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Most of the European-émigré composers in films were Jewish, yet none shunned Wagner despite his associations with Hitler, says Waxman’s son, John W. Waxman. “They recognized Hitler for what he was and despised him for what he did to their families, but they also recognized Wagner’s genius and embraced his music. After all, they grew up on Wagner,” he says.
The influence continues today, according to composer Elliot Goldenthal, who has worked in opera (“Grendel”) as well as films (“Frida”). “Grand opera made it to the grand movie palaces with a grand-sounding score,” Goldenthal says via phone from New York. “That trait carries on, whenever the producers are looking for a big, fat orchestral sound that is not dissonant, but has some gravitas. Often Wagner’s voicing and orchestration is the model.”
Goldenthal sees today’s comic-book epics as a modern equivalent to the myth-driven “Ring” — and he contributed to them back in the 1990s with scores for “Batman Forever” and “Batman & Robin.” “When Batman or Spider-Man enters the stage, you want some of that power behind them. And when someone pours $100 million into a movie, they want some weight, you know?”
calendar@latimes.com
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msmarco_passage_00_222652082 | Reader reactions to 'Jack Reacher': The fans are furious - Los Angeles Times | Reader reactions to 'Jack Reacher': The fans are furious - Los Angeles Times
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Reader reactions to ‘Jack Reacher’: The fans are furious
Tom Cruise plays the title character in “Jack Reacher.”
(Karen Ballard / Paramount Pictures)
By Carolyn Kellogg
Dec. 21, 2012 12 AM PT
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Author Lee Child created a killer character with Jack Reacher. A brutal ex-military officer with a thirst for justice, he’s a force — a massive force. Six-foot-five, 220-250 lbs., with a 50-inch chest is specified on Child’s website.
For months, fans of the books — 17 so far — have been anticipating the film “Jack Reacher,” which opens this weekend, with comments such as: “hope it flops.” They are not looking forward to seeing Tom Cruise, not known for his bulk, portray the hero of Child’s novels.
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The comments on an earlier Jacket Copy post reveal just how furious Reacher fans are. Here’s a sample:
Mark Bray: “A movie like this should be made for loyal fans of the book series. To those who don’t know who Jack Reacher is, this is just another action movie, who cares. To fans of Reacher/Child, this is a joke. This movie is a mistake for Cruise and Child, if you can call making tens of millions of dollars a mistake. But playing a role that he is comically unsuited for will only hurt Cruise’s career, and a lot of Lee Child fans feel betrayed for letting this happen.”
Jackie Hulbert: “My vote is a BIG BIG NO NO NO NO NO NO NO to seeing it — hitting Hollywood big whigs where it hurts. They’ve done it to us for years by putting the popular, oh so wrong, individual in a role thinking it will draw in more crowds. I think it’s time we took a stand ... stand outside the cashier’s box and not pay to go in.”
Melody Overland: “I WAS going to see it. I am SOOO in lust with Reacher. So when I saw the trailer I was SOOOO disappointed. Cruise is NOT Reacher. Channing Tatum so IS. I can not believe they actually used an arrogant overexposed short IMBECILE to create such an awesome character. I will not see it and it literally RUINED the whole character for me. HOW COULD THEY DO THIS?”
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Lori Erickson: “‘Tom Cruise? He’d be a perfect Jack Reacher!’ said no one ever...”
Paul Lovegrove: “like thousands of Reacher fans, I won’t be wasting my money on this ... movie.”
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Laura Seager: “I totally agree with every other fan that is saying Tom Cruise IS NOT Jack Reacher. I am so upset that they chose Tom to play this role. I will not pay money to see this movie, either. Get a real man to play that role and I will be the first in line to see that movie.”
Sally Ross: “When I heard about the choice of Tom Cruise to play Jack Reacher, I was stupefied. This casting has ruined it for me. Even reading and listening to the books are spoiled now, since as I’m reading/listening, I keep trying to imagine Tom Cruise as the hero Reacher. Simply not possible. Most ridiculous casting ever -- and I will not be able to go to the movie. Am totally perplexed by this choice. Such a shame, since I would have LOVED to see a REAL Jack Reacher on the screen.”
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Jere Seibert: “It appears that I am not the only one who believes that Cruise is too short (6-8"), too small (70+ lbs), and too old (10-12 years). Even the best of actors (which Cruise is not) would not be able to overcome these handicaps. Better luck next time for the “franchise.’”
The filmmakers did get something right. The film is roughly based on the Reacher novel “One Shot,” which is set in a heartland city -- and the movie was shot in Pittsburgh.
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Carolyn Kellogg
Carolyn Kellogg was Books editor of the Los Angeles Times from 2016 to 2018. She joined the L.A. Times in 2010 as a staff writer in books with an emphasis on digital projects. Her work was recognized with the paper’s editorial award. For six years, she served on the board of directors of the National Book Critics Circle. Prior to coming to The Times, she served as editor of LAist.com, web editor of Marketplace and as the web editor of the California Community Foundation. In her spare time, she ran a podcast interviewing authors called Pinky’s Paperhaus. She has an MFA in creative writing from the University of Pittsburgh and a bachelor’s degree from the University of Southern California.
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msmarco_passage_00_223329208 | Changing an airline ticket? There's a fee for that, and it's gone up - Los Angeles Times | Changing an airline ticket? There's a fee for that, and it's gone up - Los Angeles Times
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Changing an airline ticket? There’s a fee for that, and it’s gone up
(Mark Shaver / For the Times)
By Tom Parsons
May 27, 2013 12 AM PT
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If you buy an airline ticket and need to change or cancel your itinerary, you could be in for an even more unpleasant surprise.
Most travelers buy nonrefundable tickets because they cost considerably less than refundable tickets. But a couple of airlines have recently raised fees for changing and canceling nonrefundable domestic tickets, and they could be joined by more airlines in the coming weeks.
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Last month, United increased its change fee on nonrefundable domestic tickets to $200, up from $150. US Airways quickly followed suit.
Thus far, American and Delta have not raised their domestic change fees, which are currently $150.
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Domestic change fees on other U.S. airlines are $75 on Alaska; $100 on Frontier, JetBlue and Virgin America; and $125 on Spirit.
The change fees to international destinations such as Europe and Asia are holding steady at $250.
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It’s not just the change fee you’ll have to pay. If the new ticket you book is more expensive, you’ll have to pay the difference plus the change fee.
Some airlines deduct the fee from the amount of your original ticket when you change or cancel, but others give you a credit in the original amount of the ticket and charge you the fee when you go to use the credit.
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For example, if you paid $500 for a ticket and you had to change or cancel your flight, you would get a credit voucher of $500 on US Airways and would have to pay the change fee to access the credit.
On American, the $150 change fee would be deducted from the price of your original fare, and you would have a credit voucher of $350.
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Here’s the other sad part about US Airways policies. Let’s say you do pay your $200 change fee and your new ticket costs $200.
Under this policy, you would lose the remaining $100. On American and Delta, if the new ticket costs $200, you get the rest after the change fee is deducted.
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Here’s some more sad news: American Airlines and US Airways may merge , and the management team from US Airways will be operating the new American Airlines.
We’re hoping these rules don’t come along with the merger.
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On the up side, Southwest Airlines has the most traveler-friendly policy when it comes to change fees.
If there is an increase in your new airfare, you will be required to pay the difference, but there is no additional fee.
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However, Southwest has announced a change to its policy for travelers who do not cancel their flight at least 10 minutes before departure. The airline will begin a new no-show policy on Wanna Get Away and Ding! special fares that were purchased on or after May 10, for travel beginning Sept. 13.
If you do not contact the airline to change or cancel your flight before it is scheduled to depart — you can do so by phone ( [800] 435-9792), online ( www.southwest.com) or through Southwest’s mobile app — you will lose the total value of your ticket.
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The new no-show policy is in line with the policies of other airlines. Southwest has been lenient, but no-shows represent seats that could have been sold. It is, after all, a business.
It always pays to know your airline’s policy if your travel plans are apt to change and book accordingly.
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msmarco_passage_00_223835285 | Allentown developer plans tallest building in Lehigh Valley - The Morning Call | Allentown developer plans tallest building in Lehigh Valley - The Morning Call
Allentown developer plans tallest building in Lehigh Valley
Allentown developer Bruce Loch is planning the Lehigh Valley's tallest building at Ninth and Walnut streets in Allentown.
Allentown developer Bruce Loch is planning the Lehigh Valley's tallest building at Ninth and Walnut streets in Allentown.
Emily Opilo, Of The Morning Call
After decades of spreading out, Allentown could be growing up, its skyline altered by the Lehigh Valley's tallest building.
Developer Bruce Loch unveiled plans Wednesday for the 33-story Landmark Tower at Ninth and Walnut streets. The $60-million project would include nearly 200,000 square feet of office, retail and residential space and eclipse the vacant Martin Tower, the former headquarters of Bethlehem Steel and the Valley's tallest building, by 20 feet.
Loch, an experienced residential builder in the Lehigh Valley with more than $100 million in development under his belt, is making his first foray into this type of project, which he said would be on a lot owned by the Allentown Parking Authority, next to the authority's garage on Walnut Street.
The property is in the city's one-of-a-kind Neighborhood Improvement Zone, which allows developers to tap tenants' state and city taxes, not including property taxes, to finance construction.
Plans, which are in the early stages, call for retail on the ground floor of the tower, topped by 19 stories of offices. Above that would be 10 floors of residential space — of those, six would be for apartments and four for condominiums. The top three floors of the building would be a restaurant and conference center.
Loch said he has been in talks with Philadelphia restaurateurs who might be interested in the space. He has also been working with a possible tenant for the office space. About 150 to 200 jobs would be created by the building's office tenant, he said. Another 200 to 300 would be needed for construction.
The parking authority voted Wednesday to begin negotiations with Loch to hash out a development agreement for the project. Loch said construction could begin by March 2015.
At 350 feet, the new structure would be the tallest in the area, but it wouldn't be the first time Allentown was home to the Lehigh Valley's tallest building. Completed in 1928, the PPL Tower held the title for many years at 322 feet. In 1972, Bethlehem's Martin Tower broke the record, stretching 330 feet into the air.
If built, Loch's tower would also be the tallest building in the state outside of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, he said. Currently, the tallest structure outside Pennsylvania's two largest cities is in downtown Harrisburg.
But unlike most of those buildings, the tower would fit onto a very small site. The 4,000 square-foot plot for sale by the parking authority is currently just a small green space in the NIZ — about one-third the size of the PPL Tower's footprint. Authority members put it out for bid to explore what might be possible, but they weren't sure what they would get, Executive Director Tamara Dolan said.
"I'm still amazed," she said. "I'm not an engineer, I'm not an architect, I'm not a developer. I could have never looked at 4,000 square feet and seen a 33-story office building."
To fit onto the site, Loch's building would be cantilevered. The first eight floors would be 4,900 square feet each. Upper floors would expand to 6,000 square feet. Loch has offered $100,000 for the property.
Sara Hailstone, executive director of the Allentown Neighborhood Improvement Zone Development Authority, sat in on Loch's presentation as a member of the parking authority. It's promising to see more people who want to invest in the NIZ, she said.
"It certainly is a unique spot to put such a tall building," she said.
Alan Jennings, executive director of Community Action Committee of the Lehigh Valley and a member of the ANIZDA board, said the proposal has not come before the board, but it is an "extraordinary demonstration of the power of the NIZ."
Loch, who is best known for residential development in the Lehigh Valley, said he has had plans for the tower since the 1980s, but the economy tanked as he was preparing to build it. Today, the NIZ makes it possible, he said.
But Loch must clear several hurdles before beginning construction. The lot must be subdivided from an adjacent parking garage, and Loch must get approval from ANIZDA to use NIZ funds for the project.
Loch said he hopes to get 50 percent of the mortgage payment due on the building from NIZ funds.
If it is built, the tower would be a dramatic change to Allentown's landscape. David Bausch, a former city councilman, head of Lehigh County government, and city resident of 81 years, said it would be the first major change to the city's skyline since the 1920s.
Unlike other metropolitan areas that built taller buildings out of necessity, Allentown always had plenty of space, Bausch said. When the city grew, it moved outward, not upward.
But that was the old way of thinking, Bausch said. Today's residents and investors see Allentown as a growing metropolitan area, as evidenced by more modern buildings on Hamilton Street.
"Depending on what the building looks like, I think it would be a very positive thing," Bausch said. "Anything to bring some new business into town."
BRUCE LOCH'S RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Penn Square, Allentown, $24.9 million
• Brynwood, Whitehall Township, $14 million
• Central Park West, Bethlehem, $10 million
• Franklin Woods, Allentown, $9.9 million
• Golden Oaks, South Whitehall Township, $9 million
Pa. coronavirus cases and deaths: Track them here.
MAP: Where coronavirus is in Pennsylvania
Lehigh Valley outdoor dining guide: More than 125 restaurants with al fresco retreats |
msmarco_passage_00_22555599 | Are U.S.-Owned Hotels Terror Targets? - ABC News | Are U.S.-Owned Hotels Terror Targets? - ABC News
Are U.S.-Owned Hotels Terror Targets?
Marriott attack raises questions about where U.S. tourists are safest.
By RUSSELL GOLDMAN
July 17, 2009, 12:10 PM
• 5 min read
July 17,2009—, 2009 -- In the wake of today's deadly terror attacks on two luxury hotels in Jakarta, Indonesia, security experts are divided about whether U.S. travelers are safest staying at American-owned hotels when travelling in places at risk for attack.
The coordinated bombings at the Marriott hotel and the connected Ritz-Carlton hotel, in which nine people were killed and 50 others wounded, were carried out by Jemaah Islamiyah, a local terror network affiliated with al Qaeda.
Luxury hotels in developing countries generally offer travelers more security, experts said, but are also often the targets of Islamic terrorists.
Choosing the right hotel, experts agreed, could be a matter of life or death.
Marriott International owns both the JW Marriott and the Ritz-Carlton in Jakarta. The JW Marriott was attacked once previously in 2003, when Islamic extremists exploded a car bomb outside the hotel, killing 12 people.
In the six years since that bombing, seven other hotels have been targeted by terrorists. Most of those hotels were not owned by American or Western companies, but nevertheless were frequented large numbers of Westerners, including U.S. citizens.
The last American-owned hotel to be bombed was in September 2003, when the Marriott in Islamabad, Pakistan, a favorite of foreign diplomats and well-heeled locals, was attacked, killing 53 people and wounding more than 260. Marriott operates more than 2,800 hotels worldwide.
( Click here for a timeline of deadly hotel attacks)
For some experts, staying at hotels with the means to provide the best security -- like a luxury Marriott -- is always the best bet.
"We're pretty resolute in our recommendation that people not go off brand," said Bruce McIndoe, CEO of IJet Intelligence Risk, a security company that monitors hotel safety. "Established brands offer so much more relative to safety and security. The chance of a terrorist attack remains incredibly small, something like 1 in 10 million.
"It is always best to stick with good brand that has invested in infrastructure that have security," he said.
McIndoe compared the risk of a terror attack at a brand-name hotel to that of a plane disaster with an established commercial carrier.
"Dying at a hotel as a result of terrorist attack is no more likely than dying in a commercial airline crash," he said. "Just because Continental had a recent crash does not mean that its planes are more likely to crash in the future."
Terror attacks in the past seven or eight years have more frequently targeted non-Western and non-American owned hotels, said Alan Orlob, vice-president of corporate security for Marriott on the phone from Jakarta.
"I'm not certain that it is only Western-branded hotels that are being targeted," said Orlob. "The hotels are likely being targeted not for who owns them, but for who is staying there."
Orlob pointed to recent attacks in Mumbai, India; Sharm el-Sheik, Egypt; and Kabul, Afghanistan as examples of bombings at hotels not owned by Western companies.
Orlob said the relatively small number of casualties in today's attacks was a testament to the hotel's tight security.
"This was not a crime of convenience," said Orlob. "The security at the hotel is very robust. None of the other hotels in the city have security close to what we had at these hotels. It is almost impossible to drive a truck loaded with explosives into this hotel. We inspect every vehicle coming into the hotel and we have sturdy barriers that stop vehicles."
Authorities believe the bombers were paying guests at the hotels for two days as they brought in explosive materials and built their weapons.
Some experts, however, believe that American-owned hotels are intentionally targeted by Islamic terrorists, because they are symbols of American commerce and reach.
"Under the circumstances, it is better not to stay at a hotel with an iconic name clearly identified with the United States," said Jack Cloonan, an ABC News consultant and former FBI agent who has also consulted Marriott.
"If I was travelling to Indonesia or Pakistan, or other parts of the world with an al Qaeda presence, I would avoid American-owned hotels," he said. "I'd recommend avoiding the marquee names."
The U.S. Department of State has never issued a travel warning about a specific hotel or American-owned business overseas, but frequently advises Americans to avoid hotels in cities they believe are at risk of attack.
"We've never come out specifically about avoiding specific hotels or locations," said a State Department official not authorized to speak for attribution.
The official would not comment on whether he believed American-owned hotels, like the Marriott and Ritz-Carlton, were targeted because of their association to the United States.
"It is hard to know exactly what motivated these terrorists. We know from past events that terrorists like to target us whenever they have the opportunity," he said.
Though security experts Cloonan and McIndoe disagreed on where you should to stay, they agreed that travelers should do their due diligence and pick hotels with tight security.
Cloonan said travelers should look for hotels with large perimeters, multiple checkpoints and vehicle barriers.
He also recommended staying on the first 10 floors of a building and looking for hotels with shatter-proof glass.
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msmarco_passage_00_23954403 | 'Diff'rent Strokes' Star Gary Coleman Dead at 42 - ABC News | 'Diff'rent Strokes' Star Gary Coleman Dead at 42 - ABC News
'Diff'rent Strokes' Star Gary Coleman Dead at 42
Actor removed from life support after intracranial hemorrhage.
By SHEILA MARIKAR
May 28, 2010, 3:33 AM
• 6 min read
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May 28, 2010— -- Gary Coleman, the former child actor and star of the 1980s TV sitcom "Diff'rent Strokes," has died after an intracranial hemorrhage suffered earlier this week left him unconscious and on life support at a Utah hospital. He was 42.
"Child actor Gary Coleman died at approximately 12:05 p.m. Mountain Standard Time at Utah Valley Regional Medical Center," hospital spokeswoman Janet Frank said in an e-mailed statement. "Family members and close friends were at his side when life support was terminated."
After reaching TV superstardom playing Arnold Jackson on "Diff'rent Strokes" in the late 1970s and early '80s, Coleman's life after the show included years of financial, legal and health troubles, including a congenital kidney condition, leading up to his death.
"It's unfortunate. It's a sad day," Todd Bridges, who played Arnold Jackson's older brother Willis on "Diff'rent Strokes," told the Associated Press. "It's sad that I'm the last kid alive from the show."
Bridges also has had numerous personal and legal problems since "Diff'rent Strokes" went off the air in 1986. And Dana Plato, who played Bridges and Coleman's white older sister on the show, committed suicide in 1999.
Coleman suffered the intracranial hemorrhage at his home in Utah Wednesday, possibly from a fall, though the exact circumstances have not been confirmed.
"He was immediately taken to a local hospital for treatment," Coleman's publicist, John Alcantar, said in an e-mail to ABC News.
Later Wednesday evening, according to Alcantar, Coleman was moved to another hospital for more tests and treatment. By midday Thursday, Coleman had regained consciousness and was lucid.
But his condition soon grew more dire.
"As of mid morning on May 27, Mr. Coleman was conscious and lucid, but by early afternoon that same day, Mr. Coleman was slipping in and out of consciousness and his condition worsened," the hospital statement said.
At a news conference in Salt Lake City after Coleman's death, Coleman's brother-in-law Shawn Price read a statement written by his sister, Coleman's wife, Shannon Price.
"We are very grateful for all the wonderful support everyone has been extending to Gary's family," the statement said. "Thousands of e-mails have poured in to the hospital. This has been so comforting to the family to know how beloved he still is."
Coleman's hemorrhage may have resulted from trauma to his head. Thursday, Coleman's brother-in-law told TMZ.com that the actor fell and suffered a head injury.
Gary Coleman's Rise to Fame on 'Diff'rent Strokes'
Coleman got his start in acting with appearances on "The Jeffersons" and "Good Times." In 1978, at the age of 10, he became a TV icon playing one of two adopted sons of a rich widower on NBC's "Diff'rent Strokes."
His spunky attitude and signature catch phrase -- "Whatchoo talkin' 'bout, Willis?" -- endeared him to audiences and helped him gain more roles. He starred in the 1981 movie "On the Right Track" and 1982's "Jimmy The Kid."
But after "Diff'rent Strokes" went off the air in 1986, Coleman's career stalled. He made appearances in a number of 1990s TV shows, like "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" and "The Drew Carrey Show," but substantial parts eluded him.
Financial problems also plagued Coleman following his "Diff'rent Strokes" run. In 1989, he sued his parents and former manager over misappropriation of his $3.8 million trust fund. In 1993, he won a ruling of almost $1.3 million. But in 1999, Coleman filed for bankruptcy, attributing his financial problems to mismanagement of his trust.
Coleman's health may have also sidelined his career. He suffered from the congenital kidney condition that halted his growth at an early age and despite two kidney transplants, required him to undergo daily dialysis.
Because of his unstable condition, Coleman did not undergo any surgery while hospitalized just before his death, according to Alcantar.
"In recent years Gary Coleman has had difficulties, not only with health issues, but also with his personal and public life," Alcantar said. "At times, it may not have been apparent, but he always has had fond memories of being an entertainer and appreciates his fans for all their support over the years."
As he grew older, Coleman had multiple run-ins with the law. In 1998, while working as a mall security guard, he punched Tracy Fields, a bus driver who asked for his autograph, and was charged with assault. Coleman was ordered to pay Fields' resulting hospital bills, and though his monetary loss was less than $2,000, the cost of the assault was dire to his reputation -- much of Hollywood ceased to take him seriously, chalking him up as a child actor gone bad.
In September 2008, Coleman got into a similar altercation and car accident after a 24-year-old tried to take his photo at a Utah bowling alley. Coleman pleaded no contest to charges of disorderly conduct and reckless driving stemming from that case.
Gary Coleman's Marriage and Difficulties
Coleman wed Shannon Price, 24, in 2007 after meeting her on the set of the 2006 comedy "Church Ball."
One of Coleman's final public appearances was in May 2008, when he and Price went on "Divorce Court" not to end their marriage, but to save it.
Price complained that she and Coleman had ugly fights and that the actor threw temper tantrums "like a 5-year-old does." Coleman admitted to Judge Lynn Toler that he had a bad attitude, but that was because he hadn't had an easy life.
"I don't have any friends and don't have any intention of making any," he said, according to a transcript of the show. "People will stab you in the back, mistreat you, talk about me behind your back, steal from you. And they're not really your friends. They're only there because you're a celebrity or because they want to get something from you."
The year 2010 was particularly hard for Coleman.
In January, he was arrested for failing to appear in court after a domestic disturbance. His health has also faltered -- Coleman suffered seizures in January and again later February on the set of "The Insider."
ABC News' Michael S. James and Brian Braiker contributed to this report.
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msmarco_passage_00_240378508 | Dry Aging Beef Info. Optimal Conditions of Cooler Aging for Beef. | Dry Aging Beef Info. Optimal Conditions of Cooler Aging for Beef.
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Almost EVERYTHING You Need To Know About Dry Aged Beef!
More Information About Dry Aged Beef!
What is the Difference Between Dry Aged and Wet Aged Beef?
Dry Aging Beef to Increase Its' Tenderness
Is It Possible to Dry Age Beef At Home
Definition of Dry Aged Beef:
Forty years ago, most of our beef was dry aged. In the early 1960's the process of vacuum packing beef became the norm for most processors.
The advantage of this process was that they could "wet age" the beef in the bag and not lose any of the weight of the beef. Wet aging was much more cost effective for the processors so a weaning of the consumers' taste buds began to occur. Slowly, the consumer forgot what the real taste of steak was.
Beef is aged for 7 to 21 days. During this process a crust forms on the outside of the loin, very similar to the texture of beef jerky. This layer is trimmed away, leaving steaks that are superior in tenderness and flavor. During the dry aging process, the juices are absorbed into the meat, enhancing the flavor and tenderizing the steaks.
Research from major universities, including Kansas State University, indicates the enhancement of flavor and tenderness occurs in this Dry Aging process. Dry Aged Steaks are very popular in the fine, white linen steakhouses on the coasts.
The dry aging process takes special care and requires a relatively large inventory. It is very time consuming and expensive, requiring extra effort, storage and high-quality beef.
Up to 20% of the original weight of the loin is lost during the dry aging process. This is why dry aged steak is offered only in fine restaurants, upscale grocery stores and gourmet steak companies.
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What factors make THE BEST BEEF STEAKS?
1. What can be done to cattle before and after slaughter to produce
THE BEST BEEF STEAKS?
Quality begins at the ranch, as any red-blooded Texan boasts. Cattlemen are mindful of all sorts of things we don't want to think about when we're sitting down to dinner. They ponder stuff like low-stress handling, diet, vitamin supplementation, timing of castration, breeding, and hormones. Stockyards and meat handlers after slaughter consider things like electrical stimulation, infusing meat with calcium and chemicals, even how carcasses are hung.
2. Grain fed beef.
For our discussion, we'll concentrate on the axioms that make for more pleasant dinner conversation. What the cows eat can make better eating for us. The prestigious purveyors in Chicago, which supply many of Dallas' finest steak houses, finish their beef by feeding the cattle grains, instead of grass, their final months of life. To Richard Chamberlain of Chamberlain's Steak & Chop House, these grain-fed steers are noticeably more flavorful.
3. Prime Grade Beef.
When experts choose their meat, traditionally only "prime" makes the grade. A prime rating is the gold standard and given to less than 5-percent of all beef in the country. When grading meat, U.S. Department of Agriculture inspectors look at the degree of marbling. That's those tiny slivers of fat throughout the meat which give flavor and help keep it juicy when it's cooked. More fat is better only to a point, as really thick lines of fat make for a tough steak.
4. Marbling.
Problem is, well-marbled prime isn't as prime as it used to be. The past two decades Americans developed an aversion to fat, and cattlemen responded by breeding cattle to be leaner. Lean took precedence over quality and flavor. Old-fashioned prime beef became scarce. "Thankfully beef is trendy again," said Chamberlain, "and steak-lovers' cravings are being satisfied in more ways."
5. Cattle Breed.
For really lean cuts, such as fillets cut from the tenderloin, prime is a moot point. So, when shopping for them or the choicest "choice" grade steaks, wise steak buyers are turning to cows with good genes. Due to great breeding, these cows—like Black Angus and Japanese Black Wagyu—have especially flavorful meat and natural superior marbling regardless of their grade.
6. Dry Aging.
For select customers, those top purveyors also expertly dry-age beef. Only a few legendary steakhouses and even fewer butchers across the country do their own dry-aging because it's expensive and takes meticulous attention and expertise. Pappas Bros. Steakhouse is the only restaurant here to dry age their own beef. Judd Fruia, General Manager, said they have three trained chefs who monitor up to $100,000 worth of steaks in their UV hanging room around the clock.
For Dallas home cooks, Rudolph's Market has been dry-aging beef for over a hundred years, said Brandon Andreason, butcher. "It's the only way to do it and the beef is hands-down superior to that aged any other way. If dried properly, even choice can be as good or even better than prime."
The time-honored process of dry-aging begins with top quality meat. Only a fraction of beef dry ages well: well-marbled prime grade and meat from those exceptional cattle breeds. Extremely lean beef won't age without spoiling as it needs that protective fat coating. The meat is hung in large sterile refrigerators with carefully controlled air flow, humidity, and temperature for two to six weeks. During this ripening period, several key things happen. Enzymes break down the muscle fibers, improving tenderness, until by the third week the meat is positively buttery. A 20 percent moisture loss concentrates the beefy flavors, leaving an intense, almost gamey, taste. The meat's ability to hold onto moisture with cooking is improved, too, making for juicier cooked steaks. Dry-aged beef also develops a crust which has to be trimmed away, resulting in an additional loss of up to 25-percent of the meat's original weight, adding to its cost.
Even though it's an expensive proposition, dry-aged beef has long been considered the best among seasoned steak connoisseurs. They describe its flavor as rich and nutty, decadently tender, and "beefier" than nonaged. Its intensity requires a robust erudite palate.
Still, no one denies that dry-aging is basically controlled rotting, and the meat is an acquired taste. "It has a green taste that's hard for many diners to appreciate, to the point of being offensive," said Chamberlain.
"If you don't enjoy a richer well-marbled ribeye or strip steak, then dry-aged beef wouldn't be something you would appreciate," said Bob Stephenson, Executive Chef at Cool River Cafe. He feels quality beef is of greater appeal to most Dallas diners. "Certified Angus beef or prime are the biggest draws," he said.
Most steakhouses in Dallas sell wet-aged beef. It has been aged, packaged in vacuum-sealed plastic bags while being shipped from the stockyards to the consumer. Although the enzymes still help tenderize the meat, the flavor remains neutral. The meat, because it has been sitting in its own juices, has been described as wet and bloody-tasting.
Whether you believe those who say that dry-aged beef is a romantic fantasy, or those who say wet-aged beef is a ruse, everyone agrees some type of aging makes for a better steak.
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More Information About Dry Aged Beef!
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Aging beef is a procedure used to naturally tenderize beef. The process includes storing vacuum packed beef for 5-28 days at a constant temperature of 0-4 degrees centigrade. This allows the natural enzymes in the muscle to slowly break down the fibers. The taste of aged beef also improves. Once beef has been properly aged, it can be either cooked or frozen. The frozen beef will maintain the benefits of aging. It is not advisable to age beef in a home refrigerator, as the temperature varies too much. It is also not possible to age beef that has been previously frozen.
Dry vs. wet aging!
There are two ways of aging beef: wet and dry aged. Wet aged occurs when the beef is kept in a vacuum-sealed bag and not exposed to the air. During this process the beef sets in its own juices and doesn't loose much moisture causing the beef to be less juicy and have a wet taste. Dry aged beef is placed in an aging cooler with a controlled temperature between 35-38° and humidity of 50-60%. This enables the natural enzymes of the beef to break down the muscle fibers thus tenderizing the meat. When dry aging beef, the outside becomes stiff and there is a loss of moisture of up to 40 percent after trimming. Dry aged beef will be extremely tender and concentrated with succulent flavor.
Marbling is a must!
Marbling in meat should be fine and throughout. Thick or heavy marbling will not break down during cooking and will be a tougher cut of meat. Meat with little or no marbling will have very little flavor and usually will not be as tender.
Color and Texture!
Look for beef that has a cream color on the outer fat. Bones should have a reddish color. The meat should be firm to the touch and also should be cherry red in color.
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Checkoff Dollars Used For
Aging Study Of Retail Cuts
AUSTIN — Supermarket meat managers can enhance the tenderness of some fresh beef cuts through planned aging, according to a recent Texas A&M University study funded with beef checkoff dollars through the Texas Beef Council.
The objective of the research is to help retailers increase consumer satisfaction with certain beef cuts. The 1995 National Beef Quality Audit determined that inadequate tenderness is second only to low overall uniformity and consistency as major concerns by retailers about beef.
TBC currently is working with Texas A&M researchers and national groups to disseminate the aging information to retailers.
"Aging meat makes it better," said Dr. Jeff Savell, leader of A&M’s meat science section and a principal researcher in the study. "Beef has to age to have enhanced tenderness characteristics. What this means to supermarkets is that somewhere along the system we’ve got to build in an aging system."
For Texas beef producers, who funded the study through their $1 per head beef checkoff program, the study means retailers are part of the process in presenting more tender beef to consumers. They can help enhance tenderness, as well as perception of the state’s fresh beef products, simply through different inventory management.
"This study shows that the retail marketer has as important a role as the producer in making beef more tender," said Ken Jordan of San Saba, chairman of TBC’s beef quality committee. "When all segments work together, we can come closer to providing the consumer with a highly desirable, consistently tender product."
Aging refers to holding beef at refrigerated temperatures for an extended period of time. The process allows natural enzymatic reactions to take place that maximize the flavor and tenderness of certain beef cuts.
The Texas A&M study looked at seven popular retail cuts. It showed that five of them reach optimum tenderness somewhere between 12 and 16 days of aging.
Studies have shown that beef gets from the packer to the retail meat case in an average of 17 days. That means some beef already has proper aging. However, other beef gets to the retail case in as few as three days. That’s far too early for the enzymatic reactions that induce tenderness to occur.
Based on the study, Texas A&M released the following recommendations to retailers to assure that maximum tenderness due to aging has occurred:
Chuck rolls and bottom rounds should be aged for at least 12 days;
Ribeyes and shortloins should be aged at least 13 days;
Top rounds should be aged at least 16 days.
The study showed aging had no maximum effect on shoulder clods and top sirloins. Therefore, these cuts can be marketed soon after they leave the packing plant.
The objective of this research, Jordan said, will be to get retailers to install a planned aging system that complements the industry’s efforts to increase tenderness through genetic selection pressures.
"The idea for this research program originated with beef producers," Jordan said. "It’s an example of how the beef checkoff program works at the grassroots level to make our industry better for all beef producers."
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Optimal Conditions of Cooler Aging for Beef
Summary Steaks from longissimus muscle were stored at 30° F and 38° F for one, two, three, eight and 15 days postmortem to identify time/temperature combinations providing optimum tenderization. After completion of each treatment, steaks were sampled for myofibrillar protein degradation using gel electrophoresis and Warner-Bratzler shear force. Steaks aged at 38° F tended to have lower shear force values (greater tenderness) and shorter storage times than those stored at 30° F. Gel electrophoresis confirmed these results: samples stored at 38° F had considerable protein degradation in eight days, comparable to steaks aged at 30° F for 15 days.
Introduction
Biology of meat tenderness is quite complex, with many factors influencing the final product. One factor affecting tenderness is extent of proteolysis, or breakdown, of muscle proteins. As meat ages, proteolysis is enhanced. Larger protein components of meat break down into smaller fragments and as this process continues, the meat becomes more tender. Another factor is temperature, which has a profound effect on the time course of aging, and may also influence the extent of tenderization. It is well known beef improves in tenderness when stored in coolers, with optimal aging occurring in the first 11 days. What is not known, however, is the optimal aging time at a given cooler temperature. Many purveyors now extend aging periods prior to selling beef to upscale restaurants. Extended storage of meat at or near freezing temperatures, however, may not accomplish the desired effect and is not always feasible. It is possible a shorter storage at a slightly higher temperature would accomplish the same results for less time and money. The relationship of storage temperature and aging times to beef tenderness and palatability is needed to make general recommendations to those who age beef.
Procedure
Ten pairs of loins were used for all aging time-storage temperature combinations. The loins were stored using two cooler temperatures (30° F and 38° F) and five aging times (one, two, three, eight and 15 days postmortem). After each treatment, steaks were cut and 10-gram samples were collected from each steak for gel electrophoresis. The steaks were then vacuum-packaged and frozen at -68° F for Warner-Bratzler shear force determination at a later time. A zero-time sample was also collected on the day of slaughter to provide a baseline for electrophoretic gels.
After controlled thawing, steaks (1 inch thick) were broiled to an internal temperature of 158° F and allowed to cool. Cores (n = 8-10; 0.5 in diameter) were taken parallel to fiber directions and sheared for determination of tenderness as measured by shear force using the Instron Universal Testing machine.
Myofibrils used for electrophoresis were isolated from raw muscle samples by differential gradient centrifugation. Electrophoresis identified protein fragments with different molecular weights. Molecular weight standards (BioRad, broad range) were used to identify molecular weights of the protein bands.
Results
Warner-Bratzler tests suggest steaks stored at 38° F tend to have lower shear forces at a shorter storage time than those stored at 30° F (Figure 1). Although not significant (P > .05), this trend is consistent with current theories of aging. The shear force test is subject to a great deal of variation. We postulate greater numbers of samples would maintain this trend, increasing the level of significance.
Although the relationship between shear force and aging time is not linear, it does follow a curve (P < .01). It is interesting to note values obtained for steaks aged at 30° F for 15 days are similar to steaks aged at 38° F for 11-12 days. Reducing aging by three days would lead to significant annual savings.
The results from both Warner-Bratzler and electrophoresis suggest aging occurs at a faster rate in steaks stored at 38° F and suggest beef can be stored for a shorter period of time at a higher temperature to obtain the desired tenderness. Such an aging period would translate into considerable savings in time and money for purveyors. Further study is needed to determine palatability, microbial growth and the specific biochemical processes occurring during different time and temperature combinations. Also, other retail cuts of beef must be tested using the same procedures to refine the relationship between storage temperature and aging.
Beef is aged to obtain the optimum in flavor and tenderness.
Although opinion varies on the proper length of aging, the best beef is aged to about 10 -14 days.
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If you found this page interesting, you may also want to look at the following pages:
Kobe Beef
London Broil
Chateaubriand
Beef Marinade
Tri Tip
Filet Mignon
Beef Brisket
Beef Brisket
Click on any jar below to go to that seasonings web page where
you can read more about that seasoning and place your order.
Prime Steak and Beefburger Seasoning (Formerly Meyers Roast Beef Rub)
is our most popular shake-on seasoning.
Last Updated: Tuesday, July 30, 2013 03:02 PM
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Assassin's Creed: Unity E3 2014 World Premiere Cinematic Trailer
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Assassin's Creed: Unity E3 2014 World Premiere Cinematic Trailer
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"It is sometimes hard to remember how easy life was, before the world changed. Now people are starving in the streets and those with the will to fight back are imprisoned... or worse. The life I had is gone. The world I knew with it. Amongst the violence, amongst the chaos, I will find justice no matter the cost. If we've been betrayed from within, I have to do this myself."
―Arno Dorian, Assassin's Creed: Unity Story Trailer.
Assassin's Creed: Unity
Developer
Ubisoft Montreal
Publisher
Ubisoft
Engine
AnvilNext 2.0
Composer
Chris Tilton
Sarah Schachner
Ryan Amon
Release date
November 11, 2014 ( NA)
November 13, 2014 ( PAL)
Genre
Historic Action-Adventure
Game modes
Single-player
Cooperative play
ESRB rating
M (Mature)
Platform (s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Website
Assassin's Creed: Unity is a 2014 sandbox action adventure game, and a sequel to 2013's Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, the game has the player take on the role of an Initiate as they explore the story of Arno Dorian, who joins the Assassins to investigate the murder of his adoptive father on behalf of his adoptive sister Élise de la Serre, a member of the Templars .
The game was released on 11 November 2014 in North America, 13 November in Europe and 14 November in the UK. It is available for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC.
Assassin's Creed: Unity is set primarily in Paris during the French Revolution in the late 18th century, with two additional areas in Versailles and Saint-Denis .
Contents
1
Gameplay
1.1
Locations and navigation
1.2
Memories
1.3
Customization
1.4
Cooperative play
1.5
Other
2
Synopsis
2.1
Plot
2.2
Cast
3
Development
4
Controversy
5
Editions
6
Marketing
7
Gallery
8
Appearances
9
References
Gameplay
Locations and navigation
As the game is exclusive to next-generation consoles and PC, it will enable renderings of Paris to 1:1 scale and crowds numbering in the thousands. Players will able to explore the city's entirety, including seamless interiors and the catacombs of Paris, with landmarks like Notre-Dame having a quarter of the building's interior playable. Even empty buildings may have unlockable rooms with treasures inside. When standing on rooftops, a button can display 3D objects like alarm bells to help the player strategize.
Haystacks have been largely removed in favor of allowing players to control their descent from rooftops, and the controls for freerunning up and down are now separate. Social Stealth has been improved upon with a special crouching mode activated by button, and combat has been made more tactical to feel more realistic: counter kills were removed.
Assassinations in the game are referred to as "black box missions," and harken to the style of gameplay from the first Assassin's Creed. Contextual clues are provided to allow the player to choose and plan their own approach, rather than follow a linear, pre-determined path to the target. Unlike previous games however, an assassination is not deemed successful until Arno has escaped after performing it.
Memories
For memories, instead of the player being given a series of objectives, Ubisoft has developed the Adaptive Mission Mechanic, which gives players several potential paths to complete a mission. For example, choosing to stalk a target will lead to a chase if they detect you, as opposed to causing desynchronization.
Customization
The Assassins' weapons and appearance are customizable, while experience gained can be spent on four different specialties: "Melee" (offense), "Health" (defense), "Ranged" (navigation), and stealth. For example, Arno can possess Eagle Pulse, which allows him to sense how many guards are in a location he intends to infiltrate. Like other skills, it can be upgraded with experience points at the player's discretion. He can also unlock a disguise skill to escape pursuing guards. The player will be able to upgrade all of Arno's skills, given his objective is to become a Master Assassin.
There are around 200 choices for Arno's gear, which can benefit gameplay:
Hoods can decrease a guard's reaction time as well as increase the radius of Eagle Sense.
Chest items refer to the Assassins' robes, which changing can increase the time you can spend blended in the crowd, and the time it takes for a guard to detect you.
Arm items change the appearance of the Hidden Blade, increasing melee damage and the Phantom Blade 's ammunition, but can also increase the time it takes to revive allies.
Belts and sashes increase the number of health points and items carried.
Pants and boots can decrease fall damage and running noises, as well as providing extra health.
Cooperative play
"Assassins do not only embark on their own quests (like Ezio avenging his family), they have to pay their dues to the Assassin council. So players will have to complete what we call Brotherhood missions, in shared experience, to fulfill their duties towards the Assassins."
―Alex Amancio discussing the reason behind cooperative gameplay. [ [src ]]
Following the success of Wolfpack in Assassin's Creed III and Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, Assassin's Creed: Unity is the first game in the series to introduce campaign co-op. Up to four players can take on story-based missions including sabotaging an execution, protecting an emperor or assassinating a target. However, the co-op missions will be optional, all story-based, and can be completed singularly as well.
Co-operative gameplay starts at taverns, where the player can see a "ghost" of a friend who is also playing. Approaching said ghost can establish a request to join the friend on their mission, and both will be loaded to the mission's nearest checkpoint. Amancio expects players will spend a third of their time in co-op mode.
Players can unlock skills that will benefit a whole group: these include the Disguise skill, Group Healing, the Assassin Cache for sharing bombs and ammunition, and Communal Sense, which colors targets' locations across the whole map.
There are heist missions for the Assassins to steal money. The more an Assassin is detected, the less money will be gained. Amancio commented that the co-op missions will encourage players to work together, thereby avoiding a session from falling apart with gamers who refuse to co-operate.
Players can also roam around together in open world co-op and do several puzzles together such as the Nostradamus Enigmas .
Other
The modern day portion returned, using Abstergo Entertainment 's "Helix" video game console that allows users to play and view genetic memories. The player is playing as a user who is streaming Arno's memories through the help of Assassins Bishop and Shaun, with Bishop being the person who directly talks to him. They show him a stolen internal Abstergo video that explains scientists discovering rare DNA with triple helix (instead of the normal double) that come from Sages. The video states that if they find enough they could build a memory sequence that shows the locations of the Pieces of Eden. The Assassins are looking for the Sage that Arno met at some point in his life. At some points in the game there are server sweeps where Arno has to run into a portal before the user is discovered by Abstergo. He then goes through a linear level of Paris in different years such The Belle Époque. and the Second World War. He then has to go through the portal to return to the simulation.
Unity is the first game in the Assassin's Creed series to lack the competitive multiplayer, since its initiation in Brotherhood.
Synopsis
Plot
In 2014, a Helix user explored the memories of a Templar in the service of Jacques de Molay. The memory takes place in 13 October 1307, in the Temple in Paris, which was being attacked by the forces of King Philip the Fair. Alerted by the ensuing battle, Jacques tasked his advisor to hide the Sword of Eden and the Codex Pater Intellectus. Running through the battlefield, the advisor took notice of an Assassin, Thomas de Carneillon. After a sword fight with Thomas, the advisor returned the Sword and Codex to their resting place in the Temple. As the advisor left the room, he noticed Jacques had been captured. However, before he could rescue the Grand Master, the advisor was stopped by Thomas, who killed him with his Hidden Blade. Seven years later, Jacques and his affiliates were set to be burned at the stake. Before perishing, Jacques cursed the Pope and King overseeing his execution. With his death, the Templar Order was publicly disbanded.
Suddenly, the memory was interrupted by the transmission of an Assassin, who introduced herself as Bishop. She explained to them that they were being manipulated by Abstergo to sift through memories, following which she asked them to experience an unsequenced set of Arno Dorian 's memories as an introduction to the Assassins and Templars.
In 1776, eight-year-old Arno accompanied his father, Charles Dorian, on a business trip in the Palace of Versailles. While waiting for his father on a chair, Arno saw a girl running away, and followed her. After Arno stole an apple for her, the girl introduced herself as Élise de la Serre. Suddenly, a commotion was heard. Arno followed the crowd and found his father's body laid on the floor. Charles Dorian was assassinated, leaving his son an orphan under the care of Templar Grand Master François de la Serre .
Thirteen years later, Arno was at De la Serre estate performing chores when De la Serre left in a carriage. Then, an exhausted Templar messenger, Perrault, caught up to Arno, having a letter needed to be urgently delivered to De la Serre. Arno took the letter and chased after the carriage, but failed to deliver the message to François de la Serre.
Arno then learned of a party at the Palace of Versailles where Élise was. After slidding the letter under De la Serre's office’s door. Arno put on a suit and infiltrated the Palace to find Élise. After sharing a romantic moment with her, Arno and Élise were then interrupted by a guard, and Élise told Arno to leave. On his way out, Arno spotted De la Serre, who fell to the ground, dead. Charles Gabriel Sivert came from behind a wall and then framed Arno for the murder. Arno was taken by the guards and subsequently imprisoned in the Bastille .
Arno found himself in a cell with four other men. After his first night in prison, he saw one of the prisoners holding his father’s watch, and tried to take it back. The prisoner handed Arno a wooden training sword, and the two dueled. Arno called his attention to a wall painted with unusual symbols. The prisioner acknowledged Arno’s Eagle Vision, and after learning his surname, introduced himself as Pierre Bellec, revealing that his late father was an Assassin before returning the watch and offering to train Arno.
Two months later, Bellec and Arno were still training, while a great commotion was taking place outside. The Bastille was stormed by revolutionaries, and Bellec and Arno took the opportunity to escape. Days later, he made his way to the de la Serre estate in search of Élise, who assumed he was responsible for her father's death. Élise handed Arno the letter he was supposed to deliver to her father, warning him of betrayal from someone within the Templar Order. After learning about his unwitting role in his stepfather's death, Arno decided to seek out the Assassin Brotherhood. After finding Bellec and meeting the Assassin Council, Arno was inducted into the Parisian Brotherhood of Assassins .
Bishop then showed up and offered the user a chance to join the Assassins. Once they accepted, Bishop showed them footage of Abstergo's Phoenix Project, explaining that the Templars were searching for Sages both in the present and the past to map the Precursor genome. As Arno had encountered a Sage at some point during his lifetime, Bishop was hoping to have the Initiate find the Sage's remains before Abstergo, through Arno's memories. Bishop then allowed the Initiate to proceed.
Arno rendezvoused with Bellec on a rooftop near the Conciergerie for his last exercise before becoming a fully fledged Assassin, where he learned that Sivert would be at Notre-Dame the next day. Arno was tasked with finding and assassinating Sivert. Arno infiltrated the church entered the confessional, impersonating Sivert’s accomplice, Duchesneau, in order to gain information from Sivert. Having gained the necessary information, Arno thrust his arm through the lattice and stabbed Sivert in the throat with his Hidden Blade, killing the Templar. Arno then viewed Sivert's memories, and learned the identity of his partner-in-crime on the night of De la Serre's murder, the Roi des Thunes .
Arno informed the Assassin Council of his discovery, where he was given the Phantom Blade and tasked with finding and assassinating the Roi des Thunes. Arno left for the Cour des Miracles and investigated a commotion, where he found a beggar having his foot forcibly amputated by the Roi des Thunes' lieutenant, Aloys la Touche. Just as he was about to intervene, Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade, advised him against it, suggesting instead that Arno followed La Touche to his master. Arno found and interrogated him, discovering the hiding place of the Roi des Thunes. Arno entered the sewers and started making his way towards the Roi des Thunes. Arno managed to assassinate his target, and with the Roi des Thunes dead, De Sade took over his position immediately. He then informed Arno that François-Thomas Germain had crafted the pin used to kill François de la Serre.
The Council tasked Arno with investigating the silversmith, Germain. Arno infiltrated the workshop and found Germain, who claimed being held against his will for months. Arno escorted Germain outside, who retributed telling Arno that he made the pin for a man called Chrétien Lafrenière. While investigating Lafrenière, Arno destroyed his gunpowder supply and discovered where to find his target. Arno arrived at the Holy Innocents' Cemetery to assassinate Lafrenière, the man he believed to be responsible for François de la Serre's death. Arno assassinated Lafrenière and, through his memories, he discovered that Lafrenière was planning to attack the Hôtel de Beauvais in force.
Arno returned to the Council, and informed them of Lafrenière’s involvement in De la Serre’s murder. The Council tasked Arno with finding and assassinating Lafrenière, but he informed them that he already did, much to their indignation. Although initially scolded for his assassination of Lafrenière, Arno was allowed to continue his investigation. Arno reached the Hôtel de Beauvais. By eavesdropping on a Templar meeting, he learned of a planned ambush on Élise. Arno reunited with Élise and rescued her from the Templar ambush. He then instructed her to meet him at the Café Théâtre .
Arno met with Élise at the Café Théâtre and convinced her to join forces with the Brotherhood to find her father's killer. Élise was brought before the Assassin Council, although she was unable to land an agreement with them. While Mirabeau convened with the Council, Arno informed her of Germain. Élise informed Arno that Germain was exiled from the Templar Order for his radical views and heretical notions about Jacques de Molay. Investigating Germain's residence, they discovered him to be her father's killer. While planning to inform Mirabeau of Germain's true identity, Arno and Élise found him murdered. After an investigation, they deduced that the killer was likely an Assassin. Arno followed a lead to the Sainte-Chapelle, and discovered Mirabeau's killer to be Bellec. He had done this because he strongly believed that no peace could be achieved between the Assassins and the Templars, and that purging the Brotherhood to remake it into a stronger organization was a good thing. Bellec attempted to convince Arno to join his cause, but Arno refused, and forced into a duel, Arno reluctantly killed his former mentor.
Arno met with the Assassin Council for his next assignment. The Council learned that Mirabeau was in contact with the King and tasks Arno to find the letters he sent before they’re made public. Arno infiltrated the Tuileries Palace, and while disposing of Mirabeau's correspondence with the King Louis, Arno met artillery officer Napoleon Bonaparte. After escaping the Tuileries with him, Arno was able to gain his assistance in tracking down Captain Frédéric Rouille. Arno reached the Grand Châtelet, where Rouille and his men were executing prisoners. Arno tracked down and assassinated Rouille. Through his memories, he learned of a Templar plot to starve France and incite riots, led by a woman named Marie Lévesque .
Arno met with Élise at Le Marais, and informed her of Lévesque’s plan. Stealing a set of orders from the captain of a grain barge, he discovered that Lévesque would be at the Luxembourg Palace. Arno infiltrated the Palace and assassinated Lévesque. Through her memories, he learned of a plot to execute King Louis, undertaken by Louis-Michel le Peletier. Arno and Élise escaped the area in a hot air balloon. They then shared a night of passion.
Seeking to find and kill Le Peletier, Arno and Élise met with the Marquis de Sade at the Louvre, who informed them that Le Peletier could be found at the Palais-Royal. Arno tracked down and assassinated Le Peletier. Through his memories, he learned that Germain would be present at King Louis' execution the following morning.
At King Louis' execution, Arno met with Élise near the Place de la Révolution, intending to assassinate Germain. Louis XVI was executed, and Arno failed to assassinate Germain since he refused to let Élise take on the Grand Master's bodyguards alone. This caused her to question his devotion to avenging her father. As a result, she cut off contact with Arno.
As Arno returned to the Assassin hideout, he was stopped by two Assassins and escorted to the Council. Due to Arno defying orders to abandon Germain’s investigation and his obsession for revenge, the Council expelled Arno from the Brotherhood. Months later, he had moved back to the De la Serre estate in Versailles and returned drinking. While attempting to find his missing watch, Élise found him and convinced him to resume their mission.
As Aloys la Touche hosted executions at the town square, Arno set out to rid Versailles of his terror over the town. Arno assassinated la Touche and, through his memories, he learned that Maximilien de Robespierre, leader of the Reign of Terror, was Germain's final conspirator.
Arno and Élise drove back to Paris, seeking to find Germain through Robespierre at the Festival of the Supreme Being. They managed to plant incriminating evidence on several people, discrediting Robespierre and turning popular opinion against him. Once Germain abandoned him, it would be easy to acquire information from Robespierre. Robespierre was arrested, but he broke free of his imprisonment and sought shelter from the last vestiges of his allies in France. Arno and Élise found and interrogated Robespierre, learning that Germain was hiding in the Temple. Robespierre was arrested again and sent to be executed the following morning.
Arno and Élise infiltrated the Temple to find Germain. Upon Arno locating him, Germain used the Sword of Eden to fire a burst of electricity at him. After a fight at the Temple’s central tower, Germain fled to the catacombs. Arno entered the catacombs and found the entrance to the Templar vault. Élise then appeared and distracted Germain, allowing Arno to attack. Élise then fought Germain alone, but the Sword’s power was rendered unstable. The Sword exploded, killing Élise and mortally wounding Germain in the process. In an act of grief, Arno slowly assassinated Germain by stabbing him in the throat with his Hidden Blade. In a vision following his death, Germain explained his struggle of being a Sage, and his beliefs in de Molay's and Élise's unfortunate deaths. As Germain finally succumbed to his wounds, Arno carried Élise's body out from the Temple, leaving behind Germain's lifeless body inside.
Some time later, Arno, as a Master Assassin, walked through Paris, and reflected on his own beliefs about the Creed not being a grant of permission to do as he would, but a warning that everyone is responsible for their actions and its consequences. In 1808, Arno entered the Temple once more, accompanied by Napoleon. There, they discovered Germain's corpse which had long since decayed, and buried his skeletal remains in the Catacombs of Paris. This left Bishop satisfied, as the bones would be difficult for Abstergo to locate and were likely too degraded for DNA extraction. Bishop praised the Initiate for his work and promised to contact them again.
Cast
Dan Jeannotte as Arno Dorian
Catherine Bérubé as Élise de la Serre
Anthony Lemke as Pierre Bellec
Alex Ivanovici as Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade
Brent Skagford as Napoleon Bonaparte
Harry Standjofski as Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
Mary Katherine Harvey as Sophie Trenet
Timothy Watson as Hervé Quemar
Mizinga Mwinga as Guillaume Beylier
Stephen Beckett as Charles Dorian
Kate Todd as Bishop
Bruce Dinsmore as Maximilien de Robespierre
Alain Goulem as Charles Gabriel Sivert
Amber Goldfarb as Marie Levesque
Ivan Sherry as Roi des Thunes
Olivier Lamarche as Aloys la Touche
Noel Burton as Chrétien Lafrenière
James Loye as Frédéric Rouille
Julian Casey as François-Thomas Germain
Development
Assassin's Creed: Unity began development in 2010 as Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood wrapped up development. Ubisoft 's Montreal -based team, in conjunction with nine other studios from Toronto, Kiev, Singapore, Shanghai, Annecy, Montpellier, Bucharest, Quebec, and Chengdu worked on the game.
The creative director was Alexandre Amancio, who also served in that capacity on 2011's Assassin's Creed: Revelations. He was offered the French Revolution game before taking the job of creative director on Revelations. After shipping that game, he was exhausted and took a job in advertising before returning to Ubisoft on Unity in June 2012.
Amancio aimed to utilize the then next-generation console technology to push the boundaries of storytelling, and having an engaging love story without making it become a secondary storyline. He cited Ico and Passage as video games that successfully placed romance at the center of gameplay, but noted those were far less complex than an Assassin's Creed game.
Travis Stout wrote the single player story, Ceri Young wrote the co-op missions, and Russell Lees scripted the single-player side missions. The historical characters have been mostly relegated to the side missions, leaving Stout to concentrate on writing a story focusing on Arno.
French historian Dr. Jean Clement Martin acted as script consultant. According to the series' primary historical advisor Maxime Durand, he aided in ensuring the story did not feel too Royalist despite critiquing the Revolution.
The game uses a rebuilt Anvil game engine utilizing the Theatre, Zen and City Lights tools, which respectively improve animation, asset management and volumetric lighting. Quebec professor Laurent Turcot advised developers on the look of 18th century Paris, advising them to look at contemporary paintings and engravings in recreating the past. Nicolas-Jean-Baptiste Raguenet 's paintings were emulated for the appearance of the city's water.
Unity has crowds numbering in the thousands, with new animations and behaviors, such as holding hands or chatting to each other, enhancing their believability. When Arno sees crowds from a distance, the civilians' animation rigs are simplified, but as he gets closer, their "bones" increase and their behavior becomes more complex.
Amancio explained the game's characters speak in English accents because unlike previous games, where accents distinguished characters and reminded players where they are from, it is clear to the player that the characters in Unity are French so using those accents was deemed unnecessary.
Unlike previous installments, the soundtrack of Unity was developed by three composers: Chris Tilton, Ryan Amon, and Sarah Schachner.
Controversy
The development team had intended for players to choose the co-op characters' gender, but it was abandoned due to time constraints. "It's double the animations, it's double the voices, all that stuff and double the visual assets", Amancio explained. "Especially because we have customizable assassins. It was really a lot of extra production work."
This caused an immediate uproar of anger from many fans of the series. Even Assassin's Creed III animation director Jonathan Cooper criticized this reason, stating, "In my educated opinion, I would estimate this to be a day or two's work. Not a replacement of 8000 animations", explaining "Walk/run cycles and idles are the easiest way to define a character. Everything else is androgynous." He also revealed Aveline de Grandpré shared more animations with Ratonhnhaké:ton than Edward Kenway did.
In response, Ubisoft issued the following statement :
" Assassin's Creed Unity is focused on the story of the lead character, Arno. Whether playing by yourself or with the co-op shared experiences, you the gamer will always be playing as Arno, complete with his broad range of gear and skill sets that will make you feel unique. With regard to diversity in our playable Assassins, we've featured Aveline, Connor, Adéwalé and Altaïr in Assassin's Creed games and we continue to look at showcasing diverse characters. We look forward to introducing you to some of the strong female characters in Assassin's Creed Unity. "
The game shipped with many bugs and glitches, leading Ubisoft to apologize by offering the Dead Kings DLC for free. Later patches stabilized game performance and also allowed players to acquire legacy items without needing the companion app or an account on the Initiates website.
Editions
To date, Ubisoft has announced several collector's editions of Assassin's Creed: Unity. The Gold Edition is no longer available as the Season Pass has been removed.
A retail copy of Assassin's Creed: Unity.
A collector's box.
A replica of Arno's pocket watch.
An exclusive weapon: the Parade Pistol.
One exclusive single player mission: The Chemical Revolution.
A retail copy of Assassin's Creed: Unity.
A jumbo steel case.
A copy of the official soundtrack.
A copy of the official artbook.
Two lithographs.
Two exclusive single player missions: Chemical Revolution and American Prisoner.
A retail copy of Assassin's Creed: Unity.
A collector's box.
A copy of the official soundtrack.
A copy of the official artbook.
A 16" Arno figurine.
A music box.
Two exclusive single player missions: Chemical Revolution and Killed by Science.
A retail copy of Assassin's Creed: Unity.
An exclusive weapon: the Razorhead Spear.
One exclusive single player mission: Chemical Revolution.
A "Spin to Win" opportunity.
A retail copy of Assassin's Creed: Unity.
A collector's box.
A FuturePak case.
A copy of the official soundtrack.
A copy of the official artbook.
A 41cm Arno guillotine figurine.
A secret Paris map.
A framed canvas print.
Two lithographs.
A customized tarot card game.
A music box.
Two exclusive single player missions.
Exclusive weapons and outfits.
A retail copy of Assassin's Creed: Unity.
A collector's box.
A copy of the official soundtrack.
A copy of the official artbook.
A 39.5cm Arno gargoyle figurine.
Two exclusive single player mission: Chemical Revolution and American Prisoner.
A retail copy of Assassin's Creed: Unity.
One exclusive single player mission: Chemical Revolution.
Royal Arsenal exclusive weapons and outfits pack.
Marketing
For the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con, Ubisoft designed an obstacle course, where parkour experts and stuntmen were on hand to help fans recreate the freerunning moves they will see in the game. An animated trailer debuted there was produced by Rob Zombie, designed by Tony Moore and narrated by Féodor Atkine.
Gallery
Assassin's Creed Unity Sneak Peek Video
Assassin’s Creed Unity - Launch trailer
Assassin's Creed Unity Official E3 2014 Single Player Commented Demo US
Assassin's Creed Unity Official E3 2014 Co-op Commented Demo US
Assassin's Creed Unity Cinematic Trailer
Assassin's Creed Unity E3 2014 World Premiere Cinematic Trailer UK
Assassin's Creed Unity Introduction to Arno US
Assassin's Creed Unity Revolution Gameplay Trailer
Assassin's Creed Unity Inside The Revolution UK
Making Assassin's Creed Unity Part 1 - A New Beginning
Making Assassin's Creed Unity Part 2 - Next Generation Technology
Making Assassin's Creed Unity Part 3 - Assassins in Paris
Making Assassin's Creed Unity Part 4 - Gameplay Evolution
Assassin's Creed Unity Experience Trailer 1 New Engine, New Gameplay
Assassin’s Creed Unity Rob Zombie’s French Revolution Ubisoft NA
Assassin's Creed Unity Arno Master Assassin CG Trailer
Assassin's Creed Unity Paris Horizon Gamescom Trailer North America
Assassin's Creed Unity Gamescom 2014 Commented Solo Demo US
Assassin's Creed Unity Co-op Heist Mission Commented Demo US
Assassin's Creed Unity Co-Op Gameplay Trailer US
Assassin's Creed Unity Season Pass Trailer US
Assassin's Creed Unity Experience Trailer 2 Customization & Co-op UK
Assassin's Creed Unity Story Trailer UK
Assassin's Creed Unity Cast of Characters Trailer US
Assassin's Creed Unity Experience 3 Immersive Open World Activities US
Assassin's Creed Unity Time Anomaly Trailer
Assassin’s Creed Unity 101 Trailer US
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Appearances
By type
Characters
Creatures
Events
Locations
Organizations and titles
Sapient species
Vehicles
Weapons and technology
Miscellanea
Characters
Arno Dorian (first appearance)
Élise de la Serre (first appearance)
Louis XVI of France (first appearance)
Napoleon Bonaparte (first appearance)
Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade (first appearance)
Maximilien de Robespierre (first appearance)
François-Thomas Germain (first appearance)
Jacques de Molay (first appearance)
Events
Persecution of the Templars
French Revolution
Estates-General of 1789
Storming of the Bastille
Women's March on Versailles
10 August
September Massacres
Execution of Louis XVI
Reign of Terror
Thermidorian Reaction
Locations
Earth
France
Paris
Versailles
Organizations and titles
Assassins
Parisian Brotherhood of Assassins
Templars
Parisian Rite of the Templar Order
Austrian Army
French Army
Extremists
Girondists
Jacobins
National Guard (France)
Royalists
Sapient species
Human
Weapons and technology
Animus
Hidden Blade
Phantom Blade
Miscellanea
Leap of Faith
References
↑ ESRB
↑ 2.0 2.1 Assassin's Creed Unity: Official E3 2014 Co-op Commented Demo | Gameplay | Ubisoft [NA] on the Ubisoft North America YouTube channel
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 DualShockers - Assassin’s Creed Unity FAQ Answers All Your Questions about Story, Co-op, Next-Gen Graphics and More
↑ 4.0 4.1 UbiBlog - Assassin’s Creed Unity: 9 Things You Need to Know
↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kotaku: Assassin's Creed Unity's Paris is Huge. Really Huge.
↑ Eurogamer Video: Assassin's Creed Unity' s new parkour and combat explored
↑ 7.0 7.1 GameInformer - Ten Things You Need To Know About Assassin's Creed Unity
↑ Gamespot - How the Assassinations in Assassin's Creed: Unity Encourage Patience and Creativity
↑ 9.0 9.1 Gematsu: Assassin’s Creed: Unity Gamescom screenshots
↑ Assassin's Creed Unity Gameplay Demo -IGN Live: E3 2014 on the IGN YouTube channel
↑ 11.0 11.1 GameInformer: Special Edition Podcast – Assassin's Creed Unity
↑ 12.0 12.1 Assassin’s Creed Unity: 101 | Trailer | Ubisoft [NA] on the Ubisoft North America YouTube channel
↑ Vincent Pontbriand's Linkedin page
↑ IGN - 10 Ubisoft studios developing Assassin's Creed: Unity
↑ GameInformer: From Revelations To Unity: Creative Directing Assassin's Creed
↑ Alexandre Amancio's Linkedin page
↑ GameInformer: Can Assassin's Creed Unity Pull Off A Love Story?
↑ AC Initiates: The Network Podcast - Episode 5 on the acinitiates YouTube channel
↑ Assassin’s Creed Unity – Comic Con 2014 UbiBlog Interview – Setting and Story [North America] on the Ubisoft YouTube channel
↑ 20.0 20.1 Fast Company Co.Create: The (Fun, Violent) History Lesson Inside "Assassin's Creed Unity"
↑ GameInformer: Watch The Largest Crowd Assembled In Assassin's Creed Unity
↑ Assassin's Creed Unity - E3 Story Interview with Alex Amancio (Creative Director) on the Loomer YouTube channel
↑ Loomer (@loomer979) on Twitter "Here are the 3 composers for Assassin's Creed Unity: Chris Tilton, Sarah Schachner, Ryan Amon"
↑ Polygon - Ubisoft abandoned women assassins in co-op because of the additional work
↑ Jonathan Cooper (@GameAnim) on Twitter "In my educated opinion, I would estimate this to be a day or two's work. Not a replacement of 8000 animations."
↑ Jonathan Cooper (@GameAnim) on Twitter "Walk/run cycles and idles are the easiest way to define a character. Everything else is androgynous."
↑ Jonathan Cooper (@GameAnim) on Twitter "Aveline de Grandpré shares more of Connor Kenway's animations than Edward Kenway does."
↑ Official website: Assassin’s Creed Experience
Assassin's Creed series
Main games
Assassin's Creed • Assassin's Creed II • Brotherhood • Revelations • Assassin's Creed III • Black Flag • Rogue • Unity • Syndicate • Origins • Odyssey • Valhalla
Spin-off games
Altaïr's Chronicles • Bloodlines • Discovery • Project Legacy • Recollection • Liberation • Pirates • Memories • Chronicles ( China | India | Russia) • Identity • Rebellion • Freerunners
Compilations
Ezio Trilogy • Anthology • Heritage Collection • The Americas Collection • The Ezio Collection • The Rebel Collection
Novels
Renaissance • Brotherhood • The Secret Crusade • Revelations • Forsaken • Black Flag • Unity • Underworld • Last Descendants series ( Last Descendants | Tomb of the Khan | Fate of the Gods) • Heresy • The Official Movie Novelization • Desert Oath • Odyssey • The Ming Storm • Geirmund's Saga • Fragments series ( The Blade of Aizu | The Highlands Children | Les Sorcières des Landes) • The Imperial Jade Seal series ( Prophecy of the Emperor)
Audio
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msmarco_passage_00_244663957 | Checklist: What to do when Someone Dies | | Checklist: What to do when Someone Dies |
Estate Planning
Checklist: What to do when Someone Dies
January 9, 2015 Dennis Astill Leave a comment
Checklist: What To Do When Someone Dies
1. If a doctor is not present, notify a doctor or coroner in order to obtain a death certificate.
2. If the death occurs at home, you may need to contact a local police officer or coroner.
3. If the Decedent wished, a donation of body parts and tissues should be considered.
4. Notify family and friends. You may want to consider having family members contact others to save yourself some time on the phone during a stressful period.
5. Look for instructions which the Decedent may have left regarding preferences for funeral and burial arrangements.
6. Determine if the Decedent belonged to a burial or memorial society that may make special arrangements for the funeral, such as military honor guards.
7. Contact a funeral home concerning burial or cremation arrangements.
8. Complete funeral and burial arrangements.
9. Contact the Social Security Administration and any other government agencies or benefit program that may be making payments to the Decedent. (Note that the payment for the month of death will not be made by the Social Security Administration and others.)
10. Review the Decedent’s financial affairs and look for any estate planning documents, such as Wills and Trusts, along with any other relevant documents, including:
• Funeral and Burial Plans;
• Safe Deposit Agreements and keys;
• Nuptial Agreements;
• Life Insurance Policies;
• Existence of Trust;
• Pension-retirement benefits;
• Old tax returns;
• Prior Gift Tax returns;
• Marriage, birth and death certificates;
• Divorce documentation;
• Computer records regarding books of a business or personal assets;
• Bank statements, checkbooks, similar documents;
• Notes receivable;
• Titles to motor vehicles;
• Leases;
• Securities and list of securities;
• Any documentation of business ownership or business interest;
• Health Insurance, make claims for the final illness; and
• Unpaid bills.
11. If there is a Will or Trust, take it to a competent estate planning attorney to determine if probate is necessary or how to administer the estate.
12. Administering the Will – If the Will is properly drawn, it will name a Personal Representative (also known as Executor or Executrix). The Personal Representative, who can be an individual, a group of individuals or one or more institutions, or a combination of the aforementioned, will be responsible for the administration of the probate estate of the Decedent. A trust may eliminate this requirement, but depends on the diligence of the decedent in tending to their affairs.
13. If there is no Will or Trust and there are assets which need to be probated, with the help of a competent estate planning and probate attorney, the Court will appoint an administrator and the assets of the Decedent will be distributed according to state law. This situation is referred to as intestacy, where the state prepared a Will for you. All states have a set of laws relating to intestate succession (transfer of property after dying without a Will), and the states decide who gets which assets if someone dies without a Will.
14. If you are the Personal Representative or Successor Trustee of a Trust, prepare a detailed list and inventory of the assets owned by the Decedent or the Trust, so they can be administered and distributed according to the wishes of the Decedent.
15. Open a bank account for the estate of the Decedent or for the Trust. This should be done early on and all receipts and disbursements should be recorded in that bank account, in order to account properly for the assets of the Decedent and the expenses of administration.
16. Probate is a process similar to that of accounting. The Personal Representative is responsible for collecting the assets and reporting to the Court as to the amount of assets in the Estate of the Decedent. The Personal Representative then assembles the assets and, after paying debts, expenses and taxes, distributes the assets according to the wishes of the Decedent. If the Decedent left no Will, the process of administration is essentially the same, except that state law determines to whom the assets are distributed. If everything is done correctly, eventually, after the Personal Representative has accounted for and distributed the assets, the Personal Representative is discharged. If a Trust is used, the same concepts apply to administration of the trust.
17. Make an inventory of household goods, personal belongings and the like, in order that they can be accounted for and properly distributed.
18. Look for insurance policies or annuities which may continue for other family members and other assets. Contact the Insurer with respect to any current policies or annuities.
19. Try to assemble the deeds of the Decedent to see what real estate, if any, is owned by the Decedent. If real estate is owned in more than one state, special proceedings, called “ancillary administrations,” may be needed in each state.
20. Determine if the Decedent owned any securities, stocks, bonds, mutual funds, etc.
21. Retirement Plans, IRA accounts and similar retirement benefits involve important choices which need to be made by beneficiaries, particularly in regard to IRA accounts under IRS regulations. If there are annuities, pension and profit sharing plans and interest of that type, they may provide for joint payment to a surviving spouse or others.
22. If the Decedent controlled or was a principal person in a business, it may be necessary to check to see if there are Buy-Sell Agreements under which the interest of the Decedent would be purchased by the business entity or other business owners.
23. If, after the appointment of a Personal Representative, a bank account or safe deposit box is found, then the assets in the bank account or safe deposit box need to be distributed according to the wishes of the Decedent.
24. If the Decedent was indebted to anyone, then the creditor needs to be paid. If the creditors are not paid and they make a claim against the estate after all of the assets are distributed, the Personal Representative may be in trouble and held personally liable for the debt. If there are insufficient assets to pay creditors, you need the assistance of an attorney to determine how to proceed.
25. As part of the probate process, all family members within a certain degree of kinship must be contacted, whether or not they receive assets from the Estate of the Decedent.
26. In handling the affairs of a Decedent, do not be quick to make distributions to family members or friends of the Decedent. Important choices need to be made concerning such distributions and, of course, they need to be in compliance with the Will, Trust or other instructions left by the Decedent, not to mention any applicable tax laws.
27. The income taxes of the Decedent for the year of death need to be filed, and any tax due must be paid. If there is a surviving spouse, the surviving spouse can file a joint return with the Decedent for the year of death.
28. If there is a Trust, particularly a Revocable Living Trust, it will become irrevocable at the time of death, if not before. A separate tax return, Form 1041, Fiduciary Income Tax Return, needs to be filed for the Trust or the Estate of the Decedent if income is received by the Estate or a Trust.
29. If there are minor children and the Will provides for a guardian, then the guardian needs to be informed and the children need to be placed in the care of the guardian. If there are minor children and no guardian is appointed, or if there is no Will, then the Court must appoint a guardian.
30. If there is real estate or other property that is insured, the Personal Representative should make sure that the insurance policies on the properties of the Decedent are maintained.
31. Be deliberate and do not be hasty with decisions or distributions. The death of someone, particularly a family member or friend, is stressful and often if there are children of the Decedent around during the course of the final illness, there may be disputes regarding the treatment or other problems related to declining physical or mental abilities of the parent. Stated differently, it is a time of frazzled nerves and irritable people, so be very careful not to create schisms which can last for a very long time.
33. Watch out for people who prey upon families of Decedents. There are people who look for death notices and make unfounded claims against the Decedent. Some may also attempt to burglarize the home during the funeral service. Be cautious about such matters; have someone stay at the home during the funeral service and do not easily accept the claims of unknown individuals that lack documentation. There are also unscrupulous “experts” who will tell you that they can help you administer the estate. Talk to a competent estate planning attorney before making any decisions.
34. If there is a surviving spouse, make sure veterans benefits or other “joint and survivor” benefits are collected by the surviving spouse.
35. If you are a surviving spouse, don’t make any major changes in your life, such as place of residence, re-marriage or anything else for at least a year unless it’s absolutely necessary. See the assistance of a competent estate planning attorney to review the Decedent’s affairs and advise you on your own estate plan going forward.
36. Remember that any power of attorney you held for the Decedent is now revoked.
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msmarco_passage_00_246049332 | Fashion For Capricorn: An Astrological Guide to Style | Fashion For Capricorn: An Astrological Guide to Style
Fashion For Capricorn: An Astrological Guide to Style
Fashion Tips for Capricorn
Do you think your Zodiac sign determines your fashion style? If you take a look at celebrities who share your sign, you may notice certain similarities.
Is it a coincidence? Or is it your destiny to dress according to your sign? If you don’t know anything about fashion, or know that you need an image upgrade, why not let your Zodiac sign be your guide to becoming a sexy, sassy fashionista that knows how to make heads turn and eyes pop.
About Capricorn
The people who fall under the Capricorn sign are usually hard workers. They set goals achieve them, and let nothing stand in the way of their dreams. Capricorns are very enthusiastic and optimistic. They are naturally affectionate and empathetic. They are always lending a shoulder for their friends to cry on when they are in need.
They are known for being very practical, they are not risk takers. Instead of jumping in feet first, they analyze the risks and then make a decision based on the pros and cons. Capricorns are very difficult to read at times, because they are afraid to open up and express their emotions. Before a Capricorn tells you her deepest darkest secret, you have to really earn her trust. By being so closed, most Capricorns are insecure and are always looking for validation from people who they do get close to. They are vulnerable and sensitive. You have to watch how you word things with Capricorns; they may take it the wrong way.
Overall Fashion Sense of a Capricorn
The overall fashion sense of a Capricorn is stylish and sophisticated. Capricorns are usually mature and serious. It’s very common for them to sport blazers, jackets, and 3 part suits. When you see a Capricorn, you will probably think: sophisticated business woman. Capricorns give off a more serious vibe. They like dark colors like brown, navy blue, dark grey and black.
They love to be comfortable, and they usually choose comfort over style. Of course, the Capricorn has to have some red in her wardrobe. Shes not as sassy as other signs, so she probably won’t have a sexy red dress or a revealing blouse. Instead, she will have a dark colored dress or blouse with a hint of red.
To take it a step further, she may wear a red cami or tank top and then sport a nice dark blouse or blazer over it. So, the red will show and add color to her outfit.
Dark colors suit her best, and if she wants to add color to her outfit, it probably will be a touch of red in the form of an under garment, or a handbag.
Fashion for Every Day Capricorn
Due to the sophisticated nature of a Capricorn, they exude simple elegance. It’s very common to see a Capricorn in navy blue shorts or pants. Whether it’s a skirt, pants or shorts, you can always expect a Capricorn to complement their bottom piece with a nice blazer, or sports jacket.
They love to wear short and comfortable pumps, but they don’t mind wearing flats at all. They love simple patterns and horizontal and vertical lines. They’re most comfortable in a pair of form fitting black slacks and a nice blouse.
Fashion for a Night Out
The Capricorn may be sophisticated, but she knows how to be sexy for a night out. You can expect her to wear a sleek form fitting black or dark colored dress that shows just a little bit of skin but not too much. She probably will wear a sleeveless dress, but she will have a blazer or a jacket to cover her up just in case she gets uncomfortable.
She can even look stunning in a pair of trousers, a blouse and high heels, and of course she will have her trustworthy blazer or jacket to complement her outfit. She will accent her look with a simple clutch purse, and stud earrings.
Accessories for Capricorn
When it comes to accessories, Capricorn women love the retro look. Their jewelry pieces usually include opals, pearls and rubies. The Capricorn’s accessory style is very diverse. They are known for wearing dark colors, however, when it comes to their handbags they lighten up the room.
It’s not uncommon to see a Capricorn sporting an oversized red handbag, or a simple and sophisticated black purse.
They love earrings and necklaces, but it’s not your typical gold and silver. They love jewelry that accentuates their outfits. So, you will usually seeing a Capricorn wearing Jewelry the same color as their outfit. They are known for sporting black jewelry and red jewelry and jewelry with eccentric patterns.
Bringing the Capricorn Zodiac Sign into Your Fashion
As a Capricorn, your fashion style is sophisticated and mature. You are known for wearing dark colors and identified as a confident and assertive woman. You love being comfortable yet stylish.
To spruce up your wardrobe, it will be best if you let a little color in your life. Instead of adding a splash of color here and there, don’t be afraid to add a sexy red dress to your wardrobe. Or be brave and wear an all white pant suit accented with a dark blazer. This way the blazer can still complement your true Capricorn style.
You can still be sophisticated and sexy. While you don’t like to show skin, you can loosen up a little by showing a little bit of skin without being “trashy”. To show a little skin, you can wear open toed pumps, or wear a long skirt that has a nice split that shows off just enough leg to make people go ooh la la.
However, you still have to remain true to who you really are. You can still get away with wearing dark and bold colors, because you know how to add a splash of color to make your outfit look more fashionable. As a Capricorn you are the poster child for sophisticated and sexy.
What Your Zodiac Sign Reveals About Your Fashion Sense
Fashion For Aries: An Astrological Guide to Style
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Fashion For Capricorn: An Astrological Guide to Style
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msmarco_passage_00_25421484 | 13 Foods That Are High in Magnesium - ABC News | 13 Foods That Are High in Magnesium - ABC News
13 Foods That Are High in Magnesium
Magnesium helps your heart, muscles, and immune system function properly.
By CHRISTINE MATTEIS, Health.com
April 26, 2015, 4:54 AM
• 7 min read
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Oatmeal, bananas, blackberries and skim milk are all excellent sources of magnesium.
— -- intro:Magnesium helps your heart, muscles, and immune system function properly — and studies suggest that nearly half of Americans aren't consuming enough of the mineral. But before you start popping supplements, you should know there's a difference between inadequate intake and a true deficiency. Signs of deficiency include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and loss of appetite, and are quite rare. However, people with type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, or digestive ailments like Crohn's and celiac disease, as well as those taking medications for heartburn or osteoporosis are at higher risk of magnesium deficiency. Read on to find out more about how much magnesium you need and where to get it.
15 Signs You May Have an Iron Deficiency
How much magnesium do you need?
About 60 percent of your magnesium is in your bones, the rest is in body tissues, and only about 1 percent is in your blood. Adult men should take in 400 mg, while women should get 310 mg; this increases to 420 mg and 320 mg, respectively, after age 30. While many of us aren't taking in enough magnesium, it's als o possible to have too much of it — so unless your doctor has recommended taking a supplement, you should be able to get enough of the mineral from your diet by eating the 13 foods that follow.
quicklist:1category: title:Almondsurl:text:Magnesium: 105 mg in ¼ cup
Other body benefits: Almonds are rich in vitamin E, an antioxidant that keeps the immune system strong and eyes healthy. They're also packed with protein, which helps fill you up and slim you down, as well as heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids.
Best ways to eat them: Grab a handful for a satisfying snack or sprinkle them over a bed of greens for a more filling salad.
Try this recipe: Honey-Glazed Marcona Almonds
quicklist:2category: title:Sesame seedsurl:text:Magnesium: 101 mg in 1 ounce roasted
Other body benefits: Sesame seeds may add some sizzle to your sex life — they're chock-full of zinc, which can help testosterone and sperm production in men. They're also a good source of iron and vitamin B-6.
Best ways to eat them: Mix them into granola or sprinkle them into a stir-fry.
Try this recipe: Sesame Chicken With Asian Slaw
12 Foods with More Vitamin C Than Oranges
quicklist:3category: title:Sunflower seedsurl:text:Magnesium: 128 mg in ¼ cup
Other body benefits: Sunflower seeds are a surprisingly good source of bone-building calcium. Additionally, they're high in polyunsaturated fats, which can help reduce bad cholesterol levels in your blood when eaten in moderation.
Best ways to eat them: You can have them as a snack, but beware store-bought packages: most of them are loaded with sodium. Instead, buy raw sunflower seeds and toast them yourself. Try Bob's Red Mill Natural Raw Sunflower Seeds ($17; amazon.com) You can also sprinkle sunflower seeds on salads for a healthier crunch than croutons.
Try this recipe: Curried Sunflower Brittle
quicklist:4category: title:Bananasurl:text:Magnesium: 33 mg in one medium banana
Other body benefits: When bananas are still a little green, they are one of the best sources of resistant starch, a healthy carb that fills your belly and fires up your metabolism. Bananas also offer a dose of potassium, an electrolyte that can help lower blood pressure naturally.
Best ways to eat them: The options are practically endless: blend them into a smoothie, slice them into a bowl of oatmeal or onto a top of peanut-butter toast, or simply pull of the peel and take a bite.
quicklist:5category: title:Cashewsurl:text:Magnesium: 89 mg in ¼ cup
Other body benefits: A serving of cashews provides nearly 10 percent of your daily iron needs. The nuts are also a good source of folate and vitamin K.
Best ways to eat them: Have them on their own for a satisfying snack (just buy the unsalted kind). You could also toss them into a stir-fry or on top of a salad.
quicklist:6category: title:Tofuurl:text:Magnesium: 37 mg in ½ cup
Other body benefits: This vegetarian soy protein source gives you 43% of your daily calcium needs in a ½-cup serving. You also get a dose of iron, a mineral the body needs to produce hemoglobin — the protein that helps red blood cells deliver oxygen throughout the body.
Best ways to eat it: Tofu takes on the flavor of whatever you cook it in. Try subbing it in for chicken or beef in your next stir fry. Extra firm tofu can also be put onto the grill.
quicklist:7category: title:Pumpkin seedsurl:text:Magnesium: 74 mg in 1 ounce
Other body benefits: The seeds from your jack-o-lantern are a good source of fiber, with 5 grams per ounce. Pumpkin seeds also have plenty of heart-healthy monounsaturated fats, as well as 5 grams of protein per serving.
Best way to eat them: Fiber and protein make pumpkin seeds a slimming snack. Toast seeds in a skillet until golden brown and beginning to pop, about 4 minutes, and then transfer them to a baking sheet. Let cool completely, stirring occasionally. Pumpkin seeds also make a savory salad topper.
quicklist:8category: title:Flaxseedurl:text:Magnesium: 40 mg in 1 tablespoon whole
Other body benefits: A sprinkling of ground flaxseed turns a cup of yogurt or cereal into a heart-healthy breakfast: a tablespoon contains more than half your recommended daily intake of omega-3 fatty acids. Flaxseed also gives you doses of fiber and the antioxidant lignan.
Best way to eat it: Flaxseed has a nutty flavor that works well sprinkled into yogurt and cereal, or blended into smoothies. Just be sure to grind them first (or buy them pre-ground) — otherwise the seeds will pass through you without being digested, and you won't reap the health benefits.
quicklist:9category: title:Milk (skim)url:text:Magnesium: 27.8 mg in 1 cup
Other body benefits: You've had the health benefits of milk drilled into your head since you were a kid, but here's a quick review: a cup of milk provides about a third of your daily recommended intake of calcium, which you need to build healthy bones and keep them strong as you age. Milk is also a good source of potassium, vitamin D, protein, and vitamin B-12.
Best way to eat it: Pour low-fat or fat-free milk over cereal, blend it with fruit and nut butter for a smoothie, or simply pour it into a glass and drink up.
quicklist:10category: title:Oatmealurl:text:Magnesium: 57.6 mg in 1 cup cooked
Other body benefits: This healthy whole grain fills you up with folate, fiber, and potassium. Plus, it can help lower cholesterol, and oats are even rich in omega-3 fatty acids.
Best way to eat it: Have it at breakfast with your choice of toppings. Just go easy on the sweetener.
quicklist:11category: title:Broccoliurl:text:Magnesium: 51 mg in ½ cup cooked
Other body benefits: A serving of the cruciferous superfood contains more vitamin C than an orange. Plus, research shows that people who eat lots of broccoli may have a lower risk of certain types of cancer, including colon and bladder cancer.
Best way to eat it: You'll get the most nutritional bang for your buck if you eat broccoli raw or lightly steamed, and paired with tomatoes.
quicklist:12category: title:Sweet cornurl:text:Magnesium: 33 mg in 1 ear
Other body benefits: Some people say carb-heavy corn is a diet no-no. Though corn does have 6 to 8 grams of naturally occurring sugar in one ear, this healthy whole grain is also a great source of fiber, B vitamins, vitamin C, and plant-based protein.
Best way to eat it: Go beyond cobs drenched in butter and salt. Instead, brush them with olive oil and place them directly on a hot grill for a smoky flavor.
quicklist:12category: title:Peasurl:text:Magnesium: 48 mg in 1 cup
Other body benefits: A cup of peas provides nearly a day's worth of vitamin C. Peas also provide protein, potassium, and vitamin A.
Best way to eat them: The possibilities are endless: toss peas in a stir-fry or on top of a salad, make a belly-warming split-pea soup, mix them into pasta, or even eat them raw.
This article originally appeared on Health.com.
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msmarco_passage_00_254574857 | AT&T Microsoft Lumia 640 XL Unlock Code - AT&T Unlock Code | AT&T Microsoft Lumia 640 XL Unlock Code - AT&T Unlock Code
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msmarco_passage_00_259894783 | How Gross Trailer Weight (GTW) Works | HowStuffWorks | How Gross Trailer Weight (GTW) Works | HowStuffWorks
How Gross Trailer Weight (GTW) Works
By: Scott C. Benjamin
Every driver of a towed vehicle should know the gross trailer weight.
Jill Fromer/ iStockphoto
We're not going to kid you -- calculating some of the critical weights associated with towing can be a bit of a complex undertaking. Figuring out specific weights or ratings, like the gross vehicle weight (GVW) of your tow vehicle or the gross combination weight rating (GCWR) for both your tow vehicle and trailer can sometimes lead to many more questions. Does that weight include a full tank of fuel? What about the passengers and all of your camping gear? If you disconnect the trailer, can you add more cargo weight to the tow vehicle safely? How much more? How much is too much? If you're a novice to the world of towing, you'll really do have to study the various towing terms before you even attempt to work out some of the towing capacity limits for your setup.
Fortunately, not every weight associated with towing is that difficult to calculate. In fact, some are exceedingly simple. Gross trailer weight (GTW) is a good example. Gross trailer weight is the weight of a fully loaded trailer. It's not a weight rating determined by the manufacturer or a weight combined with any other weight -- it's the actual weight of the trailer after you've loaded all of your snowmobiles, firewood, camping gear, people or any other cargo onto (or into) it. Any weight that you add to the trailer adds to the gross trailer weight. It's as simple as that.
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Now that you know what gross trailer weight is, you're probably wondering how you can learn the actual weight of your own trailer. After all, gross trailer weight is something that every driver of a towed vehicle should know. Read the next page to find out.
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Calculating Gross Trailer Weight
It's a good idea to know your gross trailer weight -- even if the trailer is relatively small.
Michael Westhoff/ iStockphoto
Finding out your gross trailer weight (GTW) doesn't require any difficult math equations, percentages or complicated procedures. In fact, it can be as simple as driving your trailer onto a scale. But where are you going to find a scale large enough to hold a trailer?
Most communities have public scales. For just a few dollars and a few minutes of your time, you can get the answers you're looking for. There are just a few simple steps that you'll need to follow in order to get an accurate gross trailer weight reading.
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When it's your turn on the scale, you'll need to disconnect the trailer from your tow vehicle. Remember, you're seeking the weight of the trailer alone, so you're going to want to make sure that the tow vehicle is pulled far enough forward so it's not touching any part of the scale. You'll also want to ensure that the entire trailer is on the scale, including all of the wheels and the trailer tongue -- the part of the trailer that attaches to the tow vehicle. If the tongue is resting outside of the scale, you will get a weight reading that could be anywhere from 9 to 15 percent lower than the actual gross trailer weight.
You can take a fully loaded trailer to the scales, or you can take an empty trailer -- the choice is yours to make. Obviously, by taking a fully loaded trailer to the scales you'll know exactly how much that particular load weighs. If you take an empty trailer to the scales, you can record the empty weight so that you'll always know your starting weight when you begin loading the trailer. By keeping track of the approximate weight of the cargo you add, you should be able to closely estimate the gross trailer weight any time you're loading up for a trip.
You can locate the nearest public scale nearest by checking in the phone book or by looking the information up on the Internet. Going to a public scale may cost you a few dollars, but the information that you receive will be worth much more.
One more option that you may have is to contact the manufacturer of your trailer. The manufacturer should be able to provide you with all of the trailer weight information that you request -- information that you can use to safely load and tow your trailer.
Finding gross trailer weight isn't difficult, but if you're interested in reading more about vehicle weight, towing and other related topics, follow the links on the next page.
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msmarco_passage_00_260132435 | How Automatic Transmissions Work | HowStuffWorks | How Automatic Transmissions Work | HowStuffWorks
How Automatic Transmissions Work
By: Karim Nice | Updated: Feb 11, 2021
Image Gallery: Transmissions The 6L50 transmission is a Hydra-Matic six-speed rear and all-wheel drive automatic transmission produced by GM. See more transmission pictures .
Bill Pugliano/ Getty Images
If you have ever driven a car with an automatic transmission, then you know that there are two big differences between an automatic transmission and a manual transmission:
There is no clutch pedal in an automatic transmission car.
There is no gear shift in an automatic transmission car. Once you put the transmission into drive, everything else is automatic.
Both the automatic transmission (plus its torque converter) and a manual transmission (with its clutch) accomplish exactly the same thing, but they do it in totally different ways. It turns out that the way an automatic transmission does it is absolutely amazing!
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In this article, we'll work our way through an automatic transmission. We'll start with the key to the whole system: planetary gearsets. Then we'll see how the transmission is put together, learn how the controls work and discuss some of the intricacies involved in controlling a transmission.
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Contents
Purpose of an Automatic Transmission
The Planetary Gearset
Planetary Gearset Ratios
Compound Planetary Gearset
First Gear
Second Gear
Third Gear
Overdrive
Reverse Gear
Clutches and Bands in an Automatic Transmission
When You Put the Car in Park
Automatic Transmissions: Hydraulics, Pumps and the Governor
Automatic Transmissions: Valves and Modulators
Electronically Controlled Transmissions
Purpose of an Automatic Transmission
Location of the automatic transmission.
Just like that of a manual transmission, the automatic transmission's primary job is to allow the engine to operate in its narrow range of speeds while providing a wide range of output speeds.
Without a transmission, cars would be limited to one gear ratio, and that ratio would have to be selected to allow the car to travel at the desired top speed. If you wanted a top speed of 80 mph, then the gear ratio would be similar to third gear in most manual transmission cars.
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You've probably never tried driving a manual transmission car using only third gear. If you did, you'd quickly find out that you had almost no acceleration when starting out, and at high speeds, the engine would be screaming along near the red-line. A car like this would wear out very quickly and would be nearly undriveable.
So the transmission uses gears to make more effective use of the engine's torque, and to keep the engine operating at an appropriate speed. When towing or hauling heavy objects, your vehicle's transmission can get hot enough to burn up the transmission fluid. In order to protect the transmission from serious damage, drivers who tow should buy vehicles equipped with transmission coolers.
The key difference between a manual and an automatic transmission is that the manual transmission locks and unlocks different sets of gears to the output shaft to achieve the various gear ratios, while in an automatic transmission, the same set of gears produces all of the different gear ratios. The planetary gearset is the device that makes this possible in an automatic transmission.
Let's take a look at how the planetary gearset works.
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The Planetary Gearset
From left to right: the ring gear, planet carrier, and two sun gears
When you take apart and look inside an automatic transmission, you find a huge assortment of parts in a fairly small space. Among other things, you see:
An ingenious planetary gearset
A set of bands to lock parts of a gearset
A set of three wet-plate clutches to lock other parts of the gearset
An incredibly odd hydraulic system that controls the clutches and bands
A large gear pump to move transmission fluid around
The center of attention is the planetary gearset. About the size of a cantaloupe, this one part creates all of the different gear ratios that the transmission can produce. Everything else in the transmission is there to help the planetary gearset do its thing. This amazing piece of gearing has appeared on HowStuffWorks before. You may recognize it from the electric screwdriver article. An automatic transmission contains two complete planetary gearsets folded together into one component. See How Gear Ratios Work for an introduction to planetary gearsets.
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Any planetary gearset has three main components:
The sun gear
The planet gears and the planet gears' carrier
The ring gear
Each of these three components can be the input, the output or can be held stationary. Choosing which piece plays which role determines the gear ratio for the gearset. Let's take a look at a single planetary gearset.
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Planetary Gearset Ratios
One of the planetary gearsets from our transmission has a ring gear with 72 teeth and a sun gear with 30 teeth. We can get lots of different gear ratios out of this gearset.
© HowStuffWorks 2018
Also, locking any two of the three components together will lock up the whole device at a 1:1 gear reduction. Notice that the first gear ratio listed above is a reduction -- the output speed is slower than the input speed. The second is an overdrive -- the output speed is faster than the input speed. The last is a reduction again, but the output direction is reversed. There are several other ratios that can be gotten out of this planetary gear set, but these are the ones that are relevant to our automatic transmission. You can try these out in the animation below:
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Animation of the different gear ratios related to automatic transmissions
Click on the buttons on the left in the table above.
So this one set of gears can produce all of these different gear ratios without having to engage or disengage any other gears. With two of these gearsets in a row, we can get the four forward gears and one reverse gear our transmission needs. We'll put the two sets of gears together in the next section.
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Compound Planetary Gearset
This automatic transmission uses a set of gears, called a compound planetary gearset, that looks like a single planetary gearset but actually behaves like two planetary gearsets combined. It has one ring gear that is always the output of the transmission, but it has two sun gears and two sets of planets.
Let's look at some of the parts:
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A compound planetary gearset acts like two planetary gearsets combined. Learn about compound planetary gearsets and an automatic transmissions structure.
© 2018 HowStuffWorks
The figure below shows the planets in the planet carrier. Notice how the planet on the right sits lower than the planet on the left. The planet on the right does not engage the ring gear — it engages the other planet. Only the planet on the left engages the ring gear.
A compound planetary gearset acts like two planetary gearsets combined. Learn about compound planetary gearsets and an automatic transmissions structure.
© 2018 HowStuffWorks
Next you can see the inside of the planet carrier. The shorter gears are engaged only by the smaller sun gear. The longer planets are engaged by the bigger sun gear and by the smaller planets.
A compound planetary gearset acts like two planetary gearsets combined. Learn about compound planetary gearsets and an automatic transmissions structure.
The animation below shows how all of the parts are hooked up in a transmission.
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Move the shift lever to see how power is transmitted through the transmission.
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First Gear
In first gear, the smaller sun gear is driven clockwise by the turbine in the torque converter. The planet carrier tries to spin counterclockwise, but is held still by the one-way clutch (which only allows rotation in the clockwise direction) and the ring gear turns the output. The small gear has 30 teeth and the ring gear has 72, so the gear ratio is:
Ratio = -R/S = - 72/30 = -2.4:1
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So the rotation is negative 2.4:1, which means that the output direction would be opposite the input direction. But the output direction is really the same as the input direction -- this is where the trick with the two sets of planets comes in. The first set of planets engages the second set, and the second set turns the ring gear; this combination reverses the direction. You can see that this would also cause the bigger sun gear to spin; but because that clutch is released, the bigger sun gear is free to spin in the opposite direction of the turbine (counterclockwise).
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Move the shift lever to see how power is transmitted through the transmission.
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Second Gear
This transmission does something really neat in order to get the ratio needed for second gear. It acts like two planetary gearsets connected to each other with a common planet carrier.
The first stage of the planet carrier actually uses the larger sun gear as the ring gear. So the first stage consists of the sun (the smaller sun gear), the planet carrier, and the ring (the larger sun gear).
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The input is the small sun gear; the ring gear (large sun gear) is held stationary by the band, and the output is the planet carrier. For this stage, with the sun as input, planet carrier as output, and the ring gear fixed, the formula is:
1 + R/S = 1 + 36/30 = 2.2:1
The planet carrier turns 2.2 times for each rotation of the small sun gear. At the second stage, the planet carrier acts as the input for the second planetary gear set, the larger sun gear (which is held stationary) acts as the sun, and the ring gear acts as the output, so the gear ratio is:
1 / (1 + S/R) = 1 / (1 + 36/72) = 0.67:1
To get the overall reduction for second gear, we multiply the first stage by the second, 2.2 x 0.67, to get a 1.47:1 reduction. This may sound wacky, but if you watch the video you'll get an idea of how it works.
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Move the shift lever to see how power is transmitted through the transmission.
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Third Gear
Most automatic transmissions have a 1:1 ratio in third gear. You'll remember from the previous section that all we have to do to get a 1:1 output is lock together any two of the three parts of the planetary gear. With the arrangement in this gearset it is even easier — all we have to do is engage the clutches that lock each of the sun gears to the turbine.
If both sun gears turn in the same direction, the planet gears lockup because they can only spin in opposite directions. This locks the ring gear to the planets and causes everything to spin as a unit, producing a 1:1 ratio.
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Move the shift lever to see how power is transmitted through the transmission.
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Overdrive
By definition, an overdrive has a faster output speed than input speed. It's a speed increase — the opposite of a reduction. In this transmission, engaging the overdrive accomplishes two things at once. If you read How Torque Converters Work, you learned about lockup torque converters. In order to improve efficiency, some cars have a mechanism that locks up the torque converter so that the output of the engine goes straight to the transmission.
In this transmission, when overdrive is engaged, a shaft that is attached to the housing of the torque converter (which is bolted to the flywheel of the engine) is connected by clutch to the planet carrier. The small sun gear freewheels, and the larger sun gear is held by the overdrive band. Nothing is connected to the turbine; the only input comes from the converter housing. Let's go back to our chart again, this time with the planet carrier for input, the sun gear fixed and the ring gear for output.
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Ratio = 1 / (1 + S/R) = 1 / ( 1 + 36/72) = 0.67:1
So the output spins once for every two-thirds of a rotation of the engine. If the engine is turning at 2000 rotations per minute (RPM), the output speed is 3000 RPM. This allows cars to drive at freeway speed while the engine speed stays nice and slow.
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Move the shift lever to see how power is transmitted through the transmission.
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Reverse Gear
Reverse is very similar to first gear, except that instead of the small sun gear being driven by the torque converter turbine, the bigger sun gear is driven, and the small one freewheels in the opposite direction. The planet carrier is held by the reverse band to the housing. So, according to our equations from the last page, we have:
So the ratio in reverse is a little less than first gear in this transmission.
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Gear Ratios
This transmission has four forward gears and one reverse gear. Let's summarize the gear ratios, inputs and outputs:
© HowStuffWorks 2018
After reading these sections, you are probably wondering how the different inputs get connected and disconnected. This is done by a series of clutches and bands inside the transmission. In the next section, we'll see how these work.
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Clutches and Bands in an Automatic Transmission
In the last section, we discussed how each of the gear ratios is created by the transmission. For instance, when we discussed overdrive, we said:
In this transmission, when overdrive is engaged, a shaft that is attached to the housing of the torque converter (which is bolted to the flywheel of the engine) is connected by clutch to the planet carrier. The small sun gear freewheels, and the larger sun gear is held by the overdrive band. Nothing is connected to the turbine; the only input comes from the converter housing.
To get the transmission into overdrive, lots of things have to be connected and disconnected by clutches and bands. The planet carrier gets connected to the torque converter housing by a clutch. The small sun gets disconnected from the turbine by a clutch so that it can freewheel. The big sun gear is held to the housing by a band so that it could not rotate. Each gear shift triggers a series of events like these, with different clutches and bands engaging and disengaging. Let's take a look at a band.
Bands
In this transmission there are two bands. The bands in a transmission are, literally, steel bands that wrap around sections of the gear train and connect to the housing. They are actuated by hydraulic cylinders inside the case of the transmission.
One of the bands
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In the figure above, you can see one of the bands in the housing of the transmission. The gear train is removed. The metal rod is connected to the piston, which actuates the band.
The pistons that actuate the bands are visible here.
© 2018 HowStuffWorks
Above you can see the two pistons that actuate the bands. Hydraulic pressure, routed into the cylinder by a set of valves, causes the pistons to push on the bands, locking that part of the gear train to the housing.
The clutches in the transmission are a little more complex. In this transmission there are four clutches. Each clutch is actuated by pressurized hydraulic fluid that enters a piston inside the clutch. Springs make sure that the clutch releases when the pressure is reduced. Below you can see the piston and the clutch drum. Notice the rubber seal on the piston -- this is one of the components that is replaced when your transmission gets rebuilt.
One of the clutches in a transmission
© 2018 HowStuffWorks
The next figure shows the alternating layers of clutch friction material and steel plates. The friction material is splined on the inside, where it locks to one of the gears. The steel plate is splined on the outside, where it locks to the clutch housing. These clutch plates are also replaced when the transmission is rebuilt.
The clutch plates
© 2018 HowStuffWorks
The pressure for the clutches is fed through passageways in the shafts. The hydraulic system controls which clutches and bands are energized at any given moment.
When You Put the Car in Park
It may seem like a simple thing to lock the transmission and keep it from spinning, but there are actually some complex requirements for this mechanism. First, you have to be able to disengage it when the car is on a hill (the weight of the car is resting on the mechanism). Second, you have to be able to engage the mechanism even if the lever does not line up with the gear. Third, once engaged, something has to prevent the lever from popping up and disengaging.
The mechanism that does all this is pretty neat. Let's look at some of the parts first.
The output of the transmission: The square notches are engaged by the parking-brake mechanism to hold the car still.
© 2018 HowStuffWorks
The parking-brake mechanism engages the teeth on the output to hold the car still. This is the section of the transmission that hooks up to the drive shaft -- so if this part can't spin, the car can't move.
The empty housing of the transmission with the parking brake mechanism poking through, as it does when the car is in park
© 2018 HowStuffWorks
Above you see the parking mechanism protruding into the housing where the gears are located. Notice that it has tapered sides. This helps to disengage the parking brake when you are parked on a hill -- the force from the weight of the car helps to push the parking mechanism out of place because of the angle of the taper.
This rod actuates the park mechanism.
© 2018 HowStuffWorks
This rod is connected to a cable that is operated by the shift lever in your car.
Top view of the park mechanism
© 2018 HowStuffWorks
When the shift lever is placed in park, the rod pushes the spring against the small tapered bushing. If the park mechanism is lined up so that it can drop into one of the notches in the output gear section, the tapered bushing will push the mechanism down. If the mechanism is lined up on one of the high spots on the output, then the spring will push on the tapered bushing, but the lever will not lock into place until the car rolls a little and the teeth line up properly. This is why sometimes your car moves a little bit after you put it in park and release the brake pedal -- it has to roll a little for the teeth to line up to where the parking mechanism can drop into place.
Once the car is safely in park, the bushing holds down the lever so that the car will not pop out of park if it is on a hill.
Automatic Transmissions: Hydraulics, Pumps and the Governor
Hydraulics
The automatic transmission in your car has to do numerous tasks. You may not realize how many different ways it operates. For instance, here are some of the features of an automatic transmission:
If the car is in overdrive (on a four-speed transmission), the transmission will automatically select the gear based on vehicle speed and throttle pedal position.
If you accelerate gently, shifts will occur at lower speeds than if you accelerate at full throttle.
If you floor the gas pedal, the transmission will downshift to the next lower gear.
If you move the shift selector to a lower gear, the transmission will downshift unless the car is going too fast for that gear. If the car is going too fast, it will wait until the car slows down and then downshift.
If you put the transmission in second gear, it will never downshift or upshift out of second, even from a complete stop, unless you move the shift lever.
You've probably seen something that looks like this before. It is really the brain of the automatic transmission, managing all of these functions and more. The passageways you can see route fluid to all the different components in the transmission. Passageways molded into the metal are an efficient way to route fluid; without them, many hoses would be needed to connect the various parts of the transmission. First, we'll discuss the key components of the hydraulic system; then we'll see how they work together.
The "brain" of the transmission
© 2018 HowStuffWorks
The Pump
Automatic transmissions have a neat pump, called a gear pump. The pump is usually located in the cover of the transmission. It draws fluid from a sump in the bottom of the transmission and feeds it to the hydraulic system. It also feeds the transmission cooler and the torque converter.
Gear pump from an automatic transmission
© 2018 HowStuffWorks
The inner gear of the pump hooks up to the housing of the torque converter, so it spins at the same speed as the engine. The outer gear is turned by the inner gear, and as the gears rotate, fluid is drawn up from the sump on one side of the crescent and forced out into the hydraulic system on the other side.
The Governor
The governor is a clever valve that tells the transmission how fast the car is going. It is connected to the output, so the faster the car moves, the faster the governor spins. Inside the governor is a spring-loaded valve that opens in proportion to how fast the governor is spinning -- the faster the governor spins, the more the valve opens. Fluid from the pump is fed to the governor through the output shaft.
The faster the car goes, the more the governor valve opens and the higher the pressure of the fluid it lets through.
The governor
© 2018 HowStuffWorks
Automatic Transmissions: Valves and Modulators
The shift circuit
To shift properly, the automatic transmission has to know how hard the engine is working. There are two different ways that this is done. Some cars have a simple cable linkage connected to a throttle valve in the transmission. The further the gas pedal is pressed, the more pressure is put on the throttle valve. Other cars use a vacuum modulator to apply pressure to the throttle valve. The modulator senses the manifold pressure, which increases when the engine is under a greater load.
The manual valve is what the shift lever hooks up to. Depending on which gear is selected, the manual valve feeds hydraulic circuits that inhibit certain gears. For instance, if the shift lever is in third gear, it feeds a circuit that prevents overdrive from engaging.
Shift valves supply hydraulic pressure to the clutches and bands to engage each gear. The valve body of the transmission contains several shift valves. The shift valve determines when to shift from one gear to the next. For instance, the 1 to 2 shift valve determines when to shift from first to second gear. The shift valve is pressurized with fluid from the governor on one side, and the throttle valve on the other. They are supplied with fluid by the pump, and they route that fluid to one of two circuits to control which gear the car runs in.
The shift valve will delay a shift if the car is accelerating quickly. If the car accelerates gently, the shift will occur at a lower speed. Let's discuss what happens when the car accelerates gently.
As car speed increases, the pressure from the governor builds. This forces the shift valve over until the first gear circuit is closed, and the second gear circuit opens. Since the car is accelerating at light throttle, the throttle valve does not apply much pressure against the shift valve.
When the car accelerates quickly, the throttle valve applies more pressure against the shift valve. This means that the pressure from the governor has to be higher (and therefore the vehicle speed has to be faster) before the shift valve moves over far enough to engage second gear.
Each shift valve responds to a particular pressure range; so when the car is going faster, the 2-to-3 shift valve will take over, because the pressure from the governor is high enough to trigger that valve.
Electronically Controlled Transmissions
An automatic transmission with a manual mode allows the driver to shift gears without a clutch pedal.
© iStockphoto /Emre Ogan
Electronically controlled transmissions, which appear on some newer cars, still use hydraulics to actuate the clutches and bands, but each hydraulic circuit is controlled by an electric solenoid. This simplifies the plumbing on the transmission and allows for more advanced control schemes.
In the last section we saw some of the control strategies that mechanically controlled transmissions use. Electronically controlled transmissions have even more elaborate control schemes. In addition to monitoring vehicle speed and throttle position, the transmission controller can monitor the engine speed, if the brake pedal is being pressed, and even the anti-lock braking system.
Using this information and an advanced control strategy based on fuzzy logic -- a method of programming control systems using human-type reasoning -- electronically controlled transmissions can do things like:
Downshift automatically when going downhill to control speed and reduce wear on the brakes
Upshift when braking on a slippery surface to reduce the braking torque applied by the engine
Inhibit the upshift when going into a turn on a winding road
Let's talk about that last feature -- inhibiting the upshift when going into a turn on a winding road. Let's say you're driving on an uphill, winding mountain road. When you are driving on the straight sections of the road, the transmission shifts into second gear to give you enough acceleration and hill-climbing power. When you come to a curve you slow down, taking your foot off the gas pedal and possibly applying the brake. Most transmissions will upshift to third gear, or even overdrive, when you take your foot off the gas. Then when you accelerate out of the curve, they will downshift again. But if you were driving a manual transmission car, you would probably leave the car in the same gear the whole time. Some automatic transmissions with advanced control systems can detect this situation after you have gone around a couple of the curves, and "learn" not to upshift again.
For more information on automatic transmissions and related topics, check out the links on the next page.
Originally Published: Nov 29, 2000
Automatic Transmission FAQ
What’s the main differences between an automatic transmission and a manual transmission?
There are two main differences between an automatic transmission and a manual transmission. First, there is no clutch pedal in an automatic transmission car. Second, there is no gear shift in an automatic transmission car, so once you put the transmission into drive, everything else is automatic.
What is the primary job of an automatic transmission?
The primary job of an automatic transmission is to allow the engine to operate in its narrow range of speeds while providing a wide range of output speeds.
When did automatic transmission become standard?
According to Sixt, automatic transmissions became the U.S. standard in the late 1980s.
How does an automatic transmission work?
According to Driving.ca, " [a]n automatic transmission uses sensors to determine when it should shift gears, and changes them using internal oil pressure."
What is inside an automatic transmission?
The inside of an automatic transmission has a planetary gearset, a set of bands, a set of three wet-plate clutches, a hydraulic system, and a large gear pump.
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msmarco_passage_00_261787612 | How Manual Transmissions Work | HowStuffWorks | How Manual Transmissions Work | HowStuffWorks
How Manual Transmissions Work
By: Marshall Brain & Cherise Threewitt | Updated: Feb 11, 2021
Today's car transmissions come in standard, manual, CVT and even automated manual. 00ONE/ISTOCK
If you drive a stick-shift car, then you may have several questions floating in your head.
How does the funny "H" pattern that I am moving this shift knob through have any relation to the gears inside the transmission? What is moving inside the transmission when I move the shifter?
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When I mess up and hear that horrible grinding sound, what is actually grinding? What would happen if I were to accidentally shift into reverse while I am speeding down the freeway? Would the entire transmission explode?
In this article, we'll answer all of these questions and more as we explore the interior of a manual transmission.
Cars need transmissions because of the physics of the gasoline engine. First, any engine has a redline — a maximum rpm value above which the engine cannot go without exploding. Second, if you have read How Horsepower Works, then you know that engines have narrow rpm ranges where horsepower and torque are at their maximum. For example, an engine might produce its maximum horsepower at 5,500 rpm. The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to change as the car speeds up and slows down. You shift gears so the engine can stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its best performance.
Ideally, the transmission would be so flexible in its ratios that the engine could always run at its single, best-performance rpm value. That is the idea behind the continuously variable transmission (CVT). We'll talk about that next.
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Contents
Continuously Variable Transmissions
A Very Simple Transmission
Shifting Into First Gear
A Real Transmission
What About the Automated Manual?
Where Have the Manuals Gone?
Continuously Variable Transmissions
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A continuously variable transmission (CVT) has a nearly infinite range of gear ratios. In the past, CVTs could not compete with four-speed and five-speed transmissions in terms of cost, size and reliability, so you didn't see them in production automobiles. These days, improvements in design have made CVTs more common.
The transmission is connected to the engine through the clutch. The input shaft of the transmission therefore turns at the same rpm as the engine, which improves both power output and fuel economy. CVTs became common in hybrid cars because they are considerably more efficient than both manual and traditional automatic transmissions, and their popularity skyrocketed from there as automakers competed for the best possible fuel economy ratings. As of late 2016, one out of every four cars sold in the United States was equipped with a CVT.
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The CVT does have its downsides; most notably, it can be sluggish to drive, since it's engineered for efficiency rather than fun. However, as many drivers choose to move away from the manual transmission, which results in fewer manuals being offered, the CVT continues to increase its presence. The CVT also works best in small cars with small engines, which is why most trucks and large SUVs continue to use traditional automatics.
You can read How CVTs Work for even more information on how continuously variable transmissions work. Now let's look at a simple transmission.
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A Very Simple Transmission
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To understand the basic idea behind a standard transmission, the diagram to the left shows a very simple two-speed transmission in neutral. Let's look at each of the parts in this diagram to understand how they fit together:
The green shaft comes from the engine through the clutch. The green shaft and green gear are connected as a single unit. (The clutch is a device that lets you connect and disconnect the engine and the transmission.) When you push in the clutch pedal, the engine and the transmission are disconnected so the engine can run even if the car is standing still. When you release the clutch pedal, the engine and the green shaft are directly connected to one another. The green shaft and gear turn at the same rpm as the engine.
The red shaft and gears are called the layshaft. These are also connected as a single piece, so all of the gears on the layshaft and the layshaft itself spin as one unit. The green shaft and the red shaft are directly connected through their meshed gears so that if the green shaft is spinning, so is the red shaft. In this way, the layshaft receives its power directly from the engine whenever the clutch is engaged.
The yellow shaft is a splined shaft that connects directly to the drive shaft through the differential to the drive wheels of the car. If the wheels are spinning, the yellow shaft is spinning.
The blue gears ride on bearings, so they spin on the yellow shaft. If the engine is off but the car is coasting, the yellow shaft can turn inside the blue gears while the blue gears and the layshaft are motionless.
The purpose of the collar is to connect one of the two blue gears to the yellow drive shaft. The collar is connected, through the splines, directly to the yellow shaft and spins with the yellow shaft. However, the collar can slide left or right along the yellow shaft to engage either of the blue gears. Teeth on the collar, called dog teeth, fit into holes on the sides of the blue gears to engage them.
Now, let's see what happens when you shift into first gear.
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Shifting Into First Gear
Follow the step-by-step process of shifting gears.
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The picture to the left shows how, when shifted into first gear, the purple collar engages the blue gear to its right. As the graphic demonstrates, the green shaft from the engine turns the layshaft, which turns the blue gear to its right. This gear transmits its energy through the collar to drive the yellow drive shaft. Meanwhile, the blue gear on the left is turning, but it is freewheeling on its bearing so it has no effect on the yellow shaft.
When the collar is between the two gears (as shown in the figure on the previous page ), the transmission is in neutral. Both of the blue gears freewheel on the yellow shaft at the different rates controlled by their ratios to the layshaft.
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From this discussion, you can answer several questions:
When you make a mistake while shifting and hear a horrible grinding sound, you are not hearing the sound of gear teeth mis-meshing. As you can see in these diagrams, all gear teeth are all fully meshed at all times. The grinding is the sound of the dog teeth trying unsuccessfully to engage the holes in the side of a blue gear.
The transmission shown here does not have "synchros" (discussed later in the article), so if you were using this transmission you would have to double-clutch it. Double-clutching was common in older cars and is still common in some modern race cars. In double-clutching, you first push the clutch pedal in once to disengage the engine from the transmission. This takes the pressure off the dog teeth so you can move the collar into neutral. Then you release the clutch pedal and rev the engine to the "right speed." The right speed is the rpm value at which the engine should be running in the next gear. The idea is to get the blue gear of the next gear and the collar rotating at the same speed so that the dog teeth can engage. Then you push the clutch pedal in again and lock the collar into the new gear. At every gear change you have to press and release the clutch twice, hence the name "double-clutching."
You can also see how a small linear motion in the gear shift knob allows you to change gears. The gear shift knob moves a rod connected to the fork. The fork slides the collar on the yellow shaft to engage one of two gears.
In the next section, we'll take a look at a real transmission.
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A Real Transmission
Most transmissions today has at least five speeds.
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Four-speed manual transmissions are largely outdated, with five- and six-speed transmissions taking their place as the more common options. Some performance cars may offer even more gears. However, they all work more or less the same, regardless of the number of gears. Internally, it looks something like this:
There are three forks controlled by three rods that are engaged by the shift lever. Looking at the shift rods from the top, they look like this in reverse, first and second gear:
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Keep in mind that the shift lever has a rotation point in the middle. When you push the knob forward to engage first gear, you are actually pulling the rod and fork for first gear back.
You can see that as you move the shifter left and right you are engaging different forks (and therefore different collars). Moving the knob forward and backward moves the collar to engage one of the gears.
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Reverse gear is handled by a small idler gear (purple). At all times, the blue reverse gear in this diagram above is turning in a direction opposite to all of the other blue gears. Therefore, it would be impossible to throw the transmission into reverse while the car is moving forward; the dog teeth would never engage. However, they will make a lot of noise.
Synchronizers
Manual transmissions in modern passenger cars use synchronizers, or synchros, to eliminate the need for double-clutching. A synchro's purpose is to allow the collar and the gear to make frictional contact before the dog teeth make contact. This lets the collar and the gear synchronize their speeds before the teeth need to engage, like this:
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The cone on the blue gear fits into the cone-shaped area in the collar, and friction between the cone and the collar synchronize the collar and the gear. The outer portion of the collar then slides so that the dog teeth can engage the gear.
Every manufacturer implements transmissions and synchros in different ways, but this is the general idea.
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What About the Automated Manual?
Audi's seven-speed S tronic transmission allows drivers to use its D (Drive) or S (Sport) modes. Drivers can use the selector lever or shift paddles on the steering wheel to shift themselves. Audi
The automated manual transmission is perhaps better known and more accurately described as the dual-clutch automatic, and it is an increasingly popular option. Though the dual-clutch automatic transmission became popular on high-end performance cars, such as Porsches and Audis, it is increasingly available on more mainstream models.
The dual-clutch automatic operates via two clutches, which are controlled by the car's computer network and require no input from the driver. As we discussed, when the clutch in a manual transmission is engaged, it disconnects the engine from the transmission to enable the shift. The dual-clutch automatic operates two different gears at once, which completes the shift while bypassing the power-disconnect stage. That allows a dual-clutch transmission to complete shifts much more quickly, since there isn't a "pause" while the engine and transmission try to match back up.
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The car is faster since there is no interruption in power, the ride is smoother since it's all but impossible to pinpoint the moment of the gear change, and fuel economy is better because there is no power lost to inefficient shifts. You can read about dual-clutch transmissions in more detail here.
It's worth noting that some cars with dual-clutch automatics offer a manual shifting mode, usually via steering wheel-mounted paddle shifters, but the experience is not the same. Some performance enthusiasts may bemoan the loss of the "row-it-yourself" experience, since manually shifting is an enjoyable skill to practice and perfect, but if speed is the ultimate goal, it's hard to argue with the results of an automated manual transmission.
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Where Have the Manuals Gone?
Manual transmissions, also known as 5-speeds, have declined in popularity in the United States and in 2016 accounted for just 5 percent of cars sold. Vladdeep/Thinkstock
As of late 2016, only 5 percent of new vehicles were sold with manual transmissions, according to U.S. News & World Report. That's down from a peak of about 25 percent in 1987.
Even if you're among the rare car buyer who prefers to drive a manual, you'll have a hard time finding one the next time you go to a dealership. Some manufacturers keep the manual around as an excuse to charge more for an automatic or CVT, but the flip side of that is it's difficult to get a well-equipped car with a manual transmission. If you want options such as engine upgrades or all-wheel drive, those features often come only on models or trim levels that do not offer manual transmissions. Sports cars, which used to be surefire ways to get manual transmissions, are also turning toward faster and more efficient automatic options.
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Automakers say that automatic transmissions are simply better in every way, especially the CVT and dual-clutch options we covered on previous pages. Actual interest in owning a car with a manual transmission is on the decline, as well, especially as American drivers spend more time sitting in heavy traffic, where constantly feathering a clutch pedal can get tiresome. As U.S. News reported, "as drivers encounter more of these excellent modern automatics, fewer are interested in learning to drive a manual."
Originally Published: Apr 1, 2000
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Manual Transmission FAQ
What does 5-speed manual transmission mean?
Manual transmissions are also known as 5-speeds.
Do they still make cars with manual transmissions?
Yes. But as of late 2016, only five percent of new vehicles were sold with manual transmissions, according to U.S. News & World Report. That's down from a peak of about 25 percent in 1987.
Is a manual transmission better?
Automakers say that automatic transmissions are simply better in every way, especially the CVT and dual-clutch options. Actual interest in owning a car with a manual transmission is on the decline, especially as American drivers spend more time sitting in heavy traffic, where constantly feathering a clutch pedal can get tiresome.
Is it better to drive an automatic or a manual?
With an automatic transmission, the car is faster since there is no interruption in power. The ride is smoother since it's all but impossible to pinpoint the moment of the gear change and fuel economy is better because there is no power lost to inefficient shifts.
Are manual transmissions still made?
Even if you're among the rare car buyer who prefers to drive a manual, you'll have a hard time finding one the next time you go to a dealership. If you want options such as engine upgrades or all-wheel drive, those features often come only on models or trim levels that do not offer manual transmissions.
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Marshall Brain & Cherise Threewitt "How Manual Transmissions Work" 1 April 2000.
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msmarco_passage_00_265582234 | Courtney Force, Chevy set NHRA Funny Car speed record | Courtney Force, Chevy set NHRA Funny Car speed record
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Courtney Force, Chevy set NHRA Funny Car speed record
Force's run of 325.06 mph during qualifying at Kansas knocks John Force from record
By Autoweek
May 24, 2015
NHRA/National Dragster
Courtney Force drove her Traxxas Chevrolet Camaro SS to a national Funny Car speed record on Saturday with a run of 4.020 seconds at 325.06 mph during the third qualifying session of the 27th annual NHRA Kansas Nationals.
On Friday night Force ran 324.20 mph, which was faster than the current national record set by her father, John Force, at 324.12 mph at the Winternationals in Pomona in 2014
“My dad was picking on me a little bit because I didn’t realize he held the old record," Courtney Force said. "Our Traxxas team has been capable of running fast speeds since we ran 327 mph in Las Vegas, but we weren’t able to back that speed up for the record. It is exciting to be able to set the record here in Topeka. I feel like I have had some pretty good luck at this track. We made another great memory here with that run.
“We were hoping to back up the 324-mph run and to be able to run faster and have that run back up a new record makes me proud of my whole team, which is led by (crew chief) Ron Douglas. They give me a great race car, and even though we didn’t have the quickest ET, we are happy with the speed. Our real goal is to have a consistent race car this weekend.”
This is the first time a Chevrolet has ever held the official Funny record which will be certified at the conclusion of the event. This is the 14 th time a JFR driver has set a national speed record in the Funny Car division, and Courtney is the fifth different JFR driver to do so.
“Now that we are the national speed record holder, that just gives us even more confidence to back up the name Traxxas as the fastest name in radio control and NHRA Funny Cars,” said Courtney Force, a seven-time NHRA Funny Car national event winner.
“Once you are going faster than 300 mph, you just get into a zone and you can feel when the clutch engages and the car starts pulling you to the finish line. You can tell when your car is pulling hard and making a fast run, but once you get past 320 mph, the runs all feel the same. It is exciting for the fans to see speeds like that.”
John Force has set the speed record 10 different times, the first time at Topeka on Oct. 2, 1994, the first time the record exceeded 300 mph (300.80 mph). Other JFR drivers who have held the national record for speed are Ashley Force Hood, Robert Hight and Gary Densham
This is the fourth time a JFR Funny Car has set the speed record in the 1,000-foot era. John Force still holds the national record for speed on the quarter-mile course at 333.58, a mark he established on Oct. 3, 2004 at Joliet.
This content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users provide their email addresses. You may be able to find more information about this and similar content at piano.io
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msmarco_passage_00_274066285 | Gabriella Lewis | BabyfirstTV Wikia | Fandom | Gabriella Lewis | BabyfirstTV Wikia | Fandom
Gabriella Lewis
Gabriella Lewis
Date Born
1973
Year Died
N/A
Lives in
Unknown
Voices
Tillie Knock Knock, Harry the Bunny (UK Version) Singcock
Age
43
Gabriella Lewis is a voice actress for BabyFirst TV. She voices Tillie in the show Tillie Knock Knock. She also voices Mom (Joey's toy box), Lil Vinnie, Bloop (Loop and Bloop), and also does work for number farm, but however, it's unclear who She does. She also voices the UK version of Harry the Bunny. The only voice acting she done without talking is Singcock from Nighttime Friends .
↑ http://gabriellalewi2.wix.com/gabriella-lewis?ref=nf#!dubbing
Retrieved from " https://babyfirsttv.fandom.com/wiki/Gabriella_Lewis?oldid=605 "
Categories:
Voice Actor
Tillie Knock Knock
Bloop and Loop
Joey's Toy Box
Numbers Farm
Li'l Vinnies Art
Harry The Bunny
Harry the bunny
69 (Film)
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. |
msmarco_passage_00_274623331 | Back, Pelvic Girdle and Hip Pain
by Martin Krause
B.Appl.Sci. (Physiotherapy); M.Appl.Sci (Manipulative Physiotherapy), Post Grad Dip Hlth Sc (Exercise and Sports), Post Grad Cert Hlth Sc (Education)
At Back in Business Physiotherapy, we view the pelvis and spine as sitting in a sling of muscles, like a hammock evenly balanced with tension to allow multiple directions of movement without compromising it's stability. Hence, we use a comprehensive analysis with muscle energy techniques, movement analysis, joint mobilisations, soft tissue manipulation and taping to optimise home and gym based exercise regimes. Please read on for more details
List of Contents
Introduction
Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (JHS)
Sacroiliac Joint and Muscle Energy Techniques
Clinical Reasoning and Motor Control
Lumbar Spine Kinematics
Pelvic Kinematics
Pelvis and Gait Cycle
Sacrotuberal Ligament
Pelvic Ring
Outflares and Inflares
Upslips & Downslips
Sacral Torsion
Pubic Symphysis
Diaphragm
Pelvic Floor
Hip - acetabluar retroversion (CAM and Pincer lesions)
Muscle energy techniques (MET)
Myofascial Trigger Points
Fibroblasts and loose Connective Tissue
Immune System and Vibration and Growth Hormone
Clinical example of sacroiliac pain
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Martin Krause
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Pelvic Dysfunction
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Introduction
Pelvic girdle and low back pain have fallen under the diagnostic umbrella of non-specific low back pain (NSLBP). Consequently, a misconception that any exercise is good exercise was created. It is true that low back pain can have it's etiology in pelvic girdle mal-alignment, and similarly low back pain with neural irritation can lead to inco-ordination of muscles causing pelvic mal-alignment. However, clinically there appears to be very little non-specific about such problems. Traditionally, manual therapists have viewed impairment as loss of range of motion and/or perceived stiffness on joint mobilization. However, when considering low back pain and pelvic girdle dysfunction, the effects of muscular force transduction are becoming more evident as being an important impairment variable. The clinician needs to be aware of Newton's third law of 'action-reaction', the effects of inverse dynamics and the desire for symmetrical and appropriately timed force dissipation ('damping' and 'propagation') by supporting musculature. Sometimes these are referred to as 'neuromuscular vectors'. Essentially, efficiency of movement is the desired outcome of any movement strategy, whereby muscles are considered as a series of slings acting across joints with differing movement functions. Most of us have experienced the stiffness and awkwardness of movement when learning a novel task. Pain and dysfunction and/or inappropriate physiotherapy can result in excessive stiffness, which compromises the 'fluidity' and range of movement. Hence, such stiffness is the result of non-optimal neuro-muscular firing, rather than passive stiffness based on adhesions, scar tissue or degenerative changes. Good clinical assessment with the application of appropriate muscle energy, manual therapy, soft tissue massage and dry needling techniques for reduction of pain and muscle spasms, as well as appropriate exercise prescription for strength, endurance and motor control can be used as a management strategy whilst simultaneously ascertaining the 'cause of the cause' of dysfunction. Therefore, don't just rush into a Swiss Ball regime.
It is important to understand that motor inco-ordination in the pelvic girdle can be the result of peripheral and/or central mechanisms. Peripheral mechanisms include reflexogenic muscle spasms whilst central mechanisms include cortical inhibition of muscles and/or delayed central transmission due to noxious input affecting intra-cortical synergistic control between various cerebral, cerebellar and mid brain regions of the central nervous system (CNS). Altered proprioceptive input can result in an inaccurate 'virtual body concept of self' resulting in inaccurate feedback during the execution of motor tasks. Attention, stress and fear can inpact motor planning through altered perceptions of task demand and the environment where the execution of the task is to take place.
Build strength and flexibility in stages. The deeper the foundations of motor learning the stronger and greater the scope of adaptation during recovery. Remember there are 3 stages of learning, where the first stage is the cognitive stage in which fundamental movement patterns need to be learnt in the most basic positions of neutral. Then comes the associative stage whereby more dynamic activity or prolonged static postures can be practiced before arriving at the autonomous stage of learning (Fits & Possner 1967, Gentile 1972). Activation of low threshold muscles first, small movements and lots of cognitive motor control. Additionally, deactivation of global muscles and improved timing are frequently early priorities. Later goals may include performance enhancement for return to sport, whereby intramuscular and intermuscular control between and deep stabilising and superficial ballistic muscles is trained using functional exercises which may include the Swiss Ball.
Importantly, determine whether the person is inherently a 'floppy', 'stiffy' or 'flippy-floppy'. The goal with stiff people will be to improve range of motion and acquire control of global muscle timing. Hereby, reducing intra-abdominal and intra-discal pressure. The goal with floppy people will be to enhance stability through co-ordination and improved endurance. Hereby, improving cognitive motor control. Don't get trapped by exacerbating a persons condition, who appears to be stiff, yet has an underlying functional instability. Ask them whether they used to be really flexible as a child or prior to the onset of dysfunction. Also screen for trauma which could have resulted in some functional (and even structural) instability such as lumbar - thoracic spine hyper-flexion-extension from a 'whiplash type' injury such as high speed skiing, marshal arts, etc. Ultimate aims will be to improve lumbo-pelvic dynamics by optimising 'form & force closure' around the symphasis pubis & sacro-iliac joints.
Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (JHS)
includes conditions such as Marfan's Syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and Osteogenesis imperfecta. These people are thought to have a higher proportion of type III to type I collagen, where type I collagen exhibits high tensile strength, whilst type III collagen is much more extensible and disorganised and occuring in organs such as the gut, skin and blood vessels. The predominant presenting complaint is widespread pain lasting from day to decades. Additional symptoms associated with joints, such as stiffness, 'feeling like a 90 year old', clicking, clunking, popping, subluxations, dislocations, instability, feeling that the joints are vulnerable, as well as symptoms affecting other tissue such as paraesthesia, tiredness, faintness, feeling unwell and suffering flu-like symptoms. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in the form of 'dysautonomia' frequently occur. Broad paper like scars appear in the skin where wounds have healed. Other extra-articular manifestations include ocular ptosis, varicose veins, Raynauds phenomenon, neuropathies, tarsal and carpal tunnel syndrome, alterations in neuromuscular reflex action, development motor co-ordination delay (DCD), fibromyalgia, low bone density, anxiety and panic states and depression. Age, sex and gender play a role in presentaton as it appears more common in African and Asian females with a prevalence rate of between 5% and 25% . Despite this relatively high prevalence, JHS continues to be under-recognised, poorly understood and inadequately managed (Simmonds & Kerr, Manual Therapy, 2007, 12, 298-309). These people tend to move fast, rely on inertia for stability, have long muscles creating large degrees of freedom and potential kinetic energy, where they become the ballistic 'floppies', and either highly co-ordinated or clumsy. There deosn't seem to be in my clincial exprience an in-between. Treatment has consisted of soft tissue techniques similar to those used in fibromyalgia, including but not limited to, dry needling, myofacscial release and trigger point massage, kinesiotape, strapping for stability in sporting endeavours, pressure garment use such as SKINS, BSc, 2XU, venous stockings. Specific exercise regimes more atuned to co-ordination and stability than to excessive non-stabilising stretching, muscle energy techniques, mobilisatinos with movement (Mulligans), thoracic ring relocations (especially good with autonomic symtoms), hydrotherapy, herbal supplementaion such as Devils Claw, Cats Claw, Curcumin and Green Tee. Arnica cream for bruising. Encouragment of non-weight bearing endurance activities such as swimming, and cycling to stimuate the red muscle fibres over the ballistic white muscles fibres, since the latter are preferably used in this movement population. Care and even avoidance of end range movement activity. My good friend Abrahao Baptisita, Brazilian Physiotherapist and researcher, recommends the use of muscle stimulation brain retraining for the prevention of shoulder dislocations - subluxations and patella (knee cap) dislocations.
Sacroiliac Joint
The sacroiliac or pelvic joint is not your typical joint. Rather than being made up of two bones and fibrous tissue encapsulating synovial fluid whose primary function is acting a 'pulley' to muscle action, the sacroiliac joint is a ligamentous fibrous non-conforming articulation with varying degrees of movement depending upon gender and collagen fibre type. A young person with JHS tend to be on one end of the SIJ movement spectrum whereas an elderly man would be on the other end.
Broad categories of pelvic dysfunction
There are five broad categories of pelvic dysfunction. Some are more common than others. It is important to try to ascertain which dysfunction is present as it will influence treatment and exercise prescription decisions. For example, an 'inflare' may be exacerbated by deep abdominal exercise, an 'outflare' may be exacerbated by hip external rotation exercises, 'downslips' usually don't like traction, and 'upslips' are often confused with 'counternutation'. Both in 'upslips' and 'downslips' the history and mechanism of injury become important.
What constitutes normal and abnormal pelvic alignment? Trauma and muscle imbalance can cause misalignment. Normal walking also may constitute asymmetry which isn't pathological.Actually i find clinically it is better to think of ilia alignment, as the scrum is much smaller,only has one direct muscle attachment and is somewhat hard to conceptual. Although Biochemical purist will probably find the reductionist here simplest and not entirely correct ,the following video hopefully clarify why its easier,clinically,to assess the ilia.
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Pelvic Malalignment
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Assessment of the Sacro-iliac Joint should include
Patrick - FABER test : the patient lies supine on the table, and the examiner stands next to him/her. The examiner brings the ipsilateral hip into flexion, abduction, external rotation so the heel is on the contralateral knee. The examiner fixates the contralateral ASIS and applies pressure on the subjects flexed knee. The test is positive when similar buttock or groin pain below L5 is reproduced (Kokmeyer et al JMPT 2002, 25, 1, 42-8)
ThighThrust or posterior shear test : the subject lies supine on the table. The examiner flexes the hip and knee so that the hip is at approx 90degrees flexion and slight adduction and the thigh is at right angles to the table with the knee remaining relaxed. One of the examiners hands cups the sacrum and the other arm wraps around the flexed knee. The axial pressure applied is directed through the long axis of the femur, which causes anterior ot posterior shear to the SIJ. The test is positive when familiar pain is provoked over the posterior aspect of the SIJ below L5 (Kokmeyer et al 2002, Laslett et al 2003, 2005)
Restricted abduction test : the subject is positioned in supine with the leg fully extended and abducted to 30degrees. The examiner holds the ankle and pushes medially while the subject pushes laterally. The test is positve when similar pain is produced over the SIJ below L5 (Broadhurst & Bond, J Spinal Dis, 1998, 11, 4, 341-5). These authors claimed 87% sensitivity and 100% reliability for this test.
Standing flexion test : is performed by palpating the PSISs whilst the subject is bending forward from the standing position. The test is negative where both PSISs move the same amount and positive where one PSIS moves further cranially than the other which means limited movement of the sacrum on the ilium on the side of the superior PSIS (Potter & Rothstein. Physical Therapy,1985, 65, 11, 1671-5)
Sitting flexion test : is performed as in standing
One leg standing : is a very useful test for ascertaining Intra Pelvic Torsion (IPT) where weight shift onto one leg is accompanied by anterior shift of the head of the femur. Frequently, an anterior position of the head can be seen in biped standing when palpating from the side. Palpation for increased adductor tone can also be useful to confirm this hypothesis. Increased adductor tone can also later be palpated in supine before testing ASLR. Furthermore, during the standing lumbopelvic flexion test, palpation for anterior positioning of the head whilst simulataneously palpating for counternutation of the SIJ can be useful in determining which comes first - the IPT or the anterior position of the head of femur. Finally, attempts at improved motor control through horizontal fibres of internal oblique & transverse abdominis activation with lateral weight shifting should result in spontaneous improvements in gluteus medius activation, whilst adductor tone should remain low. Besides LBP and Pelvic Girdle Pain (PGP), this can also be an important consideration in someone presenting with lateral hip pain whereby lack of deep core activation and hence gluteus medius activation results in excessive use of the ITB and Tfl. In terms of motor control it is important to recognise that the muscles which contract prior to the onset of movement should be the stabilizers = muscle of anticipation. If a 'prime mover' muscle initiates the movement then it will become the dominant muscle in that synergy of movement. Hence, if the adductor initiates movement it will result in an anterior draw of the head of femur potentially resulting in anterior hip pain, internal rotation and medial knee pain as well as possibly inducing over pronation and/or porlonged pronation in the foot. Additionally, the adductor may rotate the pelvis ipsilaterally in the horizontal plane, inhibit the glutues medius resulting in reduced lumbo-pelvic rhythm. Whether the adductor is responsible for anterior rotation of the ilium (counter-nutation) (anterior hip pain resulting in muscle spasms of the ilicus) and hence intra-pelvic torsion or is a result of counter-nutation can be assessed clinically by palpation of the SIJ-Ilia and the anterior hip-adductor and determining which occurs first.
Gillet Test : is performed in 1 leg standing whilst the subject pulls their knee up to their chest. A normal result would be for the PSIS to move inferiorly. If the PSIS remains at the same level or drops only slightly or even moves superiorly this is considered as a positive test
Prone Knee Flexion test : is performed with the patient prone. While the examiner holds both heels, the patients knees are flexed to 90degrees. The leg lengths are compared by examining the left and right soles of the feet in the prone extended and flexed positions. If one leg appears shorter in extension and lengthens in flexion implies an hypothesised posterior ilial rotation (Potter & Rothstein 1985)
Arab et al (Manual Therapy, 14, 213-221) demonstrated fair to substantial inter and intra-rater reliability for individual tests, moderate to excellent reliability for clusters,and substantial to excellent reliability for composites of the above motion palpation and provocation tests
Stork test : is performed standing on 1 leg as the subject moves the 90 degree flexed knee into hip flexion and hip extension. The PSISs are palpated w.r.t the sacrum and L4. With the hip moving into flexion, inferior movement of the PSIS and ipsilateral rotation of the L4 is expected. With the hip moving into extension, superior movement of the PSIS and contralateral rotation or no movement of the L4 is expected. Hip hitching can also be tested in this position.
Active Hip Extension test : involves the client prone and extending their straight leg at the hip. Frequently, clients with LBP and PGP present with reversed gluteal : hamstring timing whereby the hamstrings are dominant. The addition of compression anteriorly or posteriorly can glean information w.r.t force closure. A positve result would be improved timing of contraction of the Gluteus Maximus over the hamstrings. Additionally, a reduction in pain and/or the movement feeling easier 'lighter' to do may also occur. Takasaki et al (Manual Therapy, 2009, 14, 484-489) found that the addition of 50N and 100N anterior compression resulted in the gluteus maximus coming on sooner (263+-99.5ms vs 183.5+-77.9ms vs 91.5+-49.7ms). Improvements with anterior compression may mean the need for transverse abdominus training. Worsening with anterior compression may mean excessive transverse abdominus contraction. Improvements with posterior compression may indicate the need for deep Multifidus (MF) muscle training. Combinations of anterior and posterior compressionon the ilia resulting in improvements may indicate the need for combined deep MF and Transverse Abdominus training. Compression of the thorax and/or elevation/depression, transverse gliding of specific rib rings can also be used. Palpation for tension in the erector spinae muscles of the L/S and T/S as well as using a 'squeezing technique' around the trigger point of tension may also improve Active Hip/Leg Extension suggesting the need to use techniques (such as relaxation through awareness, trigger point dry needling, fascial release, kinesiotaping, etc) to reduce excessive muscle tension
Therefore ideally, gluteal activation occurs prior to or simultaneously with hamstring activation. Where this does not occur, the therapist should consider
- posterior capsule tightness resulting in anterior translation of the head of femur with gluteal activation (hence reflexogenic inhibition)
- anterior rotation of the ilia (counternutation)
- ischioccocygeus spasms and outflare of the ilia
- neuropathy affecting the gluteal nerves
- excessive psoas major activity
- excessive ribcage tightness and hence sympathetic nervous system activity resulting in firing of the hamstrings (these people will say that no matter how much they stretch they still feel that their muscles are tight)
- intra cortical dyskinesia (see Chronic Low Back Pain for more details)
ALE and Isometric Latissimus Dorsi testing for force closure :
Prone Figure of 4 Test: involves the client in prone. The knee is bent to 90degrees and the hip is rotated externally, the hip can also be abducted and finally a combination of abduction and external rotation can be made with the knee at 90degrees flexion. These manouvers result in saggital and transverse iliac rotation in 18-35 year olds (Bussey et al, Manual Therapy, 2009, 14, 520-525)
Gaenslen's Test : useful test for psoas major length and with some adaptation rectus femoris length.
It should be noted that people who have medial knee pain on hip extension may have referred pain from an irritated pubic symphasis
Supine -> Sitting Test : originally described by DonTigny (1997) it involves assessing leg lengths in supine and in long sitting. The patient is aided to sitting by puling up with their outstretched hands, so as not to involve the abdominal muscles and to avoid pelvic twisting. Outflares and Inflares should remain unaffected by this test. Leg length discrepency should also remain unchanged from either supine or sitting. During an 'upslip' the affected side will appear to be shorter in either position. The reverse will be true fo a 'downslip'. With rotational malalignment the pelvis no longer moves as a unit. With anterior rotation on the right and posterior rotation of the innominate on the left, the pelvis rotates in the transverse plane to the right creating an apparent shorter right leg in sitting. Note that it is the relative shortening which is important. (Shamberger 2002)
Generally there is little evidence to support the use of the Gillet test, standing flexion test, sitting flexion test, or supine-to-sit test to differentiate between subjects with and without static innominate torsion (Pamela K Levangie 1999, PHYS THER Vol. 79, No. 11, November 1999, pp. 1043-1057). However, these tests in my opinion are easy to do and may provide some useful information when examined in the context of the entire clinical picture. Certainly, in some sports such as cycling and rowing the supine -> sit may provide very useful information when exmined in that context.
Assessment of peripheral strength and flexibility is essential before commencing any Swiss Ball exercises or any other training regime. Symmetry in alignment and muscle balance (endurance versus strength) are important aspects for attaining motor control -
remember the analytical physiotherapist should use their 'clinical reasoning' skills to take into account the entire clinical picture
are the muscles short and weak and therefore require strengthening, stretching and power ( i.e. bulk)?
are the muscles long and weak and therefore require endurance for stability ? (remember 'floppies' generally don't like endurance exercise - they prefer ballistic sprinting type of activities)
are there muscles which are over-dominant and therefore require enhanced timing and co-ordination?
for example the static assessment of the influence of the hamstrings, tensor fascia lata and rectus femoris on the pelvic tilt (anterior, posterior and lateral),
in terms of motor control, Bernstein's perspective suggests that the constraints of movement are the 'degrees of freedom' which the central nervous system allows for safe and efficient movement to take place. When considering neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), this tautology of words presents an interesting aspect of communication and goal setting for the physiotherapist. Also don't invoke 'fear' in your clients by using 'instability' without adequate explanations.
An adapted Geoff Maitland approach to stability and function, incorporating a modified concept of 'degrees of freedom', where the clients reaction to pain determines functional ability.
note the excessive scoliosis from the TFL stretch!!!!!
note the excessive posterior pelvic tilt from the hamstring stretch!!!
are the hamies and quads tight because they are weak?
- remember the peroneals, the lateral hamstrings (biceps), the sacrotuberous ligament, erector spinae and deep thoracolumbar fascia are functionally continuous (Dianne Lee 1999)
Following a static assessment, dynamic movement analysis should occur. How does the client walk, run, lift, swim? What is the lumbo-pelvic control and what is the timing between the muscles? For example, do the hamstrings activate before the gluteus maximus? This is frequently the case in hamstring dominant people or people with an anterior iliac rotation whereby counternutation of the SIJ seems to inhibit the gluteus maximus. On the other hand posterior pelvic tilt may be the result of excessive hamstring and rectus abdominis - external oblique activity and a dysfunctional kyphotis low lumbar spine (flexion impairment) whilst anterior pelvic tilt is the result of excessive erector spinae activity (active extension impairment). What is the timing between the erector spinae muscles with arm movements and rocking movements? Can this timing be enhanced by activation of pelvic floor muscles? Is there reduced hip extension (due increased Iliopsoas activity) causing ipsilateral pelvic rotation (in the horizontal plane) resulting in shortening of the contralateral piriformis muscle? This latter scenario may be accompanied with ipsilaterally reduced Prone Knee Bend (PKB) and reduced contralateral Straight Leg Raise (SLR). When extending the hip in prone with a flexed knee does the lumbar spine hyperextend at an unstable segment or rock to one side as can occur with an 'active extension impairment' with it's mal-adaptive spinal stabilising coactivation of erector spinae and iliopsoas?
Any movement discrepancy observed , should be confirmed using special tests such as one leg standing - pelvic control. Additionally, manual muscle testing as well as muscle energy techniques, myofascial dry-needling and joint mobilisations can confirm or negate the 'working hypothesis' of what is causing the dysfunction. The physiotherapist needs to engage the client, thereby educating them to a point where they are able to do their own assessment of the efficacy of any exercise regime or treatment intervention.
reinforcement of shoulder rotation (throwing action) with transverse abdominis activation
- note pelvic tilt and external rotation of stance leg: ?due to tight piriformis and weak gluteus maximus? ?due to hip stiffness? ?due to weak gluteus medius and weak hip rotators?
muscle energy techniques {MET} (gentle [<20%max] and only 3 reps for approx 10 secs)
rectus femoris and iliopsoas
The iliopsoas is frequently regarded as a key player in the compromise of hip extension, lumbar spine lateral flexion, flexion and/or extension. Although clinically, MET's to the iliopsoas can be very useful for restoring lumbar range of movement, there is little evidence to suggest that the iliosoas is tight, too strong or too weak. Similarly, in the abscence of an 'upslip' there is little evidence to suggest it's involvement in anterior pelvic tilt, rather it is more likely to be a posterior pelvic tilter. When separating the two muscles, the iliacus has an anterior rotation affect on the ilium (counternutation), whereas the psoas major has a posterior rotating affect on the ilium. Additionally, the iliacus muscle and posterio-medial aspect of the psoas major are more linkley to have stabilising functions as they are close to the joint and hence axis of rotation, whereas the antero-lateral psoas major may have a largely mobilising-power generating function. If this is the case, then the iliopsoas may be involved with functional synergies which involve the superficial abdominal muscles in maintaining the pelvic neutral position. When a forward/backward rocking motion is performed in standing, the erector spinae and superficial abdominal muscles exhibit reciprocal timing suggesting that the duration of the considerable compressive force generated by the erector spinae can be reduced in the lumbar spine through enhanced superficial abdominal muscle timing. Similarly, reduced erector spinae and enhanced superficial abdominal activity may reduce the amount of compressive forces (excessive force closure) generated on the lumber intervertebral discs. However, more ideally, it is the non-torque producing muscles of the abdominal cavity such as the horizontal fibres of interanl oblique and transverse abdominis as well as the deep fibres of multifidus which maintain lumbar spine neutral posture. By reducing the activation of both superficial abdominals and erector spinae it may be possible for the low threshold muscles to function during postural and endurance activities. During high threshold dynamic exercise such as running, transverse excursion of the diaphragm becomes essential to efficient movement as abdominal expansion may lead to loss of pelvic control. Since the oblique abdominal muscles arise from the lower 6 ribs, the oblique abdominal muscles require adequate length for inferior lateral chest expansion to take place. Notably, the low thoracic spine is covered by the pars thoracic aspect of the erector spinae and hence these muscles require sufficient relaxation for rib excursion to take place. Therefore, it makes sense for the iliopsoas to provide powerful hip/lumbopelvic stability, in a functional synergy with the gluteal muscles during activities such as sprinting and hill running. Despite these paradoxes, it is highly likely that the clinical effect of MET's on the iliopsoas is a proprioceptive one, rebalancing the stabilising synergies of the hip and lumbar spine. Importantly, by including inferior lateral breathing in an iliopsoas release, the therapist will be able to glean the importance of incorrect breathing to the dysfunction. Realistically, the clinical reasoning process allows for such areas of uncertainty by using the correlation between the impairment and disability measures to assess the validity of involving the iliopsoas muscle in the treatment process.
Myofascial dry needling techniques can also be used to reduce muscle tension (spasms) in the superior gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis/ITB/Tfl, adductor and piriformis muscles.
Additionally, the ilium should be examined for outflares and a tight piriformis, or inflares and a tight iliacus. If both piriformi are contracted then forward flexion may be very difficult. Muscle energy techniques can be used on these muscles. Additionally, adductor longus should be assessed together with the medial hamstrings. Remember, what is tight may also be weak. Therefore, do not increase ROM at the expense of stability. Adductor longus and contralateral external oblique form a functional sling (Diane Lee 1999). Don't forget that the adductor muscles have trigger points which can refer pain into the anus and genital areas (see Travel & Simmons).
Lumbar Spine - Pelvic Kinematics
Sacral nutation & counternutation
Sacral nutation and counternuation are considered normal events during flexion and extension in standing. It should be noted that counternutation of the sacrum generally occurs beyond 45degrees flexion (some variation between individuals and pathology) and is a movement of the innominates relative to the sacrum. In extension the reverse occurs whereby the ilia rotate posteriorly w.r.t the sacrum resulting in nutation. During extension in sitting, initially the ilia do not rotate whilst the sacrum nutates until all the slack is taken up by the ligaments and pelvic floor muscles at which point the ilia will begin to rotate anteriorly.
Gait Cycle and Pelvic Rotation
Posterior and lateral view of gait - rotation and counter-rotation of the sacrum/pelvis and spine. As the innominate rotates anteriorly it pushes the sacrum forward on that side so that by toe off the sacrum is rotating in the opposite direction to the pelvis. In the above example, the pelvis rotates to the left as the left leg goes 'swing phase' extension, this pushes the left innominate against the left side of the sacrum, thereby creating right sacral rotation (the exact opposite of pelvic rotation). Lateral tilt is controlled through the medial and lateral slings, whilst the pelvic rotation is controlled by the elements making up the 'spiral sling' (a combination of anterior, posterior and medial-lateral). Inherent in this mechanism are also the hip external rotators, which through the connection of the myofascia and obturator internis, engages the pelvic floor in a stabilising activity.
Heel strike is accompanied by a 'locking mechanism' whereby the posterior rotation of the innominate (ilium) is locked with the sacrum through muscular elements on the stance side and the forward push of the opposite innominate (ilium) on the sacrum, on the swing side. Hence as one side goes into 'toe off' 'unlocking' and swing phase, a constant torsion in the sacrum will occur. The amount of sacral torsion will vary depending on ligamentous laxity, muscle balance, terraine and stride length. The Hamstring mechansim across the sacrotuberous and long dorsal ligament contributes to the 'locking' through the 'posterior sling'. During the transition to the unlocking phase anterior 'slings' become important. Mid stance requires control of rotation and pelvic tilt. The inverse dynamics of the kinetic chain of the lower limb mean that every element (Foot -> Pelvis) needs to be considered when assessing pelvic dysfunction.
Posterior view of innominate anterior and posterior rotation, from mid stance to hip extension the sacrum commences to rotate in the opposite direction to the rotation of the pelvis
Anterior innominate rotation with hip extension coincides with ipsilateral pelvic rotation, contralateral spinal lateral flexion and contralateral spinal rotation. Anterior innominate rotation encourages contralateral L4 rotation through attachments of the ilio-lumbar ligaments, which is in turn accompanied by the posterior ilial rotation on the opposite side.These movements occur around an oblique axis. In the above example rotation around the right oblique axis results in a 'counter-rotation' action whereby the right anterior ilial rotation is accompanied by a 'counterlocking' left posterior ilial rotation. As the right hip moves into extension, anterior rotation of the right ilia results in contralateral left sacral torsion (whilst the pelvis is still rotating to the right). The posterior rotation of the left ilia stabilises the left SIJ joint in preparation for heel strike through the tightening of the right sacrotuberous, sacrospinous and interosseous ligaments. The continuation of the biceps femoris mechanism with the sacrotuberous ligament may also act as a mechanical stabiliser. Alternatively, it may be that the sacrotuberous ligament provides powerful proprioceptive input for the biceps femoris. Furthermore, in cases of dysfunction, mechanical hyperalgesia of the sacrotuberous ligament may contribute to reflexogenic muscle spasms in the biceps femoris. This can set up a viscious cycle whereby one perpetuates the other, as shortening and/or incorrect timing of the biceps femoris may result in increased mechanical input (tension) on the sacrotuberal ligament. This can create additional problems elsewhere such as the posterior lateral knee, peroneal nerve, both SIJ's and in the spine.
Confusing? Just remember that the sacrum torsions in the opposite direction to pelvic rotation due to hip extension (and rotation) forces on the ilium
The sacrotuberous ligment also has strong connections with the posterior thoracolumbar fascia, and muscular attachments of gluteus maximus and piriformis. Hereby, the biceps femoris, the GM and the piriformis can increase ligamentous tension.
As the leg moves into extension, counternutation occurs (in this example on the left) resulting in right sacral torsion but with left pelvic rotation in the horizontal plane
L4 rotation can be tested during 'the stork' test through palpation of the spinous process of L4 and sacral sulcus during long striding. Additionally, control over lateral pelvic tilting on the stance leg can also be tested in various positions of flexion and extension whilst palpating the L4 in order to ascertain any mal-rotation suggesting some unstable L4 element. The L5 can almost be considered the 'meat in the sandwich' of sacral torsions (especially backward ones : left on right, right on left), ilial anterior rotations and L4 mal-rotations affect the bood vessels, nerves and articular processes of the L5.
Pelvic Ring Distortion
Frequently, these people present with an apparent or real leg length discrepency and are sometimes confused for an upslip. Examine people in standing from the front and behind. Make sure you are symmetrical to the persons landmarks. Also be certain which is your dominant eye - use the photographers square fingers technique and determine with which eye there is least movement from the centre of the square when both eyes are open compared to one eye shut. Additionally, try to glide the hip anteriorly and posteriorly with more and less weight bearing. The hip will appear to glide further posteriorly on the side of anterior innominate rotation. Generally, the entire pelvis will look like it is rotated.
Outflares and Inflares
An interesting case of pelvic pain from an outflare right and inflare left of the pelvis causing SIJ compression and gapping respectively. Enhanced bilateral adductor activity, medial right knee pain, gluteal medius weakness and tendinopathy on the right and hamstring insertional tendinoathy on the left were also accompanied by bilateral symphasis pubis inflammation. This 28 year old female suffered from joint hypermobility syndrome. The following are some of the exericses instigated. Additionally the ischiococcygeus was released using pressure relaxation techniques.
Upslips and Downslips
Upslips: can be the result of a sudden vertical force through the outstretched leg for example when stepping into a pot hole, landing awkwardly during a jump or when running. car accidents where the persons foot is on the brake and the force goes up longitudinally through the thigh is also a common mechanism of an upslip. Upslips are generally accompanied by counternutation of the sacrum (anterior rotation of the innominate) which results in tension of the long dorsal sacroiliac ligament. Tightness in the quadratus lumborum and psoas major may contribute to an upslip.
It should be noted that the attachment of the biceps femoris muscle is intimately linked with the continuation of the sacrotuberous ligament and hence can be considered a stabilizer of the SIJ. An MET of the hamstrings are often used to posteriorly rotate the innominates, thereby reducing the counternutation of the sacrum
Downslips: are generally the result of a traction injury such as a rider falling off a horse with the foot caught in the stirrups. I consider these injuries to be exceedingly rare. In theory these are accompanied by sacral nutation (posterior rotation of the innominate) and tension on the sacrotuberal, sacrospinal and interosseous ligaments.
Anterior rotation of the innominate
Anterior rotation of the innominate may the the result of an injury. However, activation of the iliacus which is an important hip stabiliser will also anteriorly rotate the ilium. Therefore, it may be equally important to have the counterbalancing stabilising muscles such as the horizontal fibres of internal oblique and transverse abdominis acting to stabilising the anterior aspect of the SIJ through compression. This would be particularly important if there were also an 'outflare' present. Additionally, the contralateral external oblique may be important during intermittent and high loading. There may also be a role for Psoas Major in the prevention of excessive anterior ilial rotation?
Anterior rotation of the innominate may also occur as a result of adductor muscle tension shifting the head of the femur forward. As the iliacus attempts to stabilise the hip, it counternutates the SIJ resulting in sacral rotation/torsion to the opposite side and pelvic rotation to the ipsilateral side. This can result in compression of the SIJ on the opposite side and hence localised pain there. Therefore, always check OLS (one leg standing) for anterior hip positioning.
Sacral Torsion
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Martin Krause
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Sacroiliac, hip and low back pain, Back in Business Physio North Sydney
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Sacral torsion around the oblique axis
The piriformis originates on the anterior aspect of the sacral base and creates a posterior rotation relative to the ilium, whereas the iliacus rotates the ilium anteriorly relative to the sacrum. Either of these movements would create a wedging of the anteriorly wider sacrum against the ilium and would under normal conditions help stabilise the SIJ. However, excessive compression could result in loss of SIJ movement. Inbalance or weakness or inco-ordination in timing, could result in excessive movement.
Palpation in prone : the left sacral sulcus is anterior whereas the right sacral apex is posterior resulting in forward rotation
Shamberger (2002) described these as 'backward rotations' where the base rotates back instead of forwards. Whereas forward rotation accentuates a lumbar lordosis, backward rotations reduce it and may even create a segmental low lumbar kyphosis. In the Osteopathic literature, these presentations have been linked to seemingly unrelated problems such as headaches, disturbed function of the GIT (diarhoea alternating with constipation) and genitourinal problems (frequency, nocturia and a disturbance in menstrual function)
It should be noted that this type of lateral flexion (i.e. on 2 legs and instigated from the spine above) is very different to the type of lateral flexion which occurs during stance phase of walking (inverted pendulum) where the hip rotation dictates the pelvic - spinal mechanics, and where pendular arm swing dictates thoracic movement and hence lumbar mechanics as well.
People with sacral torsions may have increased force closure in one SIJ and reduced forced closure on the contralateral side. Furthermore, they may present with poor form closure on either side (more likely on the side of counternutation) resulting in pain and load transfer dysfunction.
Since pelvic tilt plays an integral role in the oblique torsions during weight bearing it would make sense that the anterior, posterior and medial fibres of the gluteus medius are activated to control the movement of the ilia on the hip.
Bilateral tightness of the piriformis may reduce sacral nutation, whereas asymmetrical piriformis action can axially rotate the sacrum resulting in excessive compression in the contralateral SIJ. Is there piriformis insufficiency due to outflare created by ischiococcygeus? Are they 'buttock clenchers'? Clinically, improving SIJ stability by inhibiting tonically active muscles and activating tonically inhibited muscles (eg multifidus, transverse abdominis) usually improves lateral hip rotator strength.
Check timing between the gluteus maximus and hamstrings (hamies should not be dominant). If the ilium is in anterior rotation it is very difficult for the gluteus maximus to contract.
Can the hip stabilise on lateral weight shift onto a stable ilium? If the ilium goes into anterior rotation (counternutation) then the acetablum may contact the superior-anterior surface of the head of femur resulting in anterior hip pain. Additionally, excessive uncontrolled lateral weight shift places greater strain on the hip lateral stabilisers such as ITB/Tfl possibly resulting in lateral hip pain such as trochanteric bursitis and tendonosis.
Do the opposite femoral nerve (neural dynamics), external rotators (sacral torsion or ilial outflare) and rectus femoris (anterior innominate rotation) create excessive pressure on the opposite SIJ?
If there is an ipsilateral anterior innominate rotation with jamming up of the SIJ concommitant with contralateral hip internal rotation tightness with some adverse neural dynamics of the femoral and sciatic nerves then METs of the hamstrings and external rotators may reposition the innominate and sacrum. In this position the lumbar and thoracic spines can also be palpated. Thoracic rib tightness may be an indication of sympathetic nervous system hypervigilence/dysfunction which may lead increased mechanosensitivity in the muscles innervated by these regions. It is important to do one step at a time before arriving in this position.
Is the sacrum in too little nutation due to lack of multifidus activation? Reflexogenic inhibition and atrophy due to pain or is there excessive muscle spasm?
is there a leg length discrepancy or pubic symphysis instability?
due to poor hip/pelvic/trunk control?
due to poor biomechanics of the foot?
due to poor knee dynamics?
Osteitis Pubis may present as groin pain. Inflammation of the the bone leads to softening of the bone and cartilage leading to considerable disability. The time frame for recovery is anywhere from 5 months to 2 years. Aetiology is generally from excessive adductor action in activities such as kicking, sitting too high in the saddle of a bike and/or a poor saddle, forced abduction such as skiing, poor inner core stability (transverse abdominis and horizontal fibres of internal oblique) and poor outer sling co-ordination around the pelvis and lumbar spine. However, don't ignore lower limb mechanics such as excessive pronation of one foot and supination of the other. Imbalances between the adductors and the contralateral gluteus medius and the internal and external obliques can play a significant role in poor recovery and may have been part of the aetiology. Inferolateral abdominal wall hernias or weaknesses may have also be the cause of osteitis pubis.
Upslips and Downslips of the ilium are also possible, which maybe accompanied by symphysis pubis shearing (osteitis pubis). Counternutation of the ilium may be accompanied by an upslip or mistaken for an upslip. What is the mechanism of injury? Check quadratus lumborum, external oblique, adductor longus and latissimus dorsi-thoracolumbar fascia for length, strength and 'timing'.
Check stability in Stork test and modified Trendelenburg's test
Palpate conjoint tendon, pubic symphysis and the SIJ
Do the squeeze test at 30, 45 and 60degrees of knee flexion in supine crook lying. Add some rectus abdominus (stomach crunch) to see if it isn't a conjoined rectus abdominus tendonopathy as well.
Do active SLR and check symphysis pubis, then reassess with anterior or posterior ilia compression to ascertain the affect of improved force closure. Reduced pain or easier elevation with anterior compression may be indicative of the need to train the transverse abdominis and horizontal fibres of internal oblique (inner core). Conversely, improvements with posterior compression may be indicative of the need to train the deep multifidus which aids sacral nutation and/or train the muscles and fascia of the posterior outer sling.
in clients with excessive force closure this can be -ve
in clients with reduced force closure this can be +ve
are they getting medial knee pain due to adductor dysfunction?
Do active straight leg raise (ASLR) with or without anterior or posterior compression of the ilia to ascertain 'force closure'. Combinations of anterior and posterior compression on opposite sides is also extremely useful where a sacral torsion is involved. Improvements with anterior compression may mean the need for transverse abdominus training. Worsening with anterior compression may mean excessive transverse abdominus contraction. Improvements with posterior compression may indicate the need for deep Multifidus muscle training. Combinations of anterior and posterior compression resulting in improvements may indicate the need for combined deep MF and Transverse Abdominus training.
The effects of manual pelvic compression on trunk motor control during an active straight leg raise in chronic pelvic girdle pain subjects.
Beales DJ, O'Sullivan PB, Briffa NK. Man Ther. 2010 Apr;15 (2):190-9. Epub 2009 Nov 28.
Abstract
A sub-group of pelvic girdle pain (PGP) patients with a positive active straight leg raise (ASLR) responds positively to the application of external pelvic compression during the test. This study investigated the effect of this phenomenon on electromyographic (EMG) activity of the trunk muscles and intra-abdominal and intra-thoracic pressures in subjects with a unilateral sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain disorder (n=12). All subjects reported reduced difficulty ratings during an ASLR with pelvic compression (paired t-test: p<0.001), yet no statistically significant changes in the muscle activation or pressure variables were found. However, visual inspection of the data revealed two divergent motor control strategies with the addition of compression. Seven subjects displayed characteristics of a decreased EMG profile, while in the other five subjects the EMG profile appeared to increase. As such this study provides preliminary evidence of two disparate patterns of motor control in response to the addition of pelvic compression to an ASLR. The findings may reflect different mechanisms, not only in the response to pelvic compression, but also of the underlying PGP disorder.
Additionally, pressure through the thorax and/or leveation/depression/transverse gliding of specific rib rings can be quite useful to ascertain the influence of rib malalignment and minor instability on ALSR. This again gives immediate diagnostic relevance as well as giving immediate awareness to the client of the existence of a problem.
Compressor Belts for the pelvis may also be useful for some people, however they should only be seen as a means to an end i.e. allow the possibility to function..
The use of pressure through the thorax and ilia can be also be used whilst assessing the clients specific relevant movement problem.
Altered motor control strategies in subjects with sacroiliac joint pain during the active straight-leg-raise test.
O'Sullivan PB, Beales DJ, Beetham JA, Cripps J, Graf F, Lin IB, Tucker B, Avery A., Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002 Jan 1;27 (1):E1-8.
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN: An experimental study of respiratory function and kinematics of the diaphragm and pelvic floor in subjects with a clinical diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain and in a comparable pain-free subject group was conducted.
OBJECTIVE: To gain insight into the motor control strategies of subjects with sacroiliac joint pain and the resultant effect on breathing pattern.
SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The active straight-leg-raise test has been proposed as a clinical test for the assessment of load transfer through the pelvis. Clinical observations show that patients with sacroiliac joint pain have suboptimal motor control strategies and alterations in respiratory function when performing low-load tasks such as an active straight leg raise.
METHODS: In this study, 13 participants with a clinical diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain and 13 matched control subjects in the supine resting position were tested with the active straight leg raise and the active straight leg raise with manual compression through the ilia. Respiratory patterns were recorded using spirometry, and minute ventilation was calculated. Diaphragmatic excursion and pelvic floor descent were measured using ultrasonography.
RESULTS: The participants with sacroiliac joint pain exhibited increased minute ventilation, decreased diaphragmatic excursion, and increased pelvic floor descent, as compared with pain-free subjects. Considerable variation was observed in respiratory patterns. Enhancement of pelvis stability via manual compression through the ilia reversed these differences.
CONCLUSIONS: The study findings formally identified altered motor control strategies and alterations of respiratory function in subjects with sacroiliac joint pain. The changes observed appear to represent a compensatory strategy of the neuromuscular system to enhance force closure of the pelvis where stability has been compromised by injury.
Motor control patterns during an active straight leg raise in chronic pelvic girdle pain subjects.
Beales DJ, O'Sullivan PB, Briffa NK. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Apr 20;34 (9):861-70.
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN: Repeated measures.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate motor control (MC) patterns in chronic pelvic girdle pain (PGP) subjects during an active straight leg raise (ASLR).
SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The ASLR is a test used to assess load transference through the pelvis. Altered MC patterns have been reported in subjects with chronic PGP during this test. These patterns may impede efficient load transfer, while having the potential to impinge on respiratory function and/or to adversely affect the control of continence.
METHODS: Twelve female subjects with chronic PGP were examined. Electromyography of the anterior abdominal wall, right chest wall and the scalene, intraabdominal pressure, intrathoracic pressure, respiratory rate, pelvic floor kinematics, and downward leg pressure of the nonlifted leg were compared between an ASLR lifting the leg on the affected side of the body versus the nonaffected side.
RESULTS: Performing an ASLR lifting the leg on the affected side of the body resulted in a predominant MC pattern of bracing through the abdominal wall and the chest wall. This was associated with increased baseline shift in intraabdominal pressure and depression of the pelvic floor when compared with an ASLR lifting the leg on the nonaffected side.
CONCLUSION: This MC pattern, identified during an ASLR on the affected side of the body, has the potential to be a primary mechanism driving ongoing pain and disability in chronic PGP subjects.
The effect of increased physical load during an active straight leg raise in pain free subjects.
Beales DJ, O'Sullivan PB, Briffa NK. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2010 Aug;20 (4):710-8. Epub 2010 Jan 20.
Abstract
PURPOSE: It has been proposed that pelvic girdle pain (PGP) subjects adopt a high load motor control strategy during the low load task of the active straight leg raise (ASLR). This study investigated this premise by observing the motor control patterns adopted by pain free subjects during a loaded ASLR (ASLR+PL).
METHOD: Trunk muscle activation, intra-abdominal pressure, intra-thoracic pressure, pelvic floor motion, downward pressure of the non-lifted leg and respiratory rate were compared between resting supine, ASLR and ASLR+PL. Additionally, side-to-side comparisons were performed for ASLR+PL.
RESULTS: Incremental increases in muscle activation were observed from resting supine to ASLR to ASLR+PL. During the ASLR+PL there was a simultaneous increase in intra-abdominal pressure with a decrease in intra-thoracic pressure, while respiratory fluctuation of these variables were maintained. The ASLR+PL also resulted in increased pelvic floor descent and greater downward pressure of the non-lifted leg. Trunk muscle activation was comparable between sides during ASLR+PL in all muscles except lower obliquus internus abdominis, which was more active on the leg lift side.
CONCLUSION: Pain free subjects respond to an ASLR+PL by a general increase in anterior trunk muscle activation, but preserve the pattern of greater activation on the side of the leg lift observed during an unloaded ASLR. This contrasts to findings in PGP subjects who, despite having a high load strategy for performing an ASLR on the symptomatic side of the body, display equal bilateral activation of the anterior abdominal wall during the ASLR. This differentiates PGP subjects from pain free subjects, supporting the notion that PGP subjects have aberrant motor control patterns during an ASLR.
Changes in pelvic floor and diaphragm kinematics and respiratory patterns in subjects with sacroiliac joint pain following a motor learning intervention: a case series.
O'Sullivan PB, Beales DJ. Man Ther. 2007 Aug;12 (3):209-18. Epub 2006 Aug 17.
Abstract
This study was a case series design. The objectives of the study were to investigate the ability of a motor learning intervention to change aberrant pelvic floor and diaphragm kinematics and respiratory patterns observed in subjects with sacroiliac joint pain (SIJP) during the active straight leg raise (ASLR) test. The ASLR test is a valid and reliable tool to assist in the assessment of load transference through the pelvis. Irregular respiratory patterns, decreased diaphragmatic excursion and descent of the pelvic floor have been reported in subjects with SIJP during this test. To date the ability to alter these patterns has not been determined. Respiratory patterns, kinematics of the diaphragm and pelvic floor during the ASLR test and the ability to consciously elevate the pelvic floor in conjunction with changes in pain and disability levels were assessed in nine subjects with a clinical diagnosis of SIJP. Each subject then undertook an individualized motor learning intervention. The initial variables were then reassessed. Results showed that abnormal kinematics of the diaphragm and pelvic floor during the ASLR improved following intervention. Respiratory patterns were also influenced in a positive manner. An inability to consciously elevate the pelvic floor pre-treatment was reversed. These changes were associated with improvement in pain and disability scores. This study provides preliminary evidence that aberrant motor control strategies in subjects with SIJP during the ASLR can be enhanced with a motor learning intervention. Positive changes in motor control were associated with improvements in pain and disability. Randomized controlled research is required to validate these results.
The aim is the correction of pelvic mal-alignment & asymmetry - both static and dynamic
note the very poor trunk posture on hamstring stretching and the anterior pelvic tilting on quads stretching!!! - he will never make the hurdling team
What is the influence of the global stabilisers? In particular, external oblique and latissimus dorsi. As well as external oblique and adductor longus. Remember that the gluteal maximus works synergistically with the contralateral latissimus dorsi/erector spinae/thoracolumbar fascia during gait.
Altered breathing patterns during lumbopelvic motor control tests in chronic low back pain: a case–control study
Nathalie Roussel, Jo Nijs, Steven Truijen, Liesbet Vervecken, Sarah Mottram, and Gaëtane Stassijns
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the breathing pattern in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain (LBP) and in healthy subjects, both at rest and during motor control tests. Ten healthy subjects and ten patients with chronic LBP participated at this case–control study. The breathing pattern was evaluated at rest (standing and supine position during both relaxed breathing and deep breathing) and while performing clinical motor control tests, i.e. bent knee fall out and active straight leg raise. A blinded observer analyzed the breathing pattern of the participants using visual inspection and manual palpation. Costo-diaphragmatic breathing was considered as optimal breathing pattern. Subjects filled in visual analog scales for the assessment of pain intensity during the tests. At rest, no significant differences were found between the breathing pattern of patients and healthy subjects (P > 0.05). In contrast, significantly more altered breathing patterns were observed in chronic LBP-patients during motor control tests (P = 0.01). Changes in breathing pattern during motor control tests were not related to pain severity (P > 0.01), but were related to motor control dysfunction (P = 0.01).
Is the thoracic spine mobile enough to allow localised movements without placing excessive movement on the lumbar spine? Additionally, lack of lateral chest expansion will affect the role of the diaphragm in respiration and stabilisation. Suggestions have been made that people who hyperventilate create respiratory alkalosis which results in metabolic acidosis and therefore creates excessive tension in the soft tissue through the sympathetic innervation of the blood vessels. Finally, lack of low thoracic spine mobility may affect the nutrition to the nerves innervating the muscles and blood vessels of the abdominal and pelvic region. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the mobility of the thoracic spine. Additionally, check the patency of the femoral artery in the groin region. A discrepancy in pulse rate and pressure may suggest that the iliopsoas is restricting blood flow. An MET of the iliopsoas can confirm or negate this hypothesis. Adhesion formations may be another reason. Moreover, reduced lateral diaphragmatic movements and reduced inferior thoracic spine mobility may be affecting sympathetic nervous system blood vessel tone and hence the patency of the pulse. It could be envisaged that reduced blood flow would affect the deep endurance stabilising muscles of the leg.
These exercises are designed for people with an anterior pelvic tilt or Posterior Pelvis (PPXS). They should be proceeded by low threshold diaphragmatic and pelvic floor exercises which enhance low loading IAP (intra abdominal pressure). Generally, people with PPXS are 'floppy' or of low muscle tone and need to be 'energised'.
What happens to the vertebrae and paraspinal muscles when lifting the leg or arm or both? There should NOT be an increase in erector spinae tension in the thoracolumbar regions nor should there be an inhibition of diaphragmatic movement.
People with APXS tend to be of high muscle tone. It is important to assess their anterior abdominal wall for excessive tightness and reduce this for optimal diaphragmatic expansion.
Both in APXS and PPXS the thoracic biomechanics and myo-mechanics needs to be assesed and treated.
What about 'the needle' exercise from yoga which may be used to assess thoracic spine rotation
These high threshold loading exercises should only be done when control over the diaphragm and pelvic floor is achieved in low threshold scenarios. They do not replace those abilities. Low threshold function needs to be continually emhasised even after achieving a stage where high threshold loading exercises are required. The second exercise above should be done in sitting either in a chair or on a Swiss Ball. If using a Swiss Ball the person can move it gently from side to side whilst maintaning the isometric contraction. The third exercise above should only be undertaken once lateral weight shifting and OLS (one leg standing) control are optimal. The aim is to combine the internal corset stability (tr abdo, hori fibres int oblique, diaphragm and pelvic floor) with the external slings. The Gluteus Medius should function optimally over and above ITB - TFL strain and tension. In fact assessing the internal corset 'guy wires' and their ability to improve sings synergies can be tested in side lying and using 'the clam' exercise', in supine using ASLR and in prone using ALE
Connell AT (2008) Concepts for assessment and treatment of anterior knee pain related to altered spinal and pelvic biomechnics: a case report. Manual Therapy, 13, 560-563. This author used 3 sessions of treatment to the T10/11, T11/12, T12/L1 and L5/S1 to improve the ROM and ability to squat in a patient with anterior knee pain.
Grindstaff TL et al (2009) Effects of lumbopelvic joint manipulation on quadriceps activation and strength in healthy individuals. Manual Therapy, 14, 415-420. These investigators found a significant increase in the ability to produce quadriceps force (+3%) and activation (+5%) immediatley following lumbopelvic joint manipulation
When dealing with diaphragm dysfunction which is located in the regions T7-L3 and thoracolumbar dysfunction the innervation of these regions should be considered. Don't forget that the diaphragm is innervated by C3,4,5 whilst the latissimus dorsi is innervated by the low cervical spine, let alone the inferior trapezius which has an upper cervical spine innervation. Hence don't forget to asssess the cervical spine. Also occulomotor and postural reflexes may be important.
Summary of integrated Pelvis - Body dysfunction
Pelvic Floor
The pelvic floor can be considered as the base of the cylinder which incorporates the pelvis, abdominal muscles, back muscles, the thoracolumbar fascia and diaphragm. Frequently, people presenting with low back and pelvic pain also describe weakness of the bladder. Such weakness may involve the urethra and effective force closure around the pelvis. When a person coughs, the urethra usually contracts with the abdominal muscles thereby avoiding embarrassment. However, stess urinary incontinence occurs in 8.5 - 38% of women (Ashton-Miller et al 2001, Scan J Urology & Nephrology Supp 207). It affects 28% of elite female athletes (Bo & Borgen 2001, Med Sc Sp Ex, 33, 11, 1797), one out of ten males and 4 of every 10 females (Fantl et al 1996, Managing acute and chronic urinary incontinence, clinical practice guidlelines, no2, Rockville MD, US Dep't Health & Human Services). Cyclists can also have pelvic floor dysfunction and neuropathies as a result of direct presure on the pudendal nerves with an incorrect saddle or saddle position. Urinary continence relies on the support of the sphincter closure system and the urethral support system. Essentially, the urethra sits inside a hammock of muscular and fascial and liagmentous support.
The over contraction of the pubococcygeus could result in sacral counternutation. It is likely that the muscles are balanced in such a fashion that optimisation of function occurs - 'not too much and not too little'
We routinely use transabdominal Real Time Ultrasound as an assessment and biofeedback tool for training the synergistic role of the pelvic floor and transverse abdominis muscles. In particular during Active SLR we examine whether there is pelvic floor descent and whether this changes with manual pelvic compression and whether these people can be trained to maintain or raise the pelvic floor during this manouvre. Importantly, lumbar posture and spine neutral may have a significant influence on results. Progression from supine to side lying and to standing with weight shifting are also carried out using R-T US. Coccygodynia can be the result of excessive pubococcygeus activity.
Lee D, Lee L-J (2004) Stress Urinary Incontinence - a consequence of failed load transfer through the pelvis? 5th World Interdisciplinary Congress on Low Back and Pelvic Pain, Melbourne, November 2004
Smith et al (2006) Disorders of breathing and continence have a stronger association with back pain than obesity and physical activity. AJP, 52, 11-16
Sapsford RR et al (2000) Co-activation of the abdominal and pelvic floor muscles during voluntary exercises. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 20, 1, 31-42
Kelly M et al (2007) Healthy adults can more easily elevate the pelvic floor in standing than in crook-lying: an experimental study. AJP, 53, 187-191
Rahmani N & Mohseni-Bandpei MA (2009). Application of perineometer in the assessment of pelvic floor muscle strength and endurance: a reliability study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies.
Stuge B et al (2006) To treat or not to treat postpartum pelvic girdle pain with stabilizing exercises? Manual Therapy, 11, 337-344.
These latter investigators concluded that effective treatment of postpartum pelvic girdle pain may be achieved when exercises for the entire spinal musculature are included, individually guided and adpated to each individual.
Hip - retroversion of the acetabulum
Reynolds, Lucas, Klaue (1999). Retroversion of the acetabulum - a cause of hip pain. JBJS, 81B, 2, 281-8
Retroversion of the acetabulum can lead to increased ROM of internal rotation with a conommittant loss of external rotation which in turn affects pelvic rotation during activitis such as ambulation.
Cam and Pincer Lesions can occur in association with labral lesions. Excessive tension in the external hip rotators can cause anterior acetabular impingement. Iliopsoas tendonosis may be associated with anterior labral lesions. Excessive anterior rotation of the innominate can cause anterior hip impingement.
Pfirrmann et al (Radiology, 240, 3, 2006 pp778-785) used MRI measurements of alpha angles and the depth of the acetabulum to determine the risk and incidence of CAM and Pincer lesions in the hip. They concluded that a deep acetabulum and posteroinferior acetabular cartilage lesions were a characteristic finding of pincer impingement.
Lateral hip pain should always be assessed in terms of internal corset versus external corset stability as outlined by Vleemings muscular 'slings' or neuromuscular vectors.
Muscle energy techniques (adaptation of PNF contract relax)
Muscle energy techniques as developed by British - Canadian physiotherapist, the late David Lamb, used the priciples of contract relax technqiues from PNF to restore pelvic-hip-lumbar spine functional symmetry. The contract relax technique uses the principle of autogenic muscle relaxation post isometric contraction. Theoretically, this is based on Ib tendonous, golgi tendon organ, autogenic inhibition or gate control theory, involving type III muscle afferents. In the PNF concept, this isometric contraction can be up to 100% max, whereas when using MET's the contraction level is usual low and may represent only 10%max when using it to make pelvic and back adjustments. Investigations, comparing static stretching, isometric contractions and contract-relax have demonstrated "a broader adaptive response that likely explains its (C-R) superior efficacy in acutely increasing ROM" (Kay et al 2015, Med Sc Sp Ex, 47, 10, 2181-2190). Clinically, hip flexor C-R are used to improve the ROM of both flexion and extension when used in the Gaelsens position (see previous). When used in side-lying an isometric contraction of the hip flexor which is on the lower side can be used to improve contralateral (upper side) rotation as well as reduce SIJ counternutation. The same position and contraction can be used whilst placing the fingers on the upper side Psoas Major (in the anterolateral abdominal cavity) whilst asking the client to use lateral diaphragmatic breathing to release the myofascia which envelops the hip flexor and diaphragm. Met's can also be performed on the piriformis whilst in Prone Knee Bend to reduce sacral torsion and ilial outflares. Ischiococcygeus releases use a similar principle of isometric contraction with finger pressure, whilst applying a medial pressure to the ASIS to reduce outflares. Whereas, the previous examples involve muscle contractions to improve the ROM in the direction opposite to the muscles normal functional pull, the hamstring is used to improve ilial counter-nutation in the same direction as it's pull. This technique is done in side-lying, where a pressure is applied by the therapist to the lower part of the clients posterior thigh, whilst the client pushes their leg into the therapists hand, the therapists other hand is applying a pressure on the sacral tuberosity in a manner which opposes counter-nutation. Having performed these techniques since the late 1980's I can attest to their clinical efficacy, especially when they are combined with manual therapy joint mobilisations, myofascial releases, dry needling and an appropriate exercise regime.
Trigger Points and Fascia
Recent publications into trigger point therapy include
Biochemicals associated with pain and inflammation are elevated in sites near to and remote from active myofascial trigger points. Shah JP et al (2008) Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 89, 16 -23.
Integrated Dry Needling with new concepts of myofascial pain, muscle physiology and sensitization. Shah JP In : Contemporary Pain Medicine, Integrative Pain Medicine, The Science and Practice of Complementary nd Alternative Medicine in Pain Management. Ed Audette & Bailey, Human Press, Totowa, NJ
An explanation of Simons' integrated hypothesis of trigger point formation. Gerwin RD, Doomerholt J, Shah JP (2004). Current Pain and Headache reports, 8, 468-475
Uncovering the biochemical milieu of myofascial trigger points using in vivo microdialysis: an application of muscle pain concepts to myofascial pain syndrome. Shah JA & Gilliams EA (2008). J of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 12, 371-384
An in-vivo microanalytial technique for measuring the local biochemical milieu of human skeletal muscle. Shah JP et al (2005) J Appl Physiol, 99, 1977-1984
Comparison of normal, latent and active trigger point physiology using microdialysis in the upper trapezius muscle (Shah et al 2005). These researchers also found similar results for Bradykinin, Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP), Substance P, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, and Interleukin 1beta. Additionally, reduced pH levels were also seen in areas of active trigger points.
Trigger points have been classically associated with plyometric type of exercise where muscles lengthen during eccentric contraction which although it damages cytoskeletal is considered adaptive in the formation of new sarcomeres. Investigations into eccentric exercise revealed pain 8 hours after initial exercise which was maximal 48 hours later (Newham, Mills, Q uigley, Edwards 1983). These investigators found low frequency fatigue 10 minutes after a 20 minute period of stepping (Newham et al 1983). Additionally, they demonstrated progressive increases in IEMG during the exercise in the rectus femoris (160% increase) and vastus medialis (140% increase) in the eccentric contracting leg (Newham et al 1983). Mechanical damage to the sarcoplasmic reticulum resulting in less calcium release for each excitatory action potential was suggested as the cause of the low frequency fatigue (Newham et al 1983).
However, a number of sites in the myofibrillar complex such as reduce binding sensitivity and capacity of Troponin C for calcium, altered troponin-tropomysosin interaction to impaired binding and force generation by actin and myosin have been implicated in impaired force generation (Green 1990). Indeed, in the absence of any association between relaxation rates and Calcium kinetics raises support for the notion of a rate-limiting process controlling the relaxation of fatigued muscles being located in the contractile proteins (Hill et al 2001). During fatigue the relaxation times can be prolonged as much as 50% (Bigland-Ritchie et al 1986) thus resulting in increased force generation during submaximal stimulation due to tetanic fusion despite a substantial fall in the maximum tetanic force (Bigland-Ritchie et al 1986).
The initial overall loss of force production seen may be due to Desmin and Titan damage (Lieber & Friden 2002). Desmin acts as an extra-sarcomeric mechanical stabilizer between adjacent Z discs and the attachment to the costomere at the sarcolemma (Lieber, Shah & Fridén 2002). The costomere complex contains Talin, Vinculin & Dystrophin which attach to the trans-sarcolemmal proteins Integrin and Dystrophin associated proteins. These proteins allow the lateral transmission of force from actin to the basal lamina containing type IV collagen which is contiguous with the endomysium (Kovanen 2002). Desmin loss after eccentric exercise can occur within 5 minutes, possibly as a result of increased intracellular Calcium leading to Calpain activation and selective hydrolysis of intermediate filament network (Lieber & Fridén 2002). This may result in the ‘popping of sarcomeres' of different length thereby potentially loosing their myofilament overlap of actin and myosin (Lieber & Fridén 2002). Hence, reduced force production would be expected. Additionally, the release of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) which may degrade the extramyocellular type IV collagen (Korskinen, Kovanen, Komulainen et al 1996). However, this effect occurs many days after exercise (Korskinen et al 1996) and could even effect torque production 28 days after exercise (Lieber & Fridén 2002). This has significant implications in exercise training prescription.
flash file created by Martin Krause 2003
Titan molecules span the gap between the ends of the thick filaments and Z-bands. At the 2007 MPA conference in Cairns, Rob Herbert, provided the AJP oration whereby he explained the significance of Titan as a major determinant of extensibility in muscle fibres. Additionally, he stated that Titan is differentially expressed in human skeletal muscle as short stiff fibres and long compliant fibres
Costomeres are 15 different proteins
Low oxidative muscles have a tendency to tear during eccentric exercise
Loss of desmin proceeds loss of fibronectin membrane
Fibre strain results in increased intracellular and extracellular calcium which ?may lead to desmin hydrolysis through calpaine?
Sarcomere shortening occurs to the detriment of tendon lengthening
Excitation-contractile coupling may be the area disrupted rather than pure sarcomere disruption
Structural changes of the disruption of the cytoskeleton include dystrophin (sublaminal membrane protein), sometimes desmin and titin, whereas alpha actin is always OK ?suggesting that calpaine is not the enzyme responsible for protein dysruption?
Creatine Kinase has no correlation with these cytoskeletal changes
Inflammatory process important for tissue cleaning and remodelling
Mechanism for muscle adaptation may be myosin gene regulation - heavy chain myosin isoform upregulation
Oxygen into the Mitochondria and through the electron transfer chain (ETC) results in ATP use of 20% for power and 80% for heat, therefore people producing less heat may be producing more power?
Slow twitch muscle fibre concentration varies with the years of training
Cycling cadence velocity at peak efficiency for slow twitch muscle fibres is 80rpm
Trigger Point palpation
Trigger point - gluteus medius
Trigger Points : piriformis, gluteus maximus, quadratus lumborum, levator ani
Trigger Point - adductor magnus. Note the anal referral which is common amongst cyclists who use the adductors to power hip extension
Trigger Points : Obtrator Internus and pelvic floor
Trigger point - iliopsoas
Fibroblasts and Loose Connective Tissue
At the APA conference in Sydney during October 2009, Dr Helene Longevin presented her research into the effects of stretching subcutaneous tissue. Superficial and deep fascia are composed of loose and dense connective tissue layers. The loose layers allow dense layers to glide past one another. This tissue contains abundant fibroblasts, immune cells and neurovascular bundles. A 20% static stretch of loose connective tissue for 30minutes significantly increases the size of fibroblasts in vivo and in vitro. Although this mechanism remains unclear it is hypothesised to be due to microtubule reorganisation (Beta-tubulin). Inhibition of growth kinase and Roc prevents the cells from spreading out. Actine polymerisation occurs at the leading edge. Fibro-attraction occurs whereby fibroblasts push forward at it's front edge, whilst retracting the rear (through Rho). Both Rac and Rho are activated simultaneously. The fibroblasts microtubule assembly contributes to connective tissue (C.T) relaxation, which means that tense in connective tissue is actively regulated. Viscoelastic response of loose connective tissue is influenced by specific cytoskeletal inhibitors. Rac increases the equilibrium force. Active C.T tensioin regulation may occur normally in response to sustained chnages in tissue length (e.g. hift in body position). This role may be to prevent sustained mechanical stimulation of other cells within the C.T (immune cells, nerve fibres, blood vessels).
The dense C.T fibroblasts don't respond to stretch due to the stiff matrix preventing the fibroblasts from receiving any strain. Scarring due to injury causes an increase in dense C.T which can be pevented by 10minutes, 2 times per day for 1 week in a suspended tail animal model. The combination of reduced movement and inflammation is a recipe for fibrosis. R-T US can be used as feedback during dry needling to observe C.T movement. In people suffering low back pain the fascial layers are less fluid and less differentiated. Additionally, people with LBP have hicker perivascular C.T. Involuntary muscle spasms may decrease the relative C.T motion during passive movement. Conversely, increased C.T thickness, stiffness and/or viscosity may affect the passive stiffness and range of movement of adjacent muscles.
Intrinsic tension within C.T will have profound effects in the cells within it such as blood vessel precursors stimulating angiogenesis. Similarly, immune cells may be affected by this tension. High amplitude or repetitive tissue stretch may cause injury but can also increase C.T strength. Low amplitude stretch within or slightly beyond the usual ROM may help maintain appropriate mibility and dynamic tissue response. Hence this may represent strong eveidence for STM, dry needling, joint mobilisations, muscle energy technqiues, strain-counterstrain techniques and training with Whole Body Vibration.
Exercise and Growth Hormone
Bed rest can have deleterious effects on muscle function. Researchers have recently described a direct muscle afferent-pituitary axis whereby bio-assayable growth hormone (BGH) regulation is tightly coupled with muscle function rather than muscle fibre type. Unlike, exercise-induced increases in plasma immuno-assayable growth hormone (IGH), whose concentration peak occurs during or after longer duration aerobic or resistance exercise involving larger muscle mass, BGH is released after a brief series of isometric contraction (McCall et al 2001). The BGH response is absent , despite the maintenance of normal torque output and pre-exercise plasma BGH and IGH, when leg musculature is chronically unloaded, as after 2 days bed rest or space flight. They hypothesised that this was due to chronic alterations in proprioceptive inputs (McCall et al 2001). These responses normalised within approximately 8 days of ambulatory recovery. Furthermore, they suggested that BGH stimulates bone growth and that low threshold fibre activation through electrical stimulation, exercise and /or vibration may ameliorate the effects of chronic unloading (McCall et al 2001). Moreover, this is direct evidence for the existence of a muscle-pituitary functional pathway in the absence of inflammation. It also highlights the need not to underestimate the effects of bed rest when recommencing a training regime after a period of illness or trauma. Furthermore, it would appear that low threshold isometric contractions, as occur during the application of muscle energy techniques, may stimulate this growth hormone.
Good exercise prescription (of power and endurance) considers whether the person is functionally unstable due to weakness, stiffness, atrophy or hypermobility
The force (and hence Power = Force x velocity) produced by a muscle is directly proportional to it's cross sectional area (as well as it's length when considering power). Therefore, the presence of atrophy : hypertrophy across the dynamic stabilising spectrum of Newton's third law of action-reaction needs to be assessed and calculated into the clinical reasoning process when considering left-right, anterior-posterior dysfunction. Optimal torque becomes paramount as the linear forces create rotatory inertia and momentum (see cycling kinematics for torque dynamics).What about plyometrics and energy absorption through eccentric-concentric muscle action? When joints are accelerating, inverse dynamics dictates that the 'two joint muscles' act as energy straps transducing forces from one body segment to the next. Therefore, it is important to ascertain whether the muscles are short and weak. If this is the case, then excessive stretching may result in inappropriate force transduction leading to injury in the more mobile areas. Apart from predisposing to injury, this uncontrolled energy reduces the efficiency or economy of movement which normally can be captured with the release of the potential energy during elastic recoil (for more details refer to endurance training for running )
Check out the 'tensegrity model' as it applies to biomechanical integrety
http://www.tensegrity.com/
ball exercises
Clinical example of sacroiliac pain
Further Reading
Bermark (1989) Stability of the lumbar spine: a study in mechanical engineering. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 230, 60, 20-24
Boyling & Jull (2004) Grieves Modern Manual Therapy, The Vertebral Column, Churchill Livingston
Chaitow L (2001) Muscle Energy Techniques. Edinburgh
Chiarelli PE (1998) Womens waterworks ; curing incontinence. Gore & Osment Publications Rushcutters Bay
Cholewicki & Silfies (2004) Clinical biomechanics of the lumbar spine. In : Boyling & Jull (2004) Grieves Modern Manual Therapy, The Vertebral Column, Churchill Livingston, ch7
Christensen et al (2004) Clinical reasoning in the diagnosis and management of spinal pain. In : Boyling & Jull (2004) Grieves Modern Manual Therapy, The Vertebral Column, Churchill Livingston, ch27
Elvey & O'Sullivan (2004) A contemporary approach to manual therapy. In Boyling & Jull (2004) Grieves Modern Manual Therapy, The Vertebral Column, Churchill Livingston. Ch33
Gibbons & Tehen (2000) Manipulation of the spine, thorax and pelvis. An osteopathic perspective. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
Hides et al (1994) Evidence of lumbar multifidus muscle wasting ipsilateral to symptoms in patients with acute/subacute low back pain. Spine, 19, 2, 165-177
Hides et al (1995) Multifidus recovery is not automatic following resolution of acute first episode low back pain. Spine, 21, 23, 2763-2769
Hodges (1997) Feedforward contraction of transversus abdominis is not influenced by the direction of arm movement. Exp Brain Research, 114, 362-370
Hodges & Richardson (1997) Contraction of the abdominal muscles associated with movement of the lower limb. Physical Therapy, 77, 132-144
Hodges & Gandevia (2000) Changes in intra-abdominal pressure during postural and respiratory activation of the human diaphragm. J Appl Physiol, 89, 967-976
Hodges et al (2002) Feedforward activity of the pelvic floor muscles precede rapid upper limb movements. Australian Physiotherapy Association conference, Sydney, abstract 21
Holstege et al (1996) The emotional motor system. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Kelly M et al (2007) Healthy adults can more easily elevate the pelvic floor in standing than in crook-lying: an experimental study. AJP, 53, 187-191
Lee D, Lee L-J (2004) Stress Urinary Incontinence - a consequence of failed load transfer through the pelvis? 5th World Interdisciplinary Congress on Low Back and Pelvic Pain, Melbourne, November 2004
Lee D (2004) The Pelvic Girdle: an approach to the examination and treatment of the lumbopelvic-hip region. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
Mercer (2004) Kinematics of the spine In : Boyling & Jull (2004) Grieves Modern Manual Therapy, The Vertebral Column, Churchill Livingston, ch4
O'Sullivan (2004) 'Clinical instability' of the lumbar spine: its pathological basis, diagnosis and conservative management. In : Boyling & Jull (2004) Grieves Modern Manual Therapy, The Vertebral Column, Churchill Livingston Ch 22
O'Sullivan et al (2002) Altered motor control in subjects with sacro-iliac joint pain during active straight leg raise test. Spine 27, 1, E1-E8
O'Sullivan et al (2002) The effect of different standing and sitting postures on trunk muscle activity in a pain free population. Spine, 27, 1238-1244
O'Sullivan et al (2003) Lumbar repositioning deficit in a specific low back pain population. Spine, 28, 10, 1074-1079
Panjabi (1992) The stabilizing system of the spine. 1: Function, dysfunction, adaptation, and enhancement. J of Spinal Disorders, 5, 4, 383-389
Potter & Rothstein. Physical Therapy,1985, 65, 11, 1671-5
Rahmani N & Mohseni-Bandpei MA (2009). Application of perineometer in the assessment of pelvic floor muscle strength and endurance: a reliability study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies.
Richardson et al (2002) The relationship between the transversely oriented abdominal muscles, sacroiliac joint mechanics, and low back pain. Spine, 27, 4, 399-405
Sapsford (2001) The pelvic floor: a clinical model for function and rehabilitation. Physiotherapy, 87, 620-630
Sapsford et al (2001) Co-activation of the abdominal and pelvic floor during voluntary exercises. Neurology and Urodynamics, 20, 31-42
Sapsford & Hodges (2001) Contraction of the pelvic floor muscles during abdominal manouvers. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82, 1081-1088
Sapsford & Kelley (2004) Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in low back and sacroiliac dysfunction. In: Boyling & Jull (2004) Grieves Modern Manual Therapy, The Vertebral Column, Churchill Livingston, ch35
Schamberger W (2002) The malalignment syndrome ; implication for medicine and sport. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
Shumway-Cook & Woollacott (1995) Motor control: theory and practical applications. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Smith et al (2006) Disorders of breathing and continence have a stronger association with back pain than obesity and physical activity. AJP, 52, 11-16
Snijders et al (1993) Transfer of lumbosacral load to iliac bones and legs. 1. Biomechanics of self bracing of the sacroiliac joints and its significance for treatment and exercise. Clinical Biomechnics, 8, 285-294
Snijders et al (1993) Transfer of lumbosacral load to iliac bones and legs. 2. Loading of the sacroiliac joints when lifting in a stooped posture. Clinical Biomechanics, 8, 295-301
Stuge B et al (2006) To treat or not to treat postpartum pelvic girdle pain with stabilizing exercises? Manual Therapy, 11, 337-344.
Sturesson et al (2000). A radiostereometric analysis of movements of the sacroiliac joints during standing hip flexion test. Spine 25 (3), 364-368
Van Wingerden et al (1993) A functional-anatomical approach to the spine-pelvis mechanism: interaction between the biceps femoris muscle and the sacrotuberous ligament. European Spine Journal, 2, 140-144
Vleeming et al (1989). The sacrotuberous ligament: a conceptual approach to its dynamic role in stabilizing the sacroiliac joint. Clinical Biomechanics, 4, 201-203
Vleeming et al (1989). Load application to the sacrotuberous ligament: influences on sacroiliac joint mechanics. Clinical Biomechanics, 4, 204-209
Vleeming et al (1990). Relation between form and function in the sacroiliac joint. 1. Clinical anatomical aspects. Spine, 15 (2), 130-132
Vleeming et al (1990). Relation between form and function in the sacroiliac joint. 2. Biomechnical aspects. Spine, 15 (2), 133-136
Vleeming et al (1992). Mobility in the SI-joint in old people: a kinematic and radiological study. Clinical Biomechanics, 7, 170-176
Vleeming et al (1995). The posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia: its function in load transfer from spine to legs. Spine, 20, 753-758
Vleeming et al (1996). The function of the long dorsal sacroiliac ligament: its implication for understanding low back pain. Spine, 21, 5, 556-562
For more references see also
Neuro immune reponses cognitive behavioral therapy
exercise sarcopenia immunology
motor learning
pain and inflammation
chronic low back pain
Clinical Application of MET's in a cyclist after a fall
Updated : 24/09/2018 |
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msmarco_passage_00_276161029 | MRSA Transmission | MRSA Transmission
MRSA Transmission
How Is MRSA Spread?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (or MRSA for short) is a strain of bacteria resistant to certain types of antibiotics. It is a less common, but potentially more serious, form of the common "staph" infection.
MRSA is categorized based on where the infection was first acquired -- either healthcare-associated MRSA (for those infections that were acquired in a hospital or healthcare facility) or community-associated MRSA.
Regardless of the type, transmission of MRSA occurs through direct contact with:
Someone who has an active infection
Someone who is a carrier of the infection (colonized)
A contaminated object.
After a person comes into contact with a contaminated surface or object, he or she may become a carrier of the bacteria (colonized). An active infection with MRSA can develop when a person is colonized and the bacteria enter an opening, such as a cut or scrape in the skin.
Direct Contact, Colonization, and the Role in MRSA Transmission
Understanding how MRSA is spread through direct contact with someone that has an active infection is relatively straightforward. If a person has an active sore contaminated with MRSA and you touch it, you could become infected if you touch an opening on your skin.
The idea of colonization is often less clear. "Colonization," in the case of bacteria, means that a person is carrying a specific type of bacteria, but does not have any signs or symptoms of illness that this particular bacteria can cause.
In the case of MRSA, it is estimated that up to 7 percent of people in hospitals and up to 2 percent of people in the community are colonized with MRSA, either on the skin or within their nose (the two most common areas).
A person can become colonized with MRSA in a couple of different ways, such as:
Touching the skin of another individual who is colonized with MRSA, or who has an active MRSA infection
Breathing the tiny droplets that are expelled during breathing, coughing, or sneezing
Touching a contaminated surface.
Once colonized with MRSA, a person can remain a carrier of the bacteria from a few days or weeks, up to several years. During this time period, people colonized with MRSA are not only at an increased risk for infecting others, but also themselves.
The process of transmission that occurs with colonized individuals is the same that occurs with direct contact with an active infection. The difference being, in the case of colonization, it is not apparent to either the person colonized or the person becoming infected that anything is wrong.
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msmarco_passage_00_281413901 | Routing Number - 321280253 - GREATER NEVADA CREDIT UNION | Routing Number - 321280253 - GREATER NEVADA CREDIT UNION
ROUTING NUMBER - 321280253 - GREATER NEVADA CREDIT UNION
What is a Routing Number?
A routing number or routing transit number is a 9 digit number that identifies financial institution in a transaction and the location where your bank account was opened. Most common types of transaction are ACH and wire transfers. You'll often be asked for your checking account routing number when you're making a payment online or by phone.
Some banks and financial institutions usually have multiple routing numbers serving different purposes, geographical regions and branches. Therefore it is important to ensure that you are using correct routing number before you initiate a money transfer.
A routing number can also be referred to as a RTN, a routing transit number or an ABA routing number and can be easily be found printed on the bottom of a check or in the online banking portals of the financial institutions.
International Money Transfers
When you send or receive an international wire with your bank, you might lose money on a bad exchange rate, which is like a hidden fee. That’s because the banks still use an old system to exchange money. We recommend you use TransferWise, which is usually much cheaper. TransferWise’s smart technology:
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When you'll need the 321280253 routing number?
A routing number is required in a variety of situations, including setting up direct deposit, automatic loan payments or recurring transfers like bill payments.
You’ll also need it when you file taxes to receive your tax refund or debit a tax payment, or when you conduct Automated Clearing House (ACH), transfers between different bank accounts.
Generally, you'll only need your routing number when funds are being directly transferred to or from your bank account — never for debit card or credit card purchases.
Where to find the 321280253 routing number on a paper check?
The 321280253 ABA Check Routing Number is on the bottom left hand side of any check issued by GREATER NEVADA CREDIT UNION.
In some cases, the order of the checking account number and check serial number is reversed.
FedACH Routing
Old Routing Number
321280253
The banking institution's routing number
This routing number should not be used. Please see new routing number below
New Routing Number
321280143
Bank institution's new routing number resulting from a merger or renumber
Bank
GREATER NEVADA CREDIT UNION
Commonly used abbreviated customer name
Office Code
O - Main Office
Servicing FRB Number
121000374
Servicing Fed's main office routing number
Record Type Code
2
The code indicating the ABA number to be used to route or send ACH items to the RFI
0 = Institution is a Federal Reserve Bank
1 = Send items to customer routing number
2 = Send items to customer using new routing number field
Address
451 EAGLE STATION LANE
City
CARSON CITY
State
NEVADA (NV)
Zipcode
89701-0000
Telephone
775-882-2060
Revised
02 October 2017
Date of last change to CRF information
Institution Status Code
1
Code is based on the customers receiver code
1 = Receives Gov/Comm
Money Transfer
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Ways to find the 321280253 routing number online
Here are several ways available to you to find your ABA routing number:
On this page We've listed above the details for ABA routing number 321280253 used to facilitate ACH funds transfers.
Online banking portal: You'll be able to get your bank's routing number by logging into online banking.
Paper check or bank statement: Bank-issued checks or bank statements. See the bottom left side of your check.
Bank customer service: You'll be able to get your routing number by contacting your bank's customer service staff
Fedwire / American Banking Association: You can look up your routing number on the official website of the Federal Reserve or the American Banking Association.
For your bank to process the payment quickly and securely, you should always check routing numbers with your bank or your recipient.
What is the Automated Clearing House (ACH) number?
The Automated Clearing House (ACH) is an electronic payment delivery system which allows you to make payments or collect funds electronically through the ACH network. ACH transactions are usually next-day entries when exchanged with other financial institutions. ACH functions include direct deposits and check conversions from paper to electronic.
ACHs are designed for high-volume, low-value payments, and charges fees low enough to encourage the transfer of low-value payments. The system is designed to accept payment batches, so that large numbers of payments can be made at once.
What are the differences between FedACH & FedWire credit transfers?
Below are some of the differences between FedWire credit transfers and ACH credit transfers in the US.
FedWire
Same day clearing, which means the sender's account is debited and your account is credited on the same day.
Irrevocable. Once a FedWire is sent, the originator/sender cannot send a reversing transaction. This is a huge advantage of using FedWires because it mitigates risk of reversals.
Cost. FedWire typically cost more to send and to receive.
Fedwire (Federal Reserve Wire Network) is a real-time gross settlement funds transfer system operated by the United States Federal Reserve Banks that allows financial institutions to electronically transfer funds between its more than 9,289 participants.
FedACH Credit (aka Direct Deposit)
Next day clearing. Settlement or clearing typically takes place Next Banking day.
Inexpensive. Little or no cost to send and receive. (Costs, if any, depend on your banking relationship and the fees your financial institution may charge).
Allows for Reversals. Sender/originator does have the ability to perform reversals or correcting entries.
Batch Processing ACH entries are group together into batches and processed by Financial Institutions and the ACH Operators in batch mode.
FedACH is the Federal Reserve Banks' Automated Clearing House (ACH) service. It provides financial institutions with efficient, low-cost batched payment services that enable an electronic exchange of debit and credit transactions through the Automated Clearing House (ACH) network.
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How are SWIFT / BIC codes, IBANs, sort codes, and routing numbers different?
If you're planning to send or receive money through your bank, you will likely come across unfamiliar terms such as routing number (ABA), SWIFT / BIC code, IBAN, and sort code. What exactly are these acronyms, and what are they used for? Well, all of them seemingly do much of the same thing which is to help banks identify where your money needs to go when being transferred, but each is required in specific situations because different countries and banks have different processes and requirements.
SWIFT / BIC codes are 8 or 11-digit codes that uniquely identify banks and financial institutions worldwide. Unlike routing numbers, these codes are used for international payments.
IBANs are international bank account numbers that identify the country, financial institution, and individual bank accounts. They're mainly issued by banks in the Eurozone, but other countries are starting to adopt them as well.
Sort Codes are 6-digit numbers used for domestic transfers in the United Kingdom which identify the bank and the branch where a bank account is held.
Routing numbers are 9-digit codes used in the US to identify banks when processing domestic ACH payments or wire transfers. These are not required when making payments outside the United States.
Transit numbers are 9-digit codes used in Canada for electronic funds transfers. They identify a specific Canadian bank and branch where a payment will be sent.
Note: This website provides a quick and easy way to search & find routing numbers for banks and other financial institutions in the United States. If you're not sure which routing number to use contact your bank directly. You can call your bank using the phone number listed on your debit/credit card or send a message through your online banking system. Using the wrong routing number can lead to delays in processing the transfer. |
msmarco_passage_00_282155676 | Add a Spouse's Name to Titled Property & Accounts | Lawyers.com | Add a Spouse's Name to Titled Property & Accounts | Lawyers.com
Family Law
Family Law
Add a Spouse's Name to Titled Property & Accounts
Learn how to add your spouse’s name to property you own.
By Joseph Pandolfi, Retired Judge
Updated: Jul 16th, 2018
What Kind of Property Are We Talking About?
“Titled” property refers to property that’s legally in your name. This would encompass assets such as real estate and financial accounts (like checking, savings, and investments). Motor vehicles will also typically fall into this category.
Adding a Spouse’s Name to Real Estate
Ownership of real estate is evidenced by a “deed”. Adding a spouse as an owner requires the preparation, signing, and recording (filing) of a new deed. This new document transfers ownership of the property from the spouse who currently owns the property, to that spouse and the new spouse together.
There are various types of deed. When it comes to a transfer of ownership between spouses, a “quitclaim” deed is often the document of choice. This kind of deed simply transfers whatever rights the current owner has in the property, without the owner giving any guarantees about ownership. This usually avoids the expense of a “title search,” which is an investigation of previous ownership and liens against the property.
Another element of adding your spouse to a deed is determining the type of ownership. A common method of ownership between spouses is known as a “joint tenancy with right of survivorship.” This means that you own the property together, and if one spouse dies the property automatically goes to the surviving spouse. (In some states, such as California, you can also own real property through a “tenancy by the entirety” or as "community property.") A right of survivorship normally excludes the property from probate when the first spouse passes away.
Changing Ownership of Financial Accounts
This entails contacting the various financial institutions holding the accounts. They will provide you with the forms needed to add your spouse as an owner. Just as with real estate, you’ll probably be able to opt for joint ownership with a right of survivorship.
Note that financial accounts that exist by reason of a spouse’s employment, such as pensions and 401 (k) plans, fall into a different category, and are governed by different laws.
Title to Motor Vehicles
Many people feel that dealing with a state’s motor vehicles department is often on par with getting a root canal. But if you want to add your spouse to your vehicle’s title, you don’t really have a choice. Contact your local motor vehicles office to get the necessary paperwork for the ownership change.
Are There Pitfalls to Adding a Spouse to Your Titled Accounts?
There could be. For example, if you have a mortgage on your home, or a loan on your motor vehicle, you have to be particularly careful. Your real estate mortgage, or motor vehicle loan, will often have a clause that says if there’s a change in title, the balance due on the mortgage/loan immediately becomes payable in full. An asset doesn’t have to be sold for there to be a change in title. Just adding your spouse’s name could be enough. So although your name will be on the new deed or vehicle title, adding your spouse could trigger an acceleration of payment.
In situations like this, you can speak with the mortgage company or lien holder to see if there’s a viable way to change the title without violating the terms of the existing loan. If there isn’t, you may need to refinance the mortgage or loan to include your spouse as a borrower.
Something else to remember is that by adding your spouse’s name to your accounts, and thus giving your spouse an ownership interest, you’ve relinquished sole control of those assets. Thus, a spouse could conceivably empty out a bank account or, in certain circumstances, attempt to force a sale of the real estate. Likewise, if your spouse has debts, your real estate (depending on the type of ownership) and your financial accounts could be fair game for your spouse’s creditors.
And where property you brought into the marriage may have been exempt from distribution in case of a divorce, that will no longer be the case once you give your spouse an ownership interest in that property.
Finally, if you have children from a prior relationship, it may be your desire to leave certain assets to them when you pass away. Adding a new spouse to the title of those assets could end up negating your intended disposition of the property.
In light of the possible complexity and consequences of adding a spouse to your titled property, consider consulting with a knowledgeable local attorney before moving forward. |
msmarco_passage_00_283925278 | Carolinas Telco Credit Union Routing Number, Address, Swift Codes | Carolinas Telco Credit Union Routing Number, Address, Swift Codes
Carolinas Telco Credit Union Routing Number, Address, Swift Codes
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9 branches found. Showing 1 - 9
Carolinas Telco - Crisman Street
2821 Crisman St
Charlotte, NC, 28208
Phone Number: 704-391-5600
Full Branch Info | Routing Number | Swift Code
Carolinas Telco - Sharon Road West
2600 Sharon Rd W
Charlotte, NC, 28210
Phone Number: 704-391-5600
Full Branch Info | Routing Number | Swift Code
Carolinas Telco - Central
5023 Central Ave
Charlotte, NC, 28205
Phone Number: 704-391-5600
Full Branch Info | Routing Number | Swift Code
Carolinas Telco - Lake Norman
20221 W Catawba Ave
Cornelius, NC, 28031
Phone Number: 704-391-5600
Full Branch Info | Routing Number | Swift Code
Carolinas Telco - Gastonia
324 Burtonwood Dr
Gastonia, NC, 28054
Phone Number: 704-391-5600
Full Branch Info | Routing Number | Swift Code
Carolinas Telco - Raleigh
5712 Creedmoor Rd
Raleigh, NC, 27612
Phone Number: 704-391-5600
Full Branch Info | Routing Number | Swift Code
Carolinas Telco - Outlet Point
110 Outlet Pointe Blvd
Columbia, SC, 29210
Phone Number: 704-391-5600
Full Branch Info | Routing Number | Swift Code
Carolinas Telco - Greenville
505 N Main ST
Greenville, SC, 29601
Phone Number: 704-391-5600
Full Branch Info | Routing Number | Swift Code
Carolinas Telco - Charleston
4940 Centre Pointe Dr
North Charleston, SC, 29418
Phone Number: 843-723-5511
Full Branch Info | Routing Number | Swift Code
1
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Credit Union Routing Number
A routing number is a 9 digit code for identifying a financial institution for the purpose of routing of checks (cheques), fund transfers, direct deposits, e-payments, online payments, and other payments to the correct bank branch.
Routing numbers are also known as banking routing numbers, routing transit numbers, RTNs, ABA numbers, and sometimes SWIFT codes (although these are quite different from routing numbers as SWIFT codes are solely used for international wire transfers while routing numbers are used for domestic transfers).
Routing numbers differ for checking and savings accounts, prepaid cards, IRAs, lines of credit, and wire transfers. All banks usually have separate routing numbers for each of the states in the US.
You can look for the routing number on the check (cheque book) issued by your credit union or can search this website for free. |
msmarco_passage_00_292089601 | Batik Fabrics for Quilting Wholesale in the USA | Batik Textiles | Batik Fabrics for Quilting Wholesale in the USA | Batik Textiles
5500 & 5600 Collections available now!
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msmarco_passage_00_296535330 | The Committee of Safety | The Committee of Safety
The Committee of Safety
1642-4
T he Committee of Safety was first established on 5 July 1642 to liaise between Westminster and Parliament's armies in the field. It was also responsible for the day-to-day control of military supplies. The committee consisted of five members of the House of Lords: the Earls of Essex, Holland, Northumberland, Pembroke and Viscount Saye-and-Sele, and ten members of the House of Commons: Nathaniel Fiennes, John Glynn, John Hampden, Denzil Holles, Henry Marten, Sir John Merrick, William Pierrepoint, John Pym, Sir Philip Stapleton, and Sir William Waller.
Disagreements over strategy reduced the Committee's effectiveness and Parliament achieved limited military success under its direction. In February 1644, Parliament secured an alliance with the Scots, and the Committee of Safety was superseded by the Committee for Both Kingdoms for the duration of the First Civil War.
1647
W hen Presbyterian MPs antagonised the New Model Army, a new Committee of Safety was appointed by Parliament to defend London on 11 July 1647. Composed of Presbyterian members of both Houses, the Committee took control of the Militia Committee and attempted to raise a new army in London with Edward Massie as its general. With the New Model Army advancing towards London, however, neither the citizens nor the Trained Bands supported the Presbyterians. The Common Council of London declared against the levy of soldiers within the City, and Parliament was forced to repudiate the Committee of Safety. The Committee was dissolved and leading Presbyterians fled from the city when the New Model occupied London in August 1647.
1659
T he Committee of Safety was revived twice during the political turmoil of 1659. In May 1659, Richard Cromwell was overthrown and the pre-Protectorate Rump Parliament reinstated. On 7 May, Parliament appointed a seven-member Committee of Safety headed by Lieutenant-General Fleetwood to take over executive authority until the appointment of a new Council of State. Two days later, another four members were appointed, including John Lambert. The Council of State was constituted on 19 May.
In October 1659, Major-General Lambert forcibly dissolved Parliament. Two weeks later the Council of State was also dissolved by order of the Council of Officers. A 23-member Committee of Safety, consisting of army officers and civilians, was appointed and remained in power for nearly two months. The Committee negotiated with representatives sent by General Monck, who opposed the dissolution of Parliament. When Monck threatened to march from Scotland in support of Parliament, Fleetwood restored the Rump Parliament to power in December 1659.
Sources:
Godfrey Davies, The Restoration of Charles II, 1658-60 (San Marino 1955)
S.R. Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War vol. iii (London 1889)
Ronald Hutton, The British Republic 1649-60 (Basingstoke 2000)
C.V. Wedgwood, The King's War (London 1958)
Journal of the House of Commons British History Online
Links:
Members of the Committee of Safety 1659 www.archontology.org
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msmarco_passage_00_297328074 | Smoky Quartz Meaning and Properties | Beadage | Smoky Quartz Meaning and Properties | Beadage
You are here: Beadage > Gemstone Meanings >
Smoky Quartz Meaning
Healing Properties of Smoky Quartz
Smoky quartz clears negative energies from the environment by grounding them in the Earth. It also serves as a general grounding stone, helping you integrate insights from higher vibrations by keeping your feet on the ground and helping you handle practical matters.
Smoky Quartz as a Gemstone
A brownish-gray variety of quartz that ranges from transparent to almost opaque. Smoky quartz can be created artificially by irradiating clear quartz.
Uses: Empaths, Grounding, Manifesting, Protection, Purification
Type of: Quartz
Color: Brown Gemstones
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Other Types of Quartz
Amethyst
Protection, Cleansing, Intuition
Amethyst is a powerhouse stone. It vibrates at a high frequency, creating a bubble of spiritual protection against negative energ... Read more
Ametrine
Spiritual Clarity, Making Decisions
Ametrine combines the healing properties of Amethyst and Citrine, two of the most powerful healing crystals you can work with. Ame... Read more
Angel Aura Quartz
Spiritual Rejuvenation
Angel Aura Quartz is an enhanced version of clear quartz. It has a light, sweet energy that elevates your mood and brings a sense ... Read more
Aventurine
Vitality, Confidence, Optimism
Green aventurine is known as the "Lucky Talisman" or "Stone of Opportunity" for its good luck properties. Its deeper purpose is he... Read more
Blue Chalcedony
Soothing The Subconscious
Blue chalcedony helps soothe fears & anxieties below the level of your conscious awareness, helping you stay in the present and de... Read more
Carnelian
Vitality, Confidence, Sexuality
Carnelian is about action. By activating the first three chakras, Carnelian provides a powerful boost to your willpower, with the ... Read more
Citrine
Imagination, Clarity, Manifestation
To manifest your dreams, you first need to know what they are. By activating both your imagination and your will, citrine helps yo... Read more
Green Amethyst
Heart Awakening
Prasiolite (also known as green amethyst) acts as a bridge between the solar plexus chakra (seat of the will), the heart chakra, a... Read more
Herkimer Diamond
Pure Light Energy
Herkimer Diamonds are a special form of quartz that are shaped like diamonds. They enhance dreams & visions, and are ideal for use... Read more
Pietersite
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Pietersite clears stagnant energy and patterns, which can lead to short-term upheavel on the path to deeper healing and transforma... Read more
Rose Quartz
Love, Trust, Emotional Healing
Rose quartz is the classic stone of love. It helps dissolve old hurts and open the heart to trust in love and have faith in the be... Read more
Rutilated Quartz
Amplify Intention
Rutilated quartz acts as a two-way antenna, amplifying and broadcasting your intention, as well as helping you channel messages an... Read more
Tiger Eye
Balance, Grounding, Discernment
Tiger eye helps you stay centered and calmly practical despite the ups and downs of life. It helps you balance polarities and acce... Read more
The Best Book on Crystal Healing
The Book of Stones is by far our favorite book on gemstones and crystal healing. If you are looking for a single book where you can look up any gem you might come across, this is it.
We especially like that it has two authors so you can get two different perspectives on each stone. Highly recommended! (It also has 5 stars on Amazon with over 500 reviews, which is outstanding!)
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Disclaimer: Smoky Quartz Properties, Smoky Quartz Meaning, and Smoky Quartz Uses listed here are not a substitute for medical care. If you have a physical or mental illness, please see a doctor or mental health professional. |
msmarco_passage_00_305351884 | Language Matters - BeerTourism.com | Language Matters - BeerTourism.com
Language Matters
Belgium is at the linguistic junction between Latin and Germanic Europe. This has shaped both the country’s history and its language, with the result that Belgium is one of the few countries in the world that has no single national language. In fact it has three: Dutch, French and German, which are spread over four language areas.
Dutch is the most widely spoken language with 6.1 million native speakers, followed by 4.3 million French speakers.
In the East Cantons in the far east of the country there is a German-speaking population numbering just over 75,000. Brussels Capital Region is officially bilingual.
Legally, any of the official languages can be used except when dealing with the authorities for certain specific matters, but in day to day life one language predominates in each region and there are plenty of translation facilities to help people near the language borders. Some will find this all very complicated but as a result many Belgians speak three, four or even more different languages and dialects.
More information on how these linguistic regions are governed and Belgium's general political structure on our History page.
Speaking Belgian
The right to speak the language of one’s choice is protected in the Belgian constitution. The country is divided into four very well-defined language areas and there is in fact no “Belgian” language. For instance, somebody from the coastal city of Ostend in West Flanders will sound incomprehensible when speaking his local dialect to an inhabitant of Antwerp.
The same applies to a French speaking inhabitant of Namur trying to find the common ground with his fellow French speaking Brusselois.
To be honest though, the dialects of West Flanders for instance are so diverse that a journey of just 30 kilometres can see all mutual comprehension cease.
The variety of dialects is so rich that the French would call them patois, and a lot gets lost in translation. In fact, even accents can be so heavy that Belgium is probably the only country in the world that subtitles people speaking on television in the same language as the viewers.
In the province of Flemish Brabant and the Brussels region were the growth in the number of French speakers means that many municipalities that we're historically Flemish are now mostly French speaking.
Over time, more and more Dutch speakers became bilingual and by the middle of the 20th Century the number of monolingual French speakers surpassed the number of bilingual Dutch speakers. In 1921 it was decided that Belgium should be formally split into three language regions; Dutch-speaking Flanders; French-speaking Wallonia and bilingual Brussels.
German was only recognised as an official language in a later stage. With the reform of 1993 all three of the languages we're given the status of communities and the language division was further refined into the Flemish (Dutch), the Walloon (French/German) region and the Brussels Capital region (French/Dutch).
All three of the Belgian regions have a high level of autonomy which is exercised through three seperate parliaments and governments.
The Dutch Language Area
Dutch is the native language of three fifths of the Belgian population and is the official language of Flanders, the northern part of the country. Although Belgian Dutch is similar to the Dutch that is spoken in the Netherlands, but there are differences so Belgian Dutch is usually referred to as Flemish. The spelling is the same but there are some differences in the pronunciation and meaning of some words.
This language divide was created in the Dark Ages when commerce and communication were cut and the separated communities in Dutch-speaking Flanders and the Netherlands evolved a number of distinct dialects.
There are currently at least six major recognised dialects of Flemish and although some are under threat most of them are still in common use.
In the 15th Century, when the Low Countries were unified under the Dukes of Burgundy, the dialects of Flanders and Brabant were regarded as the standard Dutch language. But with subsequent rise in prosperity of cities like Amsterdam, Hollandic Dutch began to compete with Brabantian Dutch.
In the 18 th and 19th centuries the vocabulary of Dutch expanded as words from French and German were taken on board. This period also saw the rise of distinctive urban dialects in the great cities of Antwerp, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht and Amsterdam.
Today, standard Dutch is based on the Hollandic dialect spoken in the north of the Netherlands, while the dominant Dutch dialect of the south is Brabantian, which has undoubtedly had a major influence on Belgian Dutch vocabulary.
Although in theory the language spoken in Flanders is the same as the language spoken in the Netherlands, the actual differences are significant.
Nevertheless, spelling is standardised by Belgian and Dutch laws passed in 1946 and 1947, when a long list of standard spellings was published. In 1990 the laws were amended, but this only succeeded in creating more confusion and they were amended again in 2005. Most Belgians do not see this as being a particular problem, but for the Dutch it is a long running source of controversy.
The French Language Area
If three fifths speak Flemish, two fifths of the Belgian population speak French. The vast majority live in the southern half of Belgium where you will also find a number of minority French-related dialects such as Walloon, Picard, Champenois and Lorrain. Between 1792 and 1815, following the French Revolution and the introduction of Napoleonic rule, Belgium effectively became part of France and was subject to French laws and the French education system.
The legacy of this is that there is a greater similarity between Belgian French and the French of northern France than there is between the French spoken in the far north and south of France itself.
Belgian French is almost identical to the French spoken in northern France but is quite a long way from the standard French taught to British school children.
At one time French was also extensively spoken in Flanders, particularly among the region’s upper classes, but its use declined with the rise of the Flemish movement.
Traditionally nearly every town and village has two names, one French and the other Dutch, but in Flanders the French names are being gradually phased out. In spite of this, French is still commonly spoken as a second language in Flanders.
Historically the French-speaking part of Belgium, Wallonia, has never been a single political entity, with different regions being governed by different rulers. However, its close proximity to the French border means that there has been a strong and continuing French influence.
The northern limit of French-speaking Belgium is marked by a line stretching roughly from Tournai in the west to Liège in the east.
Until the beginning of the 20 th century, most people in Wallonia spoke a dialect known as Walloon amongst themselves and this dialect has had a major influence on the development of Belgian French. With Dutch-speaking Flanders so close at hand there was a further source of linguistic crossover.
To a lesser extent the proximity of Germany and the influence of some German speaking Belgian communities have added yet another source of new vocabulary. Regional accents vary from city to city and Liège, Namur and Brussels are known for having particularly distinctive accents and dialects.
The Bilingual Brussels-Capital Area
Brussels is officially bilingual, with both French and Dutch being spoken in the city. All the road signs, street signs and many adverts and documents like menus are in both languages. The region was only founded on 18 th June 1989 after an amendment of the Belgian constitution.
This reform gave it bilingual status and formally made it one of the three federal regions of Belgium, alongside Flanders and Wallonia.
Like most of the rest of Belgium, historically Brussels has passed from one ruler to another but for most of that time remained a largely Flemish-speaking city. But because of the sometimes lowly status of the Flemish language French was always used as the language of government.
From the late 18 th century onwards a significant number of French speaking people began to move to Brussels, some from Wallonia, others from France. The Capital Region is now predominantly French speaking. This includes migrants and other second-language speakers. Only a minority are native Dutch speakers. This linguistic split is reflected in the regional parliament, where most of the members are French speaking.
There are language laws protecting Flemish in some of the municipalities around Brussels which have proved very controversial.
Most of the French-speaking population regard these linguistic boundaries as purely artificial and are demanding an extension of the bilingual region to include a number of traditionally Dutch-speaking municipalities. Not surprisingly these proposals have been strongly rejected by Flemish politicians.
The German Language Area
There is a small area in the far east of Wallonia is known as the East Cantons, or Ost-Kantone, where German is the official language. As a condition of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles that formally ended World War I the German territories of Eupen-Sankt Vith plus a few smaller districts were ceded to Belgium as part of Germany’s reparations.
In the 1920s the East Cantons were called “New Belgium” and French and German were given equal status as official languages.
Before World War One there had been some promotion of German by official policy but this stopped as soon as the war ended.
From then on primary education was given in the child’s mother tongue with French taught from the first year of schooling. In May 1940, following the Nazi Invasion , the territories were again part of Germany and German became the sole language.
With the end of the war the East Cantons became Belgian again. In the early 1960s Belgium was divided into its four linguistic areas with the German-speaking East Cantons one of them.
Today, although this German-speaking region is part of French-speaking Wallonia, it enjoys a fair degree of autonomy, particularly in linguistic and cultural matters.
As a community in its own right and similar (though as with the regions it also has its own parliament and regional government in the city of Eupen. Many would like to see the Ost-Kantone become a federal region in its own right, but with a population of less than 76,000 this does not seem likely in the short term.
Parlez Vous Anglais?
Finally, English can almost be called the unofficial fourth language of Belgium. More and more of the younger generations are breaking down the language barriers by using English instead of French, Flemish or German to communicate with each other.
The influence of English is so strong that new words are added to the Belgian vocabulary that appear English but have their own special Belgian meaning. There are lots of English influences in many of the country’s dialects too.
A Belgian will always appreciate your effort to speak the local language but don’t be surprised if you get a reply in fluent English, even as you plough on in Flemish, French or German.
Ironically, it is often said that the almost natural Belgian ability of quickly picking up languages is due to the high rate of immigration and consistent contact with foreign rule (and speak) during centuries.
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msmarco_passage_00_308083310 | Benefits of Fossil fuels – Benefits Of | Benefits of Fossil fuels – Benefits Of
Benefits of Fossil fuels
June 15, 2010 , Diana R , 1 Comment
Benefits of fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are basically the remains of animals and plants and these are good energy resources. The three main fossil fuels are natural gas, oil, and coal. Fossil fuels are low in cost and are very important resources for our economy.
Fossil fuels are used to generate electricity used as fuels for transportation. Because of their low costs, they are available to one and all. What would our lives be without heat, electricity, and fuels? Our electronic devices wouldn’t work. We would not be able to keep warm during cold weather. There would be a lack of mobility.
Fossil fuels are easy to locate, readily available, and they are very cost effective. A small amount of fossil fuel burned can produce a huge amount of energy. Fossil fuels have been used for a long time now and there are many companies, industries (machinery and engines) that are completely dependent on them as of now. Also, power plants that use fossil fuels are easy to build and use and can be set up anywhere as long as there is easy access to fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels also generate a lot of money and are a good source of revenue to many countries. They also help related industries provide jobs for people across the globe which is good for the overall economy.
Fossil fuels are used for both residential and commercial purposes. Coal is used for cooking in homes and by far the most inexpensive fuel. Machines use coal because it is easy to use and the machines can be operated with ease. Also, coal is in abundant supply, so there is no cause for concern of ever falling short of supply. Coal is also the most reliable form of producing electricity.
Transporting gas and oil is easy and gas-fired plants are very efficient, too.
Oil is another widely used fuel. It is used in cars, planes, and other machines. Many countries have a lot of oil wells and these help provide jobs for many people across the globe. This not only boosts the economy, but also makes sure that millions of people are employed and are able to look after themselves.
It is important that we make the right use of these fuels and conserve them whenever necessary. They are readily available right now, but we could run out of them in the future. Coal, oil and gas are nonrenewable and we need to conserve them and save our environment.
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msmarco_passage_00_308317573 | Benefits of Jamaican Black Castor Oil – Benefits Of | Benefits of Jamaican Black Castor Oil – Benefits Of
Benefits of Jamaican Black Castor Oil
March 31, 2011 , Harri Daniel , Comments Off
on Benefits of Jamaican Black Castor Oil
Benefits of Jamaican Black Castor Oil
Castor oil has been used for centuries to treat a number of ailments. Containing Vitamin E and Omega-6 fatty acids, Jamaican castor oil has many topical uses and is a natural hair treatment. Jamaican black castor is more popular since it raw, so it has more nutrients that thicken the hair. However, organic castor oil offers similar benefits. Read on and find out the many benefits of Jamaican black castor oil on hair.
1. Treats dry hair
Jamaican black castor oil is rich in Omega-9 fatty acids that moisturize the scalp, which prevent your hair from drying out. Applying castor oil regularly can help moisturize your roots and scalp to prevent dry air, as well as promote hair growth. If your hair is thinning out, Jamaican black castor oil is right for you.
2. Hair health
The oil also prevents hair damage and enhances its health, which leads to thicker hair on regular use. Also, why not try adding castor oil to hair conditioners but use the right amount to prevent greasy hair. For example, one teaspoon of castor oil is enough.
3. Good for damaged hair
It is a great hair conditioner that can help treat dull and damaged hair. Simply mix Jamaican black castor oil with castor oil to make it lighter. Apply it on the air at both ends and massage it gently into the scalp, then wash it after an hour with a quality shampoo. Rinse your hair and remember to treat it regularly so as to keep it shinny.
4. Prevents hair loss
Jamaican castor oil can also help to ward off infections that often cause hair loss, as well as scalp disease. When you apply it on dry hair, it eliminates head lice and dandruff, as well as dry and greasy hair.
While there are no side effects associated with Jamaican castor oil for hair treatment, you should use it in moderation.
Please help us improve. Please rate this article: |
msmarco_passage_00_309418629 | About VA DIC For Spouses, Dependents, And Parents | Veterans Affairs | About VA DIC For Spouses, Dependents, And Parents | Veterans Affairs
In this section
About VA DIC for spouses, dependents, and parents
If you’re the surviving spouse, child, or parent of a service member who died in the line of duty, or the survivor of a Veteran who died from a service-related injury or illness, you may be able to get a tax-free monetary benefit called VA Dependency and Indemnity Compensation (VA DIC). Find out if you can get VA benefits or compensation.
DIC eligibility for survivors of Blue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans
If we denied your Blue Water Navy Veteran’s service-connected disability claim in the past, you may be eligible for DIC benefits based on the Blue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans Act of 2019.
See DIC eligibility information and how to apply.
Veterans who served on a Blue Water Navy vessel offshore of the Republic of Vietnam, or on another U.S. Navy or Coast Guard ship operating in the coastal waterways of Vietnam between January 9, 1962, and May 7, 1975, are now entitled to a presumption of service connection for illnesses related to Agent Orange exposure. This is a result of Public Law 116-23, also known as the Blue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans Act of 2019.
Am I eligible for VA DIC as a surviving spouse or dependent?
As a surviving spouse
You may be eligible for VA benefits or compensation for surviving spouses if you meet the requirements listed below. You’ll also need to provide evidence with your claim showing that one of the descriptions below is true for the Veteran or service member. Evidence may include documents like military service records, doctor’s reports, and medical test results.
One of these must be true. You:
Married the Veteran or service member before January 1, 1957, or
Married the Veteran or service member within 15 years of their discharge from the period of military service during which the qualifying illness or injury started or got worse, or
Were married to the Veteran or service member for at least 1 year, or
Had a child with the Veteran or service member, aren’t currently remarried, and either lived with the Veteran or service member without a break until their death or, if separated, weren’t at fault for the separation
Note: If you remarried on or after December 16, 2003, and you were 57 years of age or older at the time you remarried, you can still continue to receive compensation.
You’ll also need to provide evidence showing that one of these descriptions is true for the Veteran or service member:
The service member died while on active duty, active duty for training, or inactive-duty training, or
The Veteran died from a service-connected illness or injury, or
The Veteran didn’t die from a service-connected illness or injury, but was eligible to receive VA compensation for a service-connected disability rated as totally disabling for a certain period of time
If the Veteran’s eligibility was due to a rating of totally disabling, they must have had this rating:
For at least 10 years before their death, or
Since their release from active duty and for at least 5 years immediately before their death, or
For at least 1 year before their death if they were a former prisoner of war who died after September 30, 1999
Note: “Totally disabling” means the Veteran’s injuries made it impossible for them to work.
As a surviving child
You may be able to get compensation as a surviving child if you meet the requirements listed below. You’ll also need to provide evidence with your claim showing that one of the descriptions below is true for the Veteran or service member. Evidence may include documents like military service records, doctor’s reports, and medical test results.
All of these must be true. You:
Aren’t married, and
Aren’t included on the surviving spouse’s compensation, and
Are under the age of 18 (or under the age of 23 if attending school)
Note: If you were adopted out of the Veteran’s or service member’s family, but meet all other eligibility criteria, you still qualify for compensation.
You’ll also need to provide evidence that one of these descriptions is true for the Veteran or service member:
The service member died while on active duty, active duty for training, or inactive-duty training, or
The Veteran died from a service-connected illness or injury, or
The Veteran didn’t die from a service-connected illness or injury, but was eligible to receive VA compensation for a service-connected disability that was rated as totally disabling for a certain period of time
If the Veteran’s eligibility was due to a service-connected disability rated as totally disabling, they must have had this rating:
For at least 10 years before their death, or
Since their release from active duty and for at least 5 years immediately before their death, or
For at least 1 year before their death if they were a former prisoner of war who died after September 30, 1999
Note: “Totally disabling” means the Veteran’s injuries make it impossible for them to work.
As a surviving parent
You may be able to get compensation as a surviving parent if both of the descriptions below are true for you. You’ll also need to provide evidence with your claim showing that one of the descriptions below is true for the Veteran or service member. Evidence may include documents like military service records, doctor’s reports, and medical test results.
Both of these must be true:
You’re the biological, adoptive, or foster parent of the Veteran or service member, and
Your income is below a certain amount
View the parents DIC rate table
Note: We define a foster parent as someone who served in the role of a parent to the Veteran or service member before their last entry into active service.
You’ll also need to provide evidence that one of these descriptions is true for the Veteran or service member:
The service member died from an injury or illness while on active duty or in the line of duty while on active duty for training, or
The service member died from an injury or certain illnesses in the line of duty while on inactive training, or
The Veteran died from a service-connected illness or injury
What kind of benefits can I get?
If you qualify, you can get tax-free monetary benefits. The amount you receive depends on the type of survivor you are.
DIC benefit rates for surviving spouses and children
DIC benefits for surviving parents
How do I apply for compensation?
First you’ll need to fill out an application for benefits. The application you fill out will depend on your survivor status.
If you’re the surviving spouse or child of a service member who died while on active duty, your military casualty assistance officer will help you to complete an Application for DIC, Death Pension, and/or Accrued Benefits by a Surviving Spouse or Child (VA Form 21P-534a). The officer will help you mail the form to the correct VA regional office.
Download VA Form 21P-534a (PDF)
If you’re the surviving spouse or child of a Veteran, fill out an Application for DIC, Death Pension, and/or Accrued Benefits (VA Form 21P-534EZ).
Download VA Form 21P-534EZ (PDF)
If you’re a surviving parent, fill out an Application for Dependency and Indemnity Compensation by Parent (s) (VA Form 21P-535).
Download VA Form 21P-535 (PDF)
You can apply for this benefit in any of these ways:
Work with an accredited representative.
Get help filing your claim
Use the direct upload tool through AccessVA to upload your form online.
Go to AccessVA to use direct upload
Mail your form to this address:
Department of Veterans Affairs
Pension Intake Center
PO Box 5365
Janesville, WI 53547-5365
Go to a VA regional office and get help from a VA employee.
Find a VA regional office near you
Other VA benefits for survivors
VA Survivors Pension benefit rates
Find out if you’re eligible and how to apply for VA pension benefits as a surviving spouse or child of a deceased Veteran with wartime service.
Last updated: February 18, 2021 |
msmarco_passage_00_311856422 | Constitution
Freemasons & the U.S.Constitution
The purpose of this webpage is to present information aboutFreemasons and the U.S. Constitution. Most of the information comes from abooklet, Masonic Membership of the Signers of the Constitution of the UnitedStates, published by the Masonic Service Association, and written by Bro. RonaldE. Heaton. It was originally published in 1962, reprinted in 1986.
Please feel free to contact me with information, suggestions, orcorrections about the information on this site. You can contact me by clicking on my name:Paul M. Bessel
Signers of the Constitution of the United States
Name
State
Masonic Membership, if any
Abraham Baldwin
Georgia
no evidence of Masonic membership
Richard Bassett
Delaware
no evidence of Masonic membership
Gunning Bedford, Jr.
Delaware
1st Grand Master of Delaware
John Blair
Virginia
1st Grand Master of Virginia
William Blount
North Carolina
doubtful if he was a Mason
David Brearley
New Jersey
1st Grand Master of New Jersey
Jacob Broom
Delaware
officer in his Lodge
Pierce Butler
South Carolina
no evidence of Masonic membership
Daniel Carroll
Maryland
Mason who participated in the Masonic cornerstone laying of the U.S. Capitol, with George Washington
George Clymer
Pennsylvania
no evidence of Masonic membership
Jonathan Dayton
New Jersey
Member of Temple Lodge No. 1 in Elizabethtown, NJ
John Dickinson
Delaware
Member of a Lodge in Dover, Delaware
William Few
Georgia
doubtful if he was a Mason
Thomas FitzSimons
Pennsylvania
no evidence of Masonic membership
Benjamin Franklin
Pennsylvania
Grand Master of Pennsylvania
Nicholas Gilman
New Hampshire
Member of a St. John's Lodge No. 1, Portsmouth, N.H.
Nathaniel Gorham
Massachusetts
no evidence of Masonic membership
Alexander Hamilton
New York
no evidence of Masonic membership
Jared Ingersoll
Pennsylvania
no evidence of Masonic membership
Daniel Jenifer of St. Thomas
Maryland
no evidence of Masonic membership
William Samuel Johnson
Connecticut
doubtful if he was a Mason
Rufus King
Massachusetts
Member of St. John's Lodge, Newburyport, Massachusetts
John Langdon
New Hampshire
doubtful if he was a Mason
William Livingston
New Jersey
no evidence of Masonic membership
James McHenry
Maryland
Member of Spiritual Lodge No. 23, Maryland
(raised 1806, "struck off" 1809)
James Madison
Virginia
no evidence of Masonic membership
Thomas Mifflin
Pennsylvania
no evidence of Masonic membership
Gouverneur Morris
Pennsylvania
no evidence of Masonic membership
Robert Morris
Pennsylvania
doubtful if he was a Mason
William Paterson
New Jersey
Member of Trenton Lodge No. 5
Charles Pinckney
South Carolina
no evidence of Masonic membership
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
South Carolina
no evidence of Masonic membership
George Read
Delaware
doubtful if he was a Mason
John Rutledge
South Carolina
no evidence of Masonic membership
Roger Sherman
Connecticut
doubtful if he was a Mason
Richard Dobbs Spaight
North Carolina
no evidence of Masonic membership
George Washington
Virginia
Raised in the Lodge at Fredericksburg (now Fredericksburg Lodge No. 4), named but did not actively serve as Charter Master of Alexandria Lodge No. 22 in 1788-1789
Hugh Williamson
North Carolina
no evidence of Masonic membership
James Wilson
Pennsylvania
no evidence of Masonic membership
SUMMARY
39 men signed the U.S. Constitution
13 (33%) were Freemasons
Copyright © 1998-2015 by Paul M. Bessel - all rights reserved
If you have any suggestions, comments, or questions about this website, please feel free to send an email message to me: paulb'at'bessel.org
To see an index of other webpages with similar information, please feel free to click on the following: http://bessel.org/webindex.htm
Please note that I no longer am updating the webpages about Freemasonry. I still maintain my memberships but otherwise I am not active. |
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msmarco_passage_00_320681990 | Bexar County Medical Examiner San Antonio Texas - Medical Examiner | Bexar County Medical Examiner San Antonio Texas - Medical Examiner
BEXAR COUNTY TEXAS MEDICAL EXAMINER INFORMATION
Bexar County Medical Examiner's Office Telephone Number in San Antonio Texas (210) 335-4000.
Bexar County Medical Examiner's address is 7337 Louis Pasteur Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78227-4565.
The Bexar County Medical Examiner's Office is Located in the University of Texas Health Science Center Campus San Antonio (UTHSC-SA) in the Bexar County Forensic Science Center.
Directions To the Bexar County Medical Examiner's Office The Bexar county Medical Examiner's office & Morgue is Located in Bexar County Texas in The City of San Antonio.
Take Loop 410 and exit on Babcock road (go outside the loop 410)Turn Right on Merton Mintor. Stop at the first security Gate and check in. The Bexar County Medical Examiners office and Morgue is located in first building on the right .
Bexar County Medical Examiner Question and Answers
There has been a death! Why is the Bexar County Medical Examiner's office involved?
Article 49.25 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedures authorizes the Bexar County Medical Examiner to investigate deaths that fall into the following Categories:
Unattended deaths.
Deaths occurring less than 24 hours after admission to a hospital,nursing home,prison,jail or any other institution.
Where the cause of death is not known.
Deaths due to unnatural Causes.
Suspicious deaths.
Suicide
Children under the age of six (6)years
The Bexar County Medical Examiner will determine if and when an autopsy will be performed.
Bexar County Texas San Antonio Texas
.......................................................................
Public Health Notice:
BLOOD,BODY FLUIDS AND BONE FRAGMENTS PRESENT IN SUICIDE SCENES ,CRIME SCENES, DEATH SCENES AND TRAUMA SCENES POSE SERIOUS PUBLIC HEALTH RISKS!
Bio-Hazardous scenes are not pathogenically safe when released by Law Enforcement,the San Antonio Police Department, the Bexar county Sheriff's department or the Bexar county Medical Examiner's Office.
Blood and Body Fluids found at death,crime,suicide and trauma scenes may carry potentially fatal bloodborne pathogens (disease causing microorganisms) which may be contracted by individuals entering a scene.
Cleanup, Sanitizing and Deodorizing of all scenes containing blood and body fluid should be performed by an experienced Crime and Death Scene Cleaning Company, which dispatches Certified HAZ-MAT and Bio-Hazard Technicians.
One such company is Crime Clean of Texas Inc.
A Certified,Bonded,Insured, Full time Crime Scene Cleanup Company in San Antonio (210)723-4892 Serving Texas since 1995. www.crimecleanoftexas.com
For Information on Crime Scene Cleanup and Disease Transmission .
For information on San Antonio Funeral Homes and other Death care service providers click Here
BexarCountyMedicalExaminer.org Is a public service website and is not affiliated with the Bexar County Medical Examiner's Office. BexarCountyMedicalExaminer.org provides this World Wide Web (WWW) site,information and services "as is" without warranty of any kind,either expressed or implied. BexarCountyMedicalExaminer.org does not warranty the accuracy,authority,completeness,usefullness,timeliness,or fitness for any particular purpose of the WWW site information or services. BexarCountyMedicalExaminer.org and its officials,owners,and employees shall not be liable for any loss or injury caused in whole or in part by its negligence,contingencies beyond its control, or errors or ommissions in the WWW site information or Services. This site is provided as free Public Information and is not affilliated with the Bexar County Medical Examiners Office. |
msmarco_passage_00_322788929 | 8 Steps to Buying a Commercial Property | BHW Solicitors Leicester | 8 Steps to Buying a Commercial Property | BHW Solicitors Leicester
8 Steps to Buying a Commercial Property
You’ve found the commercial property you’ve been looking for and you’ve agreed on a price with the seller. So what happens next when you’re considering buying a commercial property?
1. Heads of Terms agreed between parties/agents
The Heads of Terms set out the main points of the transaction, and although usually stated to be “subject to contract” and not legally binding, they are referred to for the legal drafting and should be accurate. If there is a selling agent – the agent will usually prepare the Heads of Terms.
2. Solicitors instructed
Once the Heads of Terms have been agreed between you and the seller, these will be sent to the appointed solicitors.
You will need to formally appoint your solicitor. Your solicitor will usually send you his or her terms of business, ask for your identification documents and any money on account, i.e. for property searches and land registry documents.
3. Contract package
The seller’s solicitor will send to your solicitor the contract package. The contract package for buying a commercial property will usually include a draft sale contract, the title documents, the energy performance certificate and replies to Commercial Property Standard Enquiries (CPSEs). CPSEs are general property enquiries raised on the purchase of a commercial property.
4. Buyer’s due diligence
Once your solicitor has received the contract package, they will carry out a due diligence check on the property in accordance with your requirements and the lender’s requirements (if you are having a mortgage). This will include reviewing the contract, investigating the title and reviewing the seller’s replies to the CPSEs.
Your solicitor will also request the property searches at this stage and these will include a local authority search, an environmental search and a water and drainage search. Your solicitor may also advise that additional searches are carried out depending on the property and its location.
It may also be necessary for you to commission a survey/valuation (with a property surveyor) of the property so that you are fully aware of the structure and condition of the property and if you are lending, your lender will most definitely require this. If so, you should also provide this to your solicitor as they will need to review this.
Once your solicitor has reviewed the contract package, survey/valuation and search results, they will usually raise any necessary enquiries with your seller’s solicitor.
Due diligence can be the longest stage of the transaction, lasting a few weeks as your solicitor will be reliant on third-party search providers and your lender.
5. Review mortgage papers
If you are having a mortgage, your solicitor will review the terms of the mortgage and any other security documentation provided by the lender. Your solicitor will also comply with any of the lender’s requirements.
6. Contract agreed and reporting
Once your solicitor is happy with the information gleaned from the due diligence, the terms of the sale contract and transfer deed will be negotiated and agreed with the seller’s solicitor.
Your solicitor will report to you on the due diligence process and their findings. Your solicitor will discuss your requirements for the property and whether there are any defects which you should be aware of. At this point, you will usually sign the contract, mortgage papers (if applicable), transfer deed and any other necessary documentation. Your solicitor will also request the deposit amount from you (usually 10%).
7. Contracts exchanged
Once you and the seller have signed your respective parts of the sale contracts, contracts will be exchanged and your solicitor will pay the seller’s solicitor the deposit.
Exchange is usually a telephone call between solicitors, who follow up the call by exchanging the contracts formally in the post. On exchange, the purchase is now legally binding and a completion date is set.
If you are lending, your solicitor will at this stage, request funds from your lender. If you are not having lending (or the lending does not cover all sums due), your solicitor will request the balance purchase monies from you.
8. Completion
Just before completion, your solicitor will carry out pre-completion searches at the Land Registry.
On completion, your solicitor will either receive the funding from you or your lender. Your solicitor will then send the balance of the purchase monies to the seller’s solicitor.
At completion, the transfer deed (and mortgage) will be completed and the legal title in the property passes to you. You will be able to collect the keys from the agent.
Your solicitor will now deal with any post-completion matters such as, registering the transfer at the Land Registry and paying the stamp duty.
Buying a Commercial Property?
BHW has a commercial property department who regularly deal with the purchase of commercial property. For further information contact Partner and commercial property solicitor Ian Sanders on 0116 281 6227 or ian.sanders@bhwsolicitors.com.
Published by BHW Solicitors
Categorised in: Commercial Property, News
Tags: Commercial Law, Commercial Property, Company Law, Contracts |
msmarco_passage_00_335773213 | Kendall Knight | Big Time Rush Wiki | Fandom | Kendall Knight | Big Time Rush Wiki | Fandom
Big Time Rush Wiki
580 Pages
Add new page
Episodes
Season 1
Big Time Audition
Big Time Crib
Big Time Love Song
Big Time Mansion
Big Time Demos
Big Time Blogger
Big Time Fever
Season 2
Welcome Back Big Time
Boyfriend
Big Time Christmas
Big Time Beach Party
Green Time Rush
Let's Stay in Our PJ's (All Christmas Long)
Big Time Contest
Big Time Movie
Season 3
Big Time Surprise
Big Time Decision
Big Time Babysitting
Big Time Gold
Big Time Camping
Big Time Rescue
Big Time Bloopers
Season 4
Season 4 (overview)
Big Time Invasion
Big Time Lies
Big Time Scandal
Big Time Cameo
Big Time Pranks II
Big Time Rides
Big Time Rush
Characters
Kendall Knight
Carlos Garcia
James Diamond
Logan Mitchell
Katie Knight
Jo Taylor
Camille Roberts
Lucy Stone
Pairings
Jendall
Kucy
Lomille
Kenlos
Kogan
Kames
Jarlos
Jagan
Rames
Jatie
Cast
Kendall Schmidt
Logan Henderson
Katelyn Tarver
Actresses
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Kendall Schmidt
Kendall Knight
Gallery
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Kendall Knight
General Information
Gender:
Male
Age:
16 (Season 1–2)
17–18 (Season 3–4) 26 (currently)
Hair Color:
Blonde
Eye Color:
Green
Birthday:
November 2, 1994
Height:
5'11
Address:
Shakopee, Minnesota (former)
Los Angeles, California (current)
Occupation (s):
Singer
Student
Model
Leader of Big Time Rush
Aliases:
Big Brother (Katie)
Dog (Gustavo)
Family & Friends
Family:
Katie Knight (sister)
Jennifer Knight (mother)
Friends:
James Diamond
Camille Roberts
Carlos Garcia
Logan Mitchell
Kelly Wainwright
The Jennifers
Guitar Dude
Lucy Stone
Gustavo Rocqué
Tyler Duncan
Relationships:
Jo Taylor (girlfriend)
Lucy Stone (ex-girlfriend)
Enemies:
George Hawk
Jett Stetson (former)
WayneWayne
Other Information
Talent:
Singing
Series Information
First appearance:
Big Time Audition
Portrayed By:
Kendall Schmidt
Kendall Donald Knight is the appointed leader and top schemer of the gang. Kendall is tall blonde and has green eyes. In Big Time Interview it is revealed that he is from Shakopee Minnesota. Kendall is technically the founder of Big Time Rush when he accepts to move to L.A. and record demos only if Gustavo brings James Carlos, and Logan along to make them all a band. He is portrayed as the glue that keeps the band together. He manages to stay cool under pressure (described as "Cool Rush") and figure out solutions to problems thus often resulting in the other guys running to Kendall when they have a problem being the most mature and responsible member of Big Time Rush. Kendall keeps a great relationship with his mother and his younger sister Katie who helps him and his friends whenever they get into trouble. He is quite affectionate towards Katie as she is always there to help him and vice versa.
Kendall is portrayed by Kendall Schmidt .
Background
Kendall, Katie and Their Mother.
Kendall is a 17-year-old who is the appointed leader and top member of the band. He is portrayed as the paint that keeps them looking nice. Despite Logan being the genius of the group, it is Kendall who manages to stay cool under pressure and figure out the solutions to the problems that he has and his friends have, often resulting in the other guys going to Kendall when they can't solve their problems. In the pilot "Big Time Audition" when James was turned down by Gustavo, an enraged Kendall sung an insulting song at him called "The Giant Turd Song" which resulted in Gustavo wanting Kendall as his singer because he believed he had the "fire". Kendall agreed to go to L.A. but only if Gustavo took James, Carlos, and Logan as well to make them into a boy band. He was supposed to be the bad boy of the band but refused; which made him the bad boy.
He has a sister Katie Knight who helps her brother and his friends at times. Kendall goes after Jo for two episodes after he finds out that she was lying about having a boyfriend in "Big Time Break". In "Big Time Dance" Kendall upsets Jo because he never asked her to the dance. At the end of the episode it is revealed that Kendall thought he and Jo were together so he thought he didn't have to ask and they are then confirmed as a couple. In "Big Time Fever", Kendall was the only one who didn't caught the "Hollywood Fever" which turned out to be a subconscious manifestation of homesickness, because he never lost touch with the life and hobbies he had in Minnesota. He cures the others of their "Hollywood Fever" at the end of the episode.
Kendall Knight is one of the main jokers of the band. Although he takes his work seriously he loves to joke around and loves messing with Gustavo.
Kendall Knight is the full package He has good looks he is sweet, he's considered good luck he is caring, very optimistic a good friend, he has an amazing voice he is down to earth he is calm and loves being himself and when he wants to, he can be a bad boy, as shown in the season 1 episode, "Big Time Bad Boy."
Character
Many people like Gustavo and Kelly describe Kendall as the total package. He can sing dance and he also has good looks. He is very caring towards his family and friends. This is shown in numerous episodes such as in "Big Time Fan" "Big Time Fever" "Big Time Video" and "Big Time Crush". He is the former hockey captain (back in Minnesota) and now he is the appointed leader of the group. He is a natural leader and it is shown throughout the series. He always finds his way to solve anybody's problems, even though it sometimes required mischievous schemes and breaking the rules. He is a good motivator. It is shown in a few episodes how he motivated his friends using his speech and he usually uses hockey terms in his speech.
He is very honest. He always believes that being yourself is the way to go this is shown in "Big Time Audition" and "Big Time Love Song". This is sometimes the cause of the fights that happened between him and Gustavo. Because every time he doesn't like something Gustavo tells him what to do he didn't keep silent like everyone else instead, he questioned Gustavo's action and occasionally said no. This is why Gustavo nicknamed Kendall "Mr. always questioned what I'm doing." This also shows that Kendall is very stubborn with what he believes in. In "Big Time Concert" Hawk's assistance said "Kendall Knight, the complete package but strong-headed, hard to control."
He is very loyal. This is shown in "Big Time Audition" that he only wanted to go to LA if his friends come with him. He loves his friends and family so much that if anyone hurts their feeling he doesn't hesitate to fight for the people he loves. This is shown in "Big Time Audition", how he was furious when Gustavo told James that he had no talent.
He is a bit of a joker and he loves to play pranks. This is proven by his title as The King of Pranks. He also loves breaking the rules, like in "Big Time Mansion". He is also able to find loopholes in rules so they can break them but still technically follow the rules. Like in "Big Time Fever" when he changes Bitter's whiteboard rules by reading it differently so that the Palm Woods kids can go swimming. Another time is in "Big Time Party", when he changes the term 'party' into a 'small get together'.
He is a very sweet and romantic guy this is shown from the many dates that he set up for Jo and himself. But he is the jealous type. In "Welcome Back Big Time" Kendall got very jealous over Jo and her co-star that Jo decides to break up with him. But later at the end of the episode they got back together.
He is very optimistic. In "Welcome Back Big Time" when everyone is freaking out about the massive amount of homework they have to do he is the only one who still calm by saying "Guys! Guys! Chillax... The tour is over. We're back at the Palm Woods. And everything is going to be cool!"
Description
Kendall is described by Kelly as tall blond and eyebrows. He is 5'11" two inches shorter than James. He has green eyes his hair is dirty blond with brown sideburns and dimples. Among the other members, Kendall's signature feature is his massive eyebrows. He also has noticeably large hands.
Relationships with other characters
Kendall is very close to his friends. He acts as a good leader that is able to solve anyone's problem and stay calm when everyone panics. The boys encourage him to go to LA and got him back when he is head to head with Gustavo. He never likes to nor wants to turn his back on his friends. This is shown in Big Time Bad Boy when he refuses Griffin's request to be the bad boy of the band.
Carlos
Kendall helps Carlos involving Carlos' relationships. Kendall tried helping him get a date to see the movie, Kiss and Tell on "Big Time Crush". Carlos and Kendall support each other in many of their decisions. In Big Time Songwriters, they both fought against James and Logan for the "Oh" song. Kendall and Carlos could be considered opposites due to the fact that Carlos has a panicky, crazy personality. Kendall's personality is a lot calmer. They balance each other out in this way. (See Kenlos )
James
He and James like to play pranks and schemes as shown in Big Time Terror. They usually team up in completing certain accomplishments. In Backstage Rush they were both very determined to beat NSYNC's record for backstage changes. Kendall will always be there for James. In Big Time Audition, Kendall defended James when Gustavo insulted him at the tryouts. Kendall and James tend to argue more than the other band members. In "Big Time Songwriters" they both argued over whose song was better. Also in Big Time Returns, they both fought over Lucy. (See Kames )
Logan
Kendall and Logan are sometimes considered the mature ones of the group. They are both very good at creating plans and schemes for the band. Logan can create these plans because he is considered smart, and Kendall is quite clever. Occasionally they make these plans together. In season 1 and most of season 2 they are the only ones who are in relationships. Due to their maturity, they do serious things together without James and Carlos. (See Kogan )
Mrs. Knight
Kendall is very close to his mom. It is obvious he trusts her, for she seems to know most of the situations involving the boys. It is shown that he does talk to her a lot about some of his problems. Kendall is sometimes tired of his mom treating him like a kid. His mom is very protective of him and still thinks that Kendall needs her. She still feeds him and the boys dinosaur-shaped chicken as shown in Big Time Mansion. She is very determined to give him sunblock which is shown Big Time Beach Party. Kendall cares greatly for his mom. Just like his friends, he helps her with some of her problems. In Big Time Dance, he helps her get Fabio to take her to the dance.
Katie
Katie is Kendall's little sister and the two are very close. They even have nicknames for each other baby sister and big brother for example when Kendall saves Katie in Big Time Movie. They help each other a lot and they also love their mom deeply. Katie helps Kendall and the boys numerous times such as in Big Time Crib, Big Time Live , Big Time Dance, Big Time Video, Big Time Concert. etc.
Jo
Girlfriend
Kendall goes after Jo for two episodes after he finds out that she was lying about having a boyfriend in "Big Time Break". In "Big Time Dance" Kendall upsets Jo because he never asked her to the dance. At the end of the episode, it is revealed that Kendall thought he and Jo were together so he thought he didn't have to ask and they are then confirmed as a couple. Kendall's relationship with Jo is very sweet and romantic but not as smooth as he thought. He is very romantic around Jo. This is shown from many picnics and dates that he sets up for them. He is honest and not shy to show his jealousy and this goes the same for Jo. Kendall is jealous when Jo gets close with her co-star Jett Stetson like in "Big Time Sneakers" and "Welcome Back Big Time". Jo's jealousy is shown in "Big Time Sparks" "Big Time Crush", and "Big Time Beach Party". They are both stubborn and this sometimes makes them get into fights. Fortunately, they never stay mad at each other for a long time and always forgive each other. When Jo leaves for New Zealand it breaks Kendall's heart to see her go, and in Big Time Single, he becomes depressed. For many episodes, Kendall refuses to flirt with other girls because of his love for Jo but then decided to make a move on his good friend Lucy. The relationship is tested when she returns in Big Time Surprise at the end. In "Big Time Decision", Kendall has to decide between Jo and his girlfriend Lucy. Kendall tries to hide from his problems, but in the end, he decides to pick Jo after walking down memory lane. (For more see Jendall )
Gustavo
Kendall and Gustavo's relationship is odd. Gustavo always depends on Kendall to keep the band going, stick together, and do what he says. Kendall tends to speak back to him which he really hates. Kendall in some way doesn't fear Gustavo as much as the others. Nevertheless Kendall really cares for and respects Gustavo. He and Kelly help Gustavo to be a great songwriter again in "Big Time Guru".
Lucy
Lucy and Kendall are close friends. They did not have a fantastic start in Big Time Rocker, but they did eventually get along. In Big Time Secrets it is shown that Kendall trusts Lucy with a lot of secrets. She even helps him. In Big Time Move Lucy goes to the boys' concert when they're performing All Over Again. There she and Kendall point and smile at each other. Lucy even winks at Kendall.
In Big Time Double Date, Kendall helps Lucy lie to her parents. They go on a date with her parents. They end up convincing her parents after Gustavo tells them they can sing " Cover Girl ". In the song, Kendall and Lucy play guitar and keep looking at each other the entire time. Thanks to Kendall and the guys, Lucy's parents accept her for what she is and they said she can stay. She holds Kendall's hand and Kendall lets her and also smiles. Lucy's mom asks her to put her wig back on and tossed it to her, making her let go of Kendall's hand but then they look at each other and smile. In Big Time Surprise, Kendall saves Lucy from her ex Beau. In the elevator, Kendall asks Lucy out on a date and at the end of the episode he and Lucy share their first kiss and he becomes shocked to see that has Jo returned.
In Big Time Decision, Kendall was in conflict between Jo and Lucy but after talking to Katie, he begins to realize his true feelings for Jo and Lucy ends up leaving The Palm Woods.
In Big Time Lies, Lucy returns to The Palm Woods and attempts to win Kendall back. This puts Kendall's relationship with Jo on the line but in the end, Lucy apologizes and reveals to Kendall and Jo that she wanted to get ideas for her next songs and she and Kendall remained friends. (See Kucy ).
Nick's Description
If Big Time Rush has a leader Kendall is it! Music and dancing are in his blood. He never imagined he'd end up on the brink of superstardom, but he just might enjoy the ride. And if anyone can keep these guys together, it's Kendall.
Trivia
Kendall is one of the four main characters to appear in every episode of Big Time Rush.
Kendall's dream is to play hockey as the center for the Minnesota Wild but he would also take playing for the Toronto Maple Leafs.
Kendall used to work at a local supermarket back in Minnesota.
Kendall (along with Logan and James) should have his driver's license because in Big Time Movie Penny Lane told him to drive and he did. It is unknown yet if Carlos has his license yet.
Kendall and Carlos are the two characters to go through relationship problems.
Kendall likes to wear beanies.
In " Big Time Party " he mentioned that he likes slam dancing land arts and cheese puffs.
Kendall has dressed as a tough guy a cowboy a lady snowsuits a bear and a bird.
Kendall is often seen wearing Vans sneakers.
Kendall played the guitar in " Big Time Songwriters " and " Big Time Rocker ".
Kendall is the only one that stands up to Gustavo.
Kendall has never ridden an ATV before "Big Time Beach Party".
His middle name is Donald as seen in " Big Time Beach Party " after Mrs. Knight yelled at him for refusing to put on sunscreen.
He was born in Shakopee Minnesota as confirmed in " Big Time Interview "
Kendall cannot fake anything. He states he's a bad faker and James agrees as he nods in Big Time Bad Boy.
Kendall is currently 18 years old (15 to 16 years old in Season 1 16 to 17 years old in Season 2 17 to 18 years old in Season 3 and expected to be turning 19 in Season 4).
Kendall's hair went up to his eyebrows and tip of the ears covering his sideburns in Season 1 his sideburns were cut in Season 2 revealing his brown sideburns his hair was cut to the bottom of his forehead.
While the other members have shown Hollywood Fever symptoms Kendall is the only one who doesn't get Hollywood Fever.
He has won Prank King for a while.
Kendall plays hockey to stop himself from getting Hollywood Fever.
Kendall loves to prove people wrong.
He loves Pink Smoothies as seen in Big Time Girlfriends Big Time Single and Backstage Rush.
His favorite color is blue as told in Big Time Tests.
He does not like haters as shown in Big Time Tour Bus.
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== References ==
v • Talk Characters
Main Characters
Kendall Knight • James Diamond • Carlos Garcia • Logan Mitchell • Katie Knight • Gustavo Rocqué • Kelly Wainwright
Recurring Characters
Camille Roberts • Jo Taylor • Mr. Bitters • The Jennifers • Lucy Stone • Jennifer Knight • Jett Stetson • Arthur Griffin • Hawk • Guitar Dude • Tyler
Retrieved from " https://bigtimerush.fandom.com/wiki/Kendall_Knight?oldid=91533 "
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msmarco_passage_00_338986662 | Where Is Kurt Cobain's Gravesite? | Where Is Kurt Cobain's Gravesite?
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Where Is Kurt Cobain's Gravesite?
Where Is Kurt Cobain's Gravesite?
Kurt Cobain does not have a gravesite, since he was not buried. Although there isn't a gravesite for Kurt Cobain, there is some information available about what happened to him after his death.
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Kurt Cobain Has No Gravesite
Kurt Cobain, famous Seattle musician and leader of the 1990s grunge era, was not buried after his death in 1994; his body was cremated, and his ashes were scattered in a memorial ceremony.
The exact location where the ashes were scattered has not been revealed to the public. It is, however, the subject of some rumors, and the general understanding is that Cobain’s daughter, Frances Bean, scattered them in a private ceremony at McLane Creek in Olympia, Washington.
Who Was Kurt Cobain
Those interested in Kurt Cobain may be interested in learning the following:
Cobain was best known as the lead singer and songwriter for the band Nirvana. Their distinctive sound was established early within the boundaries of Seattle, Washington, with the release of their first record on a small independent label in 1989.
In 1991, the band exploded onto the public scene with nationwide success following the release of their second album, Nevermind. The album’s single, “Smells Like Teen Spirit,” took over MTV and the radio waves, and was the beginning of the true Seattle grunge era of American music. Nirvana is still considered the symbol and spokes-band for Generation X and the children of the 1990s.
How Kurt Cobain Died
Kurt Cobain had suffered from depression and addictions for most of his life. He was uncomfortable with fame, feeling as though his intentions were being obscured by the public attention and that people didn’t understand his messages. As a withdrawn, private person, he soon found his personal life to be of public interest. None of this helped his natural state of distress and unrest.
After the release of another album, In Utero, in 1993, Nirvana was still going strong and Cobain was quickly gaining recognition as a songwriter of unusual depth and intelligence as well as talent. However, his life was already nearing its end; and, for the next few years up until his death, he dealt with heroin addiction problems as well as plenty of invasive media coverage regarding his marriage to musician and well-known tabloid figure Courtney Love.
Cobain’s death in April 1994 was a suicide; he was discovered dead of a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Seattle. He left behind a suicide note that outlined his intentions and the fact that he felt a lack of joy in his life and in the songwriting process, among other reasons.
Cobain’s death literally shook the music world and much of the nation. It has been compared to the death of John Lennon in the impact it had on the music scene and, especially, on those fans of Cobain’s generation whose lives had been deeply influenced by his work. |
msmarco_passage_00_340296819 | Lectures on Biology: Thories on Evolution.. Catastrophism.. | Lectures on Biology: Thories on Evolution.. Catastrophism..
Lectures on Biology
Tuesday, December 12, 2006
Thories on Evolution.. Catastrophism..
George Cuvier has also proposed a theory on evolution. It is the Catastrophism. This theory suggests that changes in the size of the earth's animal population was the outcome of a series of natural disasters or catastrophes, such as volcanic eruptions which killed fauna in a certain area.. Catastrophism would ultimately change the way the world viewed evolution, and would be the first of many later evolutionary theories of its kind.
Catastrophism is the theory that Earth has been affected by sudden, short-lived, violent events that were sometimes worldwide in scope. The dominant paradigm of geology has been uniformitarianism (also sometimes described as gradualism), but recently a more inclusive and integrated view of geologic events has developed resulting in a gradual change in the scientific consensus.
Many think that the history of Catastrophism was from the Creationism view. It was believed that it was the cause of development and creation. One great example is the Great Flood which was told in the bible.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the great French geologist and naturalist Baron Georges Cuvier proposed what came to be known as the Catastrophe theory or Catastrophism. According to the theory, the abrupt faunal changes geologists saw in rock strata were the result of periodic devastations that wiped out all or most extant species, each successive period being repopulated with new kinds of animals and plants, by God's hand. [Charles] Lyell rejected so nonscientific a hypothesis (as did James Hutton before him), and replaced it with the notion that geological processes proceeded gradually - all geological processes. (Lewin, 1993)
Considering Catastrohism in various events:
Scientists have been thinking whether the extinction of dinosaurs was due to the 10-km asteroid that struck the Earth 65 million years ago at the end of Cretaceous period. It wiped out 70% of species including the dinosaurs leaving a boundary called the K-T LIne.
Modern theories also suggest that Earth's anomalously large moon was formed catastrophically. In a paper published in Icarus in 1975, Dr. William K. Hartmann and Dr. Donald R. Davis proposed that a stochastic catastrophic near-miss by a large planetesimal early in Earth's formation approximately 4.5 billion years ago blew out rocky debris, remelted Earth and formed the Moon, thus explaining the Moon's lesser density and lack of an iron core. See giant impact theory for a more detailed description.
Posted by g10p-biology at 8:59 PM
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msmarco_passage_00_343349727 | Biology: Pedigree | Biology: Pedigree
Biology
Thursday, February 7, 2008
Pedigree
What is a pedigree?
Posted by Mrs. Deuter at 6:44 AM
13 comments:
Kendall said...
A pedigree is a graphic representation of our genetic inheritance used by geneticists to map our genetic traits. In a pedigree, a circle represents a female, and a square represents the males. In the charts, a half shaded circle or square represents a carrier or a heterozygous indovidual.
February 7, 2008 at 7:44 AM
Silly Willy said...
A pedigree is a graphic representaion of our inheritance used by genecists. To map our genetic traits. A circle represents the males. A half shaded circle or square represents a carrier or a heterozygous indovidual.
February 7, 2008 at 7:49 AM
Bierman said...
A pedigree is a graphic representation of our genetic inheritance used by geneticists to map our genetic traits. In a pedigree, a circle represents a female, and a square represents the males. In the charts, a half shaded circle or square represents a carrier or a heterozygous indovidual.
February 7, 2008 at 7:54 AM
bean said...
its the graphic representation of inheritance used by genetics. to map our genetic traits. a circle represents the males.
February 7, 2008 at 7:55 AM
chris said...
A pedigree is a graphic representation of our genetic inheritance used by geneticists to map our genetic trait. In a pedigree, a circle represents a female, and a square represents the males. In the charts, a half shaded circle or square represents a carrier of heterozygous individual.
February 7, 2008 at 8:00 AM
Kayla said...
A pedigree is a graphic representation of our genetic inheritance used by geneticists to map our genetic traits. Squares represent males and circles respresent females. A square or half shaded circle represents a carrier or heterozygous individual.
February 7, 2008 at 8:47 AM
..::..Fair..::.. said...
A pedigree is a graphic representation of genetic inheritance used by geneticists to map genetic traits. It is a diagram made up of a set of symbols that identify males and females, individuals affected by the trait being studied, and family relationships. At a glance it looks very similar to any family tree. A circle represents a female and a square represents a male.
February 7, 2008 at 8:57 AM
Tristen said...
A pedigree is a very graphic representation of our genetic inheritance used by geneticists to figure out and construct our genetic traits. A circle represents a female, and squares represent males. If there is a half circle or half square that represents that the individual is a heterozygous carrier.
February 7, 2008 at 10:56 AM
matt said...
A pedigree is a graphic representation of our genetic inheritance used by genetics to map our genetic traits. When you get a pedigree, a square represents a male and a circle represents a female. I charts a half shaded circle represets a heterogeneous individual.
February 7, 2008 at 11:36 AM
Matt G said...
it is a graph that the geneticists uses. it shows the genetic patern. it shows the genetic trats.
February 7, 2008 at 11:40 AM
rach said...
a pedigree is a graphic representation of the genetic inheritace used by geneticts to map our genetic traits. circles represent males and squares represent females. a square or half shaded circle represents a carrier or heterozygous individual.
February 7, 2008 at 8:32 PM
SMAX said...
A pedigree is a graphic representation of our genetic inheritance used by geneticists to map our genetic trait. In a pedigree, a circle represents a female, and a square represents the males. In the charts, a half shaded circle or square represents a carrier of heterozygous individual.
February 8, 2008 at 7:42 AM
Tiffany said...
a pedigree is a pictoral representation of you family lineage and their desired, and not so desired traits that you may or may not have.
February 8, 2008 at 8:43 AM
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msmarco_passage_00_346340990 | Vol. 8 - Trileptal: A Promising New Mood Stabilizer | The Bipolar Child | Vol. 8 - Trileptal: A Promising New Mood Stabilizer | The Bipolar Child
Vol. 8 – Trileptal: A Promising New Mood Stabilizer
If a parent and a doctor were to dream up a wish list mood stabilizer for a child suffering with bipolar disorder, it would be extremely effective without major side effects, it would work against aggression and rage, it would prevent future episodes of illness, it would require no systematic blood draws, and it would not cause weight gain, liver toxicity or aplastic anemia.
An anticonvulsant launched in this country a year ago February (but used in the pediatric epilepsy population since 1990 in Europe), seems to hold a lot of these cards upon early examination, but much is still left to be seen. It is called oxcarbazepine and is marketed in this country by Novartis under the brand name, Trileptal.
Actually, Trileptal is an analogue of Tegretol (carbamazepine). An analogue is structurally similar to another compound, but differs slightly in its composition (such as replacing one atom by another atom of a different element).
Someone in the Ciba-Geigy labs in Switzerland, played around with the carbamazepine compound and added one oxygen molecule to the top of the middle structure. What a difference an oxygen atom can make: Whereas carbamazepine oxidizes in the body into an active metabolite called 10,11 epoxide, oxcarbazepine rapidly converts in the body to 10-monohydroxide derivative (MHD).
chemical structure and metabolism of oxcarbazepine vs. carbamazepine
Carbamazepine (Tegretol) is an effective mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder, but it seems that the 10/11 epoxide metabolite is responsible for some of the major problems that can occur with the drug.
As we write in The Bipolar Child, “because Tegretol activates certain enzymes in the liver, and this causes the drug itself and many others to be metabolized faster, the serum Tegretol level may drop somewhat after the first month of treatment, requiring increased doses based on blood levels.” Therefore, blood levels are needed more frequently in the beginning of treatment and every three months or so afterward. “ (Anecdotally, we have heard of many instances when blood levels have dropped–particularly in young children–multiple times with successive increases in dose due to this enzyme induction.)
This induction of the liver enzymes is a result of the 10,11 epoxide metabolite. In contrast, the principal metabolite of Trileptal’s (MHD) has little effect on liver enzymes, so that its own serum levels remain fairly constant. Moreover, unlike Tegretol, it is less likely to increase the rate of elimination of many other drugs.
There have been several reports of bone marrow suppression (aplastic anemia) with Tegretol. While very rare, this is a life-threatening condition. Even less likely are suppression of the formation of blood platelets required for forming blood clots, and white blood cells that fight infection. Therefore, it is good medical practice to have a complete blood cell count regularly at the beginning of treatment and each time the patient develops any signs of easy bruising, and certainly if the triad of fever, sore throat and rash develop in combination.
Evidently because of its different metabolism, Trileptal is much less likely than Tegretol to cause aplastic anemia. In addition, liver toxicity occurs rarely with Tegretol, but is unknown with Trileptal.
Although Trileptal has less risk of drug-to-drug interaction than Tegretol, it can increase the rate of elimination, and reduce the effectiveness of some drugs–notably oral contraceptives (parents of adolescents, please make note!) and one calcium channel blocker, in particular, Felodipine. Therefore, Trileptal may be safely combined with Lamictal, Depakote, and lithium, as well as with antidepressants and antipsychotic medications.
Sounds great so far, but you must be thinking: What are the side effects of Trileptal and how well does it work?
The Side Effects
Adverse side effects that may occur early in treatment with Trileptal are sleepiness (somnolence), headache, dizziness, double vision, ataxia (unsteadiness), vomiting, rash, and abdominal pain. Most of these side effects–should they occur–recede as the body adjusts to the drug in a few weeks. We have heard of a case of sun sensitivity caused by the drug (not surprising because Tegretol can cause this also).
There is a drop in sodium levels (hyponatremia) in 3% of those taking Trileptal. Therefore, a baseline lab test should be done on all patients before the drug is started, and children with sodium levels below 135 mEq/L should be watched more closely. Hyponatremia is rare in children, but teenagers who may ingest diuretics surreptitiously for weight loss are at risk, and this should be explained to them at the beginning of treatment.
Hyponatremia can be treated easily and it is recommended as a general practice that every fourth drink should be a sodium-containing one such as milk or Gatorade. Milk has 125 grams of sodium in an 8-ounce glass, and Gatorade has 115 mg of sodium in an 8.45-ounce juice box.
Symptoms of hyponatremia include not passing much urine, headache, confusion, tiredness, and, if very severe, seizure and coma. Because Trileptal has been shown to be very effective in the treatment of partial seizures, it is FDA-approved as a monotherapy for epilepsy in adults, and approved for children age 4 and older as an add-on anticonvulsant. Therefore, we already have studies showing its safety in the pediatric population.
How Well Does Trileptal Work in Bipolar Disorder?
Several studies have evaluated the effectiveness of Trileptal in acute mania. In 1983, Dr. Hinderk M. Emrich of the Max Planck Institute in Munich performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled study using oxcarbazepine, and found an average change of 50% in the mania scales was achieved by the use of this medication. As a consequence of these findings, Ciba-Geigy of Basel organized two multi-center studies using oxcarbazepine. One compared oxcarbazepine with the antipsychotic drug, haloperidol (Haldol). After two weeks, both treatments (haloperidol and oxcarbazepine) were about equally effective in the 58-patient study, on the basis of decreasing mania-scale scores.
Another international study compared the anti-manic effects of oxcarbazepine to lithium. Again, after a two-week period, the drugs were found to have about equal efficacy for the treatment of acute mania.
This past May, Michael Reinstein, M.D., an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at Rush Medical Center in Chicago, presented a poster at the American Psychiatric Association’s annual conference, in which he compared Trileptal to Depakote in the treatment of mania and found them to be indistinguishable in both efficacy and tolerability of side effects in adults.
How well does Trileptal work as a maintenance medication? To date, no drug but lithium has been approved for the prevention of episodes of mania in bipolar disorder, and none is approved for preventing recurrences of bipolar depression specifically. Nevertheless, Tegretol and Depakote are used routinely for these purposes and often seem to do the job well. We have only anecdotal information about prevention of episodes and future stability with the use of Trileptal, but when we asked Dr. Reinstein if he had noticed a preventative quality and how long he saw stability he answered: “We have been using Trileptal a little over a year now and we are very impressed with the stability we’ve seen in the patients. It has become the first line of treatment in our clinic for our patients with bipolar disorder.” Dr. Reinstein also spoke of the effect Trileptal has on the aggressive behaviors of the children he’s seen. He said: “When the dose gets high enough, the aggression tends to subside.”
We next interviewed Dr. Boris Rubinstein, an Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics at Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City because he has treated a number of children with Trileptal. While he doesn’t yet use it as a first-line treatment, he told us he was impressed with its mood stabilizing effects and–while cautious– said that :”In my initial assessment, I am very enthusiastic about Trileptal.”
He feels that it may well turn out to be a particularly useful drug for children and spoke of the difficult-to-assess four-year-olds who present with ADHD and a lot of aggressive behaviors. “If these are budding bipolar children, I would feel comfortable starting with Trileptal,” he said. Unlike stimulants or antidepressants, this option would not exacerbate a possible bipolar disorder.
Much remains to be learned of Trileptal’s efficacy in the treatment of early-onset bipolar disorder, and whether or not it is an effective long-term maintenance treatment, preventing future episodes of cycling. Studies are in the planning stages to answer these questions. It is also important to emphasize that Trileptal is officially recognized by the FDA as an anticonvulsant, and that all use in mania or to prevent recurrences of bipolar disorder are to be considered empirical and “off-label,” based on individual clinical decisions by a physician.
Dosing
Trileptal is supplied in 150, 300, and 600 mg tablets scored so that they can be cut in half. In addition, there is a lemon-flavored oral suspension for children who have difficulty swallowing tablets. The liquid preparation is palatable to children (we haven’t tasted it, however). It must be shaken well before given to a child. It is supplied at a concentration of 60 mg/ml, or 300 mg per 5 ml teaspoon.
Children are typically started at 300 mg per day–in divided doses–150 mg in the morning; 150 mg approximately 12 hours later. The manufacturer’s recommendation is to raise the dosage every 7 days in increments of 300 mg (again the 300 mg increases are best divided into two-a-day half- doses) with a target dose of approximately 900 mg to 1200 mg (some children may require as much as 1500-2400 mg).
The drug reaches a steady state, or stable, concentration in the blood stream after about 4 doses or within two days. One mother whose 11-year-old son was cycling wildly throughout the day (despite his being on Clozaril and Zyprexa) wrote of her son’s experience with Trileptal: “At about three weeks, as his dose was 900 mg, we began to see the amplitude of his mood swings diminish. At 6 weeks and 1200 mg, the cycling practically stopped. Since no other medication was added at this time, we’re sure the Trileptal smoothed out the cycling pattern.”
This young man has now been on the medication for a few months and continues to do well, but–as we said above– only time will tell if the drug is effective as a long-term maintenance mood stabilizer.
Serum Levels of the Major Trileptal Metabolite (MHD)
A blood test is available to monitor the serum level of MHD (monohydroxide derivative), but the clinical value of this measurement is uncertain. At this point the blood test might be useful to ensure that an adolescent is taking the medication–more of a measurement of compliance, so to speak, whereas dosing is better guided by clinical response and tolerability by individuals.
The Cost of the Medication
Trileptal is expensive–about $1.50 for a 300 mg tablet, with only moderate increases in cost-per-pill for larger quantities. If a child takes 1200 mg a day, then a one-month supply will cost about $150-180. A 2400 mg per day regimen could cost nearly $300 a month.
As we wrote in The Bipolar Child (page 128), “Everyone should comparison shop for medications. The same medication in three drugstores in the same neighborhood can have three very different prices. Also, purchase the largest-size tablet or capsule available, consistent with the dosage prescribed.” (A patient taking 1200 mg of Trileptal would pay less for two 600 mg tablets than for four 300 mg tablets.
For families that don’t have prescription cards or funds to pay for Trileptal, Novartis runs a program that will supply the medication for free. It can be applied to by the treating physician.
In Conclusion
Naturally, we wish we could give you more information about Trileptal, but we are hopeful that– for some children–this is a new ally in the fight against this dreadful illness. Because Trileptal’s safety profile in children is promising, its levels don’t fluctuate due to liver enzyme induction, it requires few blood draws, and it doesn’t cause the distress of weight gain, it is a welcome new tool in the psychiatric armamaterium; another option on the table.
We also hope that Trileptal’s safety profile will help doctors feel more comfortable making the diagnosis of early-onset bipolar disorder and treating the illness at an earlier age, thus saving the child and the family the chaos this disorder engenders. Perhaps fewer doctors will adopt a “wait-and-see” attitude because they fear possible adverse effects from mood stabilizers.
However, we want to make the point clearly that if your child is doing well on Tegretol, Depakote, lithium, etc. it is unwise to change the regimen because you read about a new drug or supplement. No one drug works for every child, and these other mood stabilizers have known advantages (for instance, there is emerging evidence that lithium has a strong and possibly unique effect against suicidal behavior and is neuroprotective as well). If your child is stable, do nothing to rock that blessed boat.
*********************************************
Bibliography
Dunn, Robert T., Mark S. Frye et al. “The Efficacy and Use of Anticonvulsants
in Mood Disorders.” Clinical Neuropharmacology 21 (4): 215-235.
Emrich, H.M., M. Dose, and D. von Zerssen. “The Use of Sodium Valproate,
Carbamazepine and Oxcarbazepine in Patients with Affective Disorders.”
Journal of Affective Disorders 8 (1985): 243-250.
Papolos, Demitri, and Janice Papolos. The Bipolar Child. New York: Broadway
Books, 2000.
Reinstein, Michael J. John G. Sonnenberg, Sangarapillia C. Mohan, Maxim A Chasanov et al. “Comparative Efficacy and Tolerability of Oxcarbazepine versus
Divalproex Sodium in the Treatment of Mania.” A Poster presented at
The American Psychiatric Association Conference, New Orleans, 20001
The authors wish to thank, once again, Ross J. Baldessarini, M.D. for his abiding interest and expertise.
*********************************************
As a final note, we’d like to point out two non-Trileptal matters: For our Texas readers who have asked when Demitri will be speaking in their state, save October 3rd and 4th, 2001. He will be speaking in Austin under the sponsorship of the Austin Harvard School for two-full-day workshops. Since this is one of only two schools in the country set up specifically to teach children with bipolar disorder and ADHD, we will report on the school’s philosophy and curriculum in our next newsletter. (Find out all the details under “Workshops” at http://bipolarchild.com. )
*********************************************
RESEARCH SURVEY
We are conducting a survey having to do with carbohydrate craving and temperature regulation in children diagnosed with bipolar disorder, and hope that you will find the time to help us in this research effort. The questionnaires shouldn’t take more than 15 minutes to complete. In addition, we would ask you to measure your child’s body temperature with an oral mercury thermometer at 4 specified times within a 36-hour period.
If interested, below, you will find links to four separate RTF files:
Instructions for the study
The food cravings and thermoregulation survey with answer sheet
The Bipolar Child Parent Questionnaire
The body temperature recording sheet
Each of these files has instructions that will hopefully allow you to complete the survey without difficulty.
Please open (1) Instructions for the study first. This document explains the steps that are required to complete the survey.
As soon as the findings are published in the psychiatric literature, we will discuss them in detail in a future newsletter. Thank you so much for considering participating in this study!
Category: Newsletters By admin August 1, 2001 1 Comment
Author: admin
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msmarco_passage_00_348845275 | January Birthstone Color | Birthstone color list | January Birthstone Color | Birthstone color list
January Birthstone Color
The birthstone for the month of January is the garnet, which means that red is the commonly accepted January birthstone color. It signifies trust and friendship, which makes it a good gift for a friend. The word garnet comes from the Latin word granatum, which means pomegranate. The crystals of the stone resemble the reddish color and the seed like form of the pomegranate fruit. When most people think about garnets they think of a stone that is red. However, garnets come in several red shades, greens, black, and some are even colorless. The variety of colors comes from metals including iron, calcium, aluminum, and manganese. There are some varieties that have mineral fibers that will produce an illusion of a star inside the stone. The most highly prized garnets are green and these are extremely rare. Colorless and emerald green garnets are highly valued, and next are pure red garnets.
History of Garnets
Ancient warriors thought that garnets would bring victory and Crusaders would use them as protection against accidents and wounds during their travels. In contrast, Asian warriors believed that garnets were glowing when used as a bullet would inflict a wound that was more severe. In the year 1892, Hanza tribesmen used garnet bullets against British soldiers during hostilities with the Kashmir. The tribesmen thought that the bullets made from garnet were more effective than those made out of lead.
In what was once Czechoslovakia there is evidence that shows that jewelry was made out of garnets that dates back to the Bronze Age and was found in the ancient graves in the area. There has also been garnet jewelry discovered that dates back to 3100 BC in Egypt, to 2300 BC in Samaria and from 2000 to 1000 BC in Sweden. During the 3rd and 4th centuries garnets were treasured in Greece and continued to be popular during the times of the Romans. Native Americans and pre-Columbian Aztecs also used ornamental garnets.
Garnets, like many other precious stones, were once thought to have medicinal powers. During medieval times it was thought that garnets would protect you from bad dreams, wounds, and from poisons. It was also believed to help cure depression. Red garnets were thought to relieve inflammatory diseases, hemorrhages, and fevers.
January’s Birth Flower
While most people know about birth stones for each month, many do not realize that each month also has a birth flower. The birth flower for January is the carnation. Carnations come in many colors that all convey different meanings, similar to roses. Pink carnations mean affection and a red carnation means “I love you.” A white carnation stands for pure love and striped carnations mean that there is regret that love isn’t shared. Yellow carnations stand for disappointment or rejection. Carnations are one of the most delicate and beautiful blooming flowers. They are also very long lasting. The snowdrop is also considered to be the flower for January. Snowdrops used to be considered as bad luck because they typically would grow in graveyards. Today, snowdrops stand for both beauty and hope.
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msmarco_passage_00_351035276 | Biome/ Food Chain - The Irrawaddy Dolphin | Biome/ Food Chain - The Irrawaddy Dolphin
Location: Irrawaddy dolphins live in the the oceans brackish
water near coasts and river mouths, as well as estuaries There
are also a few small populations living in the Ganges, Mekong,
and Irrawaddy rivers.
The Land: The waters it lives in are mostly freshwater bodies in tropical and sub-tropical climates in the Indo-Pacific. Though most animals can only visit freshwater for a bit, The Irrawaddy dolphin makes a home in both salt and freshwater bodies.
What is the Climate: Since it lives in a tropic/sub-tropic area, the water is very warm and the surface is humid, so it very ventures to colder regions.
Who eats them? They are considered the top predator in it's river ecosystem, so no one feeds on them.
Who do they eat? Their diet mainly consists of bony fish, fish
eggs, crustaceans and cephalopods. |
msmarco_passage_00_356872929 | Is Tyronn Lue Worth His Historically Huge Assistant Coaching Contract with Cavs? | Bleacher Report | Latest News, Videos and Highlights | Is Tyronn Lue Worth His Historically Huge Assistant Coaching Contract with Cavs? | Bleacher Report | Latest News, Videos and Highlights
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Is Tyronn Lue Worth His Historically Huge Assistant Coaching Contract with Cavs?
Jim Cavan
@ @JPCavan
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Contributor I
June 25, 2014
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It’s not often that one’s most memorable NBA moment involves getting burned worse than a briquette and subsequently stepped over by Allen Iverson, as was the case for the Los Angeles Lakers ’ Tyronn Lue in the 2001 NBA Finals.
Little could Lue know then that, 13 years later, he’d be an NBA household name for an entirely different reason: becoming the highest paid assistant coach in the history of professional sports.
Question is, is he worth it?
First, the facts, courtesy of Yahoo Sports’ Adrian Wojnarowski:
To leave Doc Rivers and the Los Angeles Clippers to join coach David Blatt's staff with the Cavaliers, Lue agreed to a four-year, $6.5 million deal, sources said. The contract's final two years will pay Lue $1.75 million and $2 million, league sources said. The fourth year of the deal is a team option, sources said.
Lue will be an important part in helping [David] Blatt transition from a decorated coaching career in Europe to the NBA.
Cavaliers management grew fond of Lue during the interview process for the head-coaching job that ultimately went to Blatt and immediately pursued him for the associate head-coaching job. Rivers didn't want to lose Lue from his Clippers staff, but the Cavaliers' historic financial commitment made it impossible to turn down, sources said.
On June 20, the Cavs officially named David Blatt, a Euroleague legend just one month removed from leading Maccabi Tel Aviv to an unlikely championship win over Real Madrid, to be their next head coach (per Sam Amick and Jeff Zillgitt of USA Today )—a deal purportedly worth $20 million with incentives.
As for Lue, his payday is bound to raise some eyebrows, both within the NBA ranks and beyond.
But should it?
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The NBA has experienced something of a coaching revolution in recent years, with first-time skippers being handed the reins at an unprecedented rate. But while such a trend means more opportunities for longtime assistants who’ve cut their teeth beneath the coaching elite, it also means higher turnover and—as a consequence—an added incentive for teams to have a competent, trusted replacement at the ready.
Paying Lue this kind of money isn’t just about rewarding a top-notch assistant; it’s about owner Dan Gilbert cleverly hedging against a very real short-term outcome: that Blatt, for all his basketball gifts, might not pan out.
International success aside, even Blatt couldn’t help but acknowledge, during his introductory press conference, that the overseas transition was bound to be a trying one ( via ESPN.com ):
Absolutely it's a challenge. But I've got to tell you, the game is not so different as people think it is. It's a little bit longer here. Perhaps the level of athleticism and speed all around the court is different. But it's not like playing baseball and soccer. It's still the same game.
In Lue, Blatt boasts an assistant whose all-facets knowledge of the NBA game will only help accelerate the new head coach's learning process.
That, certainly, is worth something.
Indeed, what’s really the bigger risk: shelling out $20 million to a guy who’s never had so much as run an NBA video room, or giving $6.5 million to a Doc Rivers disciple with 16 years of experience in the league—a guy who very nearly won the job outright, no less?
To suggest paying Lue a little over $1.6 million a year amounts to some kind of ruinous front-office Rubicon is simply absurd. This is a league, after all, where Gilbert Arenas can earn $22 million a year after being cut.
Putting Lue's payday into further perspective, the top-earning assistant coach during the 2012-13 season, Mike Malone—who took over as head coach of the Sacramento Kings prior to this season—earned $750,000, according to Crystal Henderson of TheRichest.com.
Tony Dejak/Associated Press
Basically, Lue will be making a little more than double than what Malone commanded as an assistant with the Golden State Warriors.
But double what, exactly?
According to Forbes’ most recent report, the Cavaliers are currently valued at upwards of $515 million, a full 19 percent increase from a year ago. Not a single NBA team has lost value in that span.
If paying your top assistant one fifth of one percent of the team’s total value is a risky endeavor, what does that say about how the league values its assistant coaches, many of whom have pulled much longer tenures than even Lue?
Clearly the Cavaliers see Blatt as well worth the risk. To hedge against the potential pitfalls, they’ve chosen to pay an experienced assistant big bucks to help bring his boss along what promises to be a steep learning curve.
Garrett Ellwood/Getty Images
Could Cleveland have handpicked another, more seasoned assistant to do the same job, possibly on the cheap? Probably. But then they wouldn’t be getting the one quality that Lue brings to the table, something with which we in the NBA fanosphere are all to familiar: youth and upside.
If the NBA isn’t going to tolerate superstar contracts that run 30 times higher than that of a reasonable replacement or facsimile, why should they do so within the coaching ranks?
That, in the end, is what this is about: Paying assistants now just for what they could be, but for what they’ve been all along—indispensable cogs in a greater basketball machine.
Lue’s contract may be unprecedented. But if ever there was a coaching record meant to be broken—stepped over, even—this is it. |
msmarco_passage_00_359634216 | Bleacher Report | Sports. Highlights. News. Now. | Bleacher Report | Sports. Highlights. News. Now.
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Is Fantasy Football a Game of Skill or Just Plain Luck?
StonCold LockContributor IOctober 8, 2009
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We here at The Stone Cold Lock have been debating if Fantasy Football is a game of skill or luck? My take is that is it about 90% luck and 10% skill. One of my Stone Cold Lock colleague says “It’s all about the GMing (general managing).” I beg to differ. Fantasy Football like most things in this world is a game of chance and luck. It begins with the draft, you take a chance on players hoping that the player will pan out and score the most points for you day in and day out. There is a little bit of skill in choosing the right player, but you cant predict how a player will do. It is a game of chance on whether the player will be a stud or a dud. There are no guarantees that Adrian Peterson will be a fantasy star, you can simply hope that he comes through and performs the way he did as last year. Take for instance Matt Forte which I have had the fortunate of drafting him with the 7 th pick. He was the best player available. Forte was a stud last year. In the first four weeks the has scored for me 5,5,10, and 10 points. I could have taken Chris Johnson 6, 45, 9, 9. One good game from Johnson sets him apart from Forte. Otherwise the numbers look the same. Is that skill or luck? Lets take a look at the Points For (PF) and Points Against (PA) because that is what matters in Fantasy Football, the amount of points your team scores vs the amount of points your opponent scores. My PF is currently 294 after four weeks. The top team has a PF of 334, a 47 point difference from my PA. My PA is 381. The top team’s PA is 281. That means that the top team in the league has to score 70.25 (PPA - Points Against Avergate) or more points every week to get a win, while my PPA is 95.25. Is that skill or luck?
Rank
Team
Points For (PF)
Points Against (PA)
PA Average (PAA)
1
HueDawgs
334
281
70.25
2
Zulus
337
307
76.75
3
Bumbalacaats
329
277
69.25
4
Coyote Ugly
305
269
67.25
5
Boogskins
357
313
78.25
6
Barra Rosemont
337
324
81
7
Soul Seachers
307
327
81.25
8
Bootleggers
305
337
84.25
9
Bootleggers
294
381
95.25
10
Kingsmen
281
370
92.5
You can argue that it’s the amount of points you score (PF) but that is not the case. The top three teams are ranked 2 nd (tie) , 4 th, and 5 th in PF. These teams also have the 2 nd, 3 rd, and 4 th average PA per game. If you opponent averages less than 70 points per game, your chances of winning are pretty good. Here is the break down, Week 1 I had a win. My opponent only scored 59 points, bad example. Week 2 my opponent scores 85 points, in other weeks his totals are 60, 82, and 78. My week 3 opponent scores 116, in previous weeks he puts up 80, 116, and 77. Week 4 opponent scores 122, in previous weeks he scores 90, 84, 61. Each week my opponent scores the highest score they have ever scored in the season. Is that luck or skill? There is no way of telling how your players will perform. You can predict that on a whole a team like the Indianapolis Colts will perform at a high level, but there is no guarantee that Reggie Wayne for instance will score 2-3 touchdowns a game. Wayne maybe completed isolated from the game and the Colts would play a good game. Not the case in Fantasy Football. Your team playing as a whole is not predictable. All you players no matter how good or highly ranked they are can underperform at the same time. It is not your skills, it is your chance and luck that they do not perform the same every week.
Week 1 Opponent Score
Week 2 Opponent Score
Week 3 Opponent Score
Week 4 Opponent Score
Team #1
90
64
63
64
Team #2
60
100
70
77
Team #3
57
81
61
78
My Team
58
85
116
122
I reiterate the fact that if your opponent scores less than 70 points your chances are better in getting that Win. My win in this season stems from that fact that my Week 1 opponent only scored 58 points. It is also luck that a player gets hot. In the Fantasy Football season of 1999, I had Marshall Faulk as my running back and I picked up Kurt Warner on waivers. Who knew who Kurt Warner was in 1999 coming off the bench as Trent Green’s backup. It was luck that I was able to pick up Kurt Warner on waivers, in that Warner threw for 4353 yards and 41 touchdowns. Was that skill or luck? There are many factors that dictate Fantasy Football such as injuries. If you QB’s star receiver goes down in Week 2, and he fails to perform, how is that skill? If your RB’s starting tackle goes down, and your RB fails to perform because of a poor offensive line after Week 3, the top RB is a dud, is that skill or luck? Players performances are projected. Every stat is estimated. Every week you roll the dice. Its a game of luck and chance.
Check out The Stone Cold Lock for more Sports Commentary. |
msmarco_passage_00_360959268 | 10 Best Ballpark Snacks of All-Time | Bleacher Report | Latest News, Videos and Highlights | 10 Best Ballpark Snacks of All-Time | Bleacher Report | Latest News, Videos and Highlights
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10 Best Ballpark Snacks of All-Time
Alex RostowskyContributor IOctober 7, 2011
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10 Best Ballpark Snacks of All-Time
0 of 10
For some of us, it's the reason why we show up in the first place.
Baseball parks showcase some of the finest cuisine that America has to offer. Even if our team is terrible, there are a few things we can always count on at our favorite ballpark: the hot dogs are hot, the beer is cold and there's a prize at the bottom of the Cracker Jack bag.
Here is the best of what ballparks have to offer.
10. Cotton Candy
1 of 10
One of the sweeter treats at the ballpark, cotton candy is one of the most popular snacks amongst youngsters. When taking a bite out of it, it's easy to figure out why.
The evaporating, sweet mush of cotton candy is beloved by many, but even they will tell you they can't eat it all the time. It's so sweet that you might feel like taking a break after a few bites, unless of course, you're a child.
Just make sure you have a nice bottle of water next to you after finishing this snack.
9. Ice Cream/ Lemon Chill
2 of 10
Barbara loves it, and I'm sure everyone else does too.
Ice cream is one of the most magnificent, satisfying snacks there is known to man. Lemon chills have also made their way into the hands of vendors of almost every big league club, becoming a fan favorite.
Though these treats are good all year long, in some places like New York or Chicago, you can only enjoy them outside for so long. The next time you find yourself in sweltering heat at the ballpark, pick up one of these delicacies to cool yourself down.
8. Popcorn
3 of 10
There's a reason why the Phillie Phanatic is trying to jam as much popcorn into whatever that whole is in his face—it's delicious.
A treat that will also go well with a bottle of water, popcorn is just as popular at the ballpark as it is at the movie theatre. Most places have the standard stuff, but some places do it a little better (See: Garrett Popcorn in Chicago).
7. Fries
4 of 10
Like any good sidekick, fries go well with some of our favorite ballpark foods.
Some places, however, make it the main course. There are different kinds of shapes, seasonings and toppings on fries at parks all across the country.
One of the most well-known fry spots in the nation is at AT&T Park in San Francisco. There, Giant fans scarf down Gilroy's Garlic Fries, which are said to be some of the tastiest potatoes in all of America.
6. Polish/ Italian Sausage
5 of 10
It's almost as if you can smell the deliciousness coming right out of the picture. Polish or Italian sausages are some of the staples of many ballparks, especially in the Midwest.
Put onions, pepper, mustard or whatever you'd on them, they will still be good. Sausage is usually one of the first things you can smell when walking into a ballpark.
Milwaukee is the specialist of sausage when it comes to baseball, and no, I'm not talking about the race either.
5. Cracker Jack
6 of 10
Have you ever seen anyone look this good while eating anything? Probably not, but let's not shy away from the real beauty in that picture, the Cracker Jack.
A snack synonymous with baseball, Cracker Jack has had our hearts from a very early age. We bite through the sweet caramel crunch to make it to the prize, no matter how many times we have to stop and take a sip of water.
It's even in THE baseball song, the seventh inning stretch. By the way, you don't have to get peanuts and Cracker Jack. There are some in the bag, but usually towards the bottom.
4. Brats
7 of 10
Another steamy wurst favorite of ours is the brat.
What sets the brat away from every other sausage-like food in the ballpark is the taste. The beer soaked goodness of a bratwurst makes it quite distinguished.
Milwaukee, again, is the premier place for bratwursts in America, especially at Miller Park. The ballpark is the only in the country to sell more brats than hot dogs.
3. Peanuts
8 of 10
Where else do you eat peanuts like you do at the ballpark?
A food also synonymous with baseball, peanuts are a great counterpart to any main course. The saltiness of the peanut goes great with beer or anything else you might be drinking.
Try walking down your aisle at the end of a game and you'll see that peanuts are still one of most popular snacks at any ballpark. Here's a hint: buy them on the outside, there's always someone selling them there that will tell you their bag is cheaper, which it really is.
2. Hot Dogs
9 of 10
Baseball, hot dogs, apple pie and Chevrolet.
You've heard it many times before, but these are the most American of things, or that's what we're told at least. One thing is for sure, the hot dog is the main course at any ballpark, no matter where you are in this country.
Everyone does theirs a different way, but there are few wrong ways to do a hot dog. There are southwest dogs in Arizona, Dodger Dogs in Los Angeles and Fenway Franks in Boston. Whatever you put on them or call them, they're delicious. Just don't put any ketchup on it.
1. Beer
10 of 10
God's greatest gift to man is everywhere in the ballparks across America. Just listen out for a minute and try not to hear a vendor yelling "beer!" at the top of his lungs.
Beer is the best thing you can get at any ballpark, bar none. Sorry youngsters, but some of the real fun begins after you turn 21 at the game.
Though insanely expensive, beer gives you that feel that you're really at a baseball game. And let's face it, beer goes well with everything. Whatever you get to eat will match well with a nice frosty brew in hand.
Don't shy away from getting something great either. Bud Light and Miller Lite are decent options, but the best beer is usually harder to reach. The smaller, beer-only stands around the ballpark are the best places to get a beer. Usually, there is local brew on hand, which happens to be the best. |
msmarco_passage_00_365164389 | APA Style 6th Edition Blog: Title Case and Sentence Case Capitalization in APA Style | APA Style 6th Edition Blog: Title Case and Sentence Case Capitalization in APA Style
« How to Capitalize and Format Reference Titles in APA Style | Main | What Did You Just Say? »
March 09, 2012
Title Case and Sentence Case Capitalization in APA Style
by Chelsea Lee
APA Style has two capitalization methods that are used in different contexts throughout a paper: title case and sentence case (see Publication Manual section 4.15). APA’s title case refers to a capitalization style in which most words are capitalized, and sentence case refers to a capitalization style in which most words are lowercased. In both cases, proper nouns and certain other types of words are always capitalized. Below are guidelines for when and how to use each case in an APA Style paper.
Title Case
Title case is used to capitalize the following types of titles and headings in APA Style:
Titles of references (e.g., book titles, article titles) when they appear in the text of a paper,
Titles of inventories or tests,
Headings at Levels 1 and 2,
The title of your own paper and of named sections within it (e.g., the Discussion section), and
Titles of periodicals —journals, magazines, or newspapers—which are also italicized (e.g., Journal of Counseling Psychology, The New York Times ).
Here are directions for implementing APA’s title case:
Capitalize the first word of the title/heading and of any subtitle/subheading;
Capitalize all “major” words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns) in the title/heading, including the second part of hyphenated major words (e.g., Self-Report not Self - report ); and
Capitalize all words of four letters or more.
This boils down to using lowercase only for “minor” words of three letters or fewer, namely, for conjunctions (words like and, or, nor, and but ), articles (the words a, an, and the ), and prepositions (words like as, at, by, for, in, of, on, per, and to ), as long as they aren’t the first word in a title or subtitle. You can see examples of title case in our post on reference titles.
Sentence Case
Sentence case, on the other hand, is a capitalization style that mainly uses lowercase letters. Sentence case is used in a few different contexts in APA Style, including for the following:
The titles of references when they appear in reference list entries and
Headings at Levels 3, 4, and 5
Here are directions for implementing sentence case in APA Style in these two contexts:
Capitalize the first word of the title/heading and of any subtitle/subheading;
Capitalize any proper nouns and certain other types of words; and
Use lowercase for everything else.
Additionally, as you might suspect given its name, sentence case is used in regular sentences in the text of a paper. In a typical sentence, the first word is always capitalized, and the first word after a colon is also capitalized when what follows the colon is an independent clause.
You can see examples of sentence case in our reference titles post .
More Posts on Capitalization
Do I Capitalize This Word?
How to Capitalize Author Names in APA Style
How to Capitalize and Format Reference Titles in APA Style
Posted by Chelsea Lee at 10:33:33 AM in Capitalization, Headings, How-to, References
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Comments
Ctferris said...
I have been grading papers and find that the student's leave level headings hanging at the bottom of the page when there is no more room to enter the text below it. I was taught not to leave a level heading hanging by itself on a page. What is the APA ruling on this issue? Thank you for the clarification.
July 21, 2012 at 05:20 PM
Chelsea Lee said...
No, there is no rule against leaving a heading at the bottom of a page when the text must start on the next page. Your students should not worry about adding or deleting spaces to achieve this look, unless you as their professor specifically ask them to.
July 23, 2012 at 10:30 AM
Demorest said...
I need to cite a the title of a journal article in my reference list, that has the complete title of ANOTHER article in quotes within the title of this article - my instinct is to use sentence case for other parts of the article title, but use title case for the material in quotes. Any guidance?
Here is the title as I would reference it:
Ten years later: Teachers reflect on “Perceptions of Beginning Teachers, Their Mentors, and Administrator Regarding Preservice Music Teacher Preparation.”
October 02, 2012 at 07:25 PM
Chelsea Lee said in reply to Demorest ...
Yes, that's just what we would do too. :)
October 04, 2012 at 03:45 PM
Matt Travi said...
Hi Chelsea,
Quick question: I assume that since you do not capitalize obsessive-compulsive disorder when you write it in the text, you do not capitalize it on the reference page, right?
Also, I saw that you capitalize the first word after a semicolon if it is an independent clause. Would you capitalize the A after the colon in this title: Attachment states of mind in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and/or depressive disorders: a controlled study. Thanks!
March 14, 2013 at 01:37 AM
Chelsea Lee said in reply to Matt Travi ...
You're right; if a word or phrase like obsessive-compulsive wouldn't be capitalized in the text, it won't be capitalized in the reference list either. Also, you should capitalize the first letter after a colon in all titles, including in the reference list, so the "A" in your example would be capitalized for that reason.
March 14, 2013 at 09:24 AM
Johnny Fang said...
Dear Chelsea, Is "based" taken as a major word or just a function word in the title like "Blending Instruction with Web-based Lectures?" Should I change it to Web-Based? Thank you.
February 05, 2015 at 10:49 PM
Chelsea Lee said in reply to Johnny Fang ...
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APA Style capitalizes all words of four letters or more, so you should capitalize “Based” in a title.
February 11, 2015 at 10:39 AM
Grant Wills said...
Hi, Chelsea. Another question about capitalizing words in article titles under APA. I know one capitalizes the word that immediately follows a colon. What about a word that follows a dash in an article title, as in ""Media coverage of sustainable development issues - Attention cycles or punctuated equilibrium?" Is the phrase "attention cycles" or "Attention cycles"?
February 16, 2015 at 03:57 AM
AledaK said...
Thanks for the good information, Chelsea. I'm copyediting our journal right now and can't find any rules for capitalization of quotes in titles. The title came from the author and editor as: “I didn’t know who is Canadian”: The Shift in Student Expectations During the Initial Stages of a Study Abroad Program
Each member of the proofreading committee has a different idea about the case of the words in the quotation and no two of us agree. Is it “I didn’t know who is Canadian” or “I didn’t Know who is Canadian” or“I Didn’t Know who is Canadian” or something else? Thanks in advance for your help.
March 13, 2015 at 10:44 PM
Chelsea Lee said in reply to AledaK ...
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It does not matter whether words are in quotation marks for the purposes of capitalization. So the title of the paper would be written as follows: “I Didn’t
Know Who Is Canadian”: The Shift in Student Expectations During the Initial Stages of a Study Abroad Program. Hope that helps!
March 17, 2015 at 12:24 AM
Mahdi Haghgoo said...
Thanks so much. I really needed the capitalization part you wrote on capitalizing hyphenated words.
March 14, 2015 at 06:02 AM
Christen Comer said...
If an APA title starts with a year, such as 2014, do you capitalize the next word in the title or leave it lower case?
October 13, 2015 at 03:11 PM
Chelsea Lee said in reply to Christen Comer ...
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You leave it lowercase.
October 13, 2015 at 03:42 PM
Public Health Wahine said...
Aloha Chelsea:
I understand capitalization of nouns followed by numerals. What is the APA format for a numeral followed by a noun? Specifically for this journal article title - does one capitalize update (the word after the year/numeral 2014)?
Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
Many thanks, Kimberley (Public Health Wahine)
January 22, 2016 at 12:19 PM
Chelsea Lee said in reply to Public Health Wahine ...
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No, the reverse is not a rule. So you’d write “2014 update.”
January 25, 2016 at 10:29 AM
Diane said...
I was surprised to see your use of "additionally" as an introductory word. I have been correcting use of additionally and importantly as introductory words based on the APA Manual guideline that such use is "problematic" -- although the problem was not clearly identified. Is this guideline no longer standing?
February 22, 2016 at 02:09 PM
Chelsea Lee said in reply to Diane ...
There is no problem with using "additionally" as an alternative to "in addition to." The manual notes there is some debate as to whether "importantly" is okay but does not outlaw it. In my admittedly descriptivist opinion, "importantly" is also fine to
use. Webster's dictionary gives both meanings as possible ("it is important that" and "in an important manner") and does the same for its definition of "additionally." I would not trouble your students over this issue unless their usage truly does not make
sense to the reader, meaning it is outside the definitions given in the dictionary.
February 23, 2016 at 08:00 AM
John Doe said...
Thank you to you, and your team, for the wonderful APA Style Blog articles, Chelsea.
I find myself in a predicament: I need to cite a play that happens to feature two colons in its title. Not only that, after the second colon, the subtitle replicates word-for-word a book title from another author. Ergo, I am not sure what is the correct APA protocol concerning capitalization and italicization of proper nouns after colons in the reference list.
This is a hypothetical, fictitious example of my real issue: Kids' best friend: A story of two brothers and their awesome dogs: A spin-off dramatization of Where the Red Fern Grows.
In APA, if we cite a published play or book that has two colons in its title would we include both colons in the reference list entry? Would we capitalize the first word after both colons? If it is grammatically incorrect to have two colons in a title or sentence (I do not know), should we write sic in brackets after a reference entry? Also, in an APA reference entry, besides capitalizing the first word after a colon, should a writer capitalize proper nouns, or italicize book titles that come after such colons? Thanks.
November 12, 2016 at 01:46 PM
Chelsea Lee said in reply to John Doe ...
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I would replicate the two colons, strange as they are. Italicize the title of the book within the title and put it in sentence case too, just as you would if
you were citing Where the Red Fern Grows in the reference list directly. Here you go: Kids' best friend: A story of two brothers and their awesome dogs: A spin-off dramatization of
Where the red fern grows.
November 15, 2016 at 01:33 PM
D said...
I've got a question. I have a word within parenthesis in title case: (mis)representation. I have no idea what to do with the word "mis" and "representation". Should I capitalize both?
(I know that "mis" as a prefix with three letters should not be capitalized, but the parenthesis makes me confused. About "representation", I know that as a content word it should be capitalized, but again parenthesis...)
Thanks in advance
January 29, 2017 at 09:39 AM
Chelsea Lee said in reply to D ...
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Interesting question. I think that (Mis)representation makes the most aesthetic sense.
January 30, 2017 at 11:54 AM
D said in reply to Chelsea Lee ...
Thanks a lot. Can it be concluded that the word in the parenthesis and the word attached to it are considered as one word in APA6? So if parenthesis comes first, it will be capitalized, and if parenthesis is the last part it will start with small letters?
March 08, 2017 at 01:56 PM
Chelsea Lee said in reply to D ...
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Yes, that’s it!
March 08, 2017 at 02:38 PM
D said...
I'm also confused about hyphenated words in title case.
1. In case of hyphenated words, when two of their words are not capitalized? Can you give me an example?
2. Should "pre-editing" be capitalized like this: Pre-Editing?
March 08, 2017 at 05:16 PM
Chelsea Lee said in reply to D ...
Typepad HTML Email
Think of hyphens as serving two purposes. One is to attach a prefix to a word (like “pre-existing”), and the other is to connect two words into a compound (like
“self-report”). In the case of a prefix, you would only capitalize the first letter of the word when writing in title case (“Pre-existing”); in the case of a hyphen in a compound word, you capitalize both first letters (“Self-Report”).
March 09, 2017 at 12:20 PM
D said in reply to Chelsea Lee ...
Thanks for your complete answer. It really helped me.
March 10, 2017 at 07:54 AM
AledaK said...
I remember reading somewhere that although short prepositions are not capitalized, when the same words are part of two-word verbs, they are considered adverbs and are capitalized in title capitalization. The title I have is Switching in and to Critical Literacy in EFL. Would that be Switching In and To Critical Literacy in EFL (considering both in and to as the second parts of switch) or Switching In and to Critical Literacy in EFL (only in is an adverb and to is a preposition)? Thanks!
May 27, 2017 at 10:30 PM
Chelsea Lee said in reply to AledaK ...
Typepad HTML Email
Yes, the capitalization rules reflect a word’s part of speech; so, if a word like “in” or “to” is functioning as an adverb, you would capitalize it in title case.
May 31, 2017 at 01:14 PM
D said...
Dear Chelsea, I also have a question regarding title case: The APA Publication Manual says "Conjunctions [...] are not considered major words". Does this include subordinating conjunctions? In particular, is the subordinating conjunction "if" lowercased in APA style? Thanks!
December 29, 2017 at 06:20 AM
D said...
Dear Chelsea,
My question is about capitalization of the names of sections of an article. You write that title case is used for "the title of your own paper and of named sections within it (e.g., the Discussion section)."
But what about when I am writing about named sections in an article I am referring to? For example, "During the screening of these articles, the focus was on the method sections."
Thanks!
Chelsea Lee said in reply to D ...
Typepad HTML Email
Capitalize the name of the section then too: “…in the Method sections.”
Comments on this post are closed.
Title Case and Sentence Case Capitalization in APA Style
by Chelsea Lee
APA Style has two capitalization methods that are used in different contexts throughout a paper: title case and sentence case (see Publication Manual section 4.15). APA’s title case refers to a capitalization style in which most words are capitalized, and sentence case refers to a capitalization style in which most words are lowercased. In both cases, proper nouns and certain other types of words are always capitalized. Below are guidelines for when and how to use each case in an APA Style paper.
Title Case
Title case is used to capitalize the following types of titles and headings in APA Style:
Titles of references (e.g., book titles, article titles) when they appear in the text of a paper,
Titles of inventories or tests,
Headings at Levels 1 and 2,
The title of your own paper and of named sections within it (e.g., the Discussion section), and
Titles of periodicals —journals, magazines, or newspapers—which are also italicized (e.g., Journal of Counseling Psychology, The New York Times ).
Here are directions for implementing APA’s title case:
Capitalize the first word of the title/heading and of any subtitle/subheading;
Capitalize all “major” words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns) in the title/heading, including the second part of hyphenated major words (e.g., Self-Report not Self - report ); and
Capitalize all words of four letters or more.
This boils down to using lowercase only for “minor” words of three letters or fewer, namely, for conjunctions (words like and, or, nor, and but ), articles (the words a, an, and the ), and prepositions (words like as, at, by, for, in, of, on, per, and to ), as long as they aren’t the first word in a title or subtitle. You can see examples of title case in our post on reference titles.
Sentence Case
Sentence case, on the other hand, is a capitalization style that mainly uses lowercase letters. Sentence case is used in a few different contexts in APA Style, including for the following:
The titles of references when they appear in reference list entries and
Headings at Levels 3, 4, and 5
Here are directions for implementing sentence case in APA Style in these two contexts:
Capitalize the first word of the title/heading and of any subtitle/subheading;
Capitalize any proper nouns and certain other types of words; and
Use lowercase for everything else.
Additionally, as you might suspect given its name, sentence case is used in regular sentences in the text of a paper. In a typical sentence, the first word is always capitalized, and the first word after a colon is also capitalized when what follows the colon is an independent clause.
You can see examples of sentence case in our reference titles post .
More Posts on Capitalization
Do I Capitalize This Word?
How to Capitalize Author Names in APA Style
How to Capitalize and Format Reference Titles in APA Style
|
msmarco_passage_00_372946217 | The Ultimate Guide To Choosing a Knee Walker - CSA Medical Supply Blog | The Ultimate Guide To Choosing a Knee Walker - CSA Medical Supply Blog
Product Reviews
The Ultimate Guide To Choosing a Knee Walker
July 18, 2016
Knee Walkers also commonly referred to as “knee scooters” are one of the most popular pieces of medical equipment on the market today. There are literally thousands of knee walkers purchased or rented everyday across the country and for good reason because they work. But with so many different Knee Walkers available on the market today you might be asking yourself how do I choose the right Knee Walker for myself or a loved one? Well this is a question I get asked a lot by our customers over at CSA Medical Supply so I set out to write this Ultimate Guide to help you Choose The Correct Knee Walker.
What This Guide Will Cover
This guide will cover the most common question I get asked daily by our customers and a couple other subjects that will help you choose the right knee scooter for yourself. Below is a list of what this guide will cover
What exactly a Knee Walker is, for those of you who have been living under a rock for the past year.
What Injuries a Knee Scooter can be Used For
When You Shouldn’t use a Knee Walker
Benefits of Using a Knee Walker Instead Of Crutches
How To Get Your Knee Scooter
Are Knee Walkers/Scooters Covered By Insurance
Best Knee Walkers On The Market Today For Adults
Best Pediatric Knee Walkers On The Market Today
Well that cover’s about everything that I will be talking about in this guide and like always if you have any questions feel free to comment below or shoot me an email at info@csamedicalsupply.com and I will be happy to answer any and all of your question, all though I think you might be a Knee Walker expert after reading this. Well that’s get started.
What Is a Knee Walker?
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A knee walker also called a knee scooter (for it’s similarity to those scooters we loved as a kid) is a piece of medical equipment designed as a crutch alternative. Most standard knee walkers on the market today come in a four wheel designs all though some manufactures do make a 3 wheel knee walker . Over the years Knee Walkers have evolved greatly to improve the maneuverability, comfort, and safety for the user. Most Knee Walkers on the market today are made of lightweight aluminum or galvanized steel, feature handbrakes, and can easily be folded up for storage and transport.
How To Use a Knee Walker
A knee walker is fairly simple to use but if wrongly used or careless used can be dangerous follow these 3 steps to properly use your knee walker (Seriously You Don’t Want To Re-injury your foot and have to explain to your doctor how you fell off your knee walker while racing your kid down the driveway)
Place your injured leg on the center pad of your knee scooter with your knee bent at 90 degrees and your weight resting on your shin (tibia)
Place you uninjured leg firmly on the ground and use your foot to propel you forward.
If you followed step 1 & 2 your well on your way becoming a knee scooter master, just take it slow and always keep your eyes up on what your doing (Texting and using a knee walker is dangerous)
Things You Should Be Aware Of While Using Your Knee Walker
Knee walkers are great but there are some terrains and obstacles that you should definitely be aware of while using your knee walker to get around your house or neighborhood. The list below details some situations that you should avoid while using your knee walker.
Steep Roads & Hills; if you live in a neighborhood that has steep sidewalks, roads, or hills you should definitely be extremely cautious if you are going to go down them with your knee walker. And depending on the model of knee walker you are using I recommend completely avoiding going down any steep terrain with your walker.
Gravel, rocks, sand, and grass unless you have an all terrain knee walker going over any of the mentioned surfaces is not advised.
Large objects in your path including speed bumps, raised sidewalks, and shoes.
What Injuries a Knee Scooter can be Used For
Knee Scooters/Walkers where designed to be only used in accordance with lower leg injuries that require the patient to keep weight off the injury following surgery or recovery. The lower leg injuries that a knee walker can be used with include the following
Fractured Ankle
Ankle Injury
Ankle Sprains
Following Ankle Surgery
Fractured Foot
Following Foot Surgery
Achilles rupture
Achilles tear
When You Shouldn’t use a Knee Walker
While Knee Walkers are a great way to get around following a injury or surgery there are instances when you should never use a knee walker. This includes the following
Injury that requires a cast above your knee in which you are unable to bend your knee 90 degrees.
When you have balancing issues either pre-existing or caused by injury.
If you have injuries to both legs.
If you have impaired strength and are unable to rebel the knee walker forward.
Benefits of Using a Knee Walker Instead Of Crutches
Lets face it anyone who’s ever had to use crutches can agree on one thing crutches suck! When your using crutches most of your body weight is supported by your forearm’s and underarms. The problem with this is that our body designed our legs to support our weight and not our arms, and especially not our underarms. In fact there are nerves that run under your arms ( intercostobrachial nerve) and by using crutches for extended period of time you run the risk of severely injuring this nerve. The following is the benefits of using knee walkers compared to crutches.
Unlike crutches that put all of your weight on your underarms and forearms a knee walker places all of your weight on your shin (know as your tibia in the medical community). The tibia is one of the strongest bones in the human body and designed to hold your weight unlike your forearm’s and underarms.
In addition a knee walker allows you to get around your home or work place faster, and easier.
A knee walker gives you more stability compared to crutches there by lowering your risk of falling and re injuring yourself.
Eliminates underarm pain you get when using crutches.
How To Get Your Knee Scooter/Walker
When it comes to getting a knee scooter for yourself you have 3 options
Purchase your knee scooter from and online medical supplier or local medical supply store
Rent your knee scooter.
Have your insurance provider pay for your knee scooter
Renting A Knee Scooter/Walker
Renting a knee scooter is a great option if you will only be needing it for less then 3 months. Many medical suppliers will rent their customers knee scooters at a substantial discount compared to purchasing the knee scooter. At CSA Medical Supply we rent knee scooters for $100 a month with free shipping compared to purchasing a knee scooter for $180-$300 depending on the model. If your interested in renting a knee scooter from us simply go here if not simply call your local medical supplier and ask if they rent knee scooters or contact your doctor’s office and ask if they know a medical supplier that rents knee scooters they usually have one supplier that they refer all their patients to.
Are Knee Walkers/Scooters Covered By Insurance
This is a question we get asked a lot at CSA Medical Supply, as a licensed DME and HME provider we bill a variety of different insurance providers including Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance and to be honest every insurance providers coverage is different when it comes to covering the purchase of a knee walker/scooter. For starters the HCPCS code (“hick picks”) for all knee walkers on the market today is E0118 this is important because in order for an insurance provider to cover your knee walker it must be from a manufacturer who has gotten there knee walker approve through nordian as a medical device. If a knee walker you are looking to have covered by your insurance does not have a HCPCS code IT WILL NOT BE COVERED!
How To Get Your Knee Walker Covered By Insurance
Health Insurance Approved Form Showing Successful Medical Application
Most insurance providers will either cover the purchase or rental of a knee walker or scooter following surgery or a lower leg injury. In order to have your insurance company cover your knee walker you will need the following
Signed Prescription From Your Doctor
Documentation of medical necessity (Medical Records)
I do recommend contacting your insurance provider directly and simply asking them if under your insurance plan do they cover knee walkers or knee scooters, and if so will you have to pay anything out of pocket such as copay, coinsurance. Once you have found out your insurance provider will cover your knee walker you will then either have to find a local or national DME provider that is in your insurance network that will bill your insurance company (If your interested in getting your knee walker through CSA Medical Supply give us a call today at (855) 272-633). Now if you are in a manged care network or have an HMO insurance policy you can only go to an in network provider which your insurance provider will refer you to.
Choosing a Knee Walker
When it comes to choosing the best knee walker for yourself or a loved one the decision can be tough one. There are many different knee walker manufacturers, and models available today. So how do you know which one’s right for you. When purchasing a knee walker there are three things you should look at.
Weight and height capacity make sure the knee walker you are purchasing will actually work for you. This means that the adjustable handle bars will be able to adjust to fit your height, and your knee walker will be able to support your weight.
Turning Radius make sure the knee walker has an adequate turning radius. If you will be using your knee walker in a home, or office which requires you to make tight turns make sure your knee walker is capable of performing these turns.
Can the knee walker be used outside? Depending on your commute to work, lifestyle, or area you live in you may need a knee walker that can be used outside. Most knee walkers on the market today are only designed to be used inside.
Best Knee Walkers For Adults
There are many different knee walkers on the market today and nearly all of the them are designed to be used strictly by adults. We created this quick list of the 3 best knee walkers for adults on the market today. All 3 of these knee walkers have there pros and cons which we have listed below.
All Terrain Steerable Knee Walker By Knee Rover
The All terrain knee walker is in a league of its own when it comes to knee walkers. Unlike all other knee walkers that can only be used on flat surfaces, the All Terrain can go over grass, gravel, dirt, and speed bumps, it really is the ATV of knee walkers. If you need a knee walker that can handle any terrain you might come across on your commute to work or while at your home this is the knee walker for you.
Pros:
Large 12″ tires
Weight Capacity can hold up to 400 lbs
Rear Brakes
Can be used by individuals from 5′ to 6′ 5″
Cons
Price
Turning radius
Dual Pad Steerable Knee Walker with Basket by Drive Medical
When it comes to knee walkers Drive Medical manufactures some of the most economical and high quality walkers on the market today. Two things that are not so easy to find these days when it comes to knee scooters. The Dual Pad Steerable Knee walker is super easy to assemble thanks to its click in design, and the front basket allows you to store your purse or other valuables so you don’t have to hold it your hands.
Pros:
Price just $169.99
Can hold up to 300 lb
Front basket is included
Easily Assembles
Unique pad design gives optimum comfort
Cons:
Designed to only go over smooth terrain
Turning radius
Swivelmate Steerable Knee Walker
If your looking for a knee walker with a tight turning radius that will let you easily navigate your home or office’s tight turns the Swivelmate is for you. This lightweight knee scooter’s unique design featuring 3 front wheels allows it to have a industry leading 90 degree turning radius.
Pros:
90 degree turning radius
Designed to work for people 5′ to 6′ 5″
Can hold up to 400 lbs
Lightweight design
No assembly needed
Cons:
Price
Designed to used only on smooth surfaces
Best Knee Walkers For Children
With the growing popularity of knee walkers medical equipment manufacturers rushed to design the next best knee walker for adults while completely ignoring the thousands of children who would love to be able to ditch there crutches for a nice new knee walker. Well one manufacturer answered the call and has created the very best knee walkers for children. The pros and cons of purchasing these knee scooters is listed below.
All Terrain KneeRover Jr Steerable Knee Walker
The Knee Rover Jr has all the same awesome features as the All Terrain Knee walker but specifically designed to be used by children. The large 1o inch tires can handle all most any terrain your child my come across including grass, and gravel.
Pros
Can hold up to 250 lb
Can handle a variety of different terrains.
Designed to work for children that are 4′ up to 5′ 9″
Features a front basket for storage of books, backpacks, and anything else that may need storage
Cons
Turning Radius
Knee Walker Jr Steerable Knee Walker
The Knee Walker Jr was the first knee walker ever designed for children and small adults. It’s lightweight design allows your child to easily navigate at school and home. The fold-able front handlebars allows it to be easily stored in the back seat of your car or trunk.
Pros
Accommodates patient heights 3′ 6” to 5’ 4”
Tool Free Assembly
Comes with front storage basket
Easily stores
Price
Can Support up to 160 lbs
Cons
Turning Radius
Conclusion
Well if you read this entire article all 2500 words you now know more about knee walkers then about 99.9% of people in this world. You learned what a knee walker is, how to get your knee walker covered by insurance, and even the best knee walkers on the market today. But if you still might have a question or feel that I should add something else to this guide please comment below or email me at info@csamedicalsupply.com
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee_scooter
http://uconnsportsmed.uchc.edu/injury/lowerleg/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercostobrachial_nerve
https://www.medicare.gov/supplierdirectory/search.html
https://med.noridianmedicare.com/
Aaron
Aaron is the Marketing Director at CSA Medical Supply.com a Florida based Medical Supply company. When not working or studying up on the latest marketing trends he enjoys training bjj, and soaking up some Florida sun at the beach. You can contact Aaron directly at aaron@csamedicalsupply.com |
msmarco_passage_00_374160902 | What's The Difference Between "Possum" vs. "Opossum"? - Dictionary.com | What's The Difference Between "Possum" vs. "Opossum"? - Dictionary.com
What’s The Difference Between “Possum” vs. “Opossum”?
The most famous marsupial of the moment is Heidi, the cross-eyed opossum from Germany. Heidi has made headlines across the globe and has over 200,000 fans on Facebook. Enough with the cuteness, and on to a great story of language: What is the difference between possum and opossum? The answer is more complex and interesting than you might think.
The opossum received its name in the early 1600s from Captain John Smith of the Jamestown colony in Virginia. The name is derived from aposoum, a Virginia Algonquian word meaning “white beast.” The first recorded reference to the opossum in literature came in 1610 in the following passage from A True Declaration of the Estate of the Colonie in Virginia: “There are … Apossouns, in shape like to pigges.” In the late 1700s, Sir Joseph Banks, a naturalist who accompanied Captain James Cook on his first great voyage, likened a furry creature he saw in Australia to “an animal of the Opossum tribe.” The term for the ringtail marsupial that he spotted was shortened to possum. This truncation of the original term may explain why many people are surprised to learn that opossum and possum are in fact two very different marsupial species of the arboreal kind.
Possessing a furry tail, the true possum belongs to the Phalangeridae family within the Marsupialia order and is primarily found in New Guinea, Australia, Indonesia and other islands in the Pacific region. There are many varieties of possums, including Gliders and Cuscus, while the opossum is a more limited species. With their signature bare tail, the opossum is North America’s only known marsupial; this means the animal carries its young in a pouch much like the Australian kangaroo. Both the possum and the opossum are nocturnal, nomadic omnivores and live on an expansive diet that includes insects, frogs, birds, snakes and fruits. The opossum is primarily dark gray in color but some resemble cinnamon, and, as in Heidi’s case, white opossums are known to exist. The possum is primarily gray in color. The possum and the opossum are both hunted animals and possess an instinct to play dead, or “play possum” when threatened.
Whether the sharp-toothed furry critter who rustles around outside your garbage cans at night is a possum or an opossum may simply come down to where you are in the world. |
msmarco_passage_00_380782334 | What is Ion Plating? | Hollywood Body Jewelry Blog | What is Ion Plating? | Hollywood Body Jewelry Blog
What is Ion Plating?
By dk
•
August 18, 2014 Body Jewelry, Fashion Accessory
Ion Plating
Ion plating is making stainless stee l the more popular material in high quality jewelry. With its unique and high polished look, the ion plating process is being used on rings, bracelets, and even on body jewelry. The IP process is known for its ability to retain its high quality plating, unlike any of the outdated method of electric coating.
So what is IP? Ion plating is one of the most advanced surface finishing processes up to date. The process is the preferred method to adding any color onto the stainless steel jewelry. Ion plating is a physical vapor deposition technique to form metal coatings on steel, which is absorbed by the stainless steel through a vacuum process. It is the most durable plating by up to eight times more than other coating methods and resilient to corrosion and wear.
See more ion plated (IP) jewelry at Hollywood Body Jewelry.
#OfficialHBJ
Tagged hollywood body jewelry, Ion Plated, Ion Plating, IP jewelry, PVD.
Bookmark the permalink.
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Party Like a Rockstar » |
msmarco_passage_00_385569630 | Finally, The Truth About Welfare — How Many Blacks Vs. How Many Whites | Finally, The Truth About Welfare — How Many Blacks Vs. How Many Whites
Finally, The Truth About Welfare — How Many Blacks Vs. How Many Whites
Most Black people believe that more whites are on welfare, and most white people that more Blacks are on welfare. So who's right? Well, here are the facts according to a 2016 report by the US Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Commerce, CATO Institute.
Number of Americans receiving welfare assistance: 110,489,000
Number of Americans receiving food stamps: 41,700,000
Number of Americans on unemployment insurance: 10,200,000
Percentage of the US population on welfare: 35.4%
Total government spending on welfare annually: $131.9 billion
So how many Blacks vs whites?
Well, believe it or not, the numbers are actually about the same. There are just about as many whites on welfare as there are Blacks.
Percent of welfare recipients who are white: 38.8%
Percent of welfare recipients who are black: 39.8%
( Note: Many people confuse these statistics. This does not mean that 38.8% of all white Americans, and 39.8% of all Black Americans are on welfare. It means that 39.8% of all the actual welfare recipients are Black, and 38.8% of all the welfare recipients are white.)
And contrary to popular belief, a lot less immigrants are on welfare.
Percent of welfare recipients who are Hispanic: 15.7%
Percent of welfare recipients who are Asian: 2.4%
Percent of welfare recipients who are Other: 3.3%
( Note : Again, this does not mean that 15.7% of all Hispanic Americans and 2.4% of all Asian Americans are on welfare. It is referring to the percentage of welfare recipients)
Those numbers might shock you but the numbers don't lie, and these are federal government statistics!
So what exactly is welfare anyways?
According to StatisticBrains.com: "Welfare is the organized public or private social services for the assistance of disadvantaged groups. Aid could include general Welfare payments, health care through Medicaid, food stamps, special payments for pregnant women and young mothers, and federal and state housing benefits. The Welfare system in the United States began in the 1930's, during the Great Depression."
For more interesting statistics about welfare, visit www.statisticbrain.com/welfare-statistics/
|
msmarco_passage_00_387989167 | How to Create Your Own Essential Oil Blends | How to Create Your Own Essential Oil Blends
How to Create Your Own Essential Oil Blends
Creating new essential oil combinations and recreating old favorites is a rewarding and relaxing experience. It doesn't need to take a lot of time (although it sometimes can, and there's no rush), and the rewards of creating your own scent combinations are endless. There are no right or wrong oils to blend together—just follow your nose!
Essential Oil Blending Tools
Essential Oils:
You'll need a nice selection of staple oils, top, middle, and base scent notes, and maybe some special treats like organic rose or organic helichrysum. Blends don't need be overly complicated. Often, you'll find that a simple, well-proportioned mix of just two oils is enough to create a brand new type of plant magic. Explore our complete selection of high quality essential oils in our shop!
Gloves:
Keep in mind that you are working with potent, undiluted essential oils, so you'll want to avoid getting any on your hands.
Droppers, Pipettes, or Reducer Caps:
Most essential oil bottles come equipped with a reducer cap, but if there aren't any available, keep some glass droppers or pipettes handy for controlled blending.
Small Glass Storage or Blending Bottles:
Glass bottles in sizes 1/24 oz., 1/8 oz., or 1/4 oz. work well for small batch blending, as the glass won't react with these volatile oils.
Perfume Blotters or Cotton Balls:
Smell and observe how your creations transform as they evaporate; different aroma notes will come to the fore in different stages as the blend diffuses into the air.
Pen and Paper:
Write down the amounts of each oil used. You don't want to spend all that time crafting your perfect new diffuser recipe, only to forget the proportion the next morning!
Towels:
Just in case!
and of course, your nose !
NEW Essential Oil Kits for the
Aromatherapy Explorer!
Developing Your New Fragrance Blend
When creating blends, only work with a small amount of oil at a time. Once you've found a proportion you like, you can mix a larger batch later. Essential oils are precious, and you don't want to make a one-ounce batch right off the bat, dislike the result, and end up wasting all that herbal goodness!
I like to start by formulating with 10 drops. This amount is easy to work with and converts nicely for figuring percents:
10 drops = 10 parts = 100% of the test blend
Be sure to count accurately while blending. Keep a written list of each oil and the amount you add. You'll want this information later to make a larger batch. I suggest writing all of the oils down before you start. This way, you only have to tally the drops for each oil while working.
For example, here's a formula I developed that's now one of my go-to blends:
4 drops/ 4 parts/ 40% organic lavender essential oil
4 drops/ 4 parts/ 40% organic clary sage essential oil
2 drops/ 2 parts/ 20% organic neroli / orange flower essential oil
Notice how this makes for an easy blend totaling 10 drops or 10 parts or 100%.
Be mindful of the different notes of each aroma as you blend. You will want to include top note oils, middle note oils, and base note oils. Trust me, it's worth taking the time to learn about fragrance notes, as it will help you create a more well-rounded scent "story." Your goal is to create a blend that you enjoy throughout all its stages of evaporation.
Getting Started with Fragrance Blending
I like to begin with the base notes. Add one to three drops to your blending vessel. These initial drops can include only one oil or a combination. Keep in mind that these base notes are the longest-lasting notes of a blend. Some base notes do not have much aroma, but they can still play an important role in helping to sustain top note oils longer. Others are very tenacious and potent, requiring only one drop for scent and fixative purposes.
Next, move on to adding middle note oils. I would suggest two to four drops of a single oil or combination. These oils are going to make up the body of your blend and should combine with the base notes to build your scent.
Finally, add your top note oils. These aromas help create the first impression of your blend. If mixed well with middle and base note oils, the ultimate blend should last longer than any single oil itself, creating a scent that you can enjoy as it unfolds.
From there, put some of your test blend on a perfume blotter or cotton ball and inhale to see how the aromas evaporate. This would be the time to add new oils or to boost an ingredient that may not be as prominent as you like. Retest the blend the following day to see if you want to make any more adjustments. Getting creative and tweaking recipes is the fun part of experimenting with scents, so grab some of your favorite essential oils and get blending!
ready to start building your blending supplies?
Check Out Our Essential Oil Starter Kits!
You may also enjoy:
Essential Oil Dilutions & Conversion Guide
What Are Essential Oils?
Essential Oil Storage Tips
Topics: Aromatherapy |
msmarco_passage_00_393712738 | What Is the Average SAT Score? | What Is the Average SAT Score?
SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips
What Is the Average SAT Score?
Posted by Allen Cheng | Sep 27, 2020 11:00:00 AM
SAT General Info
If you've taken the SAT, you're probably curious about how your score stacks up against the average SAT scores. There are lots of different ways to look at averages on the SAT. What is the average SAT score overall? How many types of average SAT scores are there? And which SAT score averages are important for you?
We'll answer all of these questions and more to tell you which SAT average scores actually matter for your future. We'll review data from 2020.
So what is an average SAT score? That really depends on which group of people you're looking at. Below, we look at national averages as well as averages by gender, ethnicity, family income, high school type, and state. Plus,
National SAT Average Score
According to the College Board's 2019 total group report, the national SAT average scores (for all 2020 high school graduates) are as follows:
Evidence-Based Reading and Writing: 528
Math: 523
Total: 1051
As you can see, if you score higher than 1060 on the SAT, you'll be above the national average and will have scored better than most test takers. If you score less than 1050, however, you'll be below the national average and will have scored lower than most test takers.
Bonus: Review how to find the average of a set of numbers for yourself here.
Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:
Get eBook: 5 Tips for 160+ Points
The Average SAT Scores by Gender
The College Board has also calculated the average SAT scores by gender. These averages are based on members of the class of 2019 who took the SAT.
There are two sections on the SAT: Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW). Each section is out of 800 points and then combined for a total score out of 1600.
Gender
EBRW
Math
Total
Female
532
516
1048
Male
523
531
1055
No Response
499
468
967
As you can see, males outperform females on Math by 15 points, while females exceed males on EBRW by 9 points.
According to a statistical significance test ( t-test ), the differences in EBRW and math scores here are considered extremely significant (in technical terms, the P value is less than 0.0001, meaning roughly that it is very unlikely these differences are due to chance).
The difference between genders in math* test scores has been explored by academic researchers and has been a controversial topic. It should be a goal of the educational system to close this achievement gap between genders, and is only one of several factors regarding equity that we have to consider when asking what is an average SAT score.
*I looked for research to back up the differences between EBRW scores for students identifying as male vs those identifying as females but was unable to find anything both relevant and peer-reviewed from the last 15 years. We'll update this article with more information as and when it comes out.
The Average SAT Scores by Ethnicity
When registering for the SAT, the College Board gives you the option to specify your ethnicity, with most students opting to share it. Here are the average SAT scores by ethnicity:
Ethnicity
# of Test Takers
EBRW
Math
Total
American Indian/Alaska Native
14,050
456
447
902
Asian
223,451
585
632
1217
Black/African American
261,326
473
454
927
Hispanic/Latino
569,370
491
478
969
Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander
5,107
478
470
948
White
909,987
557
547
1104
Two or More Races
89,656
552
539
1091
No Response
125,513
488
507
996
Total
2,198,460
528
523
1051
Source: Total Group Report 2020
The implications of these results are important to consider. The black-white test score gap, for example, has been researched extensively to try to find the root causes of it. In the other direction, Asians have the highest SAT score averages, which has led some to question whether colleges discriminate against Asians. (Of course, the disparity in sizes of the different groups taking the SAT and socioeconomic inequality also play a key role in creating these differences.)
As with gender, reducing achievement gaps between ethnicities is a critical priority for educators.
The Average SAT Score by Fee Waiver Use
Historically, the SAT has had problems with students from lower-income households scoring lower on average than students from higher-income households. While the College Board no longer publicly reports data on family income and SAT scores, they do include information on scores for students who have and have never used a fee waiver to take the SAT.
SAT Fee Waiver
Number of test-takers
EBRW
Math
Total
Used at any time
376,468
503
491
996
Didn't use
1,821,992
533
430
1063
Source: Total Group Report 2020
As you can see, a higher average score on the SAT is typically associated students who never used a fee waiver, which in turn is associated with higher family income. This is a trend that's been observed for some time.
There are many reasons why those from higher-income families tend to score higher on the SAT—they are likely to attend better schools and have more resources to devote to preparation, to name a couple. This is another key equity issue facing educators, and another factor we have to consider when asked what is an average SAT score.
One of the stated reasons for the SAT redesign was to try to make test results less correlated with income, but so far, at least, it's unclear how successful the College Board has been.
The Average SAT Score by School Type
Average SAT scores also differ by school type. Again, these averages come from 2016 and use the old 2400-point SAT scale (the 2017-2020 reports did not release information for school type).
School Type
Reading
Math
Writing
Total
Public
487
494
472
1453
Religiously Affiliated
532
537
525
1594
Independent
530
579
536
1645
Other or Unknown
491
580
498
1569
Source: Total Group Profile Report 2016
As you can see, students at independent schools have the highest averages, followed by those at religious private schools, other or unknown schools, and finally public schools.
This trend is unsurprising since private school attendance is typically expensive —certainly more expensive than public school. Thus, the pattern here is clearly correlated with income, which we already saw made a big difference in average SAT scores.
Educational achievement is an incredibly complex issue, with environmental, social, and economic factors all at play. Reducing achievement gaps by gender, ethnicity, and income is a big priority for educators.
See below for the converted average scores for your reference:
School Type
Math (New)
EBRW
New Total
Public
520
540
1060
Religiously Affiliated
560
590
1150
Independent
560
590
1150
Other or Unknown
520
550
1070
The Average SAT Score by State
Below, I've given the 2020 average SAT scores by state (as well as for Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands, and Washington, DC).
State (% of students taking the SAT)
# of Test Takers
EBRW
Math
Total
Alabama (7%)
3,201
576
561
1127
Alaska (37%)
2,822
555
543
1098
Arizona (29%)
19,634
571
568
1139
Arkansas (4%)
1,300
590
567
1157
California (67%)
284,631
527
522
1049
Colorado (100%)
59,781
511
501
1012
Connecticut (100%)
42,939
527
512
1039
Delaware (100%)
10,960
497
481
978
District of Columbia (100%)
5,090
498
482
979
Florida (100%)
186,321
512
479
992
Georgia (68%)
72,535
537
516
1053
Hawaii (51%)
7,237
549
546
1095
Idaho (100)%
20,640
500
484
984
Illinois (98%)
140,785
504
503
1007
Indiana (64%)
45,911
540
534
1074
Iowa (3%)
934
611
609
1220
Kansas (4%)
1,330
617
620
1237
Kentucky (4%)
1,853
609
598
1207
Louisiana (5%)
2,172
597
573
1170
Maine (98%)
13,578
504
491
995
Maryland (88%)
56,687
522
507
1029
Massachusetts (80%)
57,755
560
559
1119
Michigan (100%)
106,863
503
495
998
Minnesota (4%)
2,601
624
633
1257
Mississippi (3%)
790
610
593
1203
Missouri (4%)
2,548
610
603
1212
Montana (10%)
933
598
587
1185
Nebraska (3%)
626
615
614
1226
Nevada (17%)
4,164
579
571
1150
New Hampshire (93%)
14,116
531
524
1055
New Jersey (82%)
82,988
541
540
1081
New Mexico (19%)
3,883
533
522
1055
New York (79%)
160,484
528
530
1058
North Carolina (48%)
50,595
553
544
1096
North Dakota (2%)
132
615
617
1231
Ohio (21%)
25,190
536
534
1070
Oklahoma (20%)
8,471
490
481
971
Oregon (51%)
18,336
557
547
1104
Pennsylvania (67%)
90,486
543
534
1078
Puerto Rico
3,483
511
481
993
Rhode Island (100%)
11,484
501
489
990
South Carolina (68%)
30,867
524
503
1026
South Dakota (3%)
238
609
610
1218
Tennessee (7%)
4,445
601
585
1186
Texas (73%)
252,019
510
500
1010
Utah (3%)
1,286
601
603
1204
Vermont (63%)
4,147
559
545
1103
Virginia (65%)
58,485
567
549
1116
Virgin Islands, US
676
474
437
912
Washington (69%)
47,393
539
534
1073
West Virginia (98%)
17,139
480
456
936
Wisconsin (3%)
1,913
615
628
1243
Wyoming (2%)
137
614
606
1220
Source: The College Board
There's a lot of variation in average SAT scores by state. This is due to a lot of factors, but one big one is whether or not the state requires all public school students to take the SAT. In these cases, scores tend to be lower because even students who might not typically take the SAT (or prepare for it) must take it in school.
By contrast, in states where the SAT is not required, students who take the SAT take it specifically to prepare their college applications. As a result, the subsample of students who take the SAT will, in general, be more prepared and get higher scores.
For more info on this topic, check out our complete guide to average SAT scores by state.
What Average SAT Scores Really Matter for YOU?
While we've gone through a lot of interesting SAT data based on gender, ethnicity, family income, school type, and state, most of it won't be particularly relevant to your own interests and goals. It's helpful to know what an average SAT score is nationally, or what the average SAT score is according to the data above, there's more you need to know in order to get into your top school.
The truth is, what SAT score you need depends entirely on the schools you're applying to. The average SAT scores that matter most for you are the averages for the colleges you're interested in. If you can score above a school's average SAT score, you'll have a far better chance of getting in.
But what score should you aim for specifically? The score you need to hit to give yourself your best chance of admission is your SAT goal score. We explain more about how to find this in our article on what makes a good SAT score.
Briefly, though, here's what you'll need to do: on a chart, record the 25th and 75th percentile SAT scores (i.e., the middle 50% or average range) for each of the schools you're applying to. Once you've filled everything out, look for the highest 75th percentile score to get your goal score.
Hit this score on test day, and you'll have a great shot at getting into your dream school!
What's Next?
Not sure whether you should take the SAT? Here are 10 reasons to consider taking the test.
Want to know the average SAT scores from past years? Maybe you want help predicting your own SAT score, or are wondering whether there's a minimum SAT score requirement for college.
Need help preparing for the SAT? Then check out our total guide to studying for the test. We also have a one-month cramming plan and some tips for balancing your test prep with school!
Ready to go beyond just reading about the SAT? Then you'll love the free five-day trial for our SAT Complete Prep program. Designed and written by PrepScholar SAT experts, our SAT program customizes to your skill level in over 40 subskills so that you can focus your studying on what will get you the biggest score gains.
Click on the button below to try it out!
Sign Up!
Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article!
Allen Cheng
About the Author
As co-founder and head of product design at PrepScholar, Allen has guided thousands of students to success in SAT/ACT prep and college admissions. He's committed to providing the highest quality resources to help you succeed. Allen graduated from Harvard University summa cum laude and earned two perfect scores on the SAT (1600 in 2004, and 2400 in 2014) and a perfect score on the ACT. You can also find Allen on his personal website, Shortform, or the Shortform blog.
Student and Parent Forum
Our new student and parent forum, at ExpertHub.PrepScholar.com, allow you to interact with your peers and the PrepScholar staff. See how other students and parents are navigating high school, college, and the college admissions process. Ask questions; get answers.
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Have any questions about this article or other topics? Ask below and we'll reply! |
msmarco_passage_00_394399202 | The Difference Between a Budget and Pro Forma Financial Statement - ProjectionHub | The Difference Between a Budget and Pro Forma Financial Statement - ProjectionHub
The Difference Between a Budget and Pro Forma Financial Statement
July 10, 2012 by ProjectionHub Leave a Comment
You might be a little bit confused about the difference between a budget and pro forma financial statement, so I thought I would try to explain a couple of the small differences. Let’s start with the definitions:
Budget – According to Investopedia a budget is an estimation of the revenue and expenses over a specified future period of time.
Pro Forma Financial Statement – As described here, “In business, pro forma financial statements are prepared in advance of a planned transaction, such as a merger, an acquisition, a new capital investment, or a change in capital structure such as incurrence of new debt or issuance of equity.”
So there are just a couple of subtle differences here. A pro forma financial statement is essentially a budget based on a certain event occurring. Typically a budget is developed each year and might be approved by a board of directors. Many times a budget is focused more on expenses than revenue because you can control your expenses, but you can’t always control your sales.
A pro forma financial statement on the other hand is a projection based on a specific event. For example a pro forma would project your financials if:
You acquired a new company
You secured a large client
You raised a round of investment
You are approved for a loan
These situations would change your future financial results. The real difference between a budget and pro forma financial statements is negligible. The 2 terms may even be used interchangeably at times.
To learn more about budgeting for the future check out our recent blog post on the top 15 financial projection mistakes. |
msmarco_passage_00_404850318 | How to Shine Your Shoes - Manhattan Wardrobe Supply | How to Shine Your Shoes - Manhattan Wardrobe Supply
How to Shine Your Shoes
Author Cheryl Kilbourne-Kimpton
Date September 24, 2014
Do you know how to shine your shoes? It’s kind of a lost art. Sure, we see the shoe shine guys at hotels and airports. My dad had a kit that he brought out once a week (usually on Sundays) to make sure his shoes looked excellent for the work week. Now, it can be hard to find shoe polish in a drugstore or department store! How times have changed. How often do you shine your shoes yourself? And remember — it’s not just for men!
How to Shine Your Shoes: What You Will Need
Leather Cleaner We love Lexol, Meltonian and Saddle Soap
Wax Polish or Cream
Polish Applicator
Edge Treatment
Buffing Brush and Cloth
How to Shine Your Shoes: Clean Them First
Remove the laces from shoes, if you have them. You will avoid getting polish on the laces, and you will want to clean and polish the tongue, too.
Clean loose dust and dirt from the surface of your shoes or boots with a shoe shine brush or damp cloth.
Use the leather cleaner to remove embedded dirt and scuff marks. Be sure to follow the manufacturer’s directions carefully.
Step Two: Apply Polish
It doesn’t matter whether you prefer wax or cream polish, as long as it matches the color of the leather you want to polish. If you cannot find and exact match, use a lighter shade. Tan, beige and cream colors will dry darker, and you don’t want to ruin your shoes.
If you are using a wax polish, use a horsehair applicator brush to apply a conservative amount of polish to the surface of the leather. Use a brush with dark bristles for dark shoes, but more importantly, a brush with light bristles for light shoes. We have several applicators for you to choose from here.
If using a cream polish, use a terrycloth pad or sponge applicator to apply polish.
Apply polish sparingly, and brush or rub in circular motion until the leather has a dull coating. Let dry.
Carefully apply edge treatment with a wool dauber to the edge of the sole and heel. Dab off excess on edges so no residue remains that may stain buff brushes. Let dry.
How to Shine Your Shoes: Buff and Shine
Use a clean cloth to wipe away excess polish in cracks and bend in the shoes before buffing so as not to get on brushes.
Buff shoes or boots with a 100% horsehair shoeshine brush. Use black brushes for dark leathers and a light bristle brush on neutral and white leathers only.
Use a gentle buffing motion to avoid removing polish completely.
For extra shine, use a shine cloth after brushing to buff shoes to a high sheen. lightly spray polished shoes with water, then buff with the cloth. Be careful not to wrinkle rag as it will remove polish.
This works for men’s shoes as well as women’s leather heels — they need to be shiny and dust-free too. In between wearings, store your shoes in the bags they often come with to keep dust off and your shine lasting longer, or you can use pillowcases for the same effect.
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msmarco_passage_00_410232355 | How China Is Dealing With Its Water Crisis | How China Is Dealing With Its Water Crisis
Agriculture, Water
How China Is Dealing With Its Water Crisis
by Renee Cho | May 5, 2011
Recently I traveled to Southeast Yunnan in China to see the spectacular Yuan Yang rice terraces, flooded and ready for spring planting. Rice is a very water-hungry crop and China is the world’s largest producer of rice and grain. Yet China is facing a perilous water crisis.
China becomes drier each year—its freshwater reserves declined 13% between 2000 and 2009. Severe droughts occurred in 2000, 2007 and 2009. Normally the southern regions receive 80% of China’s rainfall and snowmelt, about 79 inches a year, while the north and west get 20%, 8 to 16 inches.
Photo credit: Toby Simkin
This winter, Beijing and the northern and eastern provinces had the worst drought in 60 years. It has left 2.57 million people and 2.79 million heads of livestock short of water, and affected 12.75 million acres of wheat fields, which sent global food prices soaring. South China experienced 50% less rainfall than normal, resulting in the drying up of rivers and reservoirs. While torrential rainfall fell on the south this week, northern regions are still suffering from drought.
China’s per capita availability of water is 1/3 the world’s average, and in the dry north where most of the grain and vegetables are grown, per capita availability is only 1/4 of that in the south. Over 300 million people in rural areas have no access to safe drinking water and 54% of China’s main rivers contain water unfit for human consumption.
Drought in southwest China. Photo credit: Bert van Dijk
The water crisis is due to a number of interlinked factors. Climate change is speeding up the melting of glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau, which is affecting the Yangtze, Mekong and Indus Rivers. Warming temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are causing droughts and increasing desertification. According to World on the Edge by Lester Brown, over the last 50 years, 24,000 villages in north and west China were abandoned because of desertification, and the advancing Gobi Desert is now only 150 miles from Beijing.
Water pollution has increased over the last three decades, penetrating coastal and inland water bodies, and both surface and groundwater. Rivers and lakes polluted by industrial wastewater discharge, untreated sewage, and agricultural runoff force people to draw on groundwater, which results in falling water tables and the drying up of wells, wetlands, and lakes. As groundwater is pumped faster than it can be recharged, wells must be dug deeper, raising the risks for saltwater intrusion and land subsidence. In 2005, 36.3% of north China’s water supply was taken from groundwater, and 90% of urban groundwater was reported to be polluted.
Waste and inefficiency also contribute to the water shortage according to a 2009 World Bank report on China’s water scarcity which found that only 45% of the water withdrawn for agriculture actually gets used by the crops. In addition, the water recycling rate for industry (which accounts for 24% of China’s water consumption) is only 40%, compared to 75% to 85% in developed countries.
China’s population of 1.3 billion, almost half of which is urban, is expected to reach 1.45 billion by 2020. National water consumption will go from 599 billion cubic meters (158 trillion gallons) to 630 billion cubic meters by 2020. By then, 57% of the population will live in cities, and by 2030, 70% will be urban dwellers—who consume three times as much water and energy as rural residents.
So not only must China deal with a drying climate and the water needs of a fast-growing urban populace, it must also satisfy the increased demands for energy—and energy production requires water. By 2020, electricity generating capacity is expected to double to 1,900 gigawatts, and despite the country’s significant investments in renewable energy, more than one-fourth of the added electricity will still have to come from coal, which today provides 70% of China’s energy.
Coal mine in Inner Mongolia. Photo credit: Wolfiewolf
Coal mining, processing, combustion and coal-to-chemical industries are responsible for 22% of the nation’s total water consumption, second only to agriculture. In the future, China’s new coal-to-liquid fuel plants that make diesel fuel and water-intensive coal-to-chemical plants that produce pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fertilizer, plastics, etc. will only multiply. By 2020, the coal sector will be responsible for 27% of China’s total water consumption, with an estimated 34 billion cubic meters of water per year used by coal-fired power plants alone. The problem is that most of this additional water will be needed in the arid northern and western provinces of Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Ningxia where China’s vast coal reserves lie. But between 2004 and 2009, Inner Mongolia lost 46.8 million cubic meters of fresh water and Xinjiang lost 95.5 million cubic meters.
In an interview with Circle of Blue, a nonprofit that reports on the global water crisis, Ma Jun, Director of the Institute for Public and Environmental Affairs, and author of China’s Water Crisis, warned that if China does not resolve this water-energy dilemma, it could have serious repercussions for the country’s biodiversity, public health, social stability, energy security, and even global relations.
China’s leaders know that water scarcity is a huge problem, and are tackling it on a number of fronts. One solution is a plan to quadruple the country’s capacity to desalinate seawater over the next decade. Today China can desalinate 600,000 tons of water a day, but it aims to produce 2.5 to 3 million tons of desalinated water a day by 2020, mainly for use in the dry northern areas. However, desalination is expensive and requires energy, which, in turn, involves more water.
Construction of the SNWDP. Photo credit: Bert van Dijk
To meet the water and energy demands of urban centers, industry, and agriculture in the northern and western provinces, China is building the $62 billion South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP), the largest such project ever attempted. When completed in 2050, it will link the Yangtze, Yellow, Huaihe and Haihe rivers, and divert 44.8 billion cubic meters of water yearly from southern rivers to the arid north. The SNWDP will consist of three routes. The eastern route, begun in December 2002, will transfer 14.8 billion cubic meters of water yearly from the lower Yangtze, via the ancient 1800-kilometer Hangzhou to Beijing canal, to Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong and Hebei provinces and the city of Tianjin. It is expected to be completed in 2013. The central route, begun in December 2003, will operate on gravity alone and divert 13 billion cubic meters of water each year from the Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Han River (a Yangtze tributary) to Beijing, Tianjin and other cities. It’s scheduled for completion in 2014. The ambitious and controversial western route will transfer water from three Yangtze tributaries across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau through the Bayankala Mountains into northwest China. Designed to replenish the flows of the Yellow River for irrigation, it has not yet been given the official go-ahead.
Economists, environmentalists, academics and other critics have raised concerns about the SNWDP, fearing that water from the lower Yangtze for the eastern route will remain too polluted to use even after passing through numerous water treatment plants that are planned, and that further industrialization along the routes could pollute diverted water. Because the south of China is also becoming drier, some worry that the southern provinces just do not have enough water to spare. And there are also concerns about the displacement of people, and the destruction of pasture and antiquities.
Of the SNWDP, Ma Jun said, “this extra volume will only delay the coming of the crisis a little bit. It will not really resolve the whole problem…it cannot fill out even the current, existing gap, let alone that much bigger gap in the future, unless we do something very, very different in our water governance.”
The Chinese leadership is trying not only to increase water supply, but also to curb demand through conservation and efficiency measures, and it’s committed to spending $612.23 billion on water conservation over the next 10 years. Since 1998, China has taken 21 million acres of farmland out of production, and required farmers to use more water conserving irrigation practices, reducing the water consumption of agriculture from 83% in 1990 to 60% in 2010.
Plastic sheeting on fields. Photo credit: Renee Cho
In a pilot program I saw in action throughout southwest China, farmers place plastic sheeting around crops, which collects rainwater that flows into the land and minimizes water loss.
Industry is conserving water through a progressive new system of water rights transfers in arid Inner Mongolia and Ningxia: The coal industry pays farmers for irrigation upgrades that save water which it can then use. State-of-the-art coal plants are producing more electricity and using less water, while coal mines in Inner Mongolia and Shanxi Province are consolidating in order to use water more efficiently. Proposed industrial plants have to prove there is enough water available for them to operate before construction begins, and once approved, must recycle their water. New buildings in big cities like Beijing are outfitted with plumbing systems that recycle water for washing clothes and flushing toilets.
China is also investing heavily in water-saving renewables such as wind, solar, and seawater-cooled nuclear power, and expects that their generating capacity will go from 53 gigawatts in 2010 to 230 gigawatts in 2020. New solar, wind and nuclear plants will replace 100 coal plants, conserving 3.5 billion cubic meters of water per year.
On March 14, 2011, China released its 12th Five-year Plan . “With the 12th Five-Year Plan, China is adopting its most stringent water resource policies to date,” said Wang Hao, director of the Water Resources Department at the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research. The plan calls for a 30% reduction in water use for every dollar of industrial output, aims to reduce water pollution by 8% by 2015, and puts a limit on total water use in the Yellow River Basin.
Will these commitments and long-range plans be enough to solve China’s water crisis? The World Bank report stressed that China also needs to strengthen law enforcement, streamline and coordinate water management institutions, and establish clear water rights and penalties. It recommended the use of water trading rights and water pricing to manage demand, and suggested making more information available to the public to increase public involvement.
Despite the daunting challenges, the World Bank expressed confidence in China’s ability to meet them. “The Chinese, who have demonstrated immense innovative capacity in their successful program of economic reform, can and should take another bold move in reforming the institutional and policy framework to make it become a world leader in water resource management.”
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Columbia Water Center demonstrates research-based solutions to global freshwater scarcity. Follow Columbia Water Center on Facebook and Twitter
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