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| When to see a doctor
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⌀ | Causes
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120 |
Atrial tachycardia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-tachycardia/symptoms-causes/syc-20573298
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-tachycardia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20573299
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-tachycardia/doctors-departments/ddc-20573300
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Atrial tachycardia is an irregular heartbeat, called an arrhythmia. It's a type of supraventricular tachycardia.
During an atrial tachycardia episode, the heart beats more than 100 times a minute. Then it returns to a heart rate of around 60 to 80 beats a minute. An episode may start slowly, or it may start suddenly and quickly. It can cause a pounding or racing heartbeat, lightheadedness, dizziness, and fainting.
Atrial tachycardia is common. It may happen in people who have had heart surgery or who are pregnant. Infections, stimulant medicines or alcohol use may trigger it.
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The main symptom of atrial tachycardia is a very fast heartbeat. Typically during atrial tachycardia, the heart beats 150 to 200 times a minute. The fast heartbeat may come and go suddenly, or it can be ongoing.
Other symptoms of atrial tachycardia may include:
Pounding or fluttering feelings in the chest or neck, called palpitations.
Chest pain.
Fainting or almost fainting.
Lightheadedness or dizziness.
Shortness of breath.
Sweating.
Weakness or extreme tiredness.
Nausea.
Some people with atrial tachycardia do not notice symptoms.
Atrial tachycardia symptoms may be hard to see in infants and young children. Symptoms of atrial tachycardia in children can include:
Poor feeding.
Sweating.
Irritability.
Changes in skin color.
If your infant or young child has any of these symptoms, talk with a healthcare professional.
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Symptoms of atrial tachycardia may be related to a serious health condition. Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have a very fast heartbeat that lasts for more than a few minutes or if a fast heartbeat occurs with these symptoms:
Chest pain.
Dizziness.
Shortness of breath.
Weakness.
Make an appointment for a healthcare checkup if you have:
A very fast heartbeat for the first time.
An irregular heartbeat that lasts longer than a few seconds.
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Atrial tachycardia is caused by faulty electrical signals in the heart. These electrical signals control the heartbeat.
In atrial tachycardia, a change in these signals makes the heartbeat start too early in the heart's upper chambers. This causes the heart to beat too fast. Then the heart is not able to fill with blood properly.
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Anyone can get atrial tachycardia. But some health conditions or treatments can increase your risk. Atrial tachycardia risk factors include:
Heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart valve disease and other heart diseases.
Heart failure.
Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect.
Previous heart surgery.
Sleep apnea.
Thyroid disease.
Lung disease, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Diabetes.
Some medicines, including those used to treat asthma, allergies and colds.
Other things that may increase the risk of atrial tachycardia include:
Emotional stress.
Too much caffeine.
Heavy alcohol use, defined as more than 15 drinks a week for men and eight or more drinks a week for women.
Smoking and nicotine use.
Stimulant drugs, including cocaine and methamphetamine.
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Atrial tachycardia isn't usually life-threatening. However, it can be a concern if you have heart damage or another heart condition. If the very fast heartbeat continues, it may weaken the heart muscle.
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To diagnose atrial tachycardia, a healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. A member of your healthcare team takes your blood pressure. You are usually asked questions about your symptoms, health habits and medical history.
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Treatment of atrial tachycardia depends on what causes it and how severe it is. Treatment may include:
Vagal maneuvers.Simple but specific actions such as coughing, putting an ice pack on the face or pushing down as if having a bowel movement can help slow down the heart rate. These actions affect the vagus nerve, which helps control the heartbeat.
Medicines.Medicines may be given to control the heart rate and reset the heart rhythm. Some medicines may need to be given byIV.
Cardioversion.Paddles or patches on the chest are used to give an electrical shock to the heart. The quick, low-energy shock resets the heart's rhythm. This may be a treatment option if atrial tachycardia doesn't get better with vagal maneuvers or medicine.
Catheter ablation.A doctor guides a thin, flexible tube called a catheter through a blood vessel, usually in the groin, and up to the heart. Sometimes more than one catheter is used. Sensors on the tip of the catheter use heat energy, called radiofrequency energy, to create tiny scars in the heart. The scar tissue blocks faulty electrical signals. This restores a regular heartbeat.
Pacemaker.A pacemaker is a small device that's placed in the chest to help control the heartbeat. When it finds an irregular heartbeat, it sends an electrical signal that helps correct the heart's rhythm. A pacemaker may be needed if other treatments for atrial tachycardia don't work. For people with atrial tachycardia, a pacemaker is typically placed during with a treatment calledAVnode ablation.
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If you have a very fast heartbeat, call your healthcare professional. If the fast heartbeat is severe and lasts longer than a few minutes, seek immediate medical help.
Your healthcare professional may send you to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist. You also might see a doctor trained in heart rhythm disorders, called an electrophysiologist.
Because appointments can be brief, it's helpful to be prepared. Here's how to get ready for your visit.
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nausea, tiredness, weakness, pounding, changes in skin color, chest pain, palpitations, lightheadedness, atrial tachycardia symptoms, dizziness, fluttering, fast heartbeat, atrial tachycardia, fainting, sweating, poor feeding, shortness of breath, irritability
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121 |
Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350569
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350575
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20350578
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Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are sometimes used to mean the same thing. But there's a difference between the two terms.
Arteriosclerosishappens when the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from the heart to the rest of the body become thick and stiff. These blood vessels are called arteries. Healthy arteries are flexible and elastic. But over time, the walls in the arteries can harden, a condition commonly called hardening of the arteries.
Atherosclerosisis a specific type of arteriosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called plaque. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque also can burst, leading to a blood clot.
Although atherosclerosis is often considered a heart condition, it can affect arteries anywhere in the body. Atherosclerosis can be treated. Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent atherosclerosis.
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Mild atherosclerosis usually doesn't cause symptoms.
Atherosclerosis symptoms usually don't happen until an artery is so narrowed or clogged that it can't send enough blood to organs and tissues. Sometimes a blood clot completely blocks blood flow. The clot may break apart. If this happens, it may cause a heart attack or stroke.
Symptoms of moderate to severe atherosclerosis depend on which arteries are affected. For example, if you have atherosclerosis:
In your heart arteries,you may have chest pain or pressure, called angina.
In the arteries leading to your brain,you may have sudden numbness or weakness in your arms or legs, trouble speaking, slurred speech, sudden or temporary loss of vision in one eye, or drooping muscles in your face. These are symptoms of a transient ischemic attack (TIA). Untreated, a TIA can lead to a stroke.
In the arteries in your arms and legs,you may have leg pain when walking, called claudication. This is a symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD). You also might have lower blood pressure in the affected arm or leg.
In the arteries leading to your kidneys,you may get high blood pressure or kidney failure.
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If you think you have atherosclerosis, make an appointment for a health checkup. Early diagnosis and treatment can stop atherosclerosis from getting worse. Treatment may prevent a heart attack, stroke or another medical emergency.
Get emergency medical help if you have chest pain or symptoms of transient ischemic attack or stroke such as:
Sudden numbness or weakness in the arms or legs.
Trouble speaking.
Slurred speech.
Sudden or temporary loss of vision in one eye.
Drooping face muscles.
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Atherosclerosis is a disease that slowly gets worse. It may begin as early as childhood. The exact cause is not known. It may start with damage or injury to the inner layer of an artery. Artery damage may be caused by:
High blood pressure.
High cholesterol.
High triglycerides, a type of fat in the blood.
Smoking or other tobacco use.
Diabetes.
Insulin resistance.
Obesity.
Inflammation from an unknown cause or from diseases such as arthritis, lupus, psoriasis or inflammatory bowel disease.
Once the inner wall of an artery is damaged, blood cells and other substances may collect at the injury site. These substances build up in the inner lining of the artery.
Over time, fats, cholesterol and other substances also collect on and in the walls of the heart arteries. This buildup is called plaque. Plaque can cause the arteries to narrow. Narrowed arteries can block blood flow. The plaque also can burst, leading to a blood clot.
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Risk factors for atherosclerosis that you can't control include:
Aging.
A family history of early heart disease or stroke.
Changes in genes that make atherosclerosis more likely.
Having inflammatory conditions such as lupus, inflammatory bowel disease or psoriasis.
Risk factors for atherosclerosis that you may be able to control include:
An unhealthy diet.
Diabetes.
High blood pressure.
High cholesterol.
Lack of exercise.
Obesity.
Sleep apnea.
Smoking and other tobacco use.
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The complications of atherosclerosis depend on which arteries are narrowed or blocked. For example:
Coronary artery disease.Atherosclerosis in the arteries close to the heart can lead to coronary artery disease. This may cause chest pain, a heart attack or heart failure.
Carotid artery disease.This is atherosclerosis in the arteries close to the brain. Complications include a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke.
Peripheral artery disease.This is atherosclerosis in the arteries in the arms or legs. Complications include blocked or changed blood flow in the affected areas. Rarely, the lack of blood flow may cause tissue death, called gangrene.
Aneurysms.Sometimes atherosclerosis can form a bulge in the wall of an artery. This is called an aneurysm. An aneurysm can occur anywhere in the body. Most people with aneurysms have no symptoms. If an aneurysm bursts, it can cause life-threatening bleeding inside the body.
Chronic kidney disease.Atherosclerosis can cause the arteries leading to the kidneys to narrow. This prevents the kidneys from getting enough oxygen-rich blood. The kidneys need the blood flow to help remove fluids and waste products from the body.
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The same healthy lifestyle changes recommended to treat atherosclerosis also help prevent it. These lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy:
Do not smoke or use tobacco.
Eat nutritious foods.
Get regular exercise and keep an active lifestyle.
Keep a healthy weight.
Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol.
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To diagnose atherosclerosis, your healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. You usually are asked questions about your symptoms and your family health history. You may be sent to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist.
Your healthcare professional may hear a whooshing sound when listening to your heart with a stethoscope.
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Treatment of atherosclerosis may include:
Lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and getting more exercise.
Medicines.
Heart procedure.
Heart surgery.
For some people, lifestyle changes may be the only treatment needed for atherosclerosis.
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If you think you may have atherosclerosis or if you have a family history of heart disease, make an appointment for a health checkup. Ask if you need a cholesterol test.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Lifestyle changes can help keep the arteries healthy. They also can prevent or slow atherosclerosis. The American Heart Association recommends these eight heart-healthy tips:
Don't smoke, vape or use tobacco.Also stay away from cigarette smoke. Smoking damages the arteries. Smoking is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. Nicotine tightens blood vessels and forces the heart to work harder. Not smoking is one of the best ways to lower the risk of atherosclerosis complications, such as a heart attack.
Get regular exercise.Staying active keeps the body healthy. Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week. Talk with your healthcare team about the amount and type of exercise that's best for you.
Keep a healthy weight.Being overweight increases the risk of coronary artery disease, which is caused by atherosclerosis. Losing even a small amount of weight can help reduce the risk. Ask your healthcare professional what weight is best for you.
Eat healthy foods.Choose fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit salt and saturated fats. Read nutrition labels to check the amount of salt and fat.
Manage stress.Find ways to help reduce stress. Some ideas are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness and connect with others in support groups. Or try yoga or deep breathing. These relaxation practices can temporarily lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis.
Control blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol.Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed. Get regular health checkups.
Limit alcohol.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
Get good sleep.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other health conditions. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily.
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atherosclerosis, weakness, tia, angina, pressure, peripheral artery disease, chest pain, kidney failure, trouble speaking, pad, slurred speech, numbness, loss of vision, drooping muscles, high blood pressure, stroke, leg pain
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122 |
Atrioventricular canal defect
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect/symptoms-causes/syc-20361492
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361528
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrioventricular-canal-defect/doctors-departments/ddc-20362272
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Atrioventricular septal defect is a mix of problems affecting the center of the heart. The heart condition is present at birth. That means it's a congenital heart defect. Children born with this condition have a hole in the wall between the heart's chambers. They also have problems with the valves that control blood flow in the heart.
Atrioventricular septal defect allows extra blood to flow to the lungs. The extra blood forces the heart to work too hard, causing the heart muscle to grow larger.
Untreated, atrioventricular septal defect can cause heart failure and high blood pressure in the lungs. Treatment usually involves surgery during the first year of life to close the hole in the heart and to repair the valves.
Other names for this condition are:
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Atrioventricular canal defect can involve only the two upper chambers of the heart or all four chambers. In both types, extra blood flows into the lungs. Symptoms depend on whether the defect is partial or complete.
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Atrioventricular canal defect occurs before birth when a baby's heart is developing. Experts aren't sure of the cause. Having Down syndrome might increase the risk.
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Things that might increase the risk of atrioventricular canal defect include:
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Possible complications of atrioventricular canal defect include:
Treatment greatly improves the outlook for children with atrioventricular canal defect. But complications may still occur later in life. They may include:
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There is no known prevention for atrioventricular canal defect.
Some heart problems are passed down in families, which means they are inherited. If you have a family or personal history of congenital heart disease, talk with a genetic counselor and a cardiologist before getting pregnant.
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Atrioventricular canal defect might be diagnosed in a baby before birth during a pregnancy ultrasound or special heart imaging.
After birth, symptoms of complete atrioventricular canal defect are usually noticeable within the first weeks. When listening to a baby's heart, a health care provider might hear a whooshing sound. The sound is called a heart murmur.
Tests to diagnose atrioventricular canal defect may include:
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Surgery is needed to treat a complete or partial atrioventricular canal defect. More than one surgery may be needed. Surgery involves using one or two patches to close the hole in the heart wall. The patches stay in the heart. They become part of the heart's wall as the heart's lining grows over them.
Other surgeries depend on whether the defect is partial or complete and what other heart problems exist.
For a partial atrioventricular canal defect, surgery to repair the mitral valve is needed so that the valve will close tightly. If repair isn't possible, the valve might need to be replaced.
For a complete atrioventricular canal defect, surgeons separate the large single valve between the upper and lower heart chambers into two valves. If this isn't possible, the mitral and tricuspid valves might need to be replaced.
Many people who have corrective surgery for atrioventricular canal defect don't need more surgery. However, some complications, such as heart valve leaks, may require treatment.
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Many children with heart problems present at birth grow up to lead healthy lives.
But having a congenital heart defect or caring for a child with one can be challenging. These tips may be helpful.
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You or your child might be referred to a doctor trained in heart conditions, called a cardiologist.
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extra blood flows
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123 |
Vaginal atrophy
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-atrophy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352288
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-atrophy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352294
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-atrophy/doctors-departments/ddc-20352297
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Vaginal atrophy (atrophic vaginitis) is thinning, drying and inflammation of the vaginal walls that may occur when your body has less estrogen. Vaginal atrophy occurs most often after menopause.
For many women, vaginal atrophy not only makes intercourse painful but also leads to distressing urinary symptoms. Because the condition causes both vaginal and urinary symptoms, doctors use the term "genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM)" to describe vaginal atrophy and its accompanying symptoms.
Simple, effective treatments for genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) are available. Reduced estrogen levels result in changes to your body, but it doesn't mean you have to live with the discomfort ofGSM.
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Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) signs and symptoms may include:
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Many postmenopausal women experienceGSM. But few seek treatment. Women may be embarrassed to discuss their symptoms with their doctor and may resign themselves to living with these symptoms.
Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any unexplained vaginal spotting or bleeding, unusual discharge, burning, or soreness.
Also make an appointment to see your doctor if you experience painful intercourse that's not resolved by using a vaginal moisturizer (K-Y Liquibeads, Replens, Sliquid, others) or water-based lubricant (Astroglide, K-Y Jelly, Sliquid, others).
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Genitourinary syndrome of menopause is caused by a decrease in estrogen production. Less estrogen makes your vaginal tissues thinner, drier, less elastic and more fragile.
A drop in estrogen levels may occur:
GSMsigns and symptoms may begin to bother you during the years leading up to menopause, or they may not become a problem until several years into menopause. Although the condition is common, not all menopausal women experienceGSM. Regular sexual activity, with or without a partner, can help you maintain healthy vaginal tissues.
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Certain factors may contribute toGSM, such as:
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Genitourinary syndrome of menopause increases your risk of:
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Regular sexual activity, either with or without a partner, may help prevent genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Sexual activity increases blood flow to your vagina, which helps keep vaginal tissues healthy.
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Diagnosis of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) may involve:
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To treat genitourinary syndrome of menopause, your doctor may first recommend over-the-counter treatment options, including:
If those options don't ease your symptoms, your doctor may recommend:
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You'll probably start by discussing your symptoms with your primary care provider. If you aren't already seeing a doctor who specializes in women's health (gynecologist or internal medicine women's health specialist), your primary care provider may refer you to one.
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vaginal dryness, itching, urinary urgency, frequent urination, painful intercourse, burning sensation
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124 |
Reactive attachment disorder
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/reactive-attachment-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352939
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/reactive-attachment-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352945
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Reactive attachment disorder is a rare but serious condition in which an infant or young child doesn't establish healthy attachments with parents or caregivers. Reactive attachment disorder may develop if the child's basic needs for comfort, affection and nurturing aren't met and loving, caring, stable attachments with others are not established.
With appropriate treatment, children who have reactive attachment disorder may develop more stable and healthy relationships with caregivers and others. Treatments for reactive attachment disorder include learning how to create a stable, nurturing environment and providing positive child and caregiver interactions. Parent or caregiver counseling and education can help.
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Reactive attachment disorder usually starts in infancy. There's little research on signs and symptoms of reactive attachment disorder beyond early childhood, and it remains uncertain whether it occurs in children older than 5 years.
Signs and symptoms may include:
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Consider getting an evaluation if your child shows any concerning signs that persist across time. Some signs can occur in children who don't have reactive attachment disorder or who have another disorder, such as autism spectrum disorder. Sometimes young children may display some temporary signs and symptoms, but they tend to be brief, minor or don't cause developmental problems. It's important to have your child evaluated by a pediatric psychiatrist or psychologist who can determine whether behaviors indicate a more serious problem.
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To feel safe and develop trust, infants and young children need a stable, caring environment. Their basic emotional and physical needs must be consistently met by caregivers. For instance, when a baby cries, the need for comfort, a meal or a diaper change must be met with a shared emotional exchange that may include eye contact, smiling and caressing.
A child whose needs are ignored or who is met with a lack of emotional response from caregivers does not come to expect care or comfort or form a stable attachment to caregivers.
It's not clear why some babies and children develop reactive attachment disorder and others don't. Various theories about reactive attachment disorder and its causes exist, and more research is needed to develop a better understanding and improve diagnosis and treatment options.
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The risk of developing reactive attachment disorder from severe social and emotional neglect or the lack of opportunity to develop stable attachments may increase in children who, for example:
However, most children who are severely neglected don't develop reactive attachment disorder.
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Without proper treatment, reactive attachment disorder can continue for several years and may have lifelong consequences. These can include problems with relationships, social interactions, mental and physical health, behavior, intellectual development, and substance abuse.
More research is needed to determine if problems in older children and adults are related to experiences of reactive attachment disorder in early childhood.
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While it's not known with certainty if reactive attachment disorder can be prevented, there may be ways to reduce the risk of its development. Infants and young children need a stable, caring environment and their basic emotional and physical needs must be consistently met. The following parenting suggestions may help.
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A pediatric psychiatrist or psychologist can conduct a thorough, in-depth examination to diagnose reactive attachment disorder.
Your child's evaluation may include:
Your child's mental health provider will also want to rule out other psychiatric disorders and determine if any other mental health conditions coexist, such as:
Your child's mental health provider may use the diagnostic criteria for reactive attachment disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association. Diagnosis isn't usually made before 9 months of age. Signs and symptoms typically appear before the age of 5 years.
DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis include:
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Children with reactive attachment disorder are believed to have the capacity to form attachments, but this ability has been hindered by their early developmental experiences.
Most children are naturally resilient. And even those who've been neglected, lived in a children's home or other institution, or had multiple caregivers can develop healthy relationships. Early intervention appears to improve outcomes.
There's no standard treatment for reactive attachment disorder, but it should involve both the child and parents or primary caregivers. Goals of treatment are to help ensure that the child:
A mental health professional can provide both education and coaching in skills that help improve signs and symptoms of reactive attachment disorder. Treatment strategies include:
Other services that may benefit the child and the family include:
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If you're a parent or caregiver whose child has reactive attachment disorder, it's easy to become angry, frustrated, guilty and distressed. You may feel like your child doesn't love you — or that it's hard to like your child sometimes.
These actions may help:
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You may start by visiting your child's pediatrician. However, you may be referred to a child psychiatrist or psychologist who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of reactive attachment disorder or a pediatrician specializing in child development.
Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect from your health care provider or mental health professional.
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none
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129 |
Bird flu (avian influenza)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bird-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20568390
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bird-flu/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20568430
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Bird flu, also called avian influenza, is caused by influenza type A virus infections in bird species. Depending on the strain, bird flu may cause the bird to have no symptoms, mild illness, serious illness or lead to the death of the bird.
Bird flu rarely infects humans. But health officials worry because influenza A viruses that infect birds can change, called mutate, to infect humans and spread from person to person more often. Because a new strain of bird flu would be a new virus to humans, a mutated strain like that could spread quickly around the world.
People most often catch a bird flu virus from close, long-term contact with live, domesticated poultry typically on farms or in backyard coops. People also may catch bird flu through contact with wild birds or another type of animal. Bird flu rarely has spread from person to person.
In humans, flu is a viral infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. Symptoms of bird flu in humans are similar to flu symptoms and may be mild to serious.
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Bird flu symptoms can be mild to serious in a person. Symptoms typically show up within seven days of contact with the virus but can take as long as two weeks. A person can get infected from direct contact with an infected animal, or the bedding or stool of the animal.
Flu viruses have similar symptoms. So you need to be tested to check if you have a bird flu infection.
Common bird flu symptoms include:
Fever.
Problems breathing.
Pink eye, also called conjunctivitis.
Upset stomach and vomiting.
Loose stool, called diarrhea.
Bird flu may cause breathing problems more often than other kinds of flu. And during bird flu pandemics, the risk that a person with flu will need a machine to help them breathe is higher.
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If you have been exposed to bird flu and have any symptoms of illness, see a healthcare professional right away.
If your work, travel or hobbies may have exposed you to bird flu, consider your symptoms. If you have symptoms of bird flu and may have been exposed, contact your healthcare professional.
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Influenza is caused by viruses that infect the cells that line the nose, throat and lungs.
Flu virus particles spread through breath, saliva, mucus or stool. Bird flu in humans can happen when you inhale virus particles. You also can catch the virus if you touch an object with flu particles on it, and then touch your eyes, nose or mouth.
People most often catch bird flu from close, long-term contact with live, domesticated poultry typically on farms or in backyard coops. Rarely, people are exposed to bird flu by contact with wild birds or another type of animal.
But birds you may see in a park or yard, such as crows or sparrows, aren't a high risk. They don't usually carry bird flu viruses that infect people or farm animals.
It may be possible to be exposed to bird flu through undercooked foods, such as eggs or poultry. In places where bird flu has spread to dairy cows, it may be possible to get bird flu through raw dairy products. But dairy products that have been heated to kill germs, called pasteurization, are not a risk for bird flu.
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The risk of a human catching a bird flu is low.
Contact with sick poultry or their environment is the most common bird flu risk for people. Infected birds can spread the virus through their breath, saliva, mucus or stool.
Rarely, people have caught bird flu after contact with wild birds or other animals. And sometimes humans have passed a bird flu to other humans.
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People with bird flu may have worsening medical issues or new health problems. Some may be life-threatening.
Complications include:
Worsening of chronic lung conditions, such as asthma or cystic fibrosis.
Ear and sinus infection.
Failure of the respiratory system, called acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Kidney problems.
Heart problems.
Bleeding in the lungs, collapsed lung or bacterial pneumonia.
Sepsis.
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To prevent bird flu, follow all recommended actions to protect yourself if you work with animals as a job.
If you are traveling to a place where bird flu is spreading, avoid poultry farms and bird markets if possible. Cook food fully and wash hands with soap and water after handling food and animals.
And make sure to get your seasonal flu vaccine every year. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends annual flu vaccination for everyone age 6 months or older. It doesn't prevent bird flu, but the seasonal flu vaccine can help you avoid having two flu viruses at the same time.
If a bird flu virus leads to a human pandemic, public health agencies have plans for vaccine development and administration.
People can take actions to further lower the risk of getting bird flu in many ways.
Avoid contact with animals who are sick or may be sick.Wild or domestic, keep birds at a distance to avoid any germs they may carry.
Wear eye, nose and mouth protective gear when needed.Flu viruses get in the body through the mouth, nose or eyes. Wear eye protection, a face mask and gloves to help keep the virus out if you're in an area where it might be present.
Wash your hands with soap and water.This is especially important after touching animals or surfaces that may be dirty with animal mucus, saliva or stool.
Getting bird flu from food is very rare. But it's a good idea to follow safe food handling recommendations.
Avoid spreading germs in the kitchen.Use hot, soapy water to wash all surfaces that have come into contact with raw poultry, meat, seafood or eggs.
Cook food fully.Cook chicken until it reaches an internal minimum temperature of 165 F (74 C). Cook eggs until the white and yolk are firm. Egg dishes, such as quiche, should reach 160 F (71 C). Cook beef to 145 F (63 C) and let it rest for 3 minutes. Cook ground beef to 160 F (71 C).
Avoid raw dairy products.Dairy milk that is heated to kill germs is called pasteurized. In the U.S., dairy milk and foods made with it say on the Nutrition Facts label if the milk is pasteurized. Raw milk isn't pasteurized, so it is more likely to make you sick.
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To diagnose bird flu, a healthcare professional takes a sample of fluid from your nose and throat to test for evidence of bird flu infection. They also may take a sample of fluid from your eye if you have pink eye.
If you could have been exposed to bird flu through work, travel or your hobbies and you have symptoms of illness, see your healthcare professional right away.
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Medicines that stop the flu virus from spreading in the body, called antivirals, work to treat bird flu. These medicines work best when started as soon as you have symptoms. For this reason, your healthcare professional may prescribe a medicine for you before your flu lab test results comes back.
These medicines can include oseltamivir (Tamiflu), zanamivir (Relenza) or peramivir (Rapivab).
Oseltamivir is taken by mouth. Zanamivir is inhaled using a device similar to an asthma inhaler. Peramivir is given through a needle in a vein.
If you have bird flu, stay in an area away from other people, including those you live with if possible. That will help prevent spreading the illness.
It's important to avoid people if you're waiting for lab results. If you do have bird flu, healthcare professionals may suggest testing for people who had close contact with you when you had symptoms. They may give antiviral medicine to people who were exposed to bird flu and are at high risk of serious illness.
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problems breathing, pink eye, upset stomach, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, flu, infection, conjunctivitis, loose stool
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131 |
Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/avnrt/symptoms-causes/syc-20573830
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/avnrt/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20573853
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Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is a type of irregular heartbeat, also called an arrhythmia. It is the most common type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT).
People with AVNRT have a very fast heartbeat that often starts and ends suddenly. In AVNRT, the heart beats more than 100 times a minute. The condition is due to a change in heart signaling.
AVNRT tends to occur more often in young women. But anyone can have it at any age. AVNRT may not need treatment. When treatment is needed, it may include specific actions or movements, medicines, or a heart procedure.
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A very fast heartbeat is the most common symptom of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT). In AVNRT, the heart can beat between 120 to 280 times a minute. The fast heartbeat usually starts suddenly.
AVNRT does not always cause symptoms. When symptoms do show up, they may include:
A pounding feeling in the neck.
Pounding or fluttering heartbeat, called palpitations.
Chest pressure, tightness or pain.
Dizziness or lightheadedness.
Shortness of breath.
Sweating.
Weakness or extreme tiredness.
Fainting or almost fainting.
Symptoms of AVNRT may be mild in children. Some symptoms include sweating, trouble feeding, changes in skin color and a fast heartbeat.
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Make an appointment for a healthcare checkup if you have unexplained changes in your heartbeat.
Also see a healthcare professional if an infant or child has these symptoms:
Fast heartbeat.
Sweating for no reason.
Changes in feeding.
Changes in skin color.
Call 911 or your local emergency number if you a very fast heartbeat that lasts for several minutes or happens with these symptoms:
Chest pain.
Dizziness.
Trouble breathing.
Weakness.
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Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is caused by faulty electrical signaling in the heart. Electrical signals control the heartbeat.
Usually, electrical signals in the heart follow a specific pathway. In AVNRT, there is an extra signaling pathway, called a reentrant circuit. The extra pathway makes the heart beat too early. This stops the heart from pumping blood like it should.
Healthcare professionals aren't sure why some people have the extra pathway that causes AVNRT. Sometimes, changes in the heart's structure may cause it.
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Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is more common in young women. But anyone can get it.
Some health conditions or treatments may increase the risk of AVNRT. These include:
Coronary artery disease, heart valve disease and other heart diseases.
Heart failure.
Heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect.
Previous heart, lung or throat surgery.
Obstructive sleep apnea.
Thyroid disease.
Lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Diabetes that is not controlled.
Some medicines, including those used to treat asthma, allergies and colds.
Other things that may increase the risk of AVNRT include:
Emotional stress.
Caffeine.
Excessive alcohol use, which is defined as 15 or more drinks a week for men and eight or more drinks a week for women.
Smoking and using nicotine.
Stimulant drugs, including cocaine and methamphetamine.
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Possible complications of AVNRT are:
Worsening of existing heart disease.
Sudden stopping of all heart activity, called sudden cardiac arrest.
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To diagnose atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT), a healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and medical history. The healthcare professional listens to your heart and lungs using a stethoscope.
Tests are often done to check heart health.
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Most people with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) don't need treatment. But if the fast heartbeat happens often or lasts a long time, treatment may be needed.
Treatment for AVNRT may include:
Vagal maneuvers.Simple but specific actions such as coughing, bearing down as if passing stool, gently massaging the main artery in the neck or putting an ice pack on the face can help slow down the heart rate. These actions affect the vagus nerve, which helps control the heartbeat.
Medicines.If the fast heartbeat happens frequently, your healthcare professional may prescribe medicines to slow or control your heart rate.
Cardioversion. Paddles or patches on the chest are used to electrically shock the heart and help reset the heart rhythm. Cardioversion is typically used when vagal maneuvers and medicines don't work.
Catheter ablation.This treatment may be suggested if medicines don't work or if their side effects are too bothersome. A doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube called a catheter through a blood vessel, usually in the groin, and guides it to the heart. Sensors on the tip of the catheter use heat or cold energy to create tiny scars in the heart. The scars block irregular electrical signals and restore a typical heartbeat.
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If you have a very fast heartbeat that often starts and ends suddenly, make an appointment for a health checkup. If a fast heartbeat lasts more than a few minutes, get medical care right away.
You may see a doctor trained in heart conditions, called a cardiologist. You also might see a doctor trained in heart rhythm disorders, called an electrophysiologist.
Appointments can be short, so it's good to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready for your visit.
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pain, tiredness, tachycardia, pounding, weakness, pounding or fluttering heartbeat, sweating, palpitations, lightheadedness, chest pressure, dizziness, fainting, pounding feeling in the neck, extreme tiredness, tightness, shortness of breath, avnrt
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133 |
Folliculitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/folliculitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20361634
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/folliculitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361662
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Folliculitis is a common skin condition that happens when hair follicles become inflamed. It's often caused by an infection with bacteria. At first it may look like small pimples around the tiny pockets from where each hair grows (hair follicles).
The condition can be itchy, sore and embarrassing. The infection can spread and turn into crusty sores.
Mild folliculitis will likely heal without scarring in a few days with basic self-care. More-serious or repeat infections may need prescription medicine. Left untreated, severe infections can cause permanent hair loss and scarring.
Certain types of folliculitis are known as hot tub rash and barber's itch.
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Folliculitis signs and symptoms include:
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Make an appointment with your health care provider if your condition is widespread or the symptoms don't go away after a week or two of self-care measures. You may need a prescription-strength antibiotic or antifungal medication to help control the condition.
Seek immediate medical care if you experience signs of a spreading infection. These include a sudden increase in redness or pain, fever, chills, and a feeling of being unwell (malaise).
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Folliculitis is often caused when hair follicles are infected with bacteria, commonly Staphylococcus aureus (staph). It may also be caused by viruses, fungi, parasites, medications or physical injury. Sometimes the cause isn't known.
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Anyone can develop folliculitis. Certain factors increase the risk of getting it, including:
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Possible complications of folliculitis include:
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You can try to prevent folliculitis by using these tips:
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Your health care provider will likely be able to tell whether you have folliculitis by looking at your skin and asking about your medical history.
If early treatments don't clear up your infection, your health care provider may run some tests. These tests might include:
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Treatments for folliculitis depend on the type and severity of your condition, what self-care measures you've already tried, and how you'd like to proceed.
If you've tried nonprescription products for a few weeks and they haven't helped, ask your health care provider about prescription-strength medications. A dermatologist can help you:
Even if treatment helps, the infection may come back. Talk with your health care provider about the risks of the treatments you're considering.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. You may then be referred to a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions (dermatologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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folliculitis, I can extract them for you., there are no symptoms mentioned. If you provide a paragraph with symptoms, The paragraph is empty
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134 |
Mitral valve prolapse
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/symptoms-causes/syc-20355446
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355452
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-prolapse/doctors-departments/ddc-20355454
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Mitral valve prolapse is a type of heart valve disease that affects the valve between the left heart chambers. The flaps (leaflets) of the mitral valve are floppy. They bulge backward (prolapse) like a parachute into the heart's left upper chamber as the heart squeezes (contracts).
Mitral (MY-trul) valve prolapse sometimes causes blood to leak backward across the valve, a condition called mitral valve regurgitation.
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Signs and symptoms of mitral valve prolapse are due to the amount of blood leaking backward through the valve.
Mitral valve prolapse symptoms can vary widely from one person to another. Many people with mitral valve prolapse don't have noticeable symptoms. Other people may have mild symptoms that develop gradually.
Symptoms of mitral valve prolapse may include:
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If you have symptoms of mitral valve prolapse, make an appointment with your health care provider. Many other conditions can cause similar symptoms.
If you're having sudden or unusual chest pain or think you're having a heart attack, seek emergency medical care immediately.
If you've been diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse, see your provider if your symptoms worsen.
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To understand the causes of mitral valve disease, it may be helpful to know how the heart works.
The mitral valve is one of four valves in the heart that keep blood flowing in the right direction. Each valve has flaps (leaflets) that open and close once during each heartbeat. If a valve doesn't open or close properly, blood flow through the heart to the body can be reduced.
In mitral valve prolapse, one or both of the mitral valve leaflets have extra tissue or stretch more than usual. The leaflets can bulge backward (prolapse) like a parachute into the left upper heart chamber (left atrium) each time the heart contracts to pump blood.
The bulging may keep the valve from closing tightly. If blood leaks backward through the valve, the condition is called mitral valve regurgitation.
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Mitral valve prolapse can develop in any person at any age. Serious symptoms of mitral valve prolapse tend to occur most often in men older than 50.
Mitral valve prolapse can occur in families (be inherited) and may be linked to several other conditions, including:
|
Potential complications of mitral valve prolapse may include:
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To diagnose mitral valve prolapse, your health care provider will usually do a physical exam and listen to your heart with a stethoscope.
If you have mitral valve prolapse, a clicking sound may be heard through the stethoscope. If blood is leaking backward through the mitral valve, a whooshing sound (heart murmur) also may be heard.
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Most people with mitral valve prolapse, particularly people without symptoms, don't require treatment.
If you have mitral valve regurgitation but don't have symptoms, your health care provider may recommend regular checkups to monitor your condition.
If you have severe mitral valve regurgitation, medications or surgery may be needed even if you don't have symptoms.
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Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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mitral valve prolapse, mitral valve prolapse symptoms, leaking backward through the valve
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135 |
Airplane ear
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/airplane-ear/symptoms-causes/syc-20351701
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/airplane-ear/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351707
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Airplane ear is stress on the eardrum that happens when the air pressure in the middle ear and the air pressure outside the ear are out of balance. Airplane ear might happen on an airplane that's climbing after takeoff or going lower for a landing.
Airplane ear also is called ear barotrauma, barotitis media and aerotitis media.
Self-care steps, such as yawning, swallowing or chewing gum, usually can improve airplane ear symptoms. But a severe case of airplane ear might need medical help.
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Airplane ear can happen in one or both ears. Common symptoms of airplane ear include:
Symptoms of severe airplane ear might include:
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For ear discomfort or fullness or muffled hearing that lasts more than a few days, or for severe symptoms, make a medical appointment.
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Airplane ear happens when the air pressure in the middle ear and the air pressure inside the airplane don't match. The mismatch keeps the eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane, from moving as usual.
A narrow passage called the eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the back of the nose and throat. The eustachian tube keeps air pressure even.
When an airplane climbs or goes lower, the air pressure changes fast. The eustachian tube often can't react fast enough. That causes the symptoms of airplane ear.
Swallowing or yawning opens the eustachian tube. The opening lets the middle ear get more air. This equals out the air pressure.
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Anything that blocks the eustachian tube or keeps it from working as usual can increase the risk of airplane ear. Common risk factors include:
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Airplane ear usually isn't serious and gets better with self-care. Rarely, complications can happen when the condition is serious or long-lasting. Also, complications can happen if there's damage to the middle or inner ear.
Rare complicationsmay include:
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To prevent or avoid airplane ear, follow these tips:
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Diagnosis of airplane ear, also called ear barotrauma, is based on medical history and an exam of the ear with a lighted tool called an otoscope.
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For most people, airplane ear heals with time. When the symptoms don't go away, treatments to even out the pressure might help symptoms of airplane ear.
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If you have severe pain or symptoms linked to airplane ear that don't get better with self-care, talk to a healthcare professional. You might then be referred to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist.
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Here are the extracted symptoms:
ear
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138 |
Body dysmorphic disorder
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-dysmorphic-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353938
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/body-dysmorphic-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353944
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Body dysmorphic disorder is a mental health condition in which you can't stop thinking about one or more perceived defects or flaws in your appearance — a flaw that appears minor or can't be seen by others. But you may feel so embarrassed, ashamed and anxious that you may avoid many social situations.
When you have body dysmorphic disorder, you intensely focus on your appearance and body image, repeatedly checking the mirror, grooming or seeking reassurance, sometimes for many hours each day. Your perceived flaw and the repetitive behaviors cause you significant distress and impact your ability to function in your daily life.
You may seek out numerous cosmetic procedures to try to "fix" your perceived flaw. Afterward, you may feel temporary satisfaction or a reduction in your distress, but often the anxiety returns and you may resume searching for other ways to fix your perceived flaw.
Treatment of body dysmorphic disorder may include cognitive behavioral therapy and medication.
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Signs and symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder include:
Being extremely preoccupied with a perceived flaw in appearance that to others can't be seen or appears minor
Strong belief that you have a defect in your appearance that makes you ugly or deformed
Belief that others take special notice of your appearance in a negative way or mock you
Engaging in behaviors aimed at fixing or hiding the perceived flaw that are difficult to resist or control, such as frequently checking the mirror, grooming or skin picking
Attempting to hide perceived flaws with styling, makeup or clothes
Constantly comparing your appearance with others
Frequently seeking reassurance about your appearance from others
Having perfectionist tendencies
Seeking cosmetic procedures with little satisfaction
Avoiding social situations
Preoccupation with your appearance and excessive thoughts and repetitive behaviors can be unwanted, difficult to control and so time-consuming that they can cause major distress or problems in your social life, work, school or other areas of functioning.
You may excessively focus over one or more parts of your body. The bodily feature that you focus on may change over time. The most common features people tend to fixate about include:
Face, such as nose, complexion, wrinkles, acne and other blemishes
Hair, such as appearance, thinning and baldness
Skin and vein appearance
Breast size
Muscle size and tone
Genitalia
A preoccupation with your body build being too small or not muscular enough (muscle dysmorphia) occurs almost exclusively in males.
Insight about body dysmorphic disorder varies. You may recognize that your beliefs about your perceived flaws may be excessive or not be true, or think that they probably are true, or be absolutely convinced that they're true. The more convinced you are of your beliefs, the more distress and disruption you may experience in your life.
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Shame and embarrassment about your appearance may keep you from seeking treatment for body dysmorphic disorder. But if you have any signs or symptoms, see your health care provider or a mental health professional.
Body dysmorphic disorder usually doesn't get better on its own. If left untreated, it may get worse over time, leading to anxiety, extensive medical bills, severe depression, and even suicidal thoughts and behavior.
Suicidal thoughts and behavior are common with body dysmorphic disorder. If you think you may hurt yourself or attempt suicide, get help right away:
In the U.S, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.
Contact a suicide hotline. In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use theLifeline Chat. Services are free and confidential.
Call your mental health professional.
Seek help from your primary care provider.
Reach out to a close friend or loved one.
Contact a minister, spiritual leader or someone else in your faith community.
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It's not known specifically what causes body dysmorphic disorder. Like many other mental health conditions, body dysmorphic disorder may result from a combination of issues, such as a family history of the disorder, negative evaluations or experiences about your body or self-image, and abnormal brain function or abnormal levels of the brain chemical called serotonin.
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Body dysmorphic disorder typically starts in the early teenage years and it affects both males and females.
Certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering body dysmorphic disorder, including:
Having blood relatives with body dysmorphic disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder
Negative life experiences, such as childhood teasing, neglect or abuse
Certain personality traits, such as perfectionism
Societal pressure or expectations of beauty
Having another mental health condition, such as anxiety or depression
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Complications that may be caused by or associated with body dysmorphic disorder include, for example:
Low self-esteem
Social isolation
Major depression or other mood disorders
Suicidal thoughts or behavior
Anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Eating disorders
Substance misuse
Health problems from behaviors such as skin picking
Physical pain or risk of disfigurement due to repeated surgical interventions
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There's no known way to prevent body dysmorphic disorder. However, because body dysmorphic disorder often starts in the early teenage years, identifying the disorder early and starting treatment may be of some benefit.
Long-term maintenance treatment also may help prevent a relapse of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms.
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After a medical evaluation to help rule out other medical conditions, your health care provider may make a referral to a mental health professional for further evaluation.
Diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder is typically based on:
A psychological evaluation that assesses risk factors and thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to negative self-image
Personal, social, family and medical history
Signs and symptoms
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Treatment for body dysmorphic disorder often includes a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and medications.
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Talk with your health care provider or mental health professional about improving your coping skills, and ways to focus on identifying, monitoring and changing the negative thoughts and behaviors about your appearance.
Consider these tips to help cope with body dysmorphic disorder:
Write in a journal.This can help you better identify negative thoughts, emotions and behaviors.
Don't become isolated.Try to participate in social activities and regularly get together with friends and family who can act as healthy supports.
Take care of yourself.Eat healthy, stay physically active and get sufficient sleep.
Join a support group.Connect with others facing similar challenges.
Stay focused on your goals.Recovery is an ongoing process. Stay motivated by keeping your recovery goals in mind.
Learn relaxation and stress management.Try practicing stress-reduction techniques such as meditation or deep breathing.
Don't make important decisions when you're feeling distress or despair.You may not be thinking clearly and may regret your decisions later.
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Although you may start out talking with your health care provider about your concerns, you'll likely be referred to a mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, for further evaluation and specialized treatment.
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Body dysmorphic disorder warrants treatment from a mental health professional. But you can do some things to build on your treatment plan, such as:
Stick to your treatment plan.Don't skip therapy sessions, even if you don't feel like going. Even if you're feeling well, continue to take your medications. If you stop, symptoms may come back. You could also experience withdrawal-like symptoms from stopping a medication too suddenly.
Learn about your disorder.Education about body dysmorphic disorder can empower you and motivate you to stick to your treatment plan.
Pay attention to warning signs.Work with your health care provider or mental health provider to learn what might trigger your symptoms. Make a plan so you know what to do if symptoms return. Contact your health care provider or mental health provider if you notice any changes in symptoms or how you feel.
Practice learned strategies.At home, routinely practice the skills you learn during therapy so they become stronger habits.
Avoid drugs and alcohol.Alcohol and recreational drugs can worsen symptoms or interact with medications.
Get active.Physical activity and exercise can help manage many symptoms, such as depression, stress and anxiety. Consider walking, jogging, swimming, gardening or taking up another form of physical activity you enjoy. However, avoid excessive exercise as a way to fix a perceived flaw.
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muscle size and tone, genitalia, acne, skin picking, perfectionist tendencies, thinning, muscle dysmorphia, excessive focus, wrinkles, major distress, blemishes, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
preoccupation, distress, strong belief, dysmorphic disorder, belief, frequent checking, avoidance, baldness, excessive thoughts, vein appearance, repetitive behaviors
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139 |
Behcet disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/behcet-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351326
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/behcet-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351331
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/behcet-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20351333
|
Behcet (beh-CHET) disease, also called Behcet syndrome, is a rare condition. It causes blood vessel swelling, called inflammation, throughout the body.
Behcet disease symptoms can seem like they aren't related at first. They can include mouth sores, eye irritation and swelling, skin rashes and sores, and genital sores.
Treatment involves medicines to ease symptoms of Behcet disease and to prevent serious complications, such as blindness.
|
Behcet disease symptoms vary from person to person. Symptoms can come and go or become less serious over time. Symptoms depend on which parts of the body the condition affects.
Behcet disease most often affects the following:
Mouth.Painful mouth sores that look like canker sores are the most common sign of Behcet disease. They begin as raised, round sores in the mouth. They quickly turn into painful ulcers.The sores most often heal in 1 to 3 weeks. But they often come back.
Skin.Some people get sores that look like acne on their bodies. Others get raised and tender growths called nodules on their skin, mainly on the lower legs.
Genitals.Open sores can happen on the scrotum or the vulva. The sores are most often painful and can leave scars.
Eyes.Irritation and swelling, called inflammation, in the eye causes redness, pain and blurred vision. Called uveitis, this inflammation most often affects both eyes. In people with Behcet disease, these symptoms can come and go.
Joints.Joint swelling and pain often affect the knees in people with Behcet disease. The ankles, elbows or wrists also might be involved. Symptoms can last 1 to 3 weeks and go away on their own.
Blood vessels.Swelling, called inflammation, in veins and arteries can cause redness and pain. It can cause a blood clot, which leads to swelling in the arms or legs. Inflammation in the large arteries can lead to complications. These include bulges in the artery that can burst, called aneurysms, and narrowed or blocked blood vessels.
Digestive system.Several symptoms can affect the network of organs that digest food, called the digestive system. Symptoms may include belly pain, diarrhea and bleeding.
Brain.Swelling, called inflammation, in the brain and nervous system can cause headache, fever, confusion, poor balance or stroke.
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Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms that might be Behcet disease. If you've been diagnosed with the condition, see your health professional if you get new symptoms.
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Behcet disease might be an autoimmune disorder, which means the body's immune system attacks some of its own healthy cells by mistake. It's likely that gene changes and factors in the environment play a role.
Experts believe that swelling of the blood vessels, called vasculitis, causes the symptoms of Behcet disease. The condition can involve arteries and veins of all sizes. Vasculitis can damage blood vessels all through the body.
Some genes might make people more likely to get Behcet disease. Some researchers think that a germ can trigger the disease in people who have these genes.
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Factors that might increase your risk of Behcet disease include:
Age.Behcet disease most often affects people in their 20s and 30s. But children and older adults also can have the condition.
Country.People from countries in the Middle East and East Asia, including Turkey, Iran, Japan and China, are more likely to get Behcet disease.
Sex assigned at birth.Behcet disease can happen to anyone. But the disease is most often worse in people assigned male at birth.
Genes.Certain genes may be linked with a higher risk of getting Behcet disease.
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Complications of Behcet disease depend on symptoms. For instance, untreated uveitis can lead to loss of vision or blindness. If you have eye symptoms of Behcet disease, see an eye specialist, called an ophthalmologist, regularly. Treatment can help prevent this complication.
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No tests can show that you have Behcet disease. So your healthcare professional mainly makes the diagnosis based on your symptoms. Nearly everyone with the condition gets mouth sores. So mouth sores that come back at least three times in 12 months often are needed for a diagnosis of Behcet disease.
Also, a diagnosis of Behcet disease needs at least two other symptoms, such as:
Genital sores that keep coming back.
Swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the eye.
Skin sores.
Tests to help diagnose Behcet disease include:
Lab tests.Blood tests or other lab tests might rule out other conditions.
Pathergy test.Your healthcare professional puts a sterile needle into your skin and looks at the area 1 to 2 days later. If the test is positive, a small bump forms under your skin where the needle was put in. This shows that your immune system reacts too much to a minor injury.
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There's no cure for Behcet disease. If you have a mild form, your healthcare professional might suggest medicines to manage the pain and swelling of flares. You might not need medicine between flares. For some people, symptoms get better over time.
For worse symptoms, you might take medicines to manage Behcet disease throughout your body. Plus you might take medicines for flares.
|
No one can predict the course of Behcet disease. And not knowing might be hard. Taking good care of yourself might help you cope with Behcet disease. Try to:
Rest during flares.When symptoms appear, take time for yourself. Make time in your day to rest when you need to. Try to lower stress.
Be active when symptoms improve.Moderate exercise, such as walking or swimming, can make you feel better between Behcet disease flares. Exercise can strengthen your body, help keep your joints moving and improve your mood.
Connect with others.Because Behcet disease is rare, it may be hard to find others with the disease. Ask your healthcare team about support groups in your area. If you can't connect with someone close, the American Behcet's Disease Association offers message boards and chat rooms where you can connect with other people who have the condition.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Your health professional might send you to a specialist who treats arthritis and other rheumatic illnesses, called a rheumatologist.
Depending on your symptoms, you also might need to see an ophthalmologist for eye problems, a gynecologist or urologist for genital sores, a dermatologist for skin problems, a gastroenterologist for digestive troubles, or a neurologist for symptoms that involve the brain or central nervous system.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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ulcers, joint pain, headache, swelling, uveitis, behcet disease, poor balance, nodules, acne, open sores, growths, diarrhea, joint swelling, belly pain, bleeding, painful mouth sores, redness, pain, fever, blurred vision, painful ulcers, painful sores, aneurysms, confusion, inflammation, stroke
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140 |
Geographic tongue
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/geographic-tongue/symptoms-causes/syc-20354396
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/geographic-tongue/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354401
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Geographic tongue is an inflammatory but harmless condition affecting the surface of the tongue. The tongue usually is covered with tiny, pinkish-white bumps called papillae. These papillae are actually fine, hairlike structures. With geographic tongue, patches on the surface of the tongue are missing papillae. These patches are smooth and red, often with slightly raised borders.
This condition is called geographic tongue because the patches make your tongue look like a map. The patches often appear in one area and then move to a different part of the tongue.
Although geographic tongue may look alarming, it does not cause health issues. It's not related to infection or cancer. Geographic tongue sometimes can cause tongue pain and make you more sensitive to certain foods, such as spices, salt and even sweets.
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Symptoms of geographic tongue may include:
Smooth, red, irregularly shaped patches on the top or side of your tongue. These patches may look like sores.
Frequent changes in the location, size and shape of the patches.
Pain or burning feeling in some cases, most often related to eating spicy or acidic foods.
Many people with geographic tongue have no symptoms.
Geographic tongue can continue for days, months or years. The problem often goes away on its own, but it may appear again later.
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Because most people with geographic tongue don't show symptoms, they won't need treatment. If you have symptoms, they may be related to a fungal infection, so see your doctor or dentist. In some cases, medicine may be prescribed to help ease symptoms.
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The cause of geographic tongue is not known, and there's no way to prevent it. There may be a link between geographic tongue and other conditions, such as psoriasis. This is a skin disease that causes a rash with itchy, scaly patches. But more research is needed to learn about possible connections to other health conditions.
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Factors that may increase your risk of geographic tongue include:
Family history.Some people with geographic tongue have a family history of it. So genetic factors may raise the risk.
Fissured tongue.People with geographic tongue often have a condition called fissured tongue. This is when deep grooves, called fissures, appear on the surface of the tongue.
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Geographic tongue is harmless, but it can sometimes be uncomfortable. It does not pose a threat to your health, cause long-term complications or raise your risk of major health problems.
This condition can cause anxiety. That's because the appearance of the tongue may be embarrassing, depending on how well the patches can be seen. It also may be hard to believe that nothing is seriously wrong.
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Your physician or dentist usually can diagnose geographic tongue by looking at your tongue and going over your symptoms.
During the exam, your physician or dentist may:
Use a lighted instrument to check your tongue and mouth.
Ask you to move your tongue around in various positions.
Gently touch your tongue to check for tenderness or unusual changes in the tongue's texture.
Check for signs of infection, such as fever or swollen lymph nodes in the neck.
Some symptoms of geographic tongue may look like other conditions, such as oral lichen planus. This condition appears as lacy white patches in the mouth — sometimes with painful sores. So some conditions might need to be ruled out before making a diagnosis.
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Geographic tongue usually does not need any medical treatment. While geographic tongue sometimes can cause tongue pain, it's a harmless condition.
To manage pain or sensitivity, your doctor may recommend medicines such as:
Pain relievers available without a prescription.
Mouth rinses that numb the area.
Antihistamine mouth rinses. Antihistamines are used to reduce swelling.
Corticosteroid ointments or rinses. Corticosteroids are used to manage conditions that cause swelling or affect the immune system, such as lichen planus.
Vitamin B or zinc.
Medications for fungal infections.
Because these treatments haven't been studied in great detail, their benefit is not known. Since geographic tongue comes and goes on its own, you may not be able to tell if treatments are making symptoms go away.
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If you're worried about how your tongue looks, make an appointment with your doctor or dentist.
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Most people with geographic tongue don't experience symptoms. But if you have symptoms, you may reduce pain by staying away from or limiting substances that commonly make sensitive oral tissues feel worse. These substances include spicy or acidic foods or beverages, as well as alcohol and tobacco.
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pain, irregularly shaped patches, red, burning feeling, smooth
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141 |
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vertigo/symptoms-causes/syc-20370055
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vertigo/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370060
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vertigo/doctors-departments/ddc-20370061
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Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is one of the most common causes of vertigo — the sudden sensation that you're spinning or that the inside of your head is spinning.
BPPVcauses brief episodes of mild to intense dizziness. It is usually triggered by specific changes in your head's position. This might occur when you tip your head up or down, when you lie down, or when you turn over or sit up in bed.
AlthoughBPPVcan be bothersome, it's rarely serious except when it increases the chance of falls. You can receive effective treatment forBPPVduring a doctor's office visit.
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The signs and symptoms of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) may include:
Dizziness
A sense that you or your surroundings are spinning or moving (vertigo)
A loss of balance or unsteadiness
Nausea
Vomiting
The signs and symptoms ofBPPVcan come and go and commonly last less than one minute. Episodes ofBPPVcan disappear for some time and then recur.
Activities that bring about the signs and symptoms ofBPPVcan vary from person to person, but are almost always brought on by a change in head position. Some people also feel out of balance when standing or walking.
Abnormal rhythmic eye movements usually accompany the symptoms of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
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Generally, see your doctor if you experience any recurrent, sudden, severe, or prolonged and unexplained dizziness or vertigo.
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Often, there's no known cause forBPPV. This is called idiopathicBPPV.
When there is a known cause,BPPVis often associated with a minor to severe blow to your head. Less common causes ofBPPVinclude disorders that damage your inner ear or, rarely, damage that occurs during ear surgery or long periods positioned on your back, such as in a dentist chair.BPPValso has been associated with migraines.
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Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo occurs most often in people age 50 and older, but can occur at any age.BPPVis also more common in women than in men. A head injury or any other disorder of the balance organs of your ear may make you more susceptible toBPPV.
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AlthoughBPPVis uncomfortable, it rarely causes complications. The dizziness ofBPPVcan make you unsteady, which may put you at greater risk of falling.
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Your doctor may do a series of tests to determine the cause of your dizziness. During a physical exam, your doctor will likely look for:
Signs and symptoms of dizziness that are prompted by eye or head movements and then decrease in less than one minute
Dizziness with specific eye movements that occur when you lie on your back with your head turned to one side and tipped slightly over the edge of the examination bed
Involuntary movements of your eyes from side to side
Inability to control your eye movements
If your doctor can't find the cause of your signs and symptoms, he or she may order additional testing, such as:
Electronystagmography (ENG) or videonystagmography (VNG).The purpose of these tests is to detect abnormal eye movement.ENG(which uses electrodes) orVNG(which uses small cameras) can help determine if dizziness is due to inner ear disease by measuring involuntary eye movements while your head is placed in different positions or your balance organs are stimulated with water or air.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).This test uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create cross-sectional images of your head and body. Your doctor can use these images to identify and diagnose a range of conditions.MRImay be performed to rule out other possible causes of vertigo.
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Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo may go away on its own within a few weeks or months. But, to help relieveBPPVsooner, your doctor, audiologist or physical therapist may treat you with a series of movements known as the canalith repositioning procedure.
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Make an appointment with your doctor if you have symptoms common toBPPV. After an initial examination, your doctor may refer you to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist or a doctor who specializes in the brain and nervous system (neurologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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If you experience dizziness associated withBPPV, consider these tips:
Be aware of the possibility of losing your balance, which can lead to falling and serious injury.
Avoid movements, such as looking up, that bring on the symptoms.
Sit down immediately when you feel dizzy.
Use good lighting if you get up at night.
Walk with a cane for stability if you're at risk of falling.
Work closely with your doctor to manage your symptoms effectively.
BPPVmay recur even after successful therapy. Although there's no cure, the condition can be managed with physical therapy and home treatments.
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unsteadiness, nausea, out of balance, vomiting, dizziness, loss of balance, bppv, vertigo, nausea
vomiting
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142 |
IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iga-nephropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352268
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iga-nephropathy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352274
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iga-nephropathy/doctors-departments/ddc-20352277
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IgAnephropathy (nuh-FROP-uh-thee), also known as Berger disease, is a kidney disease. It happens when a germ-fighting protein called immunoglobulin A (IgA) builds up in the kidneys. This causes a type of swelling called inflammation that, over time, can make it harder for the kidneys to filter waste from the blood.
IgAnephropathy often becomes worse slowly over years. But the course of the disease varies from person to person. Some people leak blood into their urine without having other problems. Others might have complications such as losing kidney function and spilling protein into the urine. Still others develop kidney failure, which means the kidneys stop working well enough to filter the body's waste on their own.
There's no cure forIgAnephropathy, but medicines can slow how quickly it becomes worse. Some people need treatment to lower inflammation, reduce the spilling of protein into the urine and prevent the kidneys from failing. Such treatments may help the disease become not active, a state called remission. Keeping blood pressure under control and lowering cholesterol also slow the disease.
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IgAnephropathy often doesn't cause symptoms early on. You might not notice any health effects for 10 years or more. Sometimes, routine medical tests find signs of the disease, such as protein and red blood cells in the urine that are seen under a microscope.
WhenIgAnephropathy causes symptoms, they might include:
Cola- or tea-colored urine caused by blood. You might notice these color changes after a cold, sore throat or respiratory infection.
Blood that can be seen in the urine.
Foamy urine from protein leaking into the urine. This is called proteinuria.
Pain on one or both sides of the back below the ribs.
Swelling in the hands and feet called edema.
High blood pressure.
Weakness and tiredness.
If the disease leads to kidney failure, symptoms may include:
Rashes and itchy skin.
Muscle cramps.
Upset stomach and vomiting.
Less appetite.
Metallic taste in the mouth.
Confusion.
Kidney failure is life-threatening without treatment. But dialysis or a kidney transplant can help people live for many more years.
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See your doctor if you think you have symptoms ofIgAnephropathy. It's key to get a checkup if you notice blood in your urine. Various conditions can cause this symptom. But if it keeps happening or it doesn't go away, it might be a sign of a serious health problem. Also see your doctor if you notice sudden swelling in your hands or feet.
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The kidneys are two bean-shaped, fist-sized organs located at the small of the back, one on each side of the spine. Each kidney contains tiny blood vessels called glomeruli. These vessels filter waste, extra water and other substances from the blood. Then the filtered blood goes back into the bloodstream. The waste products pass into the bladder and out of the body in urine.
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a type of protein called an antibody. The immune system makesIgAto help attack germs and fight infections. But withIgAnephropathy, this protein collects in the glomeruli. This causes inflammation and affects their filtering ability over time.
Researchers don't know exactly what causesIgAto build up in the kidneys. But the following things might be linked with it:
Genes.IgAnephropathy is more common in some families and in certain ethnic groups, such as people of Asian and European descent.
Liver diseases.These include scarring of the liver called cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B and C infections.
Celiac disease.Eating gluten, a protein found in most grains, triggers this digestive condition.
Infections.These includeHIVand some bacterial infections.
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The exact cause ofIgAnephropathy is unknown. But these factors might raise the risk of getting it:
Sex.In North America and Western Europe,IgAnephropathy affects at least twice as many men as it does women.
Ethnicity.IgAnephropathy is more common in white people and people of Asian descent than it is in Black people.
Age.IgAnephropathy most often develops between the mid-teens and mid-30s.
Family history.IgAnephropathy appears to run in some families.
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The course ofIgAnephropathy varies from person to person. Some people have the disease for years with few or no problems. Many don't get diagnosed. Other people develop one or more of the following complications:
High blood pressure.Damage to the kidneys fromIgAbuildup can raise blood pressure. And high blood pressure can do more damage to the kidneys.
High cholesterol.High levels of cholesterol can raise the risk of a heart attack.
Acute kidney failure.If the kidneys can't filter blood well enough due to buildup ofIgA, levels of waste products rise quickly in the blood. And if kidney function gets worse very quickly, health care professionals may use the term rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.
Chronic kidney disease.IgAnephropathy can cause the kidneys to stop working over time. Then a treatment called dialysis or a kidney transplant is needed to live.
Nephrotic syndrome.This is a group of problems that can be caused by damage to the glomeruli. The problems can include high urine protein levels, low blood protein levels, high cholesterol and lipids, and swelling of the eyelids, feet and stomach area.
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You can't preventIgAnephropathy. Talk with your doctor if you have a family history of the disease. Ask what you can do to keep your kidneys healthy. For example, it helps to lower high blood pressure and keep cholesterol at healthy levels.
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IgAnephropathy is often found after you notice blood in your urine. Or a routine test might show that you have protein or blood in your urine. You'll need other exams too. They may include:
Urine tests.A lab can check a sample of your urine under a microscope. This is done to find out how well your kidneys are working and how much protein the kidneys are spilling. WithIgAnephropathy, the lab exam shows blood in the urine or other signs that could hint at inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys, called glomeruli.
Blood tests.If you have kidney disease, blood tests might show higher levels of the waste product creatinine or the protein cystatin C.
Kidney biopsy.This procedure is the only way to confirm whether you haveIgAnephropathy. A special needle is used to take out small pieces of kidney tissue. Then the tissue is checked under a microscope.
Iothalamate clearance test.Your doctor also may recommend this test. It uses a special contrast agent to track how well your kidneys are filtering wastes.
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There's no cure forIgAnephropathy. There's also no sure way to predict how much the disease will affect your health over time. Some people need only medical tests to track whether the disease is getting worse.
For others, medicines can slow the disease from becoming worse and help manage symptoms.
Medicines to treatIgAnephropathy include:
High blood pressure drugs.Medicines called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) can lower blood pressure and reduce how much protein the body loses.
Medicines that calm the immune system.These also are called immunosuppressants. They include corticosteroids and other strong medicines that can lessen the body's defenses. They might keep the immune system from making the proteins that attack the glomeruli. These medicines can cause serious side effects, such as high blood pressure, high blood sugar and a greater risk of infection. Your doctor helps you choose an immunosuppressant medicine. Many new treatments have been approved or are being tested in clinical trials. Talk with your doctor about the latest advances in the treatment ofIgAnephropathy.
Omega-3 fatty acids.These healthy fats might curb inflammation in the glomeruli without harmful side effects. You can get omega-3s from fish oil supplements. But don't buy those off the shelf. Ask your doctor if prescription fish oil supplements might help you.
Cholesterol medicine.If you have high cholesterol, this type of medicine can help control it and slow down kidney damage.
Diuretics.These can help control swelling in the hands and feet called edema.
The main goal of treatment is to keep you from needing dialysis or a kidney transplant. But either of those treatments can be lifesaving if your kidneys stop working well enough on their own.
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Coping with severe forms ofIgAnephropathy can be a challenge. But you don't have to do it alone. If you have questions or you need guidance, talk with a member of your health care team.
It also might help to join a support group. You can meet other people who may understand what you're going through and share information with you. To find out about support groups in your area that deal with kidney disease, ask your health care team. Or contact the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) to learn aboutNKFPeers, a national, telephone-based peer support program. Call855-NKF-PEER(855-653-7337) to join.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary doctor. But you might be referred to a doctor who is trained to treat kidney disorders, called a nephrologist. Here are some tips to get ready for your appointment.
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To help keep your kidneys healthier:
Take steps to lower your blood pressure.This can help slow kidney damage fromIgAnephropathy. Start with some healthy lifestyle changes. Limit how much sodium and fat you eat. Lose any extra weight. Get regular exercise. And if you drink alcohol, do so in moderation. Also take your blood pressure medicines as prescribed.
Keep track of your blood pressure at home.If your health care team asks you to do this, write down each blood pressure reading. Then bring the record with you to checkups.
Eat less protein.Ask your doctor if you should cut back on protein. This may help slowIgAnephropathy from becoming worse and protect your kidneys.
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upset stomach, foamy urine, respiratory infection, less appetite, metallic taste in mouth, rashes, itchy, pain on one or both sides of the back below the ribs, iganephropathy, tiredness, wheniganephropathy, blood in the urine, cola- or tea-colored urine, edema, proteinuria, vomiting, kidney failure, appetite, pain, itchy skin, throat, weakness, high blood pressure, confusion, swelling in the hands and feet, tea-colored, muscle cramps
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143 |
Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholangiocarcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352408
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholangiocarcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352413
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholangiocarcinoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20352415
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Cholangiocarcinoma is a type of cancer that forms in the slender tubes (bile ducts) that carry the digestive fluid bile. Bile ducts connect your liver to your gallbladder and to your small intestine.
Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, occurs mostly in people older than age 50, though it can occur at any age.
Doctors divide cholangiocarcinoma into different types based on where the cancer occurs in the bile ducts:
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomaoccurs in the parts of the bile ducts within the liver and is sometimes classified as a type of liver cancer.
Hilar cholangiocarcinomaoccurs in the bile ducts just outside of the liver. This type is also called perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Distal cholangiocarcinomaoccurs in the portion of the bile duct nearest the small intestine. This type is also called extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Cholangiocarcinoma is often diagnosed when it's advanced, making successful treatment difficult to achieve.
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Signs and symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma include:
Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
Intensely itchy skin
White-colored stools
Fatigue
Abdominal pain on the right side, just below the ribs
Losing weight without trying
Fever
Night sweats
Dark urine
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See your doctor if you have persistent fatigue, abdominal pain, jaundice, or other signs and symptoms that bother you. He or she may refer you to a specialist in digestive diseases (gastroenterologist).
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Cholangiocarcinoma happens when cells in the bile ducts develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply out of control and form a mass of cells (tumor) that can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. It's not clear what causes the changes that lead to cholangiocarcinoma.
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Factors that may increase your risk of cholangiocarcinoma include:
Primary sclerosing cholangitis.This disease causes hardening and scarring of the bile ducts.
Chronic liver disease.Scarring of the liver caused by a history of chronic liver disease increases the risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
Bile duct problems present at birth.People born with a choledochal cyst, which causes dilated and irregular bile ducts, have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
A liver parasite.In areas of Southeast Asia, cholangiocarcinoma is associated with liver fluke infection, which can occur from eating raw or undercooked fish.
Older age.Cholangiocarcinoma occurs most often in adults over age 50.
Smoking.Smoking is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
Diabetes.People who have type 1 or 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma.
Certain inherited conditions.Some DNA changes passed from parents to children cause conditions that increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Examples of these conditions include cystic fibrosis and Lynch syndrome.
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To reduce your risk of cholangiocarcinoma, you can:
Stop smoking.Smoking is linked to an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. If you smoke, stop. If you have tried quitting in the past and haven't been successful, talk with your doctor about strategies to help you quit.
Reduce your risk of liver disease.Chronic liver disease is associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Some causes of liver disease can't be prevented, but others can. Do what you can to take care of your liver.For instance, to reduce your risk of liver inflammation (cirrhosis), drink alcohol in moderation, if you choose to drink. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men. Maintain a healthy weight. When working with chemicals, follow the safety instructions.
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If your doctor suspects cholangiocarcinoma, he or she may have you undergo one or more of the following tests:
Liver function tests.Blood tests to measure your liver function can give your doctor clues about what's causing your signs and symptoms.
Tumor marker test.Checking the level of carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 in your blood may give your doctor additional clues about your diagnosis.CA19-9 is a protein that's overproduced by bile duct cancer cells.A high level ofCA19-9 in your blood doesn't mean you have bile duct cancer, though. This result can also occur in other bile duct diseases, such as bile duct inflammation and obstruction.
A test to examine your bile duct with a small camera.During endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), a thin, flexible tube equipped with a tiny camera is passed down your throat and through your digestive tract to your small intestine. The camera is used to examine the area where your bile ducts connect to your small intestine. Your doctor may also use this procedure to inject dye into the bile ducts to help them show up better on imaging tests.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests can help your doctor see your internal organs and look for signs of cholangiocarcinoma. Techniques used to diagnose bile duct cancer include ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP).MRCPis increasingly being used as a noninvasive alternative toERCP. It offers 3D images without the need for a dye to enhance the images.
A procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope.If the suspicious area is located very near where the bile duct joins the small intestine, your doctor may obtain a biopsy sample duringERCP. If the suspicious area is within or near the liver, your doctor may obtain a tissue sample by inserting a long needle through your skin to the affected area (fine-needle aspiration). He or she may use an imaging test, such as an endoscopic ultrasound orCTscan, to guide the needle to the precise area.How your doctor collects a biopsy sample may influence which treatment options are available to you later. For example, if your bile duct cancer is biopsied by fine-needle aspiration, you will become ineligible for liver transplantation. Don't hesitate to ask about your doctor's experience with diagnosing cholangiocarcinoma. If you have any doubts, get a second opinion.
If your doctor confirms a diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma, he or she tries to determine the extent (stage) of the cancer. Often this involves additional imaging tests. Your cancer's stage helps determine your prognosis and your treatment options.
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Treatments for cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) may include:
Surgery.When possible, surgeons try to remove as much of the cancer as they can. For very small bile duct cancers, this involves removing part of the bile duct and joining the cut ends. For more-advanced bile duct cancers, nearby liver tissue, pancreas tissue or lymph nodes may be removed as well.
Liver transplant.Surgery to remove your liver and replace it with one from a donor (liver transplant) may be an option in certain situations for people with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. For many, a liver transplant can be a cure for hilar cholangiocarcinoma, but there is a risk that the cancer will recur after a liver transplant.
Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be used before a liver transplant. It may also be an option for people with advanced cholangiocarcinoma to help slow the disease and relieve signs and symptoms. Chemotherapy drugs can be infused into a vein so that they travel throughout the body. Or the drugs can be administered in a way so that they are delivered directly to the cancer cells.
Radiation therapy.Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams from sources such as X-rays and protons to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can involve a machine that directs radiation beams at your body (external beam radiation). Or it can involve placing radioactive material inside your body near the site of your cancer (brachytherapy).
Targeted drug therapy.Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within cancer cells. By blocking these abnormalities, targeted drug treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Your doctor may test your cancer cells to see if targeted therapy may be effective against your cholangiocarcinoma.
Immunotherapy.Immunotherapy uses your immune system to fight cancer. Your body's disease-fighting immune system may not attack your cancer because the cancer cells produce proteins that help them hide from the immune system cells. Immunotherapy works by interfering with that process. For cholangiocarcinoma, immunotherapy might be an option for advanced cancer when other treatments haven't helped.
Heating cancer cells.Radiofrequency ablation uses electric current to heat and destroy cancer cells. Using an imaging test as a guide, such as ultrasound, the doctor inserts one or more thin needles into small incisions in your abdomen. When the needles reach the cancer, they're heated with an electric current, destroying the cancer cells.
Photodynamic therapy.In photodynamic therapy, a light-sensitive chemical is injected into a vein and accumulates in the fast-growing cancer cells. Laser light directed at the cancer causes a chemical reaction in the cancer cells, killing them. You'll typically need multiple treatments. Photodynamic therapy can help relieve your signs and symptoms, and it may also slow cancer growth. You'll need to avoid sun exposure after treatments.
Biliary drainage.Biliary drainage is a procedure to restore the flow of bile. It might involve placing a thin tube into the bile duct in order to drain the bile. Other strategies include bypass surgery to reroute the bile around the cancer and stents to hold open a bile duct being collapsed by cancer. Biliary drainage helps relieve signs and symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma.
Because cholangiocarcinoma is a very difficult type of cancer to treat, don't hesitate to ask about your doctor's experience with treating the condition. If you have any doubts, get a second opinion.
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Learning you have a life-threatening illness can be devastating. You will not find any easy answers for dealing with cholangiocarcinoma, but some of the following suggestions may help:
Learn what you need to know about your cancer.Ask your doctor about your cancer, including the type and stage of your cancer, your treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about cholangiocarcinoma, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions. Ask about trusted sources of further information.
Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with your cancer. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your home if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed.
Find someone to talk with.Although friends and family can be your best allies, in some cases they have difficulty coping with the shock of your diagnosis. In these cases, talking with a counselor, medical social worker, or a pastoral or religious counselor can be helpful. Ask your doctor for a referral.
Connect with other cancer survivors.You may find comfort in talking with other cancer survivors. Contact your local chapter of the American Cancer Society to find cancer support groups in your area.
Make plans for the unknown.Having a life-threatening illness, such as cancer, requires you to prepare for the possibility that you may die. For some people, having a strong faith or a sense of something greater than themselves makes it easier to come to terms with a life-threatening illness.Ask your doctor about advance directives and living wills to help you plan for end-of-life care, should you need it.
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Start by making an appointment with your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you. If you doctor determines that you have cholangiocarcinoma, he or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the digestive system (gastroenterologist) or to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer (oncologist).
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itchy skin, night sweats, fatigue, fever, jaundice, dark urine, abdominal pain, yellowing of skin, losing weight, itchy, white-colored stools, cholangiocarcinoma
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144 |
Alcohol poisoning
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20354386
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-poisoning/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354392
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Alcohol poisoning is a serious — and sometimes deadly — result of drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. Drinking too much too quickly can affect breathing, heart rate, body temperature and gag reflex. In some cases, this can lead to a coma and death.
Alcohol poisoning also can occur when adults or children accidentally or intentionally drink household products that contain alcohol.
If you think that someone has alcohol poisoning, get medical attention right away.
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Alcohol poisoning symptoms include:
Confusion.
Vomiting.
Seizures.
Slow breathing, which is fewer than eight breaths a minute.
Breathing that's not regular. This is when there is a gap of more than 10 seconds between breaths.
Skin that looks blue, gray or pale.
Low body temperature, also known as hypothermia.
Trouble staying conscious or awake.
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It's not necessary to have all the above symptoms before seeking medical help. A person with alcohol poisoning who has passed out or can't wake up could die.
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Alcohol in the form of ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, is in alcoholic beverages. It's also in mouthwash, some cooking extracts, some medicines and certain household products. Ethyl alcohol poisoning generally results from drinking too many alcoholic beverages in a short period of time.
Other forms of alcohol can cause toxic poisoning that requires emergency treatment. They include:
Isopropyl alcohol, which is found in rubbing alcohol, lotions and some cleaning products.
Methanol or ethylene glycol, which is a common ingredient in antifreeze, paints and solvents.
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Several factors can increase your risk of alcohol poisoning, including:
Your height and weight.
Health conditions that affect how your body processes alcohol.
Whether you've eaten recently.
Whether you've had alcohol along with other drugs, including medicines you take for health reasons.
The percentage of alcohol in your drinks.
How fast and how much alcohol you drink.
How your body processes alcohol.
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Severe complications can result from alcohol poisoning, including:
Choking.Alcohol may cause vomiting. Because it depresses the gag reflex, this increases the risk of choking on vomit if a person passes out.
Stopping breathing.Accidentally inhaling vomit into the lungs can lead to a dangerous or fatal interruption of breathing, also known as asphyxiation.
Severe loss of fluids.Vomiting can result in severe dehydration, which happens when the body doesn't have enough water and other fluids. This can lead to dangerously low blood pressure and a fast heart rate.
Seizures.The blood sugar level may drop low enough to cause seizures.
Hypothermia.The body temperature may drop so low that it leads to cardiac arrest.
Unusual heartbeat.Alcohol poisoning can cause a heartbeat that is not regular. It can even cause the heart to stop.
Brain damage.Heavy drinking may cause brain damage that can't be reversed.
Death.Any of the issues above can lead to death.
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To avoid alcohol poisoning:
Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to two drinks a day for males and one drink a day for females. When you drink, enjoy your drink slowly.
Don't drink alcohol along with certain medicines.Some medicines can cause harmful effects when taken with even small amounts of alcohol. And certain health conditions may mean it takes less alcohol than expected to reach the level of alcohol poisoning. Ask your health care provider if these risks apply to you.
Don't drink on an empty stomach.Having some food in your stomach may slow the process of absorbing alcohol somewhat. But it won't prevent alcohol poisoning during binge drinking.
Communicate with your teens.Talk to your teenagers about the dangers of alcohol, including binge drinking. Evidence suggests that children who are warned about alcohol by their parents and who report close relationships with their parents are less likely to start drinking.
Store products safely.If you have small children, store alcohol-containing products, including cosmetics, mouthwashes and medicines, out of their reach. Use childproof bathroom and kitchen cabinets to prevent access to household cleaners. Keep toxic items in your garage or storage area safely out of reach. Consider keeping alcoholic beverages under lock and key.
Get follow-up care.Ask about follow-up care for alcohol poisoning. Meeting with a health care provider, particularly an experienced chemical dependency counselor, can help prevent future binge drinking.
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In addition to checking for visible signs and symptoms of alcohol poisoning, your doctor will likely order blood and urine tests to check blood alcohol levels and identify other signs of alcohol toxicity, such as low blood sugar.
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Alcohol poisoning treatment usually involves supportive care while the body rids itself of the alcohol. This typically includes:
Monitoring to prevent breathing or choking problems.
Oxygen therapy.
Fluids given through a vein to prevent dehydration.
Use of vitamins and glucose to help prevent serious complications.
People who accidentally consume methanol or isopropyl alcohol may need hemodialysis. This is a mechanical way of filtering waste and toxins from the blood. It can speed the removal of alcohol from the blood.
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Home remedies for alcohol poisoning won't work. Alcohol poisoning is an emergency situation.
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alcohol poisoning, blue skin, vomiting, trouble staying conscious, low body temperature, gray skin, pale skin, confusion, slow breathing, hypothermia, seizures, irregular breathing
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145 |
Acne
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/symptoms-causes/syc-20368047
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368048
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/doctors-departments/ddc-20368049
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Acne is a skin condition that occurs when your hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. It causes whiteheads, blackheads or pimples. Acne is most common among teenagers, though it affects people of all ages.
Effective acne treatments are available, but acne can be persistent. The pimples and bumps heal slowly, and when one begins to go away, others seem to crop up.
Depending on its severity, acne can cause emotional distress and scar the skin. The earlier you start treatment, the lower your risk of such problems.
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Acne signs vary depending on the severity of your condition:
Whiteheads (closed plugged pores)
Blackheads (open plugged pores)
Small red, tender bumps (papules)
Pimples (pustules), which are papules with pus at their tips
Large, solid, painful lumps under the skin (nodules)
Painful, pus-filled lumps under the skin (cystic lesions)
Acne usually appears on the face, forehead, chest, upper back and shoulders.
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If self-care remedies don't clear your acne, see your primary care doctor. He or she can prescribe stronger medications. If acne persists or is severe, you may want to seek medical treatment from a doctor who specializes in the skin (dermatologist or pediatric dermatologist).
For many women, acne can persist for decades, with flares common a week before menstruation. This type of acne tends to clear up without treatment in women who use contraceptives.
In older adults, a sudden onset of severe acne may signal an underlying disease requiring medical attention.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warns that some popular nonprescription acne lotions, cleansers and other skin products can cause a serious reaction. This type of reaction is quite rare, so don't confuse it with any redness, irritation or itchiness that occurs in areas where you've applied medications or products.
Seek emergency medical helpif after using a skin product you experience:
Faintness
Difficulty breathing
Swelling of the eyes, face, lips or tongue
Tightness of the throat
|
Four main factors cause acne:
Excess oil (sebum) production
Hair follicles clogged by oil and dead skin cells
Bacteria
Inflammation
Acne typically appears on your face, forehead, chest, upper back and shoulders because these areas of skin have the most oil (sebaceous) glands. Hair follicles are connected to oil glands.
The follicle wall may bulge and produce a whitehead. Or the plug may be open to the surface and darken, causing a blackhead. A blackhead may look like dirt stuck in pores. But actually the pore is congested with bacteria and oil, which turns brown when it's exposed to the air.
Pimples are raised red spots with a white center that develop when blocked hair follicles become inflamed or infected with bacteria. Blockages and inflammation deep inside hair follicles produce cystlike lumps beneath the surface of your skin. Other pores in your skin, which are the openings of the sweat glands, aren't usually involved in acne.
Certain things may trigger or worsen acne:
Hormonal changes.Androgens are hormones that increase in boys and girls during puberty and cause the sebaceous glands to enlarge and make more sebum. Hormone changes during midlife, particularly in women, can lead to breakouts too.
Certain medications.Examples include drugs containing corticosteroids, testosterone or lithium.
Diet.Studies indicate that consuming certain foods — including carbohydrate-rich foods, such as bread, bagels and chips — may worsen acne. Further study is needed to examine whether people with acne would benefit from following specific dietary restrictions.
Stress.Stress doesn't cause acne, but if you have acne already, stress may make it worse.
|
Risk factors for acne include:
Age.People of all ages can get acne, but it's most common in teenagers.
Hormonal changes.Such changes are common during puberty or pregnancy.
Family history.Genetics plays a role in acne. If both of your parents had acne, you're likely to develop it too.
Greasy or oily substances.You may develop acne where your skin comes into contact with oil or oily lotions and creams.
Friction or pressure on your skin.This can be caused by items such as telephones, cellphones, helmets, tight collars and backpacks.
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People with darker skin types are more likely than are people with lighter skin to experience these acne complications:
Scars.Pitted skin (acne scars) and thick scars (keloids) can remain long-term after acne has healed.
Skin changes.After acne has cleared, the affected skin may be darker (hyperpigmented) or lighter (hypopigmented) than before the condition occurred.
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If you've tried over-the-counter (nonprescription) acne products for several weeks and they haven't helped, ask your doctor about prescription-strength medications. A dermatologist can help you:
Control your acne
Avoid scarring or other damage to your skin
Make scars less noticeable
Acne medications work by reducing oil production and swelling or by treating bacterial infection. With most prescription acne drugs, you may not see results for four to eight weeks. It can take many months or years for your acne to clear up completely.
The treatment regimen your doctor recommends depends on your age, the type and severity of your acne, and what you are willing to commit to. For example, you may need to wash and apply medications to the affected skin twice a day for several weeks. Topical medications and drugs you take by mouth (oral medication) are often used in combination. Treatment options for pregnant women are limited due to the risk of side effects.
Talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits of medications and other treatments you are considering. And make follow-up appointments with your doctor every three to six months until your skin improves.
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Acne and acne scars can cause anxiety and may affect your social relationships and self-image. Sometimes it can help to talk with your family, a support group or a counselor.
Stress can worsen acne. Try to manage stress by getting enough sleep and practicing relaxation techniques.
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If you have acne that's not responding to self-care and over-the-counter treatments, make an appointment with your doctor. Early, effective treatment of acne reduces the risk of scarring and of lasting damage to your self-esteem. After an initial examination, your doctor may refer you to a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions (dermatologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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You can try to avoid or control mild or moderate acne with nonprescription products, good basic skin care and other self-care techniques:
Wash problem areas with a gentle cleanser.Twice a day, use your hands to wash your face with mild soap or a gentle cleanser (Cetaphil, Vanicream, others) and warm water. And be gentle if you're shaving affected skin.Avoid certain products, such as facial scrubs, astringents and masks. They tend to irritate the skin, which can worsen acne. Too much washing and scrubbing also can irritate the skin.
Try over-the-counter acne products to dry excess oil and promote peeling.Look for products containing benzoyl peroxide and adapalene as the active ingredients. You might also try products containing salicylic acid, glycolic acid or alpha hydroxy acids. It may take a few weeks of using a product before you see any improvement.Creams are less irritating than gels or ointments. Nonprescription acne medications may cause initial side effects — such as redness, dryness and scaling — that often improve after the first month of using them.
Avoid irritants.Oily or greasy cosmetics, sunscreens, hairstyling products or acne concealers can worsen acne. Instead, use products labeled water-based or noncomedogenic, which means they are less likely to cause acne.
Protect your skin from the sun.For some people, the sun worsens the discoloration that sometimes lingers after the acne has cleared. And some acne medications make you more susceptible to sunburn. Check with your doctor to see if your medication is one of these. If it is, stay out of the sun as much as possible. Regularly use a nonoily (noncomedogenic) moisturizer that includes a sunscreen.
Avoid friction or pressure on your skin.Protect your acne-prone skin from contact with items such as phones, helmets, tight collars or straps, and backpacks.
Avoid touching or picking acne-prone areas.Doing so can trigger more acne or lead to infection or scarring.
Shower after strenuous activities.Oil and sweat on your skin can lead to breakouts.
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pain, acne, blackheads, tender bumps, painful, pus-filled lumps under the skin (cystic lesions, pimples, whiteheads, painful lumps, pus-filled lumps, small red bumps
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146 |
Bladder stones
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-stones/symptoms-causes/syc-20354339
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-stones/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354345
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-stones/doctors-departments/ddc-20354347
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Bladder stones are hard masses of minerals in your bladder. They develop when the minerals in concentrated urine crystallize and form stones. This often happens when you have trouble completely emptying your bladder.
Small bladder stones may pass without treatment, but sometimes bladder stones need medications or surgery. Left untreated, bladder stones may lead to infections and other complications.
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Sometimes bladder stones — even large ones — cause no problems. But if a stone irritates the bladder wall or blocks the flow of urine, signs and symptoms may include:
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Bladder stones can develop when your bladder doesn't empty completely. This causes urine to become concentrated urine. Concentrated urine can crystallize and form stones.
Some infections can lead to bladder stones. Sometimes an underlying condition that affects the bladder's ability to hold, store or eliminate urine can result in bladder stone formation. Any foreign materials present in the bladder tend to cause bladder stones.
The most common conditions that cause bladder stones include:
Other possible causes of bladder stones include:
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Men, especially those over 50, are more likely to have bladder stones.
Conditions that can raise the risk of bladder stones include:
It's possible to have nerve damage and a condition that causes bladder outlet obstruction. Having these together further increases the risk of stones.
|
Bladder stones that don't pass — even those that don't cause symptoms — can lead to complications, such as:
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Bladder stones are usually caused by an underlying condition that's hard to prevent, but you can decrease your chances of bladder stones by following these tips:
|
Diagnosing bladder stones may involve:
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Drinking lots of water may help a small stone pass naturally. However, because bladder stones are often caused by difficulty emptying your bladder completely, extra water may not be enough to make the stone pass.
Most of the time, you'll need to have the stones removed. There are a few ways to do this.
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If you have signs and symptoms of bladder stones, you're likely to see your primary care doctor first. You may then be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating urinary tract disorders (urologist).
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blocks flow of urine, bladder stones, irritates bladder wall
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147 |
Urinary incontinence
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-incontinence/symptoms-causes/syc-20352808
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-incontinence/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352814
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-incontinence/doctors-departments/ddc-20352818
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Urinary incontinence — the loss of bladder control — is a common and often embarrassing problem. The severity ranges from occasionally leaking urine when you cough or sneeze to having an urge to urinate that's so sudden and strong you don't get to a toilet in time.
Though it occurs more often as people get older, urinary incontinence isn't an inevitable consequence of aging. If urinary incontinence affects your daily activities, don't hesitate to see your doctor. For most people, simple lifestyle and dietary changes or medical care can treat symptoms of urinary incontinence.
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Many people experience occasional, minor leaks of urine. Others may lose small to moderate amounts of urine more frequently.
Types of urinary incontinence include:
Stress incontinence.Urine leaks when you exert pressure on your bladder by coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising or lifting something heavy.
Urge incontinence.You have a sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine. You may need to urinate often, including throughout the night. Urge incontinence may be caused by a minor condition, such as infection, or a more severe condition such as a neurological disorder or diabetes.
Overflow incontinence.You experience frequent or constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that doesn't empty completely.
Functional incontinence.A physical or mental impairment keeps you from making it to the toilet in time. For example, if you have severe arthritis, you may not be able to unbutton your pants quickly enough.
Mixed incontinence.You experience more than one type of urinary incontinence — most often this refers to a combination of stress incontinence and urge incontinence.
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You may feel uncomfortable discussing incontinence with your doctor. But if incontinence is frequent or is affecting your quality of life, it's important to seek medical advice because urinary incontinence may:
Cause you to restrict your activities and limit your social interactions
Negatively impact your quality of life
Increase the risk of falls in older adults as they rush to the toilet
Indicate a more serious underlying condition
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Urinary incontinence can be caused by everyday habits, underlying medical conditions or physical problems. A thorough evaluation by your doctor can help determine what's behind your incontinence.
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Factors that increase your risk of developing urinary incontinence include:
Gender.Women are more likely to have stress incontinence. Pregnancy, childbirth, menopause and normal female anatomy account for this difference. However, men who have prostate gland problems are at increased risk of urge and overflow incontinence.
Age.As you get older, the muscles in your bladder and urethra lose some of their strength. Changes with age reduce how much your bladder can hold and increase the chances of involuntary urine release.
Being overweight.Extra weight increases pressure on your bladder and surrounding muscles, which weakens them and allows urine to leak out when you cough or sneeze.
Smoking.Tobacco use may increase your risk of urinary incontinence.
Family history.If a close family member has urinary incontinence, especially urge incontinence, your risk of developing the condition is higher.
Some diseases.Neurological disease or diabetes may increase your risk of incontinence.
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Complications of chronic urinary incontinence include:
Skin problems.Rashes, skin infections and sores can develop from constantly wet skin.
Urinary tract infections.Incontinence increases your risk of repeated urinary tract infections.
Impacts on your personal life.Urinary incontinence can affect your social, work and personal relationships.
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Urinary incontinence isn't always preventable. However, to help decrease your risk:
Maintain a healthy weight
Practice pelvic floor exercises
Avoid bladder irritants, such as caffeine, alcohol and acidic foods
Eat more fiber, which can prevent constipation, a cause of urinary incontinence
Don't smoke, or seek help to quit if you're a smoker
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It's important to determine the type of urinary incontinence that you have, and your symptoms often tell your doctor which type you have. That information will guide treatment decisions.
Your doctor is likely to start with a thorough history and physical exam. You may then be asked to do a simple maneuver that can demonstrate incontinence, such as coughing.
After that, your doctor will likely recommend:
Urinalysis.A sample of your urine is checked for signs of infection, traces of blood or other abnormalities.
Bladder diary.For several days you record how much you drink, when you urinate, the amount of urine you produce, whether you had an urge to urinate and the number of incontinence episodes.
Postvoid residual measurement.You're asked to urinate (void) into a container that measures urine output. Then your doctor checks the amount of leftover urine in your bladder using a catheter or ultrasound test. A large amount of leftover urine in your bladder may mean that you have an obstruction in your urinary tract or a problem with your bladder nerves or muscles.
If further information is needed, your doctor may recommend more-involved tests, such as urodynamic testing and pelvic ultrasound. These tests are usually done if you're considering surgery.
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Treatment for urinary incontinence depends on the type of incontinence, its severity and the underlying cause. A combination of treatments may be needed. If an underlying condition is causing your symptoms, your doctor will first treat that condition.
Your doctor may recommend less invasive treatments to start with and move on to other options if these techniques fail to help you.
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If you're embarrassed about a bladder control problem, you may try to cope on your own by wearing absorbent pads, carrying extra clothes or even avoiding going out.
But effective treatments are available for urinary incontinence. It's important to ask your doctor about treatment. Once you do, you'll be on your way to regaining an active and confident life.
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If you have urinary incontinence, you're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary tract disorders (urologist) or a gynecologist with special training in female bladder problems and urinary function (urogynecologist).
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Problems with urine leakage may require you to take extra care to prevent skin irritation:
Use a washcloth to clean yourself.
Allow your skin to air-dry.
Avoid frequent washing and douching because these can overwhelm your body's natural defenses against bladder infections.
Consider using a barrier cream, such as petroleum jelly or cocoa butter, to protect your skin from urine.
Ask your doctor about special cleansers made to remove urine that may be less drying than other products.
If you have urge incontinence or nighttime incontinence, make the toilet more convenient:
Move any rugs or furniture you might trip over or collide with on the way to the toilet.
Use a night light to illuminate your path and reduce your risk of falling.
If you have functional incontinence, you might:
Keep a bedside commode in your bedroom
Install an elevated toilet seat
Widen an existing bathroom doorway
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coughing, involuntary loss of urine, stress incontinence, urinate often, laughing, incontinence, functional incontinence, arthritis, constant dribbling of urine, neurological disorder, leaks of urine, frequent dribbling of urine, lose urine, lifting, involuntary loss, sudden urge to urinate, overflow incontinence, infection, diabetes, sneezing, urinary incontinence, exercising
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148 |
Cystitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371306
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371311
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Cystitis (sis-TIE-tis) is the medical term for inflammation of the bladder. Inflammation is when a part of your body is swollen and hot. It can also be painful.
Most of the time, cystitis happens when there's an infection caused by bacteria. This is called a urinary tract infection (UTI). Having a bladder infection can be painful and annoying. It can become a serious health problem if the infection spreads to your kidneys.
Cystitis also may occur as a reaction to certain drugs or radiation therapy. Things that sometimes irritate the bladder, such as hygiene products, spermicide jelly or long-term catheter use, can also lead to cystitis. Cystitis can also happen as a complication of another illness.
The usual treatment for cystitis caused by bacteria is to take antibiotic medication. Treatment for other types of cystitis depends on the cause.
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Cystitis signs and symptoms may include:
A strong, persistent urge to urinate
Pain or a burning feeling when urinating
Passing frequent, small amounts of urine
Blood in the urine (hematuria)
Passing cloudy or strong-smelling urine
Pelvic discomfort
A feeling of pressure in the area below your belly button (abdomen)
Low-grade fever
In young children, new episodes of accidental daytime wetting also may be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI). Nighttime bed-wetting on its own isn't likely to happen because of aUTI.
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Get medical help right away if you have signs and symptoms common to a kidney infection. These include:
Back or side pain
Fever and chills
Nausea and vomiting
If you develop urgent, frequent or painful urination that lasts for several hours or longer or if you notice blood in your urine, call your health care provider. If you've been diagnosed with aUTIin the past and you develop symptoms that mimic a previousUTI, call your provider.
Also call your provider if cystitis symptoms come back after you're done with antibiotic treatment. You may need to try a different type of medicine.
If your child starts having daytime wetting accidents, call your child's health care provider.
In otherwise healthy men, cystitis is rare. Any symptoms should be checked by a health care provider.
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Your urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. All play a role in removing waste from your body.
Your kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located toward the back of your upper abdomen. They filter waste from your blood and regulate the concentrations of many substances.
Tubes called ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores the urine until you feel the need to urinate. Urine then leaves your body through the urethra.
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Some people are more likely than others to develop bladder infections or repeated urinary tract infections. Women can have this problem. A key reason is physical anatomy. Women have a short urethra. This means bacteria that can cause an infection don't have as far to travel to reach the bladder.
You may be at greater risk of bladder infections or repeatedUTIsif you:
Are sexually active.During sex, bacteria can be pushed into the urethra.
Use certain types of birth control.Using a diaphragm increases the risk of aUTI. Diaphragms that contain spermicide may increase risk even more.
Are pregnant.Hormone changes during pregnancy may increase the risk of a bladder infection.
Have gone through menopause.Changes to hormones that happen after menopause often can lead toUTIs.
Other risk factors include:
Interference with the flow of urine.This can occur in conditions such as a stone in the bladder or an enlarged prostate.
Changes in the immune system.This can happen with certain conditions, such as diabetes,HIVinfection and cancer treatment.
Long-term use of urinary catheters.These tubes may be needed in people with chronic illnesses or in older adults. Prolonged use can put you at greater risk of bacterial infections as well as bladder tissue damage.
In generally healthy men, cystitis is rare.
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When treated right away with the proper medicine, bladder infections rarely lead to complications. But if they aren't treated, they can become something more serious. Complications may include:
Kidney infection.An untreated bladder infection can lead to a kidney infection. This is also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis). Kidney infections may permanently damage the kidneys.
Blood in the urine.With cystitis, you may have blood cells in the urine. Often, they can be seen only with a microscope. This condition is called microscopic hematuria. It usually goes away after treatment. If blood cells still appear in the urine after treatment, you may need to see a specialist to find out the cause.Blood in the urine that you can see is called gross hematuria. This happens rarely with typical, bacterial cystitis. But this sign may be more common if you have cystitis that happens after chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer.
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Self-care measures to prevent repeated bladder infections aren't well studied. But some providers recommend these tips for prevention:
Drink plenty of liquids, especially water.Drinking lots of fluids is especially important after chemotherapy or radiation therapy, particularly on treatment days.
Urinate frequently.If you feel the urge to urinate, don't delay using the toilet.
Wipe from front to back after a bowel movement.This prevents bacteria in the anal region from spreading to the vagina and urethra.
Take showers rather than tub baths.If you're prone to infections, showering rather than taking a bath may help prevent them.
Gently wash the skin around the genitals.Do this daily, but don't use harsh soaps or wash too vigorously. The delicate skin in this area can become irritated.
Empty your bladder as soon as possible after sex.Drink a full glass of water to help flush bacteria.
Avoid using deodorant sprays or hygiene products in the genital area.These products can irritate the urethra and bladder.
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If you have symptoms of cystitis, talk to your health care provider as soon as possible. Your provider can diagnose cystitis based on your symptoms and medical history.
When more information is needed for a diagnosis or treatment plan, your provider may recommend:
Urine analysis.For this test, you collect a small amount of urine in a container. Your provider checks the urine for signs of infection, such as bacteria, blood or pus. If bacteria are found, you may also have a test called a urine culture to check what type of bacteria is causing the infection.
Imaging.An imaging test usually isn't needed for cystitis. But in some cases, imaging may be helpful. For example, an X-ray or ultrasound may help your provider find other potential causes of bladder inflammation, such as a tumor or anatomy problem.
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Cystitis caused by bacterial infection is generally treated with antibiotics. Treatment for other types of cystitis depends on what's causing it.
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If you have symptoms common to cystitis, make an appointment with your primary care provider. After an initial visit, you may then see a doctor who specializes in urinary tract disorders (urologist or nephrologist).
|
Cystitis can be painful. To ease discomfort:
Use a heating pad.A heating pad placed on your lower abdomen may soothe bladder pressure or pain.
Stay hydrated.Drink plenty of fluids to keep yourself hydrated. Avoid coffee, alcohol, soft drinks with caffeine and citrus juices. Also avoid spicy foods until your infection clears. These items can irritate the bladder and make a frequent or urgent need to urinate worse.
For recurrent bladder infections, ask your provider about ways you can reduce the chance that you'll have another infection.
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pain, accidental daytime wetting, passing frequent small amounts of urine, pain or burning feeling when urinating, pelvic discomfort, fever, cystitis, low-grade fever, bed-wetting, strong urge to urinate, passing cloudy or strong-smelling urine, blood in urine, hematuria, feeling of pressure in abdomen, discomfort
a
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149 |
Interstitial cystitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-cystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354357
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-cystitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354362
| null |
Interstitial cystitis (in-tur-STISH-ul sis-TIE-tis) is a chronic condition causing bladder pressure, bladder pain and sometimes pelvic pain. The pain ranges from mild discomfort to severe pain. The condition is a part of a spectrum of diseases known as painful bladder syndrome.
Your bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine. The bladder expands until it's full and then signals your brain that it's time to urinate, communicating through the pelvic nerves. This creates the urge to urinate for most people.
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The signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis vary from person to person. If you have interstitial cystitis, your symptoms may also vary over time, periodically flaring in response to common triggers, such as menstruation, sitting for a long time, stress, exercise and sexual activity.
Interstitial cystitis signs and symptoms include:
Symptoms severity is different for everyone, and some people may experience symptom-free periods.
Although signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis may resemble those of a chronic urinary tract infection, there's usually no infection. However, symptoms may worsen if a person with interstitial cystitis gets a urinary tract infection.
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If you're experiencing chronic bladder pain or urinary urgency and frequency, contact your health care provider.
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The exact cause of interstitial cystitis isn't known, but it's likely that many factors contribute. For instance, people with interstitial cystitis may also have a defect in the protective lining (epithelium) of the bladder. A leak in the epithelium may allow toxic substances in urine to irritate your bladder wall.
Other possible but unproven contributing factors include an autoimmune reaction, heredity, infection or allergy.
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These factors are associated with a higher risk of interstitial cystitis:
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Interstitial cystitis can result in a number of complications, including:
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Diagnosis of interstitial cystitis might include:
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No simple treatment eliminates the signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis, and no one treatment works for everyone. You may need to try various treatments or combinations of treatments before you find an approach that relieves your symptoms.
|
Interstitial cystitis can worsen your quality of life. Support from family and friends is important, but because the condition is a urinary problem, you may find the topic difficult to discuss.
Find a supportive health care provider who is concerned about your quality of life as well as your condition. Seek someone who will work with you to help relieve your urinary frequency, urgency and bladder pain.
You might also benefit from joining a support group. A support group can provide sympathetic listening and useful information. Ask your provider for information on support groups or see the Interstitial Cystitis Association on the web.
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You may be asked to keep a bladder diary for a few days to record information, such as how often you urinate and how much and what kinds of fluid you consume.
For more testing, you may be referred to a specialist in urinary disorders (urologist) or urinary disorders in women (urogynecologist).
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interstitial cystitis signs and symptoms, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
menstruation, interstitial cystitis, stress, infection, chronic urinary tract infection, exercise, sexual activity, sitting for a long time
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151 |
Blastocystis hominis
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351205
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/blastocystis-hominis-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351211
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Blastocystis is a microscopic parasite that can live in your digestive tract. Researchers don't fully understand the role blastocystis plays, if any, in causing disease. Some people experiencing diarrhea, abdominal pain or other gastrointestinal problems have blastocystis organisms in their stool.
Most commonly, however, blastocystis organisms simply live in a person's digestive tract without causing harm.
Blastocystis may be transmitted through food or water or by contact with human or animal feces. Blastocystis infection is generally more common among people who live in or travel to developing countries and among people who work with animals.
Blastocystis in humans was once identified as a single species, Blastocystis hominis. Researchers have found several variations — either different species or different strains within a species. The scientific name used now is Blastocystis spp, an abbreviation that means "multiple species." A blastocystis infection is called blastocystosis.
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Signs and symptoms possibly associated with blastocystis include:
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See your doctor if you have signs and symptoms, such as diarrhea or abdominal pain, that lasts longer than three days.
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Blastocystis is a microscopic single-celled organism (protozoan). Many parasitic protozoans normally live in your digestive tract and are harmless or even helpful; others cause disease.
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Blastocystis is common, but you may have a greater risk of exposure if you:
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If you have diarrhea associated with blastocystis, it's likely to be self-limiting. However, anytime you have diarrhea, you lose vital fluids, salts and minerals, which can lead to dehydration. Children are especially vulnerable to dehydration.
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The best practice for preventing blastocystis infection is practicing good hygiene:
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If you have diarrhea and related symptoms, the cause may be difficult to diagnose. Even if blastocystis is found in your stool, it might not be causing your symptoms. Often another food- or water-borne organism is the likely cause of illness.
Your doctor will take your medical history, ask you about recent activities, such as traveling, and perform a physical exam. A number of lab tests help diagnose parasitic diseases and other noninfectious causes of gastrointestinal symptoms:
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If you have a blastocystis infection without signs or symptoms, then you don't need treatment. Mild signs and symptoms might improve on their own within a few days.
Potential medications for eliminating a blastocystis infection and improving symptoms include:
Responses to these medications vary greatly. Also, because the organism might not be the cause of your symptoms, improvement might be due to the medication's effect on another organism.
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You'll likely see your primary care doctor. However, in some cases, you might be referred to someone who specializes in either infectious disease or in digestive system disorders (gastroenterologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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nausea, gas, fatigue, bloating, Here is the list of symptoms:
diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weight loss, blastocystis
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152 |
Ureteral obstruction
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ureteral-obstruction/symptoms-causes/syc-20354676
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ureteral-obstruction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354680
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ureteral-obstruction/doctors-departments/ddc-20354681
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A ureteral obstruction is a blockage in one or both of the tubes (ureters) that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Ureteral obstruction can be cured. However, if it's not treated, symptoms can quickly move from mild — pain, fever and infection — to severe — loss of kidney function, sepsis and death.
Ureteral obstruction is fairly common. Because it's treatable, severe complications are rare.
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Ureteral obstruction might have no signs or symptoms. Signs and symptoms depend on where the obstruction occurs, whether it's partial or complete, how quickly it develops, and whether it affects one or both kidneys.
Signs and symptoms might include:
Pain.
Changes in how much urine you produce (urine output).
Difficulty urinating.
Blood in the urine.
Urinary tract infections.
High blood pressure (hypertension).
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Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have signs and symptoms that worry you.
Seek medical attention if you experience:
Pain so severe that you can't sit still or find a comfortable position.
Pain accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
Pain accompanied by fever and chills.
Blood in your urine.
Difficulty passing urine.
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Different types of ureteral obstruction have different causes, some of them present at birth (congenital). They include:
A second (duplicated) ureter.This common condition, which is congenital, causes two ureters to form on the same kidney. The second ureter can be fully or only partially developed. If either ureter doesn't work properly, urine can back up into the kidney and cause damage.
A blockage (obstruction) where the ureter connects to the kidney or bladder.This prevents urine flow. A blockage where the ureter and kidney meet (ureteropelvic junction) may cause the kidney to swell and eventually stop working. This condition can be congenital or can develop with typical childhood growth, result from an injury or scarring, or in rare cases, develop from a tumor. A blockage where the ureter and bladder meet (ureterovesical junction) may cause urine to back up into the kidneys.
Ureterocele.If a ureter is too narrow and doesn't allow urine to flow completely, a tiny bulge in the ureter (ureterocele) may develop. When a ureterocele develops, it's usually in the section of the ureter closest to the bladder. This can block urine flow and cause urine to back up into the kidney, possibly leading to kidney damage.
Retroperitoneal fibrosis.This rare disorder occurs when fibrous tissue grows in the area behind the abdomen. The fibers may grow as the result of cancer tumors or from taking certain medicines used to treat migraines. The fibers encircle and block the ureters, causing urine to back up into the kidneys.
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Certain conditions present at birth can increase the risk of having ureteral obstruction. Having kidney stones or bladder stones also might increase the risk that one of the ureters becomes blocked. Blood clots, tumors, certain tissue growth and enlarged lymph nodes might also be factors in developing this condition.
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Ureteral obstruction can lead to urinary tract infections and kidney damage, which can be irreversible.
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Often, providers diagnose ureteral obstruction disorders before birth during routine prenatal ultrasounds, which can show details of the developing fetus, including the kidneys, ureters and bladder. Providers often perform another ultrasound after birth to reevaluate the kidneys.
If your provider suspects you have an obstructed ureter, some of these tests and scans might be used to reach a diagnosis:
Blood and urine tests.Your provider checks samples of your blood and urine for signs of infection and the presence of creatinine, which signals that your kidneys aren't working properly.
Ultrasound.An ultrasound of the area behind your abdominal organs (retroperitoneal ultrasound) allows your provider to view the kidneys and ureters.
Bladder catheterization.To test for incomplete or blocked urine flow, your provider inserts a small tube (catheter) through the urethra, injects dye into your bladder, and takes X-rays of your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra before and during urination.
Renal nuclear scan.Your provider or a technician injects a tracer that contains a small amount of radioactive material into your arm. A special camera detects the radioactivity and produces images that your provider uses to evaluate the urinary system.
Cystoscopy.A small tube with a camera and light is inserted into your urethra or through a small incision. The optical system allows the provider to see inside the urethra and bladder.
Computerized tomography (CT) scan.ACTscan combines a series of X-ray views taken from many different angles and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of your kidneys, ureter and bladder.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).An abdominalMRIuses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues that make up your urinary system.
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The goal of ureteral obstruction treatment is to remove blockages, if possible, or bypass the blockage, which may help repair damage to the kidneys. Treatment might include antibiotics to clear associated infections.
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Depending on the frequency and severity of your symptoms, you may make an appointment with your health care provider. Or, you might be referred immediately to a urinary tract specialist (urologist).
Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, changes in urine output, difficulty urinating, urinary tract infections, blood in the urine, high blood pressure, ureteral obstruction, hypertension
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153 |
Burning mouth syndrome
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350911
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350917
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burning-mouth-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20350920
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Burning mouth syndrome is the medical term for ongoing or recurring burning in the mouth without an obvious cause. You may feel this burning on your tongue, gums, lips, inside of your cheeks, roof of your mouth or large areas of your whole mouth. The feeling of burning can be severe, as if you injured your mouth with a very hot drink.
Burning mouth syndrome usually comes on suddenly, but it can develop slowly over time. Often the specific cause can't be found. Although that makes treatment more challenging, working closely with your health care team can help you reduce symptoms.
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Symptoms of burning mouth syndrome may include:
A burning or scalding feeling that most commonly affects your tongue, but also may affect your lips, gums, roof of your mouth, throat or whole mouth.
A feeling of dry mouth with increased thirst.
Taste changes in your mouth, such as a bitter or metallic taste.
Loss of taste.
Tingling, stinging or numbness in your mouth.
The discomfort from burning mouth syndrome can have several different patterns. It may:
Happen every day, with little discomfort when waking up, but become worse as the day goes on.
Start as soon as you wake up and last all day.
Come and go.
Whatever pattern of mouth discomfort you have, burning mouth syndrome may last for months to years. In rare cases, symptoms may suddenly go away on their own or happen less often. Sometimes the burning feeling may be briefly relieved during eating or drinking.
Burning mouth syndrome usually doesn't cause any physical changes to your tongue or mouth that can be seen.
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If you have discomfort, burning or soreness of your tongue, lips, gums or other areas of your mouth, see your health care provider or dentist. They may need to work together to help pinpoint a cause and come up with an effective treatment plan.
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The cause of burning mouth syndrome may be primary or secondary.
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Burning mouth syndrome is uncommon. However, your risk may be greater if you're:
Female.
In perimenopause or you're postmenopausal.
Over the age of 50.
A smoker.
Burning mouth syndrome usually starts suddenly, for no known reason. But certain factors may increase your risk of developing burning mouth syndrome, including:
Recent illness.
Some long-term medical conditions such as fibromyalgia, Parkinson's disease, autoimmune disorders and neuropathy.
Previous dental work.
Allergic reactions to food.
Certain medicines.
Traumatic life events.
Stress.
Anxiety.
Depression.
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Complications that burning mouth syndrome may cause are mainly related to discomfort, such as problems falling asleep or difficulty eating. Long-term cases involving a lot of discomfort also could lead to anxiety or depression.
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There's no known way to prevent burning mouth syndrome. But you may be able to reduce your discomfort by not using tobacco, limiting acidic or spicy foods, not drinking carbonated beverages, and using stress management methods. Or these measures may prevent your discomfort from feeling worse.
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There's no one test that can tell if you have burning mouth syndrome. Instead, your health care team will try to rule out other problems before diagnosing burning mouth syndrome.
Your health care provider or dentist likely will:
Review your medical history and medicines.
Examine your mouth.
Ask you to describe your symptoms.
Discuss your habits and routine for keeping your teeth and mouth clean.
Also, your health care provider will likely do a medical exam, looking for signs of other conditions. You may have some of the following tests:
Blood tests.These tests can check your complete blood count, blood sugar level, thyroid function, nutritional factors and how well your immune system works. Test results may give clues about the source of your mouth discomfort.
Oral cultures or biopsies.A cotton swab is used to get a sample for an oral culture. This can tell if you have a fungal, bacterial or viral infection in your mouth. For a biopsy, tiny pieces of tissue are taken from your mouth and sent to a lab to look at the cells.
Allergy tests.Your provider may suggest allergy testing to see if you may be allergic to certain foods, additives, or even dental materials or mouth care products.
Salivary measurements.With burning mouth syndrome, your mouth may feel dry. Salivary tests can tell if you have a reduced salivary flow.
Gastric reflux tests.These tests can tell if stomach acid flows back into your mouth from your stomach.
Imaging.Your provider may recommend an MRI, a CT scan or other imaging tests to check for other health problems.
Medicine change.If you take a medicine that may cause mouth discomfort, your provider may change the dose or switch to a different medicine. Another option is to stop the medicine for a short time, if possible, to see if your discomfort goes away. Don't try this on your own because it can be dangerous to stop some medicines.
Mental health questions.You may be asked to answer a series of questions that can help decide if you have symptoms of depression, anxiety or other mental health conditions that may be linked to burning mouth syndrome.
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Treatment depends on whether you have primary or secondary burning mouth syndrome.
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Coping with burning mouth syndrome can be challenging. It can reduce your quality of life if you don't take steps to stay positive and hopeful.
To help you cope with the discomfort of burning mouth syndrome:
Practice relaxation exercises, such as yoga.
Focus on activities that give you pleasure, such as physical activities or hobbies, especially when you feel anxious.
Try to stay socially active by connecting with family and friends.
Join a chronic pain support group for people who have ongoing pain.
Practice good sleep habits, such as going to bed and getting up at about the same time each day and getting enough sleep.
Consider talking to a mental health provider to learn strategies that can help you cope.
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You'll likely start by seeing your family health care provider or dentist for mouth discomfort. Because burning mouth syndrome is linked with many other medical conditions, your provider or dentist may refer you to another specialist, such as a specialist in problems of the skin (dermatologist), or ear, nose and throat (ENT), or another type of specialist.
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In addition to medical treatment and prescription medicines, these self-help measures may reduce your symptoms:
Drink plenty of liquid to help ease the feeling of dry mouth, or suck on ice chips.
Avoid acidic foods and liquids, such as tomatoes, orange juice, carbonated beverages and coffee.
Avoid alcohol and products with alcohol, as they may irritate the lining of your mouth.
Don't use tobacco products.
Don't eat irritating foods, such as spicy-hot foods.
Avoid products with cinnamon or mint.
Try different mild or flavor-free toothpastes, such as one for sensitive teeth or one without mint or cinnamon.
Take steps to reduce stress and try relaxation methods.
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dry mouth, loss of taste., bitter taste, throat, increased thirst, metallic taste, loss of taste, burning, numbness, tingling, burning mouth syndrome, stinging, scalding
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154 |
Sweating and body odor
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sweating-and-body-odor/symptoms-causes/syc-20353895
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sweating-and-body-odor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353898
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Sweating and body odor are common when you exercise or you're too warm. They're also a natural response to hormonal changes and stress. Most people have a natural body odor, even if they don't sweat much.
A change in your body odor or how much you sweat can signal a health problem. The medical condition of sweating too much is called hyperhidrosis.
For sweating and body odor that isn't caused by a health problem, self-care habits often can help ease the symptoms.
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Sweating and body odor most often affect the underarm and groin areas, the palms, the bottom of the feet, and the head, face and scalp. It's common for some people to sweat more or less than other people. Body odor also can vary from person to person. It might smell tangy, oniony, sour or some other strong odor.
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See a doctor or other healthcare professional if:
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Sweating is the body's way of cooling itself. The nervous system activates the sweat glands when you're too warm. Sweating also occurs when you're under stress.
The two main types of sweat glands are eccrine glands and apocrine glands. Eccrine glands occur over most of the body and open directly onto the surface of the skin. When your body temperature rises, these glands release fluids that cool your body as they evaporate.
Apocrine glands are found in areas where you have hair, such as the armpits and groin. These glands release a milky fluid when you're stressed. This fluid is odorless until it combines with bacteria on the skin.
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Risk factors for sweating and body odor are:
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Your healthcare professional likely will ask about your medical history and do an exam. You may need a blood or urine test. These tests can show if your symptoms are caused by a medical condition, such as an infection. Other possible causes are diabetes and an overactive thyroid, which also is called hyperthyroidism.
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Sweating and body odor of the underarms often can be treated with antiperspirants or deodorants that you can buy without a prescription:
If antiperspirants and deodorants sold at stores don't ease your symptoms, a member of your healthcare team may prescribe a stronger version. These stronger products may cause a rash, swelling and itching in some people. Follow advice on the product label with care.
Other treatments are available for severe sweating and body odor that don't respond to these products. They include laser hair removal and botulinum toxin A injections. Talk with your healthcare professional if these options interest you.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor or other member of your healthcare team. In some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred to a specialist in skin conditions. These specialists are called dermatologists.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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tangy smell, oniony smell, sour smell, body odor, sweating
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155 |
Osteomyelitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteomyelitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20375913
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteomyelitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375917
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteomyelitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20375918
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Osteomyelitis is an infection in a bone. It can affect one or more parts of a bone. Infections can reach a bone through the bloodstream or from nearby infected tissue. Infections also can begin in the bone if an injury opens the bone to germs.
People who smoke and people with chronic health conditions, such as diabetes or kidney failure, are at higher risk of getting osteomyelitis. People who have diabetes with foot ulcers may get osteomyelitis in the bones of their feet.
Most people with osteomyelitis need surgery to remove areas of the affected bone. After surgery, most often people need strong antibiotics given through a vein.
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Symptoms of osteomyelitis may include:
Swelling, warmth and tenderness over the area of the infection.
Pain near the infection.
Tiredness.
Fever.
Sometimes osteomyelitis causes no symptoms. When it does cause symptoms, they can be like symptoms of other conditions. This may be especially true for infants, older adults and people who have weakened immune systems.
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See your healthcare professional if you have a fever and bone pain that gets worse. People at risk of infection because of a medical condition or recent surgery or an injury should see a healthcare professional right away if they have symptoms of an infection.
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Most often, staphylococcus bacteria cause osteomyelitis. These bacteria are germs that live on the skin or in the nose of all people.
Germs can enter a bone through:
The bloodstream.Germs in other parts of your body can travel through the blood to a weak spot on a bone. For instance, germs can come from pneumonia in the lungs or a urinary tract infection in the bladder.
Injuries.Puncture wounds can carry germs deep inside the body. If such an injury becomes infected, the germs can spread into a nearby bone. Germs also can enter the body from a broken bone that sticks out through the skin.
Surgery.Germs can enter the body and travel to bones during surgeries to replace joints or fix broken bones.
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Healthy bones resist infection. But bones are less able to resist infection as you get older. Besides wounds and surgery, other factors that can increase your risk of osteomyelitis may include:
Conditions that weaken the immune system.This includes diabetes that isn't well-controlled.
Peripheral artery disease.This is a condition in which narrowed arteries cut blood flow to the arms or legs.
Sickle cell disease.This condition is passed through families, called inherited. Sickle cell disease affects the shape of red blood cells and slows blood flow.
Dialysis and other procedures that use medical tubing.Dialysis uses tubes to remove waste from the body when the kidneys don't work well. The medical tubes can carry germs from outside the body inside.
Pressure injuries.People who can't feel pressure or who stay in one position for too long can get sores on their skin where the pressure is. These sores are called pressure injuries. If a sore is there for a time, the bone under it can become infected.
Illicit drugs by needles.People who take illicit drugs by needle are more likely to get osteomyelitis. This is true if they use needles that aren't sterile and if they don't clean the skin before using the needles.
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Osteomyelitis complications may include:
Bone death, also called osteonecrosis.An infection in your bone can block blood flow within the bone, leading to bone death. If you have areas where bone has died, you need surgery to remove the dead tissue for antibiotics to work.
Septic arthritis.Infection within bones can spread into a nearby joint.
Impaired growth.Osteomyelitis can affect the growth of bones in children. This is true if osteomyelitis is in the softer areas, called growth plates, at either end of the long bones of the arms and legs.
Long-term osteomyelitis, called chronic osteomyelitis.Osteomyelitis that doesn't respond to treatment can become chronic osteomyelitis.
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If you have an increased risk of infection, talk with your healthcare professional about ways to prevent infections. Cutting your risk of infection will cut your risk of osteomyelitis.
Take care not to get cuts, scrapes, and animal scratches or bites. These give germs a way to get into your body. If you or your child has a minor injury, clean the area right away. Put a clean bandage on it. Check wounds often for signs of infection.
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Your healthcare professional may feel the area around the affected bone for tenderness, swelling or warmth. If you have a foot sore, your healthcare professional may use a dull probe to see how close the sore is to the bone under it.
You also might have tests to diagnose osteomyelitis and to find out which germ is causing the infection. Tests may include blood tests, imaging tests and a bone biopsy.
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Most often, treatment for osteomyelitis involves surgery to remove parts of the bone that are infected or dead. Then you get antibiotics through a vein, called intravenous antibiotics.
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You'll likely start by seeing your main healthcare professional. This person may send you to a doctor who specializes in infectious diseases or to an orthopedic surgeon.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, tiredness, osteomyelitis, swelling, warmth, fever, infection, tenderness
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156 |
Fecal incontinence
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fecal-incontinence/symptoms-causes/syc-20351397
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fecal-incontinence/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351403
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fecal-incontinence/doctors-departments/ddc-20351406
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Fecal incontinence is accidental passing of solid or liquid stool. Fecal incontinence may happen when a person has a sudden urge to pass stool and cannot get to a toilet in time. Also, stool may leak when a person doesn't sense the need to pass stool.
Common causes of fecal incontinence include diarrhea, constipation, and muscle or nerve damage. Fecal incontinence can affect a person's ability to work, socialize or do typical daily activities. It often causes embarrassment or emotional stress.
Diagnosis and treatment are often avoided because the condition is difficult to discuss with a healthcare professional. Treatments can improve fecal incontinence and overall quality of life.
Fecal incontinence also may be called bowel incontinence or accidental bowel leakage.
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The main symptom is not being able to control passing stool. This may happen during a short-term illness that causes diarrhea. For some people, fecal incontinence is an ongoing condition.
There are two types of fecal incontinence:
Urge incontinenceis the sudden urge to pass stool but not being able to control the urge. The need to pass stool may come on so suddenly that it's not possible to get to the toilet in time.
Passive incontinenceis passing stool when a person isn't aware of the need to pass stool. A person may not be able to feel that the rectum is full of stool.
Fecal incontinence also may be leakage of stool when a person passes gas.
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See your healthcare professional if you or your child develops fecal incontinence. This is especially important if fecal incontinence:
Happens often.
Causes emotional distress.
Affects your ability to do daily activities.
Causes you to avoid time with family and friends.
Often, people are embarrassed to talk about fecal incontinence. But the sooner you're evaluated, the sooner you may find some relief from your symptoms.
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For many people, there is more than one cause of fecal incontinence.
Causes may include:
Diarrhea and constipation.Very soft and very hard stools can lead to fecal incontinence. Problems include:
Loose or watery stool that quickly fills the rectum and is difficult to hold.
Large, hard stool that blocks the rectum and results in leakage of softer stool around it.
Damaged or weakened muscles.The muscles of the anus, rectum and pelvic floor control the holding and passing of stool. Damaged or weak muscles can cause fecal incontinence. Conditions that can weaken or damage muscles include:
Injury during vaginal delivery, particularly with forceps.
Surgical cut of the vagina during delivery, called an episiotomy.
Injury from accidents, surgery or radiation therapy.
Age-related weakening of muscles.
Nervous system disorders.Injury or illness can affect how the nerves and muscles of the anus, rectum or pelvis work. Nervous system disorders also may affect a person's awareness of the need for passing stool. These conditions may include:
Diseases of the brain, such Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease or other dementias, stroke, or cerebral palsy.
Long-term diseases affecting nerve function, such as diabetes or multiple sclerosis.
Spinal cord injury or tumor.
Damage to nerves during surgery.
Physical problems of the anus or rectum.Irregular physical changes in the anus or rectum can contribute to fecal incontinence. These include:
Scarring or inflammation of the rectum — from injury or long-term disease — that affects the ability of the rectum to hold stool.
Dropping of the rectum through the anus, called rectal prolapse.
Hemorrhoids that may prevent the closing of the anal muscles.
Bulging of the rectum into the vagina, also called rectocele.
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A number of factors may increase your risk of developing fecal incontinence, including:
Age.Fecal incontinence is more likely in adults over 65.
Sex.Fecal incontinence is more common in women, likely because of possible injuries during delivery. Hormone treatments for menopause also may increase the risk.
Diseases of the digestive system.The risk of fecal incontinence is increased with long-term diseases that affect the intestines. These include:Inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease.Irritable bowel syndrome.Celiac disease.
Inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease.
Irritable bowel syndrome.
Celiac disease.
Mental disability.A mental disability or dementia may affect a person's ability to plan to use the toilet or be aware of the need to use the toilet.
Physical disability.A physical disability or limited mobility may make it difficult to reach a toilet in time. An injury that caused a physical disability may cause nerve or muscle damage that increases the risk of fecal incontinence.
Lifestyle factors.Lifestyle factors that increase the risk of incontinence include being overweight, not being active, smoking, and drinking caffeinated and alcoholic beverages.
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Complications of fecal incontinence may include:
Emotional distress.Many people feel embarrassed about fecal incontinence. And they often experience anxiety or depression. They may try to hide the problem and avoid social situations.
Tissue irritation.The skin around the anus is delicate and sensitive. Repeated contact with stool can lead to pain and itching. Sores, called ulcers, may appear in the tissues of the rectum.
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Depending on the cause, it may be possible to improve or prevent fecal incontinence. These actions may help:
Reduce constipation.Increase your exercise, eat more high-fiber foods and drink plenty of fluids.
Control diarrhea.Avoid food or drinks that may make diarrhea worse, such as caffeinated drinks, alcohol, dairy products and fatty foods.
Do not strain.Straining during bowel movements can eventually weaken anal sphincter muscles or damage nerves.
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Your healthcare professional will ask questions about your symptoms, diet and medical history. A detailed medical exam will include:
Anal and rectal exam.Your healthcare professional will look at and examine the area around the anus to look for reflexes of the anal muscles and look for signs of irregular tissues. An exam with a gloved finger inserted in the anus can detect problems with muscles or other tissues of the rectum. The presence of large, hard stool also can be detected.
Neurological exam.This exam tests the general health of the nervous system, such as sensation, reflexes, coordination and balance.
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The goals of therapy are to manage conditions that cause or worsen fecal incontinence and to improve the function of the rectum and anus.
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For some people, including children, fecal incontinence is a relatively minor problem. It's typically limited to occasional soiling of their underwear. For others, the condition can be a more challenging, ongoing condition.
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You may start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. You may then be referred to a provider who specializes in treating digestive conditions, called a gastroenterologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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unable to control passing stool, fecal incontinence, diarrhea, illness, sudden urge to pass stool, passing stool, leakage of stool
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157 |
Intestinal obstruction
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-obstruction/symptoms-causes/syc-20351460
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-obstruction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351465
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intestinal-obstruction/doctors-departments/ddc-20351466
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Intestinal obstruction is a blockage that keeps food or liquid from passing through your small intestine or large intestine (colon). Causes of intestinal obstruction may include fibrous bands of tissue (adhesions) in the abdomen that form after surgery; hernias; colon cancer; certain medications; or strictures from an inflamed intestine caused by certain conditions, such as Crohn's disease or diverticulitis.
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Signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction include:
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Because of the serious complications that can develop from intestinal obstruction, seek immediate medical care if you have severe abdominal pain or other symptoms of intestinal obstruction.
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The most common causes of intestinal obstruction in adults are:
In children, the most common cause of intestinal obstruction is telescoping of the intestine (intussusception).
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Diseases and conditions that can increase your risk of intestinal obstruction include:
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Untreated, intestinal obstruction can cause serious, life-threatening complications, including:
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose intestinal obstruction include:
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Treatment for intestinal obstruction depends on the cause of your condition, but generally requires hospitalization.
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Intestinal obstruction is usually a medical emergency. As a result, you may not have much time to prepare for an appointment. If you have time before your appointment, make a list of your signs and symptoms so that you can better answer your doctor's questions.
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nausea, constipation, vomiting, inability to pass gas, abdominal pain, intestinal obstruction, abdominal distension
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158 |
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20370087
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370093
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/doctors-departments/ddc-20370095
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a health issue that becomes more common with age. It's also called an enlarged prostate. The prostate is a small gland that helps make semen. It's found just below the bladder. And it often gets bigger as you get older.
An enlarged prostate can cause symptoms that may bother you, such as blocking the flow of urine out of the bladder. It also can cause bladder, urinary tract or kidney problems.
Many treatments can helpBPH. These include medicines, surgery and other procedures. Your health care provider can help you choose. The right option depends on things such as:
Your symptoms.
The size of your prostate.
Other health problems you might have.
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Common symptoms ofBPHinclude:
Frequent or urgent need to pee, also called urination.
Peeing more often at night.
Trouble starting to pee.
Weak urine stream, or a stream that stops and starts.
Dribbling at the end of urination.
Not being able to fully empty the bladder.
Less common symptoms include:
Urinary tract infection.
Not being able to pee.
Blood in the urine.
The symptoms ofBPHtend to slowly get worse. But sometimes they stay the same or even improve over time.
The size of the prostate doesn't always determine how serious the symptoms are. Some people with slightly enlarged prostates can have major symptoms. Others who have very enlarged prostates can have minor problems. And some people with enlarged prostates don't have any symptoms at all.
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Talk to your health care provider about your symptoms, even if they don't bother you. It's important to find out if there are any causes that could be treated. Without treatment, the risk of a dangerous blockage of the urinary tract can rise.
If you can't pass any urine, get medical help right away.
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The prostate gland is located beneath the bladder. The tube that moves urine from the bladder out of the penis is called the urethra. This tube passes through the center of the prostate. When the prostate gets bigger, it starts to block urine flow.
The prostate is a gland that typically keeps growing throughout life. This growth often enlarges the prostate enough to cause symptoms or to block urine flow.
It isn't clear what causes the prostate to get bigger. It might be due to changes in the balance of sex hormones as you grow older.
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Risk factors for an enlarged prostate include:
Aging.An enlarged prostate gland rarely causes symptoms before age 40. After that, the chance of having an enlarged prostate and related symptoms starts to rise.
Family history.Having a blood relative with prostate problems makes you more likely to have problems with your prostate.
Diabetes and heart disease.Studies show that diabetes might raise the risk ofBPH. So might heart disease.
Lifestyle.Obesity raises the risk ofBPH. Exercise can help lower the risk.
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Complications of an enlarged prostate can include:
Not being able to pee.This also is called urinary retention. You might need to have a tube called a catheter placed into your bladder to drain the urine. Some people with an enlarged prostate need surgery to get relief.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs).Not being able to fully empty the bladder can raise the risk of infection in the urinary tract. If you often getUTIs, you might need surgery to remove part of the prostate.
Bladder stones.These are most often caused by being unable to fully empty the bladder. Bladder stones can cause illness, bladder irritation, blood in the urine and blocked urine flow.
Bladder damage.A bladder that doesn't empty fully can stretch and weaken over time. As a result, the muscular wall of the bladder no longer squeezes properly to force urine out. And this makes it harder to fully empty the bladder.
Kidney damage.Pressure in the bladder from not being able to pee can damage the kidneys or let bladder infections reach the kidneys.
Treatment forBPHlowers the risk of these complications. But urinary retention and kidney damage can be serious health threats.
Having an enlarged prostate is not thought to raise the risk of getting prostate cancer.
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Your health care provider likely will start by asking questions about your symptoms. You'll also get a physical exam. This exam is likely to include:
Digital rectal exam.The provider inserts a finger into your rectum to check if your prostate is enlarged.
Urine test.A lab checks a sample of your urine to find out if you have an illness or other problems that can cause the same symptoms as those ofBPH.
Blood test.The results can show if you have kidney problems.
After that, you might need other tests that can help confirm an enlarged prostate. These tests include:
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test.PSAis a protein made in the prostate.PSAlevels go up when the prostate becomes enlarged. But higherPSAlevels also can be due to recent procedures, illnesses, surgery or prostate cancer.
Urinary flow test.You pee into a container attached to a machine. The machine measures how strong your urine flow is and how much urine you pass. Test results can show over time whether your condition is getting better or worse.
Postvoid residual volume test.This test measures whether you can empty your bladder fully. The test can be done using an imaging exam called ultrasound. Or it can be done with a tube called a catheter placed into your bladder after you pee to measure how much urine is left in the bladder.
24-hour voiding diary.This involves noting how often and how much you pee. It might be extra helpful if you make more than a third of your daily urine at night.
If your health problem is more complex, you may need tests including:
Transrectal ultrasound.A device that uses sound waves to make pictures is inserted into the rectum. It measures the size of the prostate.
Prostate biopsy.This test uses ultrasound imaging to guide needles that take tissue samples of the prostate. Checking the prostate tissue can help your doctor find out if you have prostate cancer.
Urodynamic and pressure flow studies.A catheter is threaded through the urethra into the bladder. Water — or, less often, air — is slowly sent into the bladder to measure bladder pressure and check how well the bladder muscles work when you try to pass urine.
Cystoscopy.A lighted, flexible tool is placed into the urethra. It lets a provider see inside the urethra and bladder. Before this test, you may be given a topical medicine that numbs the urethra.
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Many treatments are available for enlarged prostate. These include medicines, surgery and procedures that involve smaller, fewer or no cuts. The best treatment choice for you depends on:
The size of your prostate.
Your age.
Your overall health.
How serious your symptoms are.
If your symptoms don't get in the way of your life, you might decide to put off treatment. Instead, you could wait to see if your symptoms change or get worse. For some people, symptoms ofBPHcan ease without treatment.
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For an enlarged prostate, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary issues, called a urologist.
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You can do things at home to help control the symptoms of an enlarged prostate.
Try to make healthy diet and exercise changes:
Drink less at night.Don't drink anything for an hour or two before bedtime. This helps prevent trips to the bathroom overnight.
Limit caffeine and alcohol.They can cause the body to make more urine, irritate the bladder and make symptoms worse.
Watch what you eat.Foods with lots of seasoning can irritate the bladder.
Become more active.Exercise can help reduce urinary problems caused by an enlarged prostate.
Stay at a healthy weight.Obesity is linked with an enlarged prostate.
Also try these bathroom habits:
Go when you first feel the urge.Waiting too long might stretch the bladder muscle too much and cause damage.
Plan bathroom breaks.Try to pee at regular times, such as every couple of hours, during the day. This can be useful if you need to pee often and urgently.
Pee and then pee again a few moments later.This practice is known as double voiding.
Other things that might help include:
Limiting decongestants or antihistamines.These medicines tighten the band of muscles around the urethra that control urine flow. This makes it harder to pee.
Staying warm.Colder temperatures can cause urine retention and increase the urgency to urinate.
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not being able to fully empty bladder, not being able to pee, weak urine stream, dribbling, peeing more often at night, dribbling at end of urination, trouble starting to pee, urinary tract infection, blood in urine, urgent need to pee, frequent urination, prostate
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159 |
Sick sinus syndrome
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377554
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377560
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sick-sinus-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20377561
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Sick sinus syndrome is a type of heart rhythm disorder. It affects the heart's natural pacemaker (sinus node), which controls the heartbeat. Sick sinus syndrome causes slow heartbeats, pauses (long periods between heartbeats) or irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias).
Sick sinus syndrome is relatively uncommon. The risk of developing it increases with age. Many people with sick sinus syndrome eventually need an implanted device called a pacemaker to keep the heart in a regular rhythm.
Sick sinus syndrome may also be called sinus node dysfunction or sinus node disease.
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Most people with sick sinus syndrome have few or no symptoms. Symptoms may be mild or come and go — making them difficult to recognize at first.
Signs and symptoms of sick sinus syndrome may include:
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Talk to your health care provider if you have any signs or symptoms of sick sinus syndrome. Many medical conditions can cause these problems. It's important to get a timely and accurate diagnosis.
If you have new or unexplained chest pain or think you're having a heart attack, call for emergency medical help immediately.
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To understand the cause of sick sinus syndrome, it may be helpful to know how the heart typically beats.
The heart is made up of four chambers — two upper (atria) and two lower (ventricles). The rhythm of the heart is typically controlled by the sinus node, an area of specialized cells in the right upper heart chamber (right atrium).
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Sick sinus syndrome can occur at any age. It's most common in people in their 70s or older. Common heart disease risk factors might increase the risk of sick sinus syndrome. Risk factors for heart disease include:
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Complications of sick sinus syndrome include:
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To diagnose sick sinus syndrome, a health care provider performs a physical exam and asks about symptoms and medical history.
Symptoms of sick sinus syndrome — such as dizziness, shortness of breath and fainting — only occur when the heart is beating irregularly. You may not have symptoms at the time of the appointment.
To determine whether symptoms are related to problems with the sinus node and heart function, a health care provider may use the following tests:
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The goals of sick sinus treatment are to reduce or eliminate symptoms and to manage any other contributing health conditions.
Treatment of sick sinus syndrome may include:
If you don't have symptoms, your health care provider may simply recommend regular health checkups to monitor your condition. Most people with symptoms need to have a procedure to implant a device to maintain a regular heartbeat (pacemaker).
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Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of sick sinus syndrome. You might be referred to a doctor trained in diagnosing and treating heart conditions (cardiologist).
Be prepared to answer questions about your medical history and symptoms. Write down your answers to help you remember details.
Questions your provider may ask about symptoms include:
Other questions may include the following:
Write down any questions you have for your provider. You might bring a friend or relative to write down information during the appointment.
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sick sinus syndrome, none
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160 |
Brain AVM (arteriovenous malformation)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-avm/symptoms-causes/syc-20350260
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-avm/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350265
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-avm/doctors-departments/ddc-20350267
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A brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a tangle of blood vessels that creates irregular connections between arteries and veins in the brain.
Arteries take oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the brain. Veins carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the lungs and heart. A brain AVM disrupts this vital process.
An arteriovenous malformation can develop anywhere in the body, but common locations include the brain and spinal cord. Overall, brain AVMs are rare.
The cause of brain AVMs isn't clear. Most people who have them are born with them, but they can form later in life. Rarely, AVM can be a trait passed down in families.
Some people with brain AVMs experience symptoms such as headaches or seizures. A brain AVM may be found after a brain scan for another health issue. Sometimes a brain AVM is found after the blood vessels burst and bleed, known as a hemorrhage.
Once diagnosed, a brain AVM can be treated to prevent complications such as brain damage or stroke.
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A brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) may not cause any symptoms until the AVM bursts and bleeds, known as a hemorrhage. In about half of all brain AVMs, a hemorrhage is the first sign of the malformation.
But some people with brain AVMs may experience symptoms other than bleeding, such as:
Seizures.
Headaches or pain in one area of the head.
Muscle weakness or numbness in one part of the body.
Some people may experience more-serious symptoms depending on the location of the AVM, including:
A very bad headache.
Weakness, numbness or paralysis.
Vision loss.
Trouble speaking.
Confusion or not being able to understand others.
Trouble with walking.
Symptoms of a brain AVM may begin at any age but usually appear between ages 10 and 40. Brain AVMs can damage brain tissue over time. The effects slowly build and often cause symptoms in early adulthood.
By middle age, however, brain AVMs tend to remain stable and are less likely to cause symptoms.
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Get medical care right away if you notice any symptoms of a brain AVM, such as seizures, headaches or other symptoms. A bleeding brain AVM is dangerous and requires emergency medical care.
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The cause of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is not known. Researchers believe most brain AVMs are present at birth and form during a baby's growth in the womb. But brain AVMs can happen later in life as well.
Brain AVMs are seen in some people who have hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). HHT also is known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome. HHT affects the way blood vessels form in several areas of the body, including the brain.
Typically, the heart sends oxygen-rich blood to the brain through arteries. The arteries slow blood flow by passing the blood through a series of smaller and smaller blood vessels. The smallest blood vessels are called capillaries. The capillaries slowly deliver oxygen through their thin, porous walls to the surrounding brain tissue.
The oxygen-depleted blood passes into small blood vessels and then into larger veins. The veins return the blood to the heart and lungs to get more oxygen.
The arteries and veins in an AVM lack this supporting network of smaller blood vessels and capillaries. Instead, blood flows quickly and directly from the arteries to the veins. When this happens, surrounding brain tissue doesn't receive the oxygen it needs.
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Anyone can be born with a brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM), but these factors may raise the risk:
Being male.Brain AVMs are more common in men.
Having a family history.Rarely, brain AVMs occur in families, but it's not clear if there's a certain genetic risk factor. It's also possible to inherit other medical conditions that increase the risk of brain AVMs, such as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT).
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Complications of a brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) include:
Bleeding in the brain.A brain AVM puts extreme pressure on the walls of the affected arteries and veins. The pressure causes the arteries and veins to become thin or weak. This may result in the AVM breaking open and bleeding into the brain, known as a hemorrhage.This risk of a brain AVM bleeding ranges from around 2% to 3% each year. The risk of bleeding may be higher for certain types of AVM. Risk also may be higher in people who have had a brain AVM bleed in the past.Although studies haven't found that pregnancy increases the risk of hemorrhage in people with a brain AVM, more research is needed.Some hemorrhages associated with brain AVMs aren't detected because they cause no major symptoms. However, potentially dangerous bleeding can occur.Brain AVMs account for about 2% of all hemorrhagic strokes each year. In children and young adults who experience brain hemorrhage, brain AVMs are often the cause.
Reduced oxygen to brain tissue.With a brain AVM, blood doesn't flow through the network of small blood vessels called capillaries. Instead, it flows directly from arteries to veins. Blood rushes quickly because it isn't slowed by the smaller blood vessels.Surrounding brain tissue can't easily absorb oxygen from the fast-flowing blood. Without enough oxygen, brain tissues weaken or may die off completely. This results in stroke-like symptoms, such as trouble speaking, weakness, numbness, vision loss or trouble staying steady.
Thin or weak blood vessels.An AVM puts extreme pressure on the thin and weak walls of the blood vessels. A bulge in a blood vessel wall, known as an aneurysm, may form. The aneurysm may be at risk of bursting.
Brain damage.The body may use more arteries to supply blood to the fast-flowing brain AVM. As a result, some AVMs may get bigger and displace or compress portions of the brain. This may prevent protective fluids from flowing freely around the brain.If fluid builds up, it can push brain tissue against the skull.
One type of brain AVM that involves a major blood vessel called the vein of Galen causes serious complications in babies. Symptoms are present at birth or appear soon after birth. This type of brain AVM causes fluid to build up in the brain and the head to swell. Swollen veins may be seen on the scalp, and seizures may occur. Children with this type of brain AVM can have a failure to thrive and congestive heart failure.
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To diagnose a brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM), your healthcare professional reviews your symptoms and conducts a physical exam.
One or more tests may be used to diagnose brain AVM. Imaging tests are usually done by radiologists trained in brain and nervous system imaging, known as neuroradiologists.
Tests used to diagnose brain AVMs include:
Cerebral angiography.This is the most detailed test to diagnose a brain AVM. Cerebral angiography reveals the location of the feeding arteries and draining veins, which is critical to planning treatment. Cerebral angiography is also known as cerebral arteriography.In this test, a long, thin tube called a catheter is inserted into an artery in the groin or wrist. The catheter is threaded to the brain using X-ray imaging. A dye is injected into the blood vessels of the brain to make them visible under X-ray imaging.
Computerized tomography (CT) scan.A CT scan uses a series of X-rays to create a detailed cross-sectional image of the brain.Sometimes a dye is injected through a tube into a vein for the CT scan. This type of test is known as computerized tomography angiography. The dye allows the arteries feeding the AVM and the veins draining the AVM to be viewed in greater detail.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain.MRI is more sensitive than CT and can show subtle changes in brain tissue related to a brain AVM.MRI also provides information about the exact location of the brain AVM and any related bleeding in the brain. The information is important for planning treatment.A dye also may be injected to see the blood circulation in the brain. This type of test is known as magnetic resonance angiography.
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There are several treatments for brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM). The main goal of treatment is to prevent bleeding, known as a hemorrhage. Treatment also can help control seizures or other brain symptoms.
The proper treatment depends on your age, health, and the size and location of the brain AVM.
Medicines may be used to treat symptoms caused by the AVM, such as headaches or seizures.
Surgery is the most common treatment for brain AVMs. There are three surgical options:
Surgical removal, known as resection.Surgery may be recommended if the brain AVM has bled or is in an area that can easily be reached. In this procedure, the surgeon removes part of the skull to gain access to the AVM.With the help of a high-powered microscope, the surgeon seals off the AVM with special clips and carefully removes it from surrounding brain tissue. The surgeon then reattaches the skull bone and closes the incision in the scalp.Resection usually is done when the AVM can be removed with little risk of hemorrhage or seizure. AVMs that are in deep brain regions carry a higher risk of complications, and other treatments may be recommended.
Endovascular embolization.In this procedure, a catheter is inserted into an artery in the leg or wrist. The catheter is threaded through blood vessels to the brain using X-ray imaging.The catheter is positioned in one of the arteries that feeds the brain AVM. The surgeon injects an embolizing agent. This may be small particles, a gluelike substance, microcoils or other materials. The embolizing agent blocks the artery and reduces blood flow into the AVM.Endovascular embolization is less invasive than traditional surgery. It may be performed alone but it's often used before other surgical treatments to make them safer. It does this by reducing the size of the brain AVM or the likelihood of bleeding.In some large brain AVMs, endovascular embolization may be used to reduce stroke-like symptoms by redirecting blood back to brain tissue.
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).This treatment uses precisely focused radiation to destroy the AVM. This type of surgery doesn't require cuts in the body the way other surgeries do.Instead, SRS directs many highly targeted radiation beams at the AVM to damage the blood vessels and cause scarring. The scarred AVM blood vessels then slowly close in 1 to 3 years.This treatment may be done for small AVMs that are hard to remove with traditional surgery. It also may be done for AVMs that haven't caused dangerous hemorrhages.
Sometimes healthcare professionals decide to monitor a brain AVM rather than treating it. This may be recommended if you have few or no symptoms or if your AVM is in an area of your brain that's hard to treat. Monitoring includes regular medical checkups with your healthcare team.
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You can take steps to cope with the emotions that may come with a diagnosis of brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and the recovery process. Consider trying to:
Learn about brain AVM to make informed decisions about your care.Ask your healthcare professional about the size and location of your brain AVM. Ask how that affects your treatment options. As you learn more about brain AVMs, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
Accept your emotions.Complications of brain AVM, such as hemorrhage and stroke, can cause emotional concerns as well as physical ones. Recognize that experiencing emotions is common. Some emotional and mood changes may be caused by the injury itself, along with coming to terms with the diagnosis.
Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong helps during recovery. Friends and family can provide the practical support you need, such as coming with you to healthcare appointments and providing emotional support.
Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The concern and understanding of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or support group also may be helpful.
Ask your healthcare professional about support groups in your area. You also might look online or check the library. You may find a support group through a national organization, such as the American Stroke Association or the Aneurysm and AVM Foundation.
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A brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) may be diagnosed in an emergency right after bleeding has occurred. It also may be found after other symptoms prompt a brain scan.
But sometimes a brain AVM may be found during the diagnosis or treatment of an unrelated medical condition. You may then be referred to a specialist trained in brain and nervous system conditions, such as a neurologist or neurosurgeon.
Because there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to arrive prepared for your appointment. Here are some tips to help you get ready and what to expect from your healthcare professional.
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pain, arteriovenous malformation, weakness, bleeding, trouble speaking, trouble walking, numbness, muscle weakness, bad headache, paralysis, hemorrhage, confusion, seizures, avms, vision loss, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
seizures, headaches
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161 |
Pediatric brain tumors
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20361694
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361706
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-brain-tumor/doctors-departments/ddc-20361738
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Pediatric brain tumors are growths of cells that start in or near the brain in children. The growths, called tumors, can grow to press on nearby parts of the brain. This can cause symptoms, such as headaches and nausea.
Many types of pediatric brain tumors exist. Some grow quickly, and some grow slowly. Some are cancerous, and some aren't cancerous. Noncancerous brain tumors also are called benign brain tumors.
The type of brain tumor a child has helps determine the best treatment plan. Other things your child's healthcare team considers include the tumor's location, whether it has spread beyond the brain, and your child's age and overall health.
Treatment for brain tumors in children is often quite different from treatment for adult brain tumors. For this reason, seek out care at a medical center that has experience caring for children with brain tumors.
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Pediatric brain tumor symptoms may vary depending on the tumor's location within the brain. Symptoms also might depend on the size of the tumor and how quickly it's growing.
Some of the more common signs and symptoms of pediatric brain tumors include:
Headaches, which may become more frequent and more severe. In children who don't talk, a parent might notice that the child is more irritable than usual.
Nausea and vomiting.
Vision changes, such as double vision. In children who don't talk, a parent might notice that a child squints or covers one eye when trying to look at something.
Other possible signs and symptoms include:
A fuller soft spot on the skull in babies.
Changes in the way the eyes move.
Confusion and irritability.
Difficulty with balance.
Hearing problems.
Memory problems.
Personality or behavior changes.
Seizures, especially in a child who hasn't had a seizure before.
Slurred speech.
Trouble walking.
Trouble swallowing.
Weakness or drooping on one side on the face.
Weakness or loss of sensation in an arm or a leg.
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Make an appointment with your child's doctor or other healthcare professional if your child has symptoms that worry you.
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Most of the time, the cause of a pediatric brain tumor isn't known.
Pediatric brain tumors start when cells in the brain develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The extra cells might form a mass called a tumor. A tumor can grow and press on nearby brain tissue. Sometimes a growing tumor causes swelling and other changes in the nearby brain tissue.
Some tumor cells develop other DNA changes that turn them into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy tissue. Sometimes cancer cells can break away and spread beyond the brain. If brain cancer spreads, it tends to go to the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid.
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Factors that may increase the risk of pediatric brain tumors include:
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There's no way to prevent pediatric brain tumors. If your child develops a brain tumor, you didn't do anything to cause it.
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Pediatric brain tumor diagnosis often begins with questions about your child's symptoms and an exam. The exam can give your child's healthcare team clues about what's happening in your child's brain. It can help the healthcare team decide which tests are needed next.
Tests and procedures used to diagnose pediatric brain tumors include:
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Treatment for pediatric brain tumors depends on many factors. Your child's healthcare team considers the type, size and location of the tumor. The care team also considers your child's age and overall health. Treatment options might include surgery, radiation therapy, radiosurgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy.
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Here are some suggestions to help guide your family through your child's brain tumor treatment.
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See your child's doctor or other healthcare professional if your child has any symptoms that worry you. If a brain tumor is suspected, ask for a referral to an experienced specialist in pediatric brain tumors.
Consider taking a relative or friend along to the appointment to help remember all the information provided.
Here's some information to help you and your child get ready for the appointment.
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nausea, seizure, changes in the way the eyes move, weakness or loss of sensation in an arm or a leg, brain tumors, weakness or drooping on one side on the face, headaches, nausea and vomiting, fuller soft spot on the skull, slurred speech, loss of sensation, memory problems, vomiting, double vision, tumor, hearing problems, squints, difficulty with balance, seizures, brain tumor symptoms, irritability, weakness, trouble walking, irritable, confusion, personality or behavior changes, trouble swallowing
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162 |
Inflammatory breast cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20355413
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355417
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-breast-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20355419
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Inflammatory breast cancer is a form of breast cancer that causes breast swelling and skin changes.
Inflammatory breast cancer happens when a growth of cells forms in the breast tissue. The cells break away from where they started to grow and travel to the lymphatic vessels in the skin. The cells can block the vessels and cause the skin on the breast to look swollen. This skin on the breast might look red or purple.
Inflammatory breast cancer is considered a locally advanced cancer. When a cancer is locally advanced, that means it has spread from where it started to nearby tissue and possibly to nearby lymph nodes.
Inflammatory breast cancer can easily be confused with a breast infection, which is a much more common cause of breast swelling and skin changes. Seek medical attention right away if you notice skin changes on your breast.
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Inflammatory breast cancer doesn't commonly form a lump, as occurs with other forms of breast cancer. Instead, signs and symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer include:
Fast change in the appearance of one breast, over the course of several weeks.
Thickness, heaviness or swelling of one breast.
Changes in skin color, giving the breast a red, purple, pink or bruised appearance.
Unusual warmth of the affected breast.
Dimpling or ridges on the skin of the affected breast, similar to an orange peel.
Tenderness, pain or aching.
Enlarged lymph nodes under the arm, above the collarbone or below the collarbone.
Flattened nipple or nipple that turns inward on the affected breast.
For inflammatory breast cancer to be diagnosed, these symptoms must have been present for less than six months.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
Other, more common conditions have symptoms similar to those of inflammatory breast cancer. A breast injury or breast infection, called mastitis, may cause skin color changes, swelling and pain.
Inflammatory breast cancer can easily be confused with a breast infection, which is much more common. It's reasonable and common to first be treated with antibiotics for a week or more. If your symptoms respond to antibiotics, additional testing isn't necessary. But if the condition does not improve, your healthcare professional may consider more-serious causes of your symptoms, such as inflammatory breast cancer.
If you've been treated for a breast infection but your symptoms continue, contact your healthcare professional. You may have a mammogram or other test to evaluate your symptoms. The only way a healthcare professional can know whether your symptoms are caused by inflammatory breast cancer is to remove a sample of tissue for testing.
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Inflammatory breast cancer happens when cells in the breast develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
Most often the DNA changes happen in a cell in one of the tubes, called ducts, that can carry breast milk to the nipple. But the cancer also can begin with a cell in the glandular tissue, called lobules, where breast milk can be produced.
In inflammatory breast cancer, the cancer cells break away from where they started. They travel to the lymphatic vessels in the breast skin. The cells grow to clog the vessels. The blockage in the lymphatic vessels causes skin color changes, swelling and dimpled skin. This skin is a classic sign of inflammatory breast cancer.
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Factors that increase the risk of inflammatory breast cancer include:
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Making changes in your daily life may help lower your risk of breast cancer. Try to:
|
Inflammatory breast cancer is a clinical diagnosis that often starts with a discussion of your health history and an exam of the breast. Other tests include imaging tests and removing some cells for testing.
Tests and procedures used to diagnose inflammatory breast cancer include:
A physical exam.Your healthcare professional examines your breast to look for changes in skin color, swelling and other signs of inflammatory breast cancer.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests make pictures of the body. Your healthcare professional may recommend a breast X-ray, called a mammogram, or a breast ultrasound to look for signs of cancer in your breast. Additional imaging tests, such as anMRI, may be recommended in certain situations.
Removing a sample of tissue for testing.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. The tissue might be removed using a needle that is put through the skin and into the suspected cancer cells. A skin biopsy also may be helpful. This type of biopsy removes a sample of skin cells. The sample is tested in a lab to see if it is cancer.
|
Inflammatory breast cancer treatment begins with chemotherapy. If the cancer hasn't spread to other areas of the body, treatment continues with surgery and radiation therapy. If the cancer has spread to other areas of the body, your healthcare team may recommend other medicines in addition to chemotherapy. These treatments can slow the growth of the cancer.
|
Inflammatory breast cancer progresses rapidly. Sometimes this means you need to start treatment before you've had time to think everything through. With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and distress of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find that it helps to:
|
Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
If you're diagnosed with inflammatory breast cancer, you'll be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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pain, flattened nipple, swelling, fast change in appearance, changes in skin color, unusual warmth, enlarged lymph nodes, thickness, aching, nipple turns inward, ridges, tenderness, dimpling, breast cancer, heaviness
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163 |
Male breast cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374740
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374745
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20374746
|
Male breast cancer is a rare cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue of men.
Breast cancer is typically thought of as a condition that happens in women. But everyone is born with some breast tissue. So anyone can get breast cancer.
Male breast cancer is rare. It happens most often in older men, though it can occur at any age.
Treatment for male breast cancer typically involves surgery to remove the breast tissue. Other treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, may be recommended as well.
|
Signs and symptoms of male breast cancer can include:
A painless lump or thickening of the skin on the chest.
Changes to the skin covering the chest, such as dimpling, puckering, scaling or changes in the color of the skin.
Changes to the nipple, such as changes in the skin color or scaling, or a nipple that begins to turn inward.
Discharge or bleeding from the nipple.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional if you have symptoms that worry you.
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It's not clear what causes male breast cancer.
Male breast cancer starts when cells in the breast tissue develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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Factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer include:
Older age.The risk of breast cancer increases with age. Male breast cancer is most often diagnosed in men in their 60s.
Hormone therapy for prostate cancer or medicines containing estrogen.If you take estrogen-related medicines, such as those used for hormone therapy for prostate cancer, your risk of breast cancer rises.
Family history of breast cancer.If you have a blood relative with breast cancer, you have a greater chance of getting the disease.
Inherited DNA changes that increase breast cancer risk.Some of the DNA changes that can lead to breast cancer are passed down from parents to children. People born with these DNA changes have a greater risk of breast cancer. For example, the DNA changes BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the risk of male breast cancer.
Klinefelter syndrome.This genetic syndrome occurs when males are born with more than one copy of the X chromosome. Klinefelter syndrome affects the development of the testicles. It causes changes in the balance of hormones in the body, which can increase the risk of male breast cancer.
Liver disease.Certain conditions, such as cirrhosis of the liver, can change the balance of hormones in the body. This raises the risk of male breast cancer.
Obesity.Obesity is linked with higher levels of estrogen in the body. This increases the risk of male breast cancer.
Testicle disease or surgery.Having inflamed testicles, called orchitis, or surgery to remove a testicle, called orchiectomy, can increase the risk of male breast cancer.
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For most men, there's no way to prevent male breast cancer. For those that have an increased risk of cancer, there may be ways to lower the risk.
If breast cancer runs in your family.Certain DNA changes are linked to breast cancer. If these DNA changes run in your family, you might have an increased risk of breast cancer. DNA changes that increase the risk of male breast cancer include BRCA1 and BRCA2.If you know that a blood relative carries DNA changes linked to breast cancer, tell your doctor or other health care professional. Together you can decide whether you should have genetic testing to see if you also carry the DNA changes.If you carry a DNA change that increases your risk, you might need breast cancer screening. Usually this involves becoming familiar with the skin and tissue on your chest. Tell your health professional if you notice any changes. You also might have an annual exam of your chest.
If you're a transgender man.If you haven't had gender-affirming surgery on your chest, talk with your doctor or other health care professional about breast cancer screening. In general, follow the screening guidelines for people assigned female at birth.If you've had gender-affirming surgery to your chest, breast cancer is still possible, though it's rare. Often a small amount of breast tissue remains after surgery. Get to know the look and feel of the skin on your chest. Report any changes to your health care team right away.
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Male breast cancer treatment usually starts with surgery. Other common treatments include chemotherapy, hormone therapy and radiation therapy. To create a treatment plan, your health care team looks at your cancer's stage, your overall health and what you prefer.
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Receiving a cancer diagnosis can be shocking. With time, you'll find ways to cope with the stress and challenges of cancer and cancer treatment. Until then, you might find it helpful to consider:
Talking with someone.You may feel comfortable discussing your feelings with a friend or family member. Or you might prefer meeting with a formal support group. Support groups for the families of cancer survivors also are available.
Prayer or meditation.You can pray or meditate on your own. Or you can have a spiritual adviser or an instructor guide you.
Exercise.Gentle exercise may help boost your mood and make you feel better. Ask a member of your health care team about exercises you can do.
Creative activities.Certain activities, such as art, dance and music, may help you feel less distressed. Some cancer centers have specially trained professionals who can guide you through these activities.
Relaxation exercises.Relaxation exercises help refocus your mind and help you relax. Relaxation exercises include guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation. You can do relaxation exercises on your own or with an instructor. You might find it helpful to listen to a recording or watch a video that guides you through the exercises.
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Start by seeing your doctor or another health care professional if you notice any symptoms that worry you. You might be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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nipple turning inward, changes in skin color, scaling, discharge, bleeding, painless lump, thickening of the skin, puckering, dimpling, breast cancer
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164 |
Mastitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mastitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374829
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mastitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374834
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mastitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20374835
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Mastitis is swelling and redness, called inflammation, of breast tissue. It sometimes involves an infection. Besides causing swelling and redness, mastitis causes breast pain and warmth. An infection also can cause fever and chills.
Mastitis most often affects people who are breastfeeding. This is called lactation mastitis. But mastitis can happen to people who aren't breastfeeding.
Lactation mastitis can cause you to feel run down, making it hard to care for your baby. Sometimes mastitis causes people to wean their babies earlier than they meant to. But continuing to breastfeed is better for you and your baby. This is true even if you're taking an antibiotic.
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Symptoms of mastitis can appear suddenly. They may be in one or both breasts. Symptoms may include:
Breast tenderness or warmth.
Breast swelling.
Thickening of breast tissue, or a breast lump.
Pain or a burning feeling all the time or while breastfeeding.
Skin redness, often in a wedge-shaped pattern. The redness may be harder to see on Black or brown skin.
Feeling ill.
Fever of 101 degrees Fahrenheit (38.3 degrees Celsius) or greater.
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See your healthcare professional if you have breast symptoms that worry you.
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Milk that is trapped in the breast is the main cause of mastitis. Other causes include:
A blocked milk duct.If a breast doesn't empty all the way during feedings, one of the milk ducts can get clogged. Then milk backs up, leading to breast infection.
Germs going into the breast.Germs from the skin's surface and baby's mouth can enter the milk ducts. This can happen through a crack in the skin of the nipple or through a milk duct opening. Germs can grow in milk that stays in a breast that isn't emptied.
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Risk factors for mastitis include:
Having a history of mastitis.
Having sore or cracked nipples.
Putting pressure on a breast that restricts milk flow. Wearing a tight bra or using a tight seat belt can cause pressure.
Not nursing correctly.
Being overly tired or stressed.
Eating poorly.
Smoking.
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Mastitis that isn't treated or that is due to a blocked duct can cause pus to build up in the breast. This is called an abscess. An abscess most often needs to be drained surgically.
To avoid this complication, talk with your healthcare professional as soon as you get symptoms of mastitis. You may need to take a course of antibiotics.
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Before you start breastfeeding, think about meeting with a breastfeeding specialist, called a lactation consultant. This can help you avoid complications such as mastitis.
Lower your chances of getting mastitis by following these tips:
Feed your baby on demand or let out milk with your hand, called expressing, often.
Fully drain the milk from your breasts while breastfeeding.
Let your baby empty one breast all the way before switching to the other breast during feeding.
Change the position you use to breastfeed from one feeding to the next.
Make sure your baby latches on well during feedings.
If you smoke, talk with your healthcare professional about how to quit.
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Your healthcare professional does a physical exam and asks about your symptoms and medical history. You might have a breast ultrasound. Your healthcare professional might take out, called aspirate, some of the fluid in your breast. A culture of this fluid can help find the best antibiotic for you.
A rare form of breast cancer, called inflammatory breast cancer, also can cause redness and swelling that might be confused with mastitis. Your healthcare professional may suggest a mammogram or an ultrasound or both.
If your symptoms don't go away after you take a full course of antibiotics, you may need a biopsy to make sure you don't have breast cancer. Be sure to follow up with your healthcare professional after you've taken all the antibiotics.
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Mastitis treatment might involve:
Antibiotics.If you have an infection, a 10-day course of antibiotics is most often needed. Take all the medicine. This lowers the risk of the infection coming back. If your mastitis doesn't clear up after taking antibiotics, contact your healthcare professional.
Pain relievers.You can try a medicine available without a prescription such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others).
It's safe to keep breastfeeding if you have mastitis. Breastfeeding helps clear the infection. Weaning your baby suddenly might make your symptoms worse.
You might see a specialist in breastfeeding, called a lactation consultant, for help and support. Advice on the best way to breastfeed might include:
Don't let your breasts fill too much between feedings.
Try get your infant to latch on well. This can be hard when your breast is swollen.
Letting out a small amount of milk by hand before breastfeeding might help. This is called expressing.
Lightly massage the breast while breastfeeding or pumping milk. Start at the affected area and move down toward the nipple. Do not press hard or squeeze.
Make sure your breast drains all the way during breastfeeding. If you have trouble emptying your breast, put a warm, moist cloth on the breast before breastfeeding or pumping milk.
Breastfeed on the affected side first. This is when your infant is hungrier and sucking harder.
Change your breastfeeding positions.
Drink plenty of fluids.
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You may be sent to an obstetrician-gynecologist. For problems related to breastfeeding, you may be referred to a lactation consultant.
|
To help yourself feel better:
Don't let your breasts fill up with too much milk between breastfeeding sessions.
Put a cool cloth or ice pack on your breast after breastfeeding.
Wear a bra that supports your breasts.
Rest as much as you can.
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pain, breast tenderness, feeling ill, thickening of breast tissue, mastitis, fever, burning feeling, breast warmth, breast swelling, breast lump, skin redness
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165 |
Subconjunctival hemorrhage (broken blood vessel in eye)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/subconjunctival-hemorrhage/symptoms-causes/syc-20353826
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/subconjunctival-hemorrhage/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353832
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/subconjunctival-hemorrhage/doctors-departments/ddc-20353833
|
A subconjunctival hemorrhage (sub-kun-JUNK-tih-vul HEM-uh-ruj) occurs when a tiny blood vessel breaks just underneath the clear surface of your eye (conjunctiva). In many ways, it's just like having a bruise on your skin. The conjunctiva can't absorb blood very quickly, so the blood gets trapped. You may not even realize you have a subconjunctival hemorrhage until you look in the mirror and notice that the white part of your eye is bright red.
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The most obvious sign of a subconjunctival hemorrhage is a bright red patch on the white (sclera) of your eye.
Despite its bloody appearance, a subconjunctival hemorrhage looks worse than it is and should cause no change in your vision, discharge or pain. Your only discomfort may be a scratchy feeling on the surface of the eye.
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If you have recurrent subconjunctival hemorrhages or other bleeding, talk to your doctor.
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The cause of a subconjunctival hemorrhage isn't always known. The following actions may cause a small blood vessel to rupture in your eye:
In some cases, a subconjunctival hemorrhage may result from an eye injury, including:
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Risk factors for a subconjunctival hemorrhage include:
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Health complications from a subconjunctival hemorrhage are rare. If your condition is due to trauma, your doctor may evaluate your eye to ensure you don't have other eye complications or injury.
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If the bleeding on the surface of your eye has a clearly identifiable cause, such as a bleeding disorder or blood-thinning medication, ask your doctor if you can take any steps to reduce the risk of a subconjunctival hemorrhage.
If you need to rub your eyes, rub them gently. Rubbing too hard can cause minor trauma to your eyes, which may lead to a subconjunctival hemorrhage.
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Your doctor or eye doctor will generally diagnose a subconjunctival hemorrhage by looking at your eye. You'll likely need no other tests.
If you have recurrent subconjunctival hemorrhages, your doctor may also:
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You may want to use eye drops, such as artificial tears, to soothe any scratchy feeling you may be experiencing. Beyond that, the blood will absorb within about 1 to 2 weeks, and you'll need no treatment.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor. In some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to an eye doctor (ophthalmologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, discharge, bright red patch, scratchy feeling, bloody, scratchy, hemorrhage
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166 |
Hip fracture
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-fracture/symptoms-causes/syc-20373468
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-fracture/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373472
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-fracture/doctors-departments/ddc-20373473
|
A hip fracture is a serious injury, with complications that can be life-threatening. The risk of hip fracture rises with age.
Risk increases because bones tend to weaken with age (osteoporosis). Multiple medications, poor vision and balance problems also make older people more likely to fall — one of the most common causes of hip fracture.
A hip fracture almost always requires surgical repair or replacement, followed by physical therapy. Taking steps to maintain bone density and avoid falls can help prevent a hip fracture.
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Signs and symptoms of a hip fracture include:
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A severe impact, such as a car crash, can cause hip fractures in people of all ages. In older adults, a hip fracture is most often a result of a fall from a standing height. In people with very weak bones, a hip fracture can occur simply by standing on the leg and twisting.
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Many things can increase the risk of hip fractures.
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A hip fracture can reduce independence and sometimes shorten life. About half the people who have a hip fracture aren't able to regain the ability to live independently.
When hip fractures prevent movement for a long time, complications can include:
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Healthy lifestyle choices in early adulthood build a higher peak bone mass and reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later years. The same measures adopted at any age might lower the risk of falls and improve overall health.
To avoid falls and to maintain healthy bone:
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A health care provider can often diagnose a hip fracture based on symptoms and the abnormal position of the hip and leg. An X-ray usually will confirm the fracture and show where the fracture is.
If your X-ray doesn't show a fracture but you still have hip pain, your provider might order an MRI or bone scan to look for a hairline fracture.
Most hip fractures occur in one of two locations on the long bone that extends from the pelvis to your knee (femur):
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Treatment for hip fracture usually involves a combination of prompt surgical repair, rehabilitation, and medication to manage pain and to prevent blood clots and infection.
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You may be referred to an orthopedic surgeon.
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fracture, none
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168 |
Burns
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burns/symptoms-causes/syc-20370539
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burns/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370545
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/burns/doctors-departments/ddc-20370546
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Burns are tissue damage that results from too much sun, hot liquids, flames, chemicals, electricity, steam and other sources. Burns can be minor medical problems or life-threatening emergencies.
The treatment of burns depends on where they are on the body and how bad they are. Sunburns and small scalds can often be treated with first aid. Deep or widespread burns and chemical or electrical burns need medical care right away. Some people need treatment at specialized burn centers and monthslong follow-up care.
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Burn symptoms vary depending on how deep the skin damage is. It can take a day or two for the symptoms of a severe burn to develop.
First-degree burn, also called superficial burn.This minor burn affects only the outer layer of the skin, which is called the epidermis. It may cause pain and redness or other changes in skin color.
Second-degree burn, also called partial-thickness burn.This type of burn affects both the epidermis and the second layer of skin, which is called the dermis. It may cause swelling and red, white or splotchy skin. Blisters may develop, and pain can be terrible. Deep second-degree burns can cause scarring.
Third-degree burn, also called full-thickness burn.This burn involves all of the layers of skin and sometimes the fat and muscle tissue under the skin. Burned areas may be black, brown or white. The skin may look leathery. Third-degree burns can destroy nerves, so there may be little or no pain.
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Call 911 or seek immediate care for:
Burns that may be deep, involving all layers of the skin.
Burns that cause the skin to be dry and leathery.
Burns that look charred or have patches of white, brown or black.
Burns that are larger than 3 inches (about 8 centimeters) wide.
Burns that cover the hands, feet, face, neck, groin, buttocks or a major joint, or burns that encircle an arm or a leg.
Difficulty breathing due to breathing in smoke or fumes.
Headache or nausea due to exposure to fire and smoke.
Burns that begin swelling very quickly.
Major burns that were caused by chemicals, gunpowder or an explosion.
Electrical burns, including those caused by lightning.
A sunburn with a fever greater than 103 degrees Fahrenheit (39 degrees Celsius) and vomiting.
An infection over a sunburned area.
A sunburn with confusion or passing out.
A sunburn with dehydration.
Take first-aid measures while waiting for emergency assistance.
A minor burn might need emergency care if it affects the eyes, mouth, hands or genitals. Babies and older adults might need emergency care for minor burns as well.
Call your healthcare professional if you experience:
Signs of infection, such as oozing and streaks from the wound, and fever.
A burn or blister that's wider than 2 inches (about 5 centimeters) or doesn't heal in two weeks.
New symptoms that can't be explained.
A burn and also have a history diabetes.
Also call your health professional if you think you might need a tetanus booster. You may need a booster shot if you haven't had a tetanus shot in the past five years. Try to get this within three days of the injury.
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Burns are caused by:
Fire.
Hot liquid or steam.
Hot metal, glass or other objects.
Electrical currents.
Nonsolar radiation, such as that from X-rays.
Sunlight or other sources of ultraviolet radiation, such as tanning beds.
Chemicals such as strong acids, lye, paint thinner or gasoline.
Abuse.
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Risk factors for burns include:
Workplace factors.People who work outdoors and people who work with flames, chemicals and other substances that cause burns are at increased risk of burns. Most burns occur in adults.
Dementia.Older adults with dementia are more likely to have burns from heat sources, such as too-hot tap water, hot drinks, food fats and cooking oils.
Being young.Very young children are unable to get away from heat sources or flames. Their burns often come from kitchen, car seat and bath hazards.
Alcohol.Risk of burns is increased among people who drink alcohol or use other substances that affect judgment.
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Complications of deep or widespread burns can include:
Infection. Examples include bacterial infection, tetanus, and pneumonia.
Fluid loss. This includes low blood volume, which is also known as hypovolemia.
Dangerously low body temperature. This is known as hypothermia.
Breathing problems. These can occur after taking in hot air or smoke.
Irregular heartbeats. Also called arrythmias, irregular heartbeats can occur after electrical burns.
Scars and changes in skin color. Scars or ridged areas can be caused by an overgrowth of scar tissue. These types of scars are called hypertrophic scars or keloids. Black people have an increased risk of this type of scarring and may benefit from seeing a burn specialist or surgeon. Other people may develop skin color changes after burns if healed skin is lighter or darker than skin that wasn't burned.
Pain. Burn scars can be painful. Some people may experience itching or discomfort related to damaged nerves, causing numbness or tingling.
Bone and joint problems. Scar tissue can shorten and tighten skin, muscles or tendons. This condition is also known as a contracture.
Depression and anxiety disorders.
Skin cancer. Skin cancer can sometimes happen in scars from previous burns. Contact your healthcare professional if you notice a sore that isn't healing within a burn scar.
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Burns are very common, and most of them are preventable. Kitchen-related injuries from hot drinks, soups and microwaved foods are especially common among children. You can take steps to reduce the risk of household burns.
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If you go to a healthcare professional for burn treatment, the health professional figures out how bad your burn is by examining your skin. You may be transferred to a burn center if your burn covers more than 10% of your total body surface area, is very deep, is on the face, feet or groin, or meets other criteria established by the American Burn Association.
Your healthcare professional also checks for other injuries and might order lab tests, X-rays or other diagnostic tests.
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Most minor burns can be treated at home. They usually heal within a couple of weeks.
For major burns, after first aid and after a healthcare professional looks at your burns, treatment may involve one or more of the following: medicines, wound dressings, therapy and surgery. The goals of treatment are to control pain, remove dead tissue, prevent infection, lower scarring risk and restore function.
People with major burns may require treatment at specialized burn centers. They may need skin grafts to cover large wounds. And they may need emotional support and months of follow-up care, such as physical therapy.
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Coping with a serious burn injury can be a challenge, especially if it covers large areas of the body or is in places readily seen by other people, such as the face or hands. Potential scarring, less mobility and possible surgeries add to the burden.
Consider joining a support group of other people who have had serious burns and know what you're going through. You may find comfort in sharing your experience and troubles and meeting people who face similar challenges. Ask your healthcare professional for information on support groups in your area or online.
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Seek emergency medical care for burns that are deep or involve your hands, feet, face, groin, buttocks, a major joint or a large area of your body. Your healthcare team may recommend an exam by a skin specialist, burn specialist, surgeon or other specialist.
For other burns, you may need an appointment with your family healthcare professional. The information below can help you prepare.
List questions you want to ask your healthcare professional, such as:
Do I need treatment for the burn?
What are my treatment options and the pros and cons of each?
What are the alternatives to the primary approach that you're suggesting?
Can I wait to see if the burn heals on its own?
Do I need prescription medicine, or can I use nonprescription medicines to treat the burn?
What results can I expect?
What skin care routines do you recommend while the burn heals?
What kind of follow-up, if any, will I need?
What changes in my skin might I expect to see as it heals?
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pain, blisters, swelling, brown skin, burns, black skin, scarring, white skin, leathery skin, third-degree burns, redness, burn
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169 |
Meralgia paresthetica
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meralgia-paresthetica/symptoms-causes/syc-20355635
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meralgia-paresthetica/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355639
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meralgia-paresthetica/doctors-departments/ddc-20355641
|
Meralgia paresthetica is a condition that causes tingling, numbness and burning pain in the outer thigh. It's caused by compression of the nerve that provides feeling to the skin covering the thigh. Meralgia paresthetica also is known as lateral femoral cutaneous nerve entrapment.
Tight clothing, obesity or weight gain, and pregnancy are common causes of meralgia paresthetica. But meralgia paresthetica also can be due to an injury or a disease such as diabetes.
Meralgia paresthetica often can be relieved with conservative measures, including wearing looser clothing. If symptoms aren't relieved by those measures, treatment may include medicines. Rarely, surgery is needed.
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Meralgia paresthetica may cause these symptoms in the outer part of the thigh:
Tingling.
Burning pain.
Decreased feeling or numbness.
Increased sensitivity and pain to even a light touch.
These symptoms commonly occur on one side of your body and might intensify after walking or standing.
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Meralgia paresthetica occurs when the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is pinched, also known as compression. The nerve supplies feeling to the surface of the outer thigh. The nerve only affects sensation and doesn't impact your ability to use your leg muscles.
In most people, this nerve passes through the groin to the upper thigh without trouble. But in meralgia paresthetica, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve becomes trapped. Often the inguinal ligament pinches the nerve. This ligament runs along the groin from the stomach to the upper thigh.
Common causes of this compression include any condition that increases pressure on the groin, including:
Tight clothing, such as belts, corsets and tight pants.
Obesity or weight gain.
Wearing a heavy tool belt.
Pregnancy.
Fluid accumulation in the abdomen causing increased abdominal pressure.
Scar tissue near the inguinal ligament due to injury or past surgery.
Nerve injury also can cause meralgia paresthetica. Nerve injury can be due to diabetes, trauma after surgery or seat belt injury after a motor vehicle accident.
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The following might increase your risk of meralgia paresthetica:
Extra weight.Being overweight or obese can increase the pressure on your lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.
Pregnancy.A growing belly puts added pressure on your groin, through which the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve passes.
Diabetes.Diabetes-related nerve injury can lead to meralgia paresthetica.
Age.People between ages 30 and 60 are at a higher risk.
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Your healthcare professional can make a diagnosis of meralgia paresthetica based on your medical history and a physical exam. You may need a test to check the feeling in your thigh. Your healthcare professionals also may ask you to describe the pain and to trace the numb or painful area on your thigh.
Other exams may include strength testing and reflex testing to help exclude other causes of your symptoms.
Tests also may look for an issue with the nerve root or damage to the femoral nerve, known as neuropathy. Your healthcare professional might recommend:
Imaging studies.Changes related to meralgia paresthetica won't appear on X-ray. But images of your hip and pelvic area might be helpful to exclude other conditions as a cause of your symptoms.ACTscan orMRImight be ordered if your healthcare professional suspects that a tumor could be causing your symptoms.
Electromyography.This test measures the electrical discharges produced in muscles to help evaluate and diagnose muscle and nerve conditions. A thin needle called an electrode is placed into the muscle to record electrical activity. This test might be needed to exclude other disorders.
Nerve conduction study.Patch-style electrodes are placed on your skin to stimulate the nerve with a mild electrical impulse. The electrical impulse helps diagnose damaged nerves. A comparison of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve on each side may be performed. This test might be done primarily to exclude other causes for the symptoms.
Nerve block.Pain relief achieved from anesthetic injection into your thigh where the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve enters into it can confirm that you have meralgia paresthetica. Ultrasound imaging might be used to guide the needle.
|
For most people, the symptoms of meralgia paresthetica ease in a few months. Treatment focuses on relieving nerve compression.
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Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, meralgia paresthetica, burning pain, tingling, numbness, increased sensitivity
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170 |
Knee bursitis
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/knee-bursitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355501
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/knee-bursitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355506
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/knee-bursitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20355508
|
Knee bursitis is a condition in which one or more small fluid-filled sacs near the knee joint become inflamed. The sacs are called bursae. Bursae reduce friction and cushion pressure points between bones and tendons, muscles and skin near the joints.
Any of the bursae in the knee can be affected by painful swelling, also called inflammation. But most often, knee bursitis happens over the kneecap or on the inner side of the knee below the joint.
Knee bursitis causes pain and can limit your movement. Treatment often includes a mix of self-care techniques and medical treatments to ease pain and inflammation.
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Knee bursitis symptoms vary. They depend on which bursa is affected and what's causing the inflammation.
The affected portion of your knee might feel warm, tender and swollen. You also might feel pain when you move or when you're at rest.
A direct blow to the knee can cause symptoms to come on fast. But knee bursitis often stems from friction and irritation of the bursae. This can occur with jobs that require a lot of kneeling on hard surfaces. So, the symptoms can start slowly and become worse over time.
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Sometimes, the bursa that lies over the kneecap can become infected. Call your healthcare professional if you have:
A fever or chills along with pain and swelling in your knee.
Long-lasting swelling or a change in the color of the skin around the knee.
Trouble moving or extending your knee.
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Knee bursitis can be caused by:
Frequent and ongoing pressure, such as from kneeling, especially on hard surfaces.
Overuse of the knee or strenuous activity.
A direct blow to the knee.
An infection of the bursa due to bacteria, which could get into the knee through a bruise or a cut.
Medical problems that can happen with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or gout in the knee.
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Factors that can raise the risk of getting knee bursitis include:
Prolonged kneeling.The risk of bursitis is higher for people who work on their knees for long amounts of time. This includes carpet layers, plumbers and gardeners.
Playing certain sports.Sports that can lead to direct blows or frequent falls on the knee raise your risk of knee bursitis. So do sports that create friction between the knee and a mat. These sports include wrestling, football, basketball and volleyball. Runners also can get pain and inflammation in the bursa that's located on the inner side of the knee below the joint. This is called pes anserine bursitis.
Obesity and osteoarthritis.Pes anserine bursitis often occurs in obese women with osteoarthritis.
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The following tips can help you prevent bursitis or keep it from coming back:
Wear kneepads.This can help if you often work on your knees or play sports that put your knees at risk. Use padding to cushion and protect your knees.
Take breaks.If you're on your knees for a while, take regular breaks to stretch your legs and rest your knees.
Reach and stay at a healthy weight.This can help take pressure off the knee joints.
|
To find out whether you have knee bursitis, your healthcare professional asks you about your medical history. Then you're given a physical exam. Your healthcare professional likely will:
Compare the condition of both knees, especially if only one hurts.
Gently press on areas of your knee to feel for warmth, swelling and the source of pain.
Check the skin over the tender area to look for a change in color or other symptoms of infection.
Carefully move your legs and knees to determine your affected knee's range of motion. This also is done to find out whether it hurts to bend or flex the knee.
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Bursitis often gets better over time, so treatment most often aims to ease your symptoms. But your healthcare professional might recommend one or more treatments. It depends on the cause of your knee bursitis and which bursa is infected.
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You might start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Then you might be referred to a doctor who treats other joint conditions, called a rheumatologist. Or you might be referred to an orthopedic surgeon.
Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.
|
To ease pain and discomfort of knee bursitis:
Rest your knee.Take a break from the activity that caused your symptoms. Try not to kneel and make movements that make your pain worse.
Take pain relievers.Some medicines that are sold without a prescription can help ease pain. They're meant for short-term use. They include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve).
Apply ice.Apply an ice pack to your knee for 20 minutes at a time. Do this a few times a day until the pain and warmth in the knee go away.
Try gentle compression.Use of a compressive wrap or knee sleeve can help ease swelling.
Raise your knee.Prop your affected leg on pillows. This helps curb swelling in your knee.
Lose extra weight if needed.This can take pressure off of your affected knee.
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pain, friction, knee bursitis symptoms, warm, tender, knee bursitis, inflammation, swollen
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172 |
Corns and calluses
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/corns-and-calluses/symptoms-causes/syc-20355946
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/corns-and-calluses/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355951
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Corns and calluses are thick, hardened layers of skin that develop when the skin tries to protect itself against friction or pressure. They often form on feet and toes or hands and fingers.
If you're healthy, you don't need treatment for corns and calluses unless they cause pain or you don't like how they look. For most people, simply removing the source of the friction or pressure makes corns and calluses disappear.
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Signs and symptoms of corns and calluses include:
A thick, rough area of skin
A hardened, raised bump
Tenderness or pain under the skin
Flaky, dry or waxy skin
Corns and calluses are not the same thing.
Cornsare smaller and deeper than calluses and have a hard center surrounded by swollen skin. They can be painful when pressed. Hard corns often form on the top of the toes or the outer edge of the small toe. Soft corns tend to form between the toes.
Callusesare rarely painful and tend to develop on pressure spots, such as the heels, the balls of the feet, the palms and the knees. They may vary in size and shape and are often larger than corns.
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If a corn or callus becomes very painful or inflamed, see your health care provider. If you have diabetes or poor blood flow, seek medical care before self-treating a corn or callus. This is important because even a minor injury to your foot can lead to an infected open sore (ulcer).
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Corns and calluses are caused by friction and pressure from repeated actions. Some sources of this friction and pressure include:
Wearing ill-fitting shoes and socks.Tight shoes and high heels can squeeze areas of the feet. If your shoes are loose, your foot may repeatedly slide and rub against the shoe. Your foot may also rub against a seam or stitch inside the shoe. Socks that don't fit right can also be a problem.
Skipping socks.Wearing shoes and sandals without socks can cause friction on your feet.
Playing instruments or using hand tools.Calluses on the hands may result from the repeated pressure of activities such as playing instruments and using hand tools or even a pen.
Inheriting a tendency to develop corns.The type of corn that forms on non-weight-bearing areas, such as the soles and palms (keratosis punctata), might be caused by genetics.
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Risk factors for corns and calluses include:
Wearing shoes that increase the pressure or friction on your feet.
Having a condition that increases the pressure or friction on your feet. Examples are hammertoe and hallux valgus, which causes a bunion-like bulge at the base of the big toe.
Inheriting a tendency to develop corns. The type of corn that forms on non-weight-bearing areas, such as the soles and palms (keratosis punctata), might be caused by genetics.
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If you have diabetes or another condition that causes poor blood flow to your feet, you're at greater risk of complications from corns and calluses.
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These approaches may help you prevent corns and calluses:
Wear shoes that give your toes plenty of room.If you can't wiggle your toes, your shoes are too tight. Have a shoe shop stretch your shoes at any point that rubs or pinches. Shop for shoes when your feet are most swollen, usually at the end of the day. If you use orthotics and inserts, be sure to have them on while fitting your shoes at the store.
Use protective coverings.Wear felt pads, nonmedicated corn pads or bandages over areas that rub against your footwear. You can also try toe separators or some lamb's wool between your toes.
Wear padded gloves when using hand tools.Or try padding your tool handles with cloth tape or covers.
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Your health care provider will likely diagnose corns and calluses by examining your feet. This exam helps rule out other causes of thickened skin, such as warts and cysts. Your health care provider might confirm the diagnosis by paring away a bit of hardened skin. If it bleeds or reveals black points (dried blood), it's a wart, not a corn.
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Treatment for corns and calluses is the same. It involves avoiding the repetitive actions that caused them to form. Wearing shoes that fit and using protective pads can help.
If a corn or callus persists or becomes painful despite your self-care efforts, medical treatments can provide relief:
Trimming away excess skin.Your health care provider can pare down thickened skin or trim a large corn with a scalpel. This can be done during an office visit. Don't try this yourself because it could lead to an infection.
Medicated patches.Your health care provider may also apply a patch containing 40% salicylic acid (Clear Away, MediPlast, others). Such patches are sold without a prescription. Your health care provider will let you know how often you need to replace this patch. Try thinning the thickened skin with a pumice stone, nail file or emery board before applying a new patch.If you need to treat a larger area, try nonprescription salicylic acid in gel (Compound W, Keralyt) or liquid (Compound W, Duofilm) form.
Shoe inserts.If you have an underlying foot deformity, your health care provider may prescribe custom-made padded shoe inserts (orthotics) to prevent recurring corns or calluses.
Surgery.Your health care provider may suggest surgery to correct the alignment of a bone causing friction. This type of surgery can be done without an overnight hospital stay.
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If you have diabetes or another condition that causes poor blood flow, consult your health care provider before treating a corn or callus on your own.
If you have no underlying health problems, try these suggestions to help clear up a corn or callus:
Soak your hands or feet.Soaking corns and calluses in warm, soapy water softens them. This can make it easier to remove the thickened skin.
Thin thickened skin.Once you've softened the affected skin, rub the corn or callus with a pumice stone, nail file, emery board or washcloth. This helps remove a layer of toughened skin. Don't use a sharp object to trim the skin. Don't use a pumice stone if you have diabetes.
Use corn pads.Apply a donut-shaped foam pad to protect the area where a corn or callus formed. Be careful using nonprescription liquid corn removers or medicated corn pads. These contain salicylic acid, which can irritate healthy skin and lead to infection, especially in people with diabetes or other conditions that cause poor blood flow. You can protect healthy skin by applying petroleum jelly (Vaseline) to the area around the corn or callus before using a medicated pad.
Moisturize your skin.Use moisturizer on your hands and feet regularly.
Wear comfortable shoes and socks.Wear well-fitting, cushioned shoes and socks, at least until your corn or callus disappears.
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pain, rough area of skin, raised bump, thick, hardened, waxy skin, flaky, tenderness, dry
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173 |
Carcinoma of unknown primary
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carcinoma-unknown-primary/symptoms-causes/syc-20370683
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carcinoma-unknown-primary/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20433758
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carcinoma-unknown-primary/doctors-departments/ddc-20370686
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Carcinoma of unknown primary is a diagnosis healthcare professionals give when they can't find where a cancer started. A carcinoma of unknown primary is an advanced cancer that has spread in the body.
Most often, health professionals detect a cancer when it grows in the place where it started. The place where a cancer started growing is called the primary cancer. Sometimes health professionals first detect a cancer when it spreads. When cancer spreads it's called metastatic cancer.
In carcinoma of unknown primary, healthcare professionals find the metastatic cancer. But they can't find the primary cancer. Carcinoma of unknown primary also is called occult primary cancer.
Healthcare teams often use the kind of primary cancer you have to help decide on the treatment. If you're found to have carcinoma of unknown primary, this piece of information is missing. Your healthcare team will work to find out what kind of cancer you have.
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Signs and symptoms of carcinoma of unknown primary include:
A cough that won't go away.
Feeling very tired.
Fever that doesn't have a clear cause.
Losing weight without trying.
Nausea and vomiting.
Pain in one part of the body.
Swelling of the belly.
Swollen lymph nodes.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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The cause of carcinoma of unknown primary often isn't known. Healthcare professionals use this diagnosis when they find signs of cancer that has spread but can't find where the cancer started. The place where a cancer started growing is called the primary cancer.
Carcinoma of unknown primary can happen if:
The primary cancer is too small to detect with imaging tests.
The primary cancer was killed by the body's immune system.
The primary cancer was removed in an operation for another condition.
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The risk of carcinoma of unknown primary might be related to:
Older age.This type of cancer happens most often in people older than 60.
Family history of cancer.If a close relative had carcinoma of unknown primary, you may have an increased risk of this cancer. There also is some evidence that carcinoma of unknown primary happens more often in people with a family history of cancer that affects the lungs, kidneys or colon.
Smoking cigarettes.People who smoke cigarettes may have a higher risk of carcinoma of unknown primary.
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To diagnose carcinoma of unknown primary, a healthcare professional might start by examining your body. Other procedures might include imaging tests and a biopsy. If your healthcare team finds carcinoma of unknown primary, they'll do other tests to find the place where the cancer started.
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Treatment for carcinoma of unknown primary often involves medicines. Cancer treatments that use medicines include chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Carcinoma of unknown primary is a cancer that has spread in the body. Cancer medicines can travel through the body and kill cancer cells. Sometimes healthcare professionals use other treatments, such as surgery and radiation therapy.
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Coping with carcinoma of unknown primary often involves learning to cope with distress. Many people with this cancer have distress. Symptoms of distress include being worried, scared, sad or angry about your cancer. These feelings can happen because this diagnosis comes with many questions. A person with carcinoma of unknown primary may have many tests and never know exactly where the cancer started. Sometimes it's not clear which treatment is the best.
With time, you'll find what helps you cope with feelings such as distress and others. Until then, here are some ideas for coping.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your healthcare professional thinks that you might have cancer, you may be referred to a specialist. Often this is a doctor who specializes in caring for people with cancer, called an oncologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, nausea, nausea and vomiting, swelling, vomiting, fever, carcinoma of unknown primary include:
a cough, losing weight, feeling tired, swollen lymph nodes, cough
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175 |
Anal cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354140
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anal-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354146
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anal-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20354149
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Anal cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the anal canal. The anal canal is a short tube at the end of rectum. Stool passes through the anal canal as it leaves the body.
Anal cancer can cause symptoms such as rectal bleeding, blood in the stool and anal pain. As it grows, it might cause a growth or lump. Sometimes these symptoms might be mistaken for hemorrhoids.
In the past, most people with anal cancer had surgery to remove the cancer. Often this operation involved making a new way for waste to leave the body. Today, most anal cancer treatment involves chemotherapy and radiation therapy. With this approach, surgery might not be needed.
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Anal cancer signs and symptoms include:
Bleeding from the anus or rectum.
Blood in the stool.
Pain in the area of the anus.
A mass or growth in the anal canal.
Anal itching.
Having to go to the bathroom more often.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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Anal cancer happens when cells in the anal canal develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
Most anal cancers are thought to be caused by human papillomavirus, also calledHPV.HPVis a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people, the virus never causes problems. It usually goes away on its own. For some, though, the virus can cause changes in the cells that may lead to cancer.
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Things that may increase the risk of anal cancer include:
Being exposed to human papillomavirus, also calledHPV.HPVis a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people, it causes no problems and goes away on its own. For others, it causes changes in the cells that can lead to many types of cancer, including anal cancer.
Increasing number of sexual partners.The greater your number of sexual partners, and the greater your partner's number of sexual partners, the greater your chance of acquiringHPV.
Having anal sex.People who have receptive anal sex have an increased risk of anal cancer.
Smoking cigarettes.People who smoke cigarettes have an increased risk of anal cancer.
Having a history of cancer.Those who have had cervical, vulvar or vaginal cancer have an increased risk of anal cancer.
Having a weak immune system.If the body's germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of anal cancer. People with a weakened immune system include those taking medicines to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Certain medical conditions, such as infection withHIV, also can weaken the immune system.
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Anal cancer rarely spreads to other parts of the body. Only a small percentage of cancers are found to have spread. Those that do are especially difficult to treat. Anal cancer that spreads most commonly goes to the liver and the lungs.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose anal cancer include:
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Anal cancer treatment often starts with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Sometimes surgery is used to remove the cancer. When the cancer spreads to other parts of the body, different treatments might be used. These might include chemotherapy on its own and immunotherapy. The treatment that's best for you depends on several factors. These include the stage of your cancer, your overall health and your own preferences.
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People facing a serious illness often say they feel worried about the future. With time, you'll find ways to cope with your feelings, but you may find comfort in these strategies:
Ask questions about anal cancer.Write down questions you have about your cancer. Ask these questions at your next appointment. Also ask your healthcare team for reliable sources where you can get more information.Knowing more about your cancer and your treatment options may make you more comfortable when you make decisions about your care.
Stay connected to friends and family.Your cancer diagnosis can be stressful for friends and family too. Try to keep them involved in your life.Your friends and family will likely ask if there's anything they can do to help you. Think of tasks you might like help with. For example, you may ask a friend to be there for you when you want to talk. You may ask for help caring for your home if you have to stay in the hospital.You may find comfort in the support of a caring group of your friends and family.
Find someone to talk with.Find someone you can talk to who has experience helping people facing a life-threatening illness. Ask your healthcare team to suggest a counselor, clergy member or medical social worker you can talk with. For support groups, contact the American Cancer Society or ask your healthcare team about local or online groups.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
If your health professional thinks you have anal cancer, you may be referred to a specialist. Often this is a surgeon or doctor who treats digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist. You also may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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pain, mass or growth, bleeding, anal cancer signs and symptoms, itching, frequent urination, blood in the stool
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176 |
Basal cell carcinoma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/basal-cell-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20354187
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/basal-cell-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354193
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/basal-cell-carcinoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20354194
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Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma begins in the basal cells — a type of cell within the skin that produces new skin cells as old ones die off.
Basal cell carcinoma often appears as a slightly transparent bump on the skin, though it can take other forms. Basal cell carcinoma occurs most often on areas of the skin that are exposed to the sun, such as your head and neck.
Most basal cell carcinomas are thought to be caused by long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight. Avoiding the sun and using sunscreen may help protect against basal cell carcinoma.
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Basal cell carcinoma usually develops on sun-exposed parts of your body, especially your head and neck. Less often, basal cell carcinoma can develop on parts of your body usually protected from the sun, such as the genitals.
Basal cell carcinoma appears as a change in the skin, such as a growth or a sore that won't heal. These changes in the skin (lesions) usually have one of the following characteristics:
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Make an appointment with your health care provider if you observe changes in the appearance of your skin, such as a new growth, a change in a previous growth or a recurring sore.
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Basal cell carcinoma occurs when one of the skin's basal cells develops a mutation in its DNA.
Basal cells are found at the bottom of the epidermis — the outermost layer of skin. Basal cells produce new skin cells. As new skin cells are produced, they push older cells toward the skin's surface, where the old cells die and are sloughed off.
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Factors that increase your risk of basal cell carcinoma include:
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Complications of basal cell carcinoma can include:
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To reduce your risk of basal cell carcinoma you can:
Wear protective clothing.Cover your skin with dark, tightly woven clothing that covers your arms and legs, and a broad-brimmed hat, which provides more protection than does a baseball cap or visor.
Some companies also sell protective clothing. A dermatologist can recommend an appropriate brand. Don't forget sunglasses. Look for those that block both types of Ultraviolet (UV) radiation — Ultraviolet A (UVA) and Ultraviolet B (UVB) rays.
Check your skin regularly and report changes to your doctor.Examine your skin often for new skin growths or changes in existing moles, freckles, bumps and birthmarks. With the help of mirrors, check your face, neck, ears and scalp.
Examine your chest and trunk and the tops and undersides of your arms and hands. Examine both the front and the back of your legs and your feet, including the soles and the spaces between your toes. Also check your genital area and between your buttocks.
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In order to assess any growths or changes in your skin, your doctor or a specialist in skin conditions (dermatologist) will conduct a medical history and exam.
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The goal of treatment for basal cell carcinoma is to remove the cancer completely. Which treatment is best for you depends on the type, location and size of your cancer, as well as your preferences and ability to do follow-up visits. Treatment selection can also depend on whether this is a first-time or a recurring basal cell carcinoma.
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The following information can help you prepare for an appointment.
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growth, basal cell carcinoma, sore, sore that won't heal
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177 |
Bladder cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20356104
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356109
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20356111
|
Bladder cancer is a common type of cancer that begins in the cells of the bladder. The bladder is a hollow muscular organ in your lower abdomen that stores urine.
Bladder cancer most often begins in the cells (urothelial cells) that line the inside of your bladder. Urothelial cells are also found in your kidneys and the tubes (ureters) that connect the kidneys to the bladder. Urothelial cancer can happen in the kidneys and ureters, too, but it's much more common in the bladder.
Most bladder cancers are diagnosed at an early stage, when the cancer is highly treatable. But even early-stage bladder cancers can come back after successful treatment. For this reason, people with bladder cancer typically need follow-up tests for years after treatment to look for bladder cancer that recurs.
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Bladder cancer signs and symptoms may include:
Blood in urine (hematuria), which may cause urine to appear bright red or cola colored, though sometimes the urine appears normal and blood is detected on a lab test
Frequent urination
Painful urination
Back pain
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If you notice that you have discolored urine and are concerned it may contain blood, make an appointment with your doctor to get it checked. Also make an appointment with your doctor if you have other signs or symptoms that worry you.
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Bladder cancer begins when cells in the bladder develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cell to multiply rapidly and to go on living when healthy cells would die. The abnormal cells form a tumor that can invade and destroy normal body tissue. In time, the abnormal cells can break away and spread (metastasize) through the body.
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Factors that may increase bladder cancer risk include:
Smoking.Smoking cigarettes, cigars or pipes may increase the risk of bladder cancer by causing harmful chemicals to accumulate in the urine. When you smoke, your body processes the chemicals in the smoke and excretes some of them in your urine. These harmful chemicals may damage the lining of your bladder, which can increase your risk of cancer.
Increasing age.Bladder cancer risk increases as you age. Though it can occur at any age, most people diagnosed with bladder cancer are older than 55.
Being male.Men are more likely to develop bladder cancer than women are.
Exposure to certain chemicals.Your kidneys play a key role in filtering harmful chemicals from your bloodstream and moving them into your bladder. Because of this, it's thought that being around certain chemicals may increase the risk of bladder cancer. Chemicals linked to bladder cancer risk include arsenic and chemicals used in the manufacture of dyes, rubber, leather, textiles and paint products.
Previous cancer treatment.Treatment with the anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide increases the risk of bladder cancer. People who received radiation treatments aimed at the pelvis for a previous cancer have a higher risk of developing bladder cancer.
Chronic bladder inflammation.Chronic or repeated urinary infections or inflammations (cystitis), such as might happen with long-term use of a urinary catheter, may increase the risk of a squamous cell bladder cancer. In some areas of the world, squamous cell carcinoma is linked to chronic bladder inflammation caused by the parasitic infection known as schistosomiasis.
Personal or family history of cancer.If you've had bladder cancer, you're more likely to get it again. If one of your blood relatives — a parent, sibling or child — has a history of bladder cancer, you may have an increased risk of the disease, although it's rare for bladder cancer to run in families. A family history of Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), can increase the risk of cancer in the urinary system, as well as in the colon, uterus, ovaries and other organs.
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Although there's no guaranteed way to prevent bladder cancer, you can take steps to help reduce your risk. For instance:
Don't smoke.If you don't smoke, don't start. If you smoke, talk to your doctor about a plan to help you stop. Support groups, medications and other methods may help you quit.
Take caution around chemicals.If you work with chemicals, follow all safety instructions to avoid exposure.
Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables.Choose a diet rich in a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables. The antioxidants in fruits and vegetables may help reduce your risk of cancer.
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Treatment options for bladder cancer depend on a number of factors, including the type of cancer, grade of the cancer and stage of the cancer, which are taken into consideration along with your overall health and your treatment preferences.
Bladder cancer treatment may include:
Surgery,to remove the cancer cells
Chemotherapy in the bladder (intravesical chemotherapy),to treat cancers that are confined to the lining of the bladder but have a high risk of recurrence or progression to a higher stage
Chemotherapy for the whole body (systemic chemotherapy),to increase the chance for a cure in a person having surgery to remove the bladder, or as a primary treatment when surgery isn't an option
Radiation therapy,to destroy cancer cells, often as a primary treatment when surgery isn't an option or isn't desired
Immunotherapy,to trigger the body's immune system to fight cancer cells, either in the bladder or throughout the body
Targeted therapy,to treat advanced cancer when other treatments haven't helped
A combination of treatment approaches may be recommended by your doctor and members of your care team.
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Living with the concern that your bladder cancer may recur can leave you feeling as if you have little control over your future. But while there's no way to ensure that your bladder cancer won't recur, you can take steps to manage the stress.
Over time you'll find what works for you, but until then, you might:
Get a schedule of follow-up tests and go to each appointment.When you finish bladder cancer treatment, ask your doctor to create a personalized schedule of follow-up tests. Before each follow-up cystoscopy exam, expect to have some anxiety. You may fear that cancer has come back or worry about the uncomfortable exam. But don't let this stop you from going to your appointment. Instead, plan ways to cope with your concerns. Write your thoughts in a journal, talk with a friend or use relaxation techniques, such as meditation.
Take care of yourself so that you're ready to fight cancer if it comes back.Take care of yourself by adjusting your diet to include plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Exercise for at least 30 minutes most days of the week. Get enough sleep so that you wake feeling rested.
Talk with other bladder cancer survivors.Connect with bladder cancer survivors who are experiencing the same fears you're feeling. Contact your local chapter of the American Cancer Society to ask about support groups in your area.
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Start by seeing your family doctor if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you, such as blood in your urine. Your doctor may suggest tests and procedures to investigate your signs and symptoms.
If your doctor suspects that you may have bladder cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the urinary tract (urologist). In some cases, you may be referred to other specialists, such as doctors who treat cancer (oncologists).
Because there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your doctor.
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painful urination, painful urination
back pain, back pain, blood in urine, frequent urination, bladder cancer signs and symptoms may include:
blood in urine (hematuria)
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178 |
Bone cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20350217
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350221
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20350223
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Bone cancer is a growth of cells that starts in a bone. Bone cancer can start in any bone. But it most often affects the thighbone.
The term "bone cancer" doesn't include cancer that starts in another part of the body and spreads to the bones. Instead, cancer that spreads to the bone is named for the place it began. For example, cancer that starts in the lungs and spreads to the bones is still lung cancer. Healthcare professionals might call it lung cancer that has metastasized to the bones.
Cancer that starts in the bones is rare. Different types of bone cancers exist. Some types of bone cancers mostly happen in children. Other types happen mostly in adults.
Common bone cancer treatments include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. The best treatment for your bone cancer depends on the type of bone cancer, which bone is affected and other factors.
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Signs and symptoms of bone cancer include:
Bone pain.
Swelling and tenderness near the affected area.
Weakened bone, which can lead to a broken bone.
Feeling very tired.
Losing weight without trying.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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The cause of most bone cancers isn't known. Bone cancer starts when cells in or near a bone develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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Things that increase the risk of bone cancer include:
Inherited genetic syndromes.Certain rare genetic syndromes passed through families increase the risk of bone cancer. Examples include Li-Fraumeni syndrome and hereditary retinoblastoma.
Other bone conditions.Some other bone conditions may increase the risk of bone cancer. The other bone conditions include Paget's disease of bone and fibrous dysplasia.
Cancer treatment.Radiation therapy for cancer and some kinds of chemotherapy medicines used to treat cancer may increase the risk of bone cancer.
Healthcare professionals haven't found any ways to prevent bone cancer.
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Bone cancer diagnosis often involves imaging tests to look at the affected bone. To be certain whether a growth in the bones is cancer, a piece of tissue might be removed and tested for cancer cells.
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Bone cancer treatments include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Which treatments are best for your bone cancer will depend on several factors. These factors include the type, location and stage of the bone cancer. Your healthcare team also considers your overall health and your preferences.
|
A cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming. With time you'll find ways to cope with the distress and uncertainty of cancer. Until then, you may find it helps to:
Learn enough about bone cancer to make decisions about your care.Ask your healthcare team about your bone cancer, including your treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about bone cancer, you may feel more confident in making treatment decisions.
Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong can help you deal with your bone cancer. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your home if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The concern and understanding of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer support group also may be helpful. Ask your healthcare team about support groups in your area.
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If you have any symptoms that worry you, start by making an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional. If your health professional suspects you may have bone cancer, you may be referred to a specialist. Bone cancer is often treated by a team of specialists that may include:
Surgeons who operate on bones and joints, called orthopedic surgeons.
Orthopedic surgeons who specialize in operating on cancers that affect the bones, called orthopedic oncologists.
Doctors who specialize in treating cancer with medicine, called medical oncologists.
Doctors who use radiation to treat cancer, called radiation oncologists.
Doctors who analyze tissue to diagnose the specific type of cancer, called pathologists.
Rehabilitation specialists who can help you recover after surgery.
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pain, broken bone, swelling, losing weight, bone pain, bone cancer, tenderness, feeling very tired
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179 |
Breast cancer
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352470
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352475
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20352478
|
Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue.
After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women in the United States. But breast cancer doesn't just happen in women. Everyone is born with some breast tissue, so anyone can get breast cancer.
Breast cancer survival rates have been increasing. And the number of people dying of breast cancer is steadily going down. Much of this is due to the widespread support for breast cancer awareness and funding for research.
Advances in breast cancer screening allow healthcare professionals to diagnose breast cancer earlier. Finding the cancer earlier makes it much more likely that the cancer can be cured. Even when breast cancer can't be cured, many treatments exist to extend life. New discoveries in breast cancer research are helping healthcare professionals choose the most effective treatment plans.
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Signs and symptoms of breast cancer may include:
A breast lump or thickened area of skin that feels different from the surrounding tissue.
A nipple that looks flattened or turns inward.
Changes in the color of the breast skin. In people with white skin, the breast skin may look pink or red. In people with brown and Black skin, the breast skin may look darker than the other skin on the chest or it may look red or purple.
Change in the size, shape or appearance of a breast.
Changes to the skin over the breast, such as skin that looks dimpled or looks like an orange peel.
Peeling, scaling, crusting or flaking of the skin on the breast.
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If you find a lump or other change in your breast, make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional. Don't wait for your next mammogram to see if the change you found is breast cancer. Report any changes in your breasts even if a recent mammogram showed there was no breast cancer.
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The exact cause of most breast cancers isn't known. Researchers have found things that increase the risk of breast cancer. These include hormones, lifestyle choices and things in the environment. But it's not clear why some people who don't have any factors get cancer, yet others with risk factors never do. It's likely that breast cancer happens through a complex interaction of your genetic makeup and the world around you.
Healthcare professionals know that breast cancer starts when something changes the DNA inside cells in the breast tissue. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
The DNA changes that lead to breast cancer most often happen in the cells that line the milk ducts. These ducts are tubes designed to carry milk to the nipple. Breast cancer that starts in the ducts is called invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer also can start in cells in the milk glands. These glands, called lobules, are designed to make breast milk. Cancer that happens in the lobules is called invasive lobular carcinoma. Other cells in the breast can become cancer cells, though this isn't common.
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Factors that may increase the risk of breast cancer include:
A family history of breast cancer.If a parent, sibling or child had breast cancer, your risk of breast cancer is increased. The risk is higher if your family has a history of getting breast cancer at a young age. The risk also is higher if you have multiple family members with breast cancer. Still, most people diagnosed with breast cancer don't have a family history of the disease.
A personal history of breast cancer.If you've had cancer in one breast, you have an increased risk of getting cancer in the other breast.
A personal history of breast conditions.Certain breast conditions are markers for a higher risk of breast cancer. These conditions include lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, and atypical hyperplasia of the breast. If you've had a breast biopsy that found one of these conditions, you have an increased risk of breast cancer.
Beginning your period at a younger age.Beginning your period before age 12 increases your risk of breast cancer.
Beginning menopause at an older age.Beginning menopause after age 55 increases the risk of breast cancer.
Being female.Women are much more likely than men are to get breast cancer. Everyone is born with some breast tissue, so anyone can get breast cancer.
Dense breast tissue.Breast tissue is made up of fatty tissue and dense tissue. Dense tissue is made of milk glands, milk ducts and fibrous tissue. If you have dense breasts, you have more dense tissue than fatty tissue in your breasts. Having dense breasts can make it harder to detect breast cancer on a mammogram. If a mammogram showed that you have dense breasts, your risk of breast cancer is increased. Talk with your healthcare team about other tests you might have in addition to mammograms to look for breast cancer.
Drinking alcohol.Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer.
Having your first child at an older age.Giving birth to your first child after age 30 may increase the risk of breast cancer.
Having never been pregnant.Having been pregnant one or more times lowers the risk of breast cancer. Never having been pregnant increases the risk.
Increasing age.The risk of breast cancer goes up as you get older.
Inherited DNA changes that increase cancer risk.Certain DNA changes that increase the risk of breast cancer can be passed from parents to children. The most well-known changes are called BRCA1 and BRCA2. These changes can greatly increase your risk of breast cancer and other cancers, but not everyone with these DNA changes gets cancer.
Menopausal hormone therapy.Taking certain hormone therapy medicines to control the symptoms of menopause may increase the risk of breast cancer. The risk is linked to hormone therapy medicines that combine estrogen and progesterone. The risk goes down when you stop taking these medicines.
Obesity.People with obesity have an increased risk of breast cancer.
Radiation exposure.If you received radiation treatments to your chest as a child or young adult, your risk of breast cancer is higher.
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Breast cancer diagnosis often begins with an exam and a discussion of your symptoms. Imaging tests can look at the breast tissue for anything that's not typical. To confirm whether there is cancer or not, a sample of tissue is removed from the breast for testing.
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Breast cancer treatment often starts with surgery to remove the cancer. Most people with breast cancer will have other treatments after surgery, such as radiation, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Some people may have chemotherapy or hormone therapy before surgery. These medicines can help shrink the cancer and make it easier to remove.
Your treatment plan will depend on your particular breast cancer. Your healthcare team considers the stage of the cancer, how quickly it's growing and whether the cancer cells are sensitive to hormones. Your care team also considers your overall health and what you prefer.
There are many options for breast cancer treatment. It can feel overwhelming to consider all the options and make complex decisions about your care. Consider seeking a second opinion from a breast specialist in a breast center or clinic. Talk to breast cancer survivors who have faced the same decision.
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Some breast cancer survivors say their diagnosis felt overwhelming at first. It can be stressful to feel overwhelmed at the same time you need to make important decisions about your treatment. In time, you'll find ways to cope with your feelings. Until you find what works for you, it might help to:
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If an exam or imaging test shows you might have breast cancer, your healthcare team will likely refer you to a specialist.
Specialists who care for people with breast cancer include:
Breast health specialists.
Breast surgeons.
Doctors who specialize in diagnostic tests, such as mammograms, called radiologists.
Doctors who specialize in treating cancer, called oncologists.
Doctors who treat cancer with radiation, called radiation oncologists.
Genetic counselors.
Plastic surgeons.
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change in breast shape, change in breast appearance, nipple looks flattened, changes in breast skin color, peeling, scaling, skin looks like orange peel, change in breast size, dimpled skin, nipple turns inward, thickened area of skin, flaking, crusting, breast lump, breast cancer
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180 |
Carcinoid tumors
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carcinoid-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20351039
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carcinoid-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351044
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carcinoid-tumors/doctors-departments/ddc-20351046
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Carcinoid tumors are a type of slow-growing cancer that can arise in several places throughout your body. Carcinoid tumors, which are one subset of tumors called neuroendocrine tumors, usually begin in the digestive tract (stomach, appendix, small intestine, colon, rectum) or in the lungs.
Carcinoid tumors often don't cause signs and symptoms until late in the disease. Carcinoid tumors can produce and release hormones into your body that cause signs and symptoms such as diarrhea or skin flushing.
Treatment for carcinoid tumors usually includes surgery and may include medications.
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Some carcinoid tumors don't cause any signs or symptoms. When they do occur, signs and symptoms are usually vague and depend on the location of the tumor.
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If you experience any signs and symptoms that bother you and are persistent, make an appointment with your doctor.
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It's not clear what causes carcinoid tumors. In general, cancer occurs when a cell develops mutations in its DNA. The mutations allow the cell to continue growing and dividing when healthy cells would normally die.
The accumulating cells form a tumor. Cancer cells can invade nearby healthy tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
Doctors don't know what causes the mutations that can lead to carcinoid tumors. But they know that carcinoid tumors develop in neuroendocrine cells.
Neuroendocrine cells are found in various organs throughout the body. They perform some nerve cell functions and some hormone-producing endocrine cell functions. Some hormones that are produced by neuroendocrine cells are histamine, insulin and serotonin.
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Factors that increase the risk of carcinoid tumors include:
Older age.Older adults are more likely to be diagnosed with a carcinoid tumor than are younger people or children.
Sex.Women are more likely than men to develop carcinoid tumors.
Family history.A family history of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1), increases the risk of carcinoid tumors. In people with MEN 1 multiple tumors occur in glands of the endocrine system.
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The cells of carcinoid tumors can secrete hormones and other chemicals, causing a range of complications including:
Carcinoid syndrome.Carcinoid syndrome causes redness or a feeling of warmth in your face and neck (skin flushing), chronic diarrhea, and difficulty breathing, among other signs and symptoms.
Carcinoid heart disease.Carcinoid tumors may secrete hormones that can cause thickening of the lining of heart chambers, valves and blood vessels. This can lead to leaky heart valves and heart failure that may require valve-replacement surgery. Carcinoid heart disease can usually be controlled with medications.
Cushing syndrome.A lung carcinoid tumor can produce an excess of a hormone that can cause your body to produce too much of the hormone cortisol.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose carcinoid tumors include:
Blood tests.If you have a carcinoid tumor, your blood may contain high levels of hormones secreted by a carcinoid tumor or byproducts created when those hormones are broken down by the body.
Urine tests.People with carcinoid tumors have excess levels of a chemical in their urine that's produced when the body breaks down hormones secreted by carcinoid tumors.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests, including a computerized tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), X-ray and nuclear medicine scans, may help your doctor pinpoint the carcinoid tumor's location.
A scope or camera that sees inside your body.Your doctor may use a long, thin tube equipped with a lens or camera to examine areas inside your body.An endoscopy, which involves passing a scope down your throat, may help your doctor see inside your gastrointestinal tract. A bronchoscopy, using a scope passed down your throat and into your lungs, can help find lung carcinoid tumors. Passing a scope through your rectum (colonoscopy) can help diagnose rectal carcinoid tumors.To see inside your small intestine, your doctor may recommend a test using a pill-sized camera that you swallow (capsule endoscopy).
Removing tissue for laboratory testing.A sample of tissue from the tumor (biopsy) may be collected to confirm your diagnosis. What type of biopsy you'll undergo depends on where your tumor is located.One way of collecting a tissue sample involves using a needle to draw cells out of the tumor. Another option may be through surgery. The tissue is sent to a laboratory for testing to determine the types of cells in the tumor and how aggressive those cells appear under the microscope.
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Treatment for a carcinoid tumor depends on the tumor's location, whether cancer has spread to other areas of the body, the types of hormones the tumor secretes, your overall health and your own preferences.
Carcinoid tumor treatment options may include:
Surgery.When detected early, a carcinoid tumor may be removed completely using surgery. If carcinoid tumors are advanced when discovered, complete removal may not be possible. In some situations, surgeons may try to remove as much of the tumor as possible, to help control signs and symptoms.
Medications to control excess hormones.Using medications to block hormones secreted by the tumor may reduce the signs and symptoms of carcinoid syndrome and slow tumor growth.Octreotide (Sandostatin, Bynfezia Pen) and lanreotide (Somatuline Depot) are given as injections under the skin. Side effects from either medication may include abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea. Telotristat (Xermelo) is a pill that is sometimes used in combination with octreotide or lanreotide to further try to improve the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome.
Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy uses strong drugs to kill tumor cells. It can be given through a vein in your arm or taken as a pill. Chemotherapy is sometimes recommended for treating advanced carcinoid tumors that can't be removed with surgery.
Targeted drug therapy.Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within tumor cells. By blocking these abnormalities, targeted drug treatments can cause tumor cells to die. Targeted drug therapy is usually combined with chemotherapy for advanced carcinoid tumors.
Drugs that deliver radiation directly to the cancer cells.Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) combines a drug that seeks out cancer cells with a radioactive substance that kills them. In PRRT for carcinoid tumors, the drug is injected into your body, where it travels to the cancer cells, binds to the cells and delivers the radiation directly to them. This therapy may be an option for people with advanced carcinoid tumors.
Treatment for cancer that spreads to the liver.Carcinoid tumors commonly spread to the liver. Treatments may include surgery to remove part of the liver, blocking blood flow to the liver (hepatic artery embolization), and using heat and cold to kill cancer cells. Radiofrequency ablation delivers heat treatments that cause carcinoid tumor cells in the liver to die. Cryoablation uses cycles of freezing and thawing to kill cancer cells.
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Each person with cancer develops their own way of coping. But you don't have to do it alone. If you have questions or would like guidance, talk with a member of your health care team. Also consider the following steps to help you deal with your diagnosis:
Find out enough about carcinoid tumors to make decisions about your care.Ask your doctor questions about your condition. Ask members of your health care team to recommend resources where you can get more information.
Talk to others with cancer.Support groups for people with cancer can put you in touch with others who have faced the same challenges you're facing. Ask your doctor about groups in your area. Or contact your local chapter of the American Cancer Society, or the Carcinoid Cancer Foundation. Try the online chat rooms and message boards at the American Cancer Society's Cancer Survivors Network.
Control what you can about your health.A cancer diagnosis can make you feel as if you have no control over your health. But you can take steps to maintain a healthy lifestyle so that you'll better cope with your cancer treatment.Choose healthy meals with plenty of fruits and vegetables. When you feel up to it, work light exercise into your daily routine. Cut stress when possible. Get plenty of sleep so that you feel rested when you wake up.
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Make an appointment with your primary care doctor or family doctor if you have signs and symptoms that concern you. If your doctor suspects a carcinoid tumor, you may be referred to a:
Doctor who specializes in digestive problems (gastroenterologist)
Doctor who specializes in lung problems (pulmonologist)
Doctor who treats cancer (oncologist)
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your doctor.
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symptoms, signs, carcinoid tumors, tumor
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181 |
Cervical cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352501
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352506
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20352508
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Cervical cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.
Various strains of the human papillomavirus, also called HPV, play a role in causing most cervical cancers.HPVis a common infection that's passed through sexual contact. When exposed toHPV, the body's immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm. In a small percentage of people, however, the virus survives for years. This contributes to the process that causes some cervical cells to become cancer cells.
You can reduce your risk of developing cervical cancer by having screening tests and receiving a vaccine that protects againstHPVinfection.
When cervical cancer happens, it's often first treated with surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may include medicines to kill the cancer cells. Options might include chemotherapy and targeted therapy medicines. Radiation therapy with powerful energy beams also may be used. Sometimes treatment combines radiation with low-dose chemotherapy.
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When it starts, cervical cancer might not cause symptoms. As it grows, cervical cancer might cause signs and symptoms, such as:
Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after menopause.
Menstrual bleeding that is heavier and lasts longer than usual.
Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odor.
Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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Cervical cancer begins when healthy cells in the cervix develop changes in theirDNA. A cell'sDNAcontains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes too many cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.
Most cervical cancers are caused byHPV.HPVis a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people, the virus never causes problems. It usually goes away on its own. For some, though, the virus can cause changes in the cells that may lead to cancer.
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Risk factors for cervical cancer include:
Smoking tobacco.Smoking increases the risk of cervical cancer. WhenHPVinfections happen in people who smoke, the infections tend to last longer and are less likely to go away.HPVcauses most cervical cancers.
Increasing number of sexual partners.The greater your number of sexual partners, and the greater your partner's number of sexual partners, the greater your chance of gettingHPV.
Early sexual activity.Having sex at an early age increases your risk ofHPV.
Other sexually transmitted infections.Having other sexually transmitted infections, also calledSTIs, increases the risk ofHPV, which can lead to cervical cancer. OtherSTIs that increase the risk include herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis andHIV/AIDS.
A weakened immune system.You may be more likely to develop cervical cancer if your immune system is weakened by another health condition and you haveHPV.
Exposure to miscarriage prevention medicine.If your parent took a medicine called diethylstilbestrol, also known as DES, while pregnant, your risk of cervical cancer might be increased. This medicine was used in the 1950s to prevent miscarriage. It's linked to a type of cervical cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma.
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To reduce your risk of cervical cancer:
Ask your doctor about theHPVvaccine.Receiving a vaccination to preventHPVinfection may reduce your risk of cervical cancer and otherHPV-related cancers. Ask your health care team if anHPVvaccine is right for you.
Have routine Pap tests.Pap tests can detect precancerous conditions of the cervix. These conditions can be monitored or treated in order to prevent cervical cancer. Most medical organizations suggest beginning routine Pap tests at age 21 and repeating them every few years.
Practice safe sex.Reduce your risk of cervical cancer by taking measures to prevent sexually transmitted infections. This may include using a condom every time you have sex and limiting the number of sexual partners you have.
Don't smoke.If you don't smoke, don't start. If you do smoke, talk to a health care professional about ways to help you quit.
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If you might have cervical cancer, testing is likely to start with a thorough exam of your cervix. A special magnifying instrument, called a colposcope, is used to check for signs of cancer.
During the colposcopic exam, a doctor removes a sample of cervical cells for lab testing. To get the sample, you might need:
Punch biopsy,which uses a sharp tool to pinch off small samples of cervical tissue.
Endocervical curettage,which uses a small, spoon-shaped instrument, called a curet, or a thin brush to scrape a tissue sample from the cervix.
If the results of these tests are concerning, you might have more tests. These might include:
Electrical wire loop,which uses a thin, low-voltage electrified wire to take a small tissue sample. Generally, this is done in a doctor's office. You receive medicine to numb the area to lessen any discomfort during the procedure. This test also may be called a loop electrosurgical excision procedure, also known as LEEP.
Cone biopsy, also called conization, is a procedure that allows your doctor to take deeper layers of cervical cells for testing. A cone biopsy is often done in a hospital. You may receive medicine to put you in a sleep-like state so that you won't be aware during the procedure.
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Treatment for cervical cancer depends on several factors, such as the stage of the cancer, other health conditions you may have and your preferences. Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or a combination of the three may be used.
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With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and distress of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find that it helps to:
Learn enough about cervical cancer to make decisions about your care.Write down your questions for your health care team and ask them at the next appointment. Get a friend or family member to come to appointments with you to take notes. Ask your health care team for further sources of information.
Find someone to talk with.You may feel comfortable discussing your feelings with a friend or family member, or you might prefer meeting with a formal support group. Support groups for the families of cancer survivors also are available.
Let people help.Cancer treatments can be tiring. Let friends and family know what types of help would be most useful for you.
Set reasonable goals.Having goals helps you feel in control and can give you a sense of purpose. But choose goals that you can reach.
Take time for yourself.Eating well, relaxing and getting enough rest can help combat the stress and fatigue of cancer.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional if you have symptoms that worry you. If a health professional thinks you might have cervical cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancers that affect the female reproductive system, called a gynecologic oncologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and what to expect from your health care team.
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cervical cancer, pain, pain during intercourse, menstrual bleeding, vaginal bleeding, bloody vaginal discharge, watery, watery vaginal discharge, pelvic pain
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182 |
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352428
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352433
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20352436
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made.
The term "chronic" in chronic lymphocytic leukemia comes from the fact that this leukemia typically progresses more slowly than other types of leukemia. The term "lymphocytic" in chronic lymphocytic leukemia comes from the cells affected by the disease — a group of white blood cells called lymphocytes, which help your body fight infection.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia most commonly affects older adults. There are treatments to help control the disease.
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Many people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia have no symptoms at first. Signs and symptoms might develop as the cancer progresses. They might include:
Enlarged, but painless, lymph nodes
Fatigue
Fever
Pain in the upper left portion of the abdomen, which may be caused by an enlarged spleen
Night sweats
Weight loss
Frequent infections
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Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any persistent signs and symptoms that worry you.
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Doctors aren't certain what starts the process that causes chronic lymphocytic leukemia. What's known is that something happens to cause changes (mutations) in the DNA of blood-producing cells. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the blood cells to produce abnormal, ineffective lymphocytes.
Beyond being ineffective, these abnormal lymphocytes continue to live and multiply when healthy lymphocytes would die. The abnormal lymphocytes accumulate in the blood and certain organs, where they cause complications. They may crowd healthy cells out of the bone marrow and interfere with blood cell production.
Doctors and researchers are working to understand the exact mechanism that causes chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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Factors that may increase the risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia include:
Your age.This disease occurs most often in older adults.
Your race.White people are more likely to develop chronic lymphocytic leukemia than are people of other races.
Family history of blood and bone marrow cancers.A family history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia or other blood and bone marrow cancers may increase your risk.
Exposure to chemicals.Certain herbicides and insecticides, including Agent Orange used during the Vietnam War, have been linked to an increased risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
A condition that causes excess lymphocytes.Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) causes an increased number of one type of lymphocyte (B cells) in the blood. For a small number of people withMBL, the condition may develop into chronic lymphocytic leukemia. If you haveMBLand also have a family history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, you may have a higher risk of developing cancer.
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia may cause complications such as:
Frequent infections.If you have chronic lymphocytic leukemia, you may experience frequent infections that can be serious. Sometimes infections happen because your blood doesn't have enough germ-fighting antibodies (immunoglobulins). Your doctor might recommend regular immunoglobulin infusions.
A switch to a more aggressive form of cancer.A small number of people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia may develop a more aggressive form of cancer called diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Doctors sometimes refer to this as Richter's syndrome.
Increased risk of other cancers.People with chronic lymphocytic leukemia have an increased risk of other types of cancer, including skin cancer and cancers of the lung and the digestive tract.
Immune system problems.A small number of people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia may develop an immune system problem that causes the disease-fighting cells of the immune system to mistakenly attack the red blood cells (autoimmune hemolytic anemia) or the platelets (autoimmune thrombocytopenia).
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Your treatment options for chronic lymphocytic leukemia depend on several factors, such as the stage of your cancer, whether you're experiencing signs and symptoms, your overall health, and your preferences.
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is typically a slow-growing cancer that may not require treatment. While some people may refer to this as a "good" type of cancer, it doesn't really make receiving a cancer diagnosis any easier.
While you may initially be shocked and anxious about your diagnosis, you'll eventually find your own way of coping with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Until then, try to:
Find out enough about your cancer to make decisions about your care.Write down questions to ask your doctor before each appointment and look for information in your local library and on the internet. Good sources include the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, and the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.
Turn to family and friends for support.Stay connected to family and friends for support. It can be tough to talk about your diagnosis, and you'll likely get a range of reactions when you share the news. But talking about your diagnosis and passing along information about your cancer can help. So can the offers of help that often result.
Connect with other cancer survivors.Consider joining a support group, either in your community or on the internet. A support group of people with the same diagnosis can be a source of useful information, practical tips and encouragement.
Explore ways to cope with the nagging, chronic nature of the disease.If you have chronic lymphocytic leukemia, you'll likely face ongoing tests and ongoing worries about your white blood cell count. Try to find an activity that helps you relax, whether it's yoga, exercise or gardening. Talk to a counselor, therapist or social worker if you need help dealing with the emotional challenges of this chronic disease.
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If you have any signs or symptoms that worry you, start by making an appointment with your family doctor. If your doctor determines that you may have chronic lymphocytic leukemia, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the blood and bone marrow (hematologist).
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect from your doctor.
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pain, night sweats, fatigue, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, cancer, enlarged lymph nodes, fever, infections, weight loss
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183 |
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-myelogenous-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352417
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-myelogenous-leukemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352422
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-myelogenous-leukemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20352426
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Chronic myelogenous leukemia, also calledCML, is an uncommon type of cancer of the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made.CMLcauses an increased number of white blood cells in the blood.
The term "chronic" in chronic myelogenous leukemia means this cancer tends to progress more slowly than severe forms of leukemia. The term "myelogenous" (my-uh-LOHJ-uh-nus) refers to the type of cells affected by this cancer.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia also can be called chronic myeloid leukemia and chronic granulocytic leukemia. It typically affects older adults and rarely occurs in children, though it can occur at any age.
Advances in treatment have improved the prognosis of people with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Most people can achieve remission and live for many years after diagnosis.
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Chronic myelogenous leukemia often doesn't cause symptoms. It might be detected during a blood test.
When they occur, symptoms may include:
Bone pain.
Bleeding easily.
Feeling full after eating a small amount of food.
Fatigue.
Fever.
Weight loss without trying.
Loss of appetite.
Pain or fullness below the ribs on the left side.
Excessive sweating during sleep.
Blurry vision caused by bleeding in the back of the eye.
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Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have any persistent symptoms that worry you.
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Chronic myelogenous leukemia happens when something causes changes to the bone marrow cells. It's not clear what starts this process. However, doctors have discovered how it progresses into chronic myelogenous leukemia.
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Factors that increase the risk of chronic myelogenous leukemia include:
Older age.CMLis more common in older people than in children and teens.
Being male. Men are slightly more at risk of developingCMLthan are women.
Radiation exposure. Radiation therapy for certain types of cancer has been linked toCML.
There's no way to prevent chronic myelogenous leukemia. If you get it, there's nothing you could have done to prevent it.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose chronic myelogenous leukemia include:
Physical exam.Your health care provider examines you and checks vital signs such as pulse and blood pressure. Your provider also feels your lymph nodes, spleen and abdomen for swelling.
Blood tests.A sample of blood is drawn using a needle. The sample is sent to a lab for a complete blood count, also called a CBC. ACBCchecks the number of different types of cells in the blood. Chronic myelogenous leukemia often causes a very high number of white blood cells. Blood tests also can measure organ function to show if anything isn't working properly.
Bone marrow tests.Bone marrow biopsy and bone marrow aspiration are used to collect bone marrow samples for testing. Bone marrow has a solid and a liquid part. In a bone marrow biopsy, a needle is used to collect a small amount of the solid tissue. In a bone marrow aspiration, a needle is used to draw a sample of the fluid. The samples are typically taken from the hip bone. The samples go to a lab for testing.
Tests to look for the Philadelphia chromosome.Specialized tests are used to analyze blood or bone marrow samples for the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome or the BCR-ABL gene. These tests may include fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, also called FISH, and polymerase chain reaction test, also called PCR.
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The goal of chronic myelogenous leukemia treatment is to eliminate the blood cells that contain the BCR-ABL gene. For most people, treatment begins with targeted therapy that may help achieve a long-term remission of the disease.
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Facing a serious illness might make you feel worried. With time, you'll find ways to cope with your feelings, but you may find comfort in these strategies:
Learn enough about chronic myelogenous leukemia to make decisions about your care.The term "leukemia" can be confusing, because it refers to a group of cancers that affect the bone marrow and blood. Don't waste time gathering information that doesn't apply to your kind of leukemia.Ask your health care team to write down information about your specific disease. Then narrow your search and seek out only trusted, reputable sources, such as the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.
Stay connected to friends and family. Your cancer diagnosis can be stressful for friends and family, too. Try to keep them involved in your life.Your friends and family will likely ask if there's anything they can do to help you. Think of tasks you might like help with, such as caring for your home if you have to stay in the hospital or just listening when you want to talk.You may find comfort in the support of a caring group of your friends and family.
Find someone to talk with. Find someone you can talk to who has experience helping people facing a life-threatening illness. Ask your provider to suggest a counselor or medical social worker you can talk with. For support groups, contact the American Cancer Society or ask your health care team about local groups.
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Start by making an appointment with your primary care provider if you have any symptoms that worry you. If blood tests or other tests and procedures suggest leukemia, your provider may refer you to a specialist in the treatment of blood and bone marrow diseases and conditions, called a hematologist.
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your provider.
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For many people, chronic myelogenous leukemia is a disease they will live with for years. Many will continue treatment with targeted therapy indefinitely. Some days, you may feel sick even if you don't look sick. And some days, you may just be sick of having cancer. Try these self-care measures to help you adjust and cope with a chronic illness:
Talk to your health care provider about your side effects.Powerful cancer medicines can cause many side effects. Those side effects often can be managed with other medicines or treatments. You don't have to handle them without help.
Don't stop treatment on your own.If you develop side effects, such as skin rashes or fatigue, don't quit your medicines without talking to your health care provider. Likewise, don't stop taking your medicines if you feel better and think your disease may be gone. If you stop taking medicines, your disease can quickly return, even if you've been in remission.
Ask for help if you're having trouble coping.Having a chronic condition can be emotionally overwhelming. Tell your provider about your feelings. Ask for a referral to a counselor or another specialist with whom you can talk.
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pain, blurry vision, fatigue, fullness, fever, bleeding, bleeding easily, bone pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, feeling full, chronic myelogenous leukemia, excessive sweating
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184 |
Colon cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353669
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353674
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20353677
|
Colon cancer is a growth of cells that begins in a part of the large intestine called the colon. The colon is the first and longest part of the large intestine. The large intestine is the last part of the digestive system. The digestive system breaks down food for the body to use.
Colon cancer typically affects older adults, though it can happen at any age. It usually begins as small clumps of cells called polyps that form inside the colon. Polyps generally aren't cancerous, but some can turn into colon cancers over time.
Polyps often don't cause symptoms. For this reason, doctors recommend regular screening tests to look for polyps in the colon. Finding and removing polyps helps prevent colon cancer.
If colon cancer develops, many treatments can help control it. Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and medicines, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
Colon cancer is sometimes called colorectal cancer. This term combines colon cancer and rectal cancer, which begins in the rectum.
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Many people with colon cancer don't have symptoms at first. When symptoms appear, they'll likely depend on the cancer's size and where it is in the large intestine.
Symptoms of colon cancer can include:
A change in bowel habits, such as more frequent diarrhea or constipation.
Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool.
Ongoing discomfort in the belly area, such as cramps, gas or pain.
A feeling that the bowel doesn't empty all the way during a bowel movement.
Weakness or tiredness.
Losing weight without trying.
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If you notice lasting symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with a health care professional.
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Doctors aren't certain what causes most colon cancers.
Colon cancer happens when cells in the colon develop changes in their DNA. A cells' DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The changes let the cells continue living when healthy cells die as part of their natural lifecycle.
This causes too many cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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Factors that may increase the risk of colon cancer include:
Older age.Colon cancer can happen at any age. But most people with colon cancer are older than 50. The numbers of people younger than 50 who have colon cancer has been growing. Doctors don't know why.
Black race.Black people in the United States have a greater risk of colon cancer than do people of other races.
A personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps.Having had colon cancer or colon polyps increases the risk of colon cancer.
Inflammatory bowel diseases.Conditions that cause pain and swelling of the intestines, called inflammatory bowel diseases, can increase the risk of colon cancer. These conditions include ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
Inherited syndromes that increase colon cancer risk.Some DNA changes that increase the risk of colon cancer run in families. The most common inherited syndromes that increase colon cancer risk are familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome.
Family history of colon cancer.Having a blood relative who has colon cancer increases the risk of getting colon cancer. Having more than one family member who has colon cancer or rectal cancer increases the risk more.
Low-fiber, high-fat diet.Colon cancer and rectal cancer might be linked with a typical Western diet. This type of diet tends to be low in fiber and high in fat and calories. Research in this area has had mixed results. Some studies have found an increased risk of colon cancer in people who eat a lot of red meat and processed meat.
Not exercising regularly.People who are not active are more likely to develop colon cancer. Getting regular physical activity might help lower the risk.
Diabetes.People with diabetes or insulin resistance have an increased risk of colon cancer.
Obesity.People who are obese have an increased risk of colon cancer. Obesity also increases the risk of dying of colon cancer.
Smoking.People who smoke can have an increased risk of colon cancer.
Drinking alcohol.Drinking too much alcohol can increase the risk of colon cancer.
Radiation therapy for cancer.Radiation therapy directed at the abdomen to treat previous cancers increases the risk of colon cancer.
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Colon cancer treatment usually involves surgery to remove the cancer. Your health care team might recommend other treatments, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Your treatment options depend on the cancer's location and its stage. Your health care team also considers your overall health and your preferences when creating a treatment plan.
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It can be hard to cope with a cancer diagnosis. In time, people learn to cope in their own ways. Until you find what works for you, you might try to:
Learn enough about your cancer to make treatment decisions.Ask your health care team about the type and stage of your cancer, as well as your treatment options and their side effects. The more you know, the more you'll be able to take part in decisions about your care. Ask your health care team to recommend other sources of information, such as websites you can trust.
Keep friends and family close.Keeping people you care about close to you can help you deal with cancer. Friends and family can help you take care of things if you're in the hospital. And they can offer you support when you feel like you have too much to handle.
Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who will listen to you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. Talking to a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer support group also might be helpful.Ask your health care team about support groups in your area or contact a cancer organization, such as the National Cancer Institute or the American Cancer Society.
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If you have colon cancer, you'll likely be referred to specialists who treat the disease. You might meet with:
A doctor who treats digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist.
A doctor who uses medicines to treat cancer, called an oncologist.
A doctor who removes colon cancer using surgery, called a surgeon.
A doctor who uses radiation to treat cancer, called a radiation oncologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, constipation, gas, tiredness, colon cancer, diarrhea, weakness, cramps, bleeding, losing weight, discomfort, blood in the stool, rectal bleeding
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185 |
Endometrial cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometrial-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352461
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometrial-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352466
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometrial-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20352468
|
Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the uterus. The uterus is the hollow, pear-shaped pelvic organ where fetal development happens.
Endometrial cancer begins in the layer of cells that form the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. Endometrial cancer is sometimes called uterine cancer. Other types of cancer can form in the uterus, including uterine sarcoma, but they are much less common than endometrial cancer.
Endometrial cancer is often found at an early stage because it causes symptoms. Often the first symptom is irregular vaginal bleeding. If endometrial cancer is found early, surgically removing the uterus often cures it.
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Symptoms of endometrial cancer may include:
Vaginal bleeding after menopause.
Bleeding between periods.
Pelvic pain.
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Make an appointment with a health care professional if you experience any symptoms that worry you.
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The cause of endometrial cancer isn't known. What's known is that something happens to cells in the lining of the uterus that changes them into cancer cells.
Endometrial cancer starts when cells in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, get changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The changes also tell the cells to continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes a lot of extra cells. The cells might form a mass called a tumor. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.
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Factors that increase the risk of endometrial cancer include:
Changes in the balance of hormones in the body.The two main hormones the ovaries make are estrogen and progesterone. Changes in the balance of these hormones cause changes in the endometrium.A disease or condition that increases the amount of estrogen, but not the level of progesterone, in the body can increase the risk of endometrial cancer. Examples include obesity, diabetes and irregular ovulation patterns, which might happen in polycystic ovary syndrome. Taking hormone therapy medicine that contains estrogen but not progestin after menopause increases the risk of endometrial cancer.A rare type of ovarian tumor that gives off estrogen also can increase the risk of endometrial cancer.
More years of menstruation.Starting menstruation before age 12 or beginning menopause later increases the risk of endometrial cancer. The more periods you've had, the more exposure your endometrium has had to estrogen.
Never having been pregnant.If you've never been pregnant, you have a higher risk of endometrial cancer than someone who has had at least one pregnancy.
Older age.As you get older, your risk of endometrial cancer increases. Endometrial cancer occurs most often after menopause.
Obesity.Being obese increases your risk of endometrial cancer. This may happen because extra body fat can alter your body's balance of hormones.
Hormone therapy for breast cancer.Taking the hormone therapy medicine tamoxifen for breast cancer can increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer. If you're taking tamoxifen, talk about the risk with your health care team. For most, the benefits of tamoxifen outweigh the small risk of endometrial cancer.
An inherited syndrome that increases the risk of cancer.Lynch syndrome increases the risk of colon cancer and other cancers, including endometrial cancer. Lynch syndrome is caused by a DNA change that's passed from parents to children. If a family member has been diagnosed with Lynch syndrome, ask your health care team about your risk of this genetic syndrome. If you've been diagnosed with Lynch syndrome, ask what cancer screenings you need.
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To reduce your risk of endometrial cancer, you may wish to:
Talk to your health care team about the risks of hormone therapy after menopause.If you're considering hormone replacement therapy to help control menopause symptoms, ask about the risks and benefits. Unless you've had your uterus removed, replacing estrogen alone after menopause may increase your risk of endometrial cancer. A hormone therapy medicine that combines estrogen and progestin can reduce this risk. Hormone therapy carries other risks, so weigh the benefits and risks with your health care team.
Consider taking birth control pills.Using oral contraceptives for at least one year may reduce endometrial cancer risk. Oral contraceptives are contraceptives that are taken in pill form. They also are called birth control pills. The risk reduction is thought to last for several years after you stop taking oral contraceptives. Oral contraceptives have side effects, though, so discuss the benefits and risks with your health care team.
Maintain a healthy weight.Obesity increases the risk of endometrial cancer, so work to achieve and maintain a healthy weight. If you need to lose weight, increase your physical activity and reduce the number of calories you eat each day.
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Endometrial cancer is usually first treated with surgery to remove the cancer. This may include removing the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Other treatment options may include radiation therapy or treatments using medicines to kill the cancer cells. Options for treating your endometrial cancer will depend on the characteristics of your cancer, such as the stage, your general health and your preferences.
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After you receive a diagnosis of endometrial cancer, you may have many questions, fears and concerns. Every person eventually finds a way to cope with an endometrial cancer diagnosis. In time, you'll find what works for you. Until then, you might try to:
Find out enough about endometrial cancer to make decisions about your care.Find out enough about your cancer so that you feel comfortable about making treatment choices. Ask your health care team about the stage and your treatment options and their side effects. Ask your care team to recommend places you can go to get more information about cancer. Good sources of information include the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society.
Maintain a strong support system.Strong relationships may help you cope with treatment. Talk with close friends and family members about how you're feeling. Connect with other cancer survivors through support groups in your community or online. Ask your health care team about support groups in your area.
Stay involved in your usual activities when you can.When you're feeling up to it, try to stay involved in your usual activities.
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Make an appointment with a member of your care team or a gynecologist if you have symptoms that worry you. If you're diagnosed with endometrial cancer, you're likely to be referred to a doctor who specializes in cancers of the reproductive system, called a gynecologic oncologist.
Because appointments can be brief and there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what you can expect from your health care team.
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endometrial cancer, vaginal bleeding, bleeding between periods, pelvic pain
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186 |
Esophageal cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20356084
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356090
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/esophageal-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20356093
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Esophageal cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the esophagus. The esophagus is a long, hollow tube that runs from the throat to the stomach. The esophagus helps move swallowed food from the back of the throat to the stomach to be digested.
Esophageal cancer usually begins in the cells that line the inside of the esophagus. Esophageal cancer can happen anywhere along the esophagus.
Esophageal cancer is more common in men. Risk factors include drinking alcohol and smoking.
Esophageal cancer treatment often involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of the two. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy also may be used.
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Esophageal cancer may not cause symptoms early on. Symptoms of esophageal cancer usually happen when the disease is advanced.
Signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer include:
Difficulty swallowing.
Chest pain, pressure or burning.
Coughing or hoarseness.
Weight loss without trying.
Worsening indigestion or heartburn.
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Make an appointment with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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Esophageal cancer happens when cells lining the esophagus develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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Risk factors for esophageal cancer include conditions and habits that cause irritation in the esophagus. Risk factors may include:
A steady habit of drinking very hot liquids.
Bile reflux.
Difficulty swallowing because a muscle in the esophagus won't relax, a condition called achalasia.
Drinking alcohol.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, also called GERD.
Not eating enough fruits and vegetables.
Obesity.
Precancerous changes in the cells of the esophagus, called Barrett esophagus.
Radiation treatment to the chest or upper abdomen.
Smoking.
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As esophageal cancer advances, it can cause complications. Complications may include:
A blockage in the esophagus.Cancer may make it difficult for food and liquid to pass through the esophagus.
Bleeding in the esophagus.Esophageal cancer can cause bleeding. Though bleeding is usually gradual, it can be sudden and severe at times.
Pain.Advanced esophageal cancer can cause pain.
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There's no sure way to prevent esophageal cancer, but you can reduce your risk if you:
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Esophageal cancer diagnosis often begins with imaging tests to look at the esophagus. A thin, flexible tube with a camera may be passed down the throat to see the esophagus. A sample of tissue may be taken for lab testing.
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Treatment for small esophageal cancers usually begins with surgery to remove the cancer. If the cancer grows larger or spreads to other parts of the body, treatment might start with chemotherapy and radiation instead. Your healthcare team considers many factors when creating a treatment plan. These factors include your overall health, the type and stage of your cancer, and your preferences.
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With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and distress of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find that it helps to:
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
If your healthcare professional thinks you might have esophageal cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist. If a cancer diagnosis is made, you also may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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hoarseness, pressure, coughing, chest pain, heartburn, indigestion, burning, difficulty swallowing, weight loss, esophageal cancer
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187 |
Eye melanoma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372371
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372376
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eye-melanoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20372377
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Eye melanoma is a kind of eye cancer that starts in cells within the eye that make melanin. Melanin is most often known as the pigment that gives skin its color. But the eyes have cells that make melanin too. Eye melanoma also is called ocular melanoma, intraocular melanoma and uveal melanoma.
Most eye melanomas form in parts of the eye you can't see when looking in a mirror. That makes eye melanoma hard to notice. And eye melanoma typically doesn't cause symptoms at first.
Eye melanoma can be treated. Treatment for small eye melanomas may not cause vision problems. But treatment for large eye melanomas typically leads to some vision loss.
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Eye melanoma may not cause any symptoms. When they do happen, signs and symptoms of eye melanoma can include:
Flashes of light or what look like specks of dust in a person's vision. These are sometimes called floaters.
A growing dark spot in the colored part of the eye, called the iris.
A change in the shape of the pupil. The pupil is the dark circle at the center of the eye.
Poor vision or blurry vision in one eye.
Not being able to see when looking to the side. This is called loss of peripheral vision.
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Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have any symptoms of eye melanoma. If you notice sudden changes in your vision, seek emergency medical care right away.
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It's not clear what causes eye melanoma.
Eye melanoma happens when cells in the eye develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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Risk factors for eye melanoma include:
Light eye color.People with blue eyes or green eyes have a higher risk of melanoma of the eye.
Being white.White people have a greater risk of eye melanoma than do people of other races.
Age.The risk of eye melanoma goes up with age.
Certain inherited skin conditions.A condition called dysplastic nevus syndrome, which causes unusual moles, can raise the risk of eye melanoma.People who have a condition called ocular melanocytosis also are at higher risk of eye melanoma. This condition involves unusual skin pigmentation on the eyelids and in the tissue around the eyelids. It also leads to more pigmentation on the eye's uvea.
Certain genetic changes.Some DNA changes that are passed from parents to children may raise the risk of eye melanoma.
Exposure to ultraviolet light.Some research suggests that exposure to ultraviolet light could raise the risk of eye melanoma. Sources of ultraviolet light include the sun, as well as tanning beds.
Healthcare professionals haven't found anything that can prevent eye melanoma.
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Some people develop other health concerns linked to eye melanoma. These are called complications. They can include the following:
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Eye melanoma diagnosis often starts with an eye exam. Imaging tests can help show the size of the cancer.
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Not all eye melanomas need treatment. When treatment is needed, it can include radiation therapy, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy or surgery. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy may be used to treat eye melanoma in some situations.
Which treatment is best for eye melanoma depends on several factors. These factors include the size and location of the cancer. Treatment also depends on whether cancer has spread beyond the eye. Your overall health and what you prefer to do is part of treatment planning too.
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Start by seeing your primary healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your healthcare professional suspects you have an eye problem, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in eye care, called an ophthalmologist.
If you have eye melanoma, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in eye cancer, called an ocular oncologist. This doctor can explain your treatment options and may refer you to other specialists depending on the treatments you choose.
Appointments may be short, so it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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blurry vision, loss of peripheral vision, dark spot, melanoma, change in shape of pupil, floaters, poor vision, flashes of light
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188 |
Floor of the mouth cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/floor-mouth-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354179
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/floor-mouth-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20446340
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/floor-mouth-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20354181
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Floor of the mouth cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells under the tongue.
Floor of the mouth cancer most often begins in the thin, flat cells that line the inside of the mouth, called squamous cells. When cancer starts in these cells it's called squamous cell carcinoma.
Floor of the mouth cancer causes changes in the look and feel of the tissue under the tongue. These changes may include a lump or a sore that doesn't heal.
Floor of the mouth cancer treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
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Symptoms of floor of the mouth cancer can include:
Mouth pain.
Sores in the mouth that won't heal.
Trouble moving the tongue.
Loose teeth.
Pain with swallowing.
Weight loss.
Ear pain.
Swelling in the neck that may hurt.
White patches in the mouth that won't go away.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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Floor of the mouth cancer happens when cells under the tongue develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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The most common factors that can increase the risk of floor of the mouth cancer include:
Using tobacco.All forms of tobacco increase the risk of floor of the mouth cancer. This includes cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco and snuff.
Drinking alcohol.Frequent and heavy drinking increases the risk of floor of the mouth cancer. Using alcohol and tobacco together increases the risk even more.
Being exposed to human papillomavirus.Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people, it causes no problems and goes away on its own. For others, it causes changes in cells that can lead to many types of cancer.
Having a weak immune system.If the body's germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of floor of the mouth cancer. People with a weakened immune system include those taking medicines to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Certain medical conditions, such as infection withHIV, also can weaken the immune system.
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To lower the risk of floor of the mouth cancer:
Don't use tobacco.If you don't use tobacco, don't start. If you currently use tobacco of any kind, talk with a health care professional about strategies to help you quit.
Limit alcohol intake.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
Ask about theHPVvaccine.Receiving a vaccination to preventHPVinfection may reduce your risk ofHPV-related cancers. Ask your doctor or other health care professional whether anHPVvaccine is right for you.
Have regular health and dental exams.During your appointments, your dentist, doctor or other health care professional can check your mouth for signs of cancer and precancerous changes.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose floor of the mouth cancer may include:
Examining your mouth and neck.In a physical exam, a health care professional looks at your mouth and neck. The health professional checks for any lumps in the mouth and on the neck. Your neck also is checked for swollen lymph nodes. When floor of the mouth cancer spreads, it often goes to the lymph nodes first.
Removing a tissue sample for testing.Called a biopsy, this test involves taking a sample of cells from the mouth. There are different types of biopsy procedures. A sample may be collected by cutting out a piece of the suspicious tissue or the entire area. Another type of biopsy uses a thin needle that's inserted directly into the suspicious area to collect a sample of cells. The samples are sent to a lab to be tested. In the lab, tests can show whether the cells are cancerous.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests capture pictures of the inside of the body. The pictures can show the size and location of a tumor. Imaging tests used for floor of the mouth cancer may include X-rays and scans such asCT,MRIand positron emission tomography, also calledPET.
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Treatment for floor of the mouth cancer often begins with surgery. Surgery might be followed by radiation, chemotherapy or both.
Your health care team considers many factors when creating a treatment plan. These might include the cancer's location and how fast it's growing. The team also may look at whether the cancer has spread to other parts of your body and the results of tests on the cancer cells. Your care team also considers your age and your overall health.
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People facing a serious illness often say they feel worried about the future. With time, you'll find ways to cope with these and other feelings. Until then, you may find comfort in these strategies:
Ask questions about floor of the mouth cancer.Write down questions you have about your cancer. Ask these questions at your next appointment. Also ask your health care team for reliable sources where you can get more information.Knowing more about your cancer and your treatment options may make you more comfortable when you make decisions about your care.
Stay connected to friends and family.Your cancer diagnosis can be stressful for friends and family too. Try to keep them involved in your life.Your friends and family will likely ask if there's anything they can do to help you. Think of tasks you might like help with. Examples include caring for your home if you have to stay in the hospital or just listening when you want to talk.You may find comfort in the support of a caring group of your friends and family.
Find someone to talk with.Find someone you can talk with who has experience helping people facing a life-threatening illness. Ask your health care team to suggest a counselor or medical social worker you can talk with. For support groups, contact the American Cancer Society or ask your health care team about local or online groups.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
If you might have mouth cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the face, mouth, teeth, jaws, salivary glands and neck. This doctor is called an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. You also may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases that affect the ears, nose and throat. This doctor is called anENTspecialist or otolaryngologist.
Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to prepare. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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pain, mouth cancer, white patches in the mouth, mouth pain, trouble moving the tongue, loose teeth, ear pain, sores in the mouth, weight loss, pain with swallowing, swelling in the neck
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189 |
Gallbladder cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353370
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353374
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallbladder-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20353376
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Gallbladder cancer is a growth of cells that begins in the gallbladder.
The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of the belly, just beneath the liver. The gallbladder stores a fluid called bile that the liver makes to digest food.
Gallbladder cancer is not common. The chance for a cure is good when gallbladder cancer is found when it's small. But most gallbladder cancers are found when they've grown beyond the gallbladder. Then the chance to survive, called prognosis, often is poor.
Gallbladder cancer may not be found until it's advanced because it may cause no symptoms. When they happen, the symptoms may be like those of common conditions. Also, the gallbladder is hidden inside the body. This makes it easier for gallbladder cancer to grow without being found.
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Gallbladder cancer may have no symptoms. When there are signs and symptoms, they may include:
Belly pain, mostly in the upper right part of the belly.
Belly bloating.
A mass you can feel through the skin.
Losing weight without trying.
Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, called jaundice. Yellowing of the skin might be harder to see on Black or brown skin. Jaundice typically happens when the gallbladder cancer is very advanced.
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Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you.
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It's not clear what causes gallbladder cancer.
Healthcare professionals know that gallbladder cancer starts when healthy gallbladder cells develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
Most gallbladder cancer begins in the glandular cells that line the inner surface of the gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer that begins in this type of cell is called adenocarcinoma. This term refers to the way the cancer cells appear when looked at under a microscope.
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Factors that can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer include:
Female sex.Gallbladder cancer is much more common in women than in men. Experts think it may be related to the hormone estrogen, which increases the risk of gallstones. People who are assigned female at birth most often have higher levels of estrogen in their bodies than do people assigned male at birth.
Increasing age.Your risk of gallbladder cancer increases as you age. It's more common after age 65. But it can happen in children.
A history of gallstones.Gallbladder cancer is most common in people who have gallstones or have had gallstones in the past. Larger gallstones may carry a larger risk. Gallstones are common. But even in people with gallstones, gallbladder cancer is rare.
Other gallbladder conditions.Other gallbladder conditions that can increase the risk of gallbladder cancer include polyps, infections, and ongoing swelling and irritation, called chronic inflammation.
Inflammation of the bile ducts.Primary sclerosing cholangitis causes inflammation of the ducts that drain bile from the gallbladder and liver. This condition increases the risk of gallbladder cancer.
Healthcare professionals have not found ways to prevent gallbladder cancer.
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Gallbladder cancer diagnosis might start with a discussion about your symptoms. A healthcare professional might use blood tests to understand how your organs are working and imaging tests to look for signs of cancer in the gallbladder.
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Treatment for gallbladder cancer often involves surgery. If the cancer grows into nearby organs, surgery might not be possible. Treatment might start with radiation therapy or medicines, such as chemotherapy, instead. What gallbladder cancer treatments are best for you depend on the stage of your cancer, your health and what you prefer.
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Learning to cope with a life-threatening illness, such as gallbladder cancer, will take time. Some ideas for learning to cope with gallbladder cancer include:
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Start by making an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you.
If your healthcare professional thinks that you may have gallbladder cancer, you may be sent to a specialist, such as:
A doctor who specializes in treating digestive conditions, called a gastroenterologist.
A surgeon who operates on the liver or gallbladder.
A doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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belly bloating, belly pain, jaundice, yellowing of the skin, gallbladder cancer, losing weight, yellowing of the whites of the eyes, mass
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190 |
Stomach cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352438
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352443
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20352445
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Stomach cancer, which is also called gastric cancer, is a growth of cells that starts in the stomach. The stomach is in the upper middle part of the belly, just below the ribs. The stomach helps to break down and digest food.
Stomach cancer can happen in any part of the stomach. In most of the world, stomach cancers happen in the main part of the stomach. This part is called the stomach body.
In the United States, stomach cancer is more likely to start by the gastroesophageal junction. This is the part where the long tube that carries food you swallow meets the stomach. The tube that carries food to the stomach is called the esophagus.
Where the cancer starts in the stomach is one factor health care providers think about when making a treatment plan. Other factors might include the cancer's stage and the type of cells involved. Treatment often includes surgery to remove the stomach cancer. Other treatments may be used before and after surgery.
Stomach cancer treatment is most likely to be successful if the cancer is only in the stomach. The prognosis for people with small stomach cancers is quite good. Many can expect to be cured. Most stomach cancers are found when the disease is advanced and a cure is less likely. Stomach cancer that grows through the stomach wall or spreads to other parts of the body is harder to cure.
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Signs and symptoms of stomach cancer may include:
Trouble swallowing
Belly pain
Feeling bloated after eating
Feeling full after eating small amounts of food
Not feeling hungry when you would expect to be hungry
Heartburn
Indigestion
Nausea
Vomiting
Losing weight without trying
Feeling very tired
Stools that look black
Stomach cancer doesn't always cause symptoms in its early stages. When they happen, symptoms might include indigestion and pain in the upper part of the belly. Symptoms might not happen until the cancer is advanced. Later stages of stomach cancer might cause symptoms such as feeling very tired, losing weight without trying, vomiting blood and having black stools.
Stomach cancer that spreads to other parts of the body is called metastatic stomach cancer. It causes symptoms specific to where it spreads. For example, when cancer spreads to the lymph nodes it might cause lumps you can feel through the skin. Cancer that spreads to the liver might cause yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. If cancer spreads within the belly, it might cause fluid to fill the belly. The belly might look swollen.
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If you have signs and symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with your health care provider. Many conditions can cause symptoms that are like the ones caused by stomach cancer. Your provider might test for those other causes first before testing for stomach cancer.
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It's not clear what causes stomach cancer. Experts believe most stomach cancers start when something hurts the inside lining of the stomach. Examples include having an infection in the stomach, having long-standing acid reflux and eating a lot of salty foods. Not everyone with these risk factors gets stomach cancer, though. So more research is needed to find out exactly what causes it.
Stomach cancer begins when something hurts cells in the inner lining of the stomach. It causes the cells to develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to multiply quickly. The cells can go on living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural lifecycle. This causes a lot of extra cells in the stomach. The cells can form a mass called a tumor.
Cancer cells in the stomach can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. They might start to grow deeper into the wall of the stomach. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer cells spread to another part of the body it's called metastasis.
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Factors that increase the risk of stomach cancer include:
Ongoing problems with stomach acid backing up into the esophagus, which is called gastroesophageal reflux disease
A diet high in salty and smoked foods
A diet low in fruits and vegetables
Infection in the stomach caused by a germ called Helicobacter pylori
Swelling and irritation of the inside of the stomach, which is called gastritis
Smoking
Growths of noncancerous cells in the stomach, called polyps
Family history of stomach cancer
Family history of genetic syndromes that increase the risk of stomach cancer and other cancers, such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, Lynch syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis
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To lower the risk of stomach cancer, you can:
Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.Try to include fruits and vegetables in your diet each day. Choose a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables.
Reduce the amount of salty and smoked foods you eat.Protect your stomach by limiting these foods.
Stop smoking.If you smoke, quit. If you don't smoke, don't start. Smoking increases your risk of stomach cancer and many other types of cancer. Quitting smoking can be very hard, so ask your health care provider for help.
Tell your health care provider if stomach cancer runs in your family.People with a strong family history of stomach cancer might have stomach cancer screening. Screening tests can detect stomach cancer before it causes symptoms.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose and detect stomach cancer include:
Looking inside the stomach.To look for signs of cancer, your health care provider might use a tiny camera to see inside your stomach. This procedure is called upper endoscopy. A thin tube with a tiny camera on the end is passed down the throat and into the stomach.
Taking a sample of tissue for testing.If something that looks like cancer is found in your stomach, it might be removed for testing. This is called a biopsy. It can be done during an upper endoscopy. Special tools are passed down the tube to get the tissue sample. The sample is sent to a lab for testing.
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Treatment options for stomach cancer depend on the cancer's location within the stomach and its stage. Your health care provider also thinks about your overall health and your preferences when making a treatment plan. Stomach cancer treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and palliative care.
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A cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming and frightening. It may take time to adjust to the initial shock of your diagnosis. In time you'll find ways to cope. Until then, it might help to:
Learn enough to make decisions about your care.Ask your health care provider to write down the details of your cancer. This can include the type, the stage and your treatment options. Use those details to find more information about stomach cancer. Learn about the benefits and risks of each treatment option.
Connect with other cancer survivors.Ask your provider about support groups in your area. Or go online and connect with cancer survivors on message boards, such as those run by the American Cancer Society.
Stay active.Being diagnosed with cancer doesn't mean you have to stop doing the things you enjoy or normally do. For the most part, if you feel well enough to do something, go ahead and do it.
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Start by seeing your usual health care provider if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your provider thinks that you may have a stomach problem, you may be referred to a specialist. This might be a doctor who diagnoses and treats problems in the digestive system. This doctor is called a gastroenterologist.
Once stomach cancer is diagnosed, you may be referred to other specialists. This might be a cancer doctor, which is also called an oncologist, or a surgeon who specializes in operating on the digestive tract.
It's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your doctor.
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nausea, heartburn, yellowing of the whites of the eyes, feeling full, lumps, vomiting blood, indigestion, losing weight, not feeling hungry, vomiting, belly pain, pain, stomach cancer, black stools, cancer, feeling bloated, fluid in the belly, yellowing of the skin, swollen belly, trouble swallowing, nausea
vomiting
, feeling very tired
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191 |
Hairy cell leukemia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hairy-cell-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372956
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hairy-cell-leukemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372962
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hairy-cell-leukemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20372963
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Hairy cell leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells. The white blood cells help fight off germs. There are a few different types of white blood cells. The white blood cells involved in hairy cell leukemia are called B cells. B cells are also called B lymphocytes.
In hairy cell leukemia, the body makes too manyB cells. The cells don't look like healthyB cells. Instead, they've undergone changes to become leukemia cells. The leukemia cells look "hairy" under a microscope.
Hairy cell leukemia cells keep living when healthy cells would die as part of the natural cell life cycle. The leukemia cells build up in the body and cause symptoms.
Hairy cell leukemia often gets worse slowly. Treatment might not need to start right away. When it's needed, treatment is usually with chemotherapy.
Scientists found a type of cancer that looks like hairy cell leukemia, but it gets worse much faster. This other type of cancer is called hairy cell leukemia variant. It's considered a separate type of cancer from hairy cell leukemia, even though it has a similar name.
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Hairy cell leukemia might not cause symptoms. Sometimes a health care provider finds it by accident during a blood test for another condition.
When it causes symptoms, hairy cell leukemia might cause:
A feeling of fullness in your belly that may make it uncomfortable to eat more than a little at a time
Fatigue
Easy bruising
Recurring infections
Weakness
Losing weight without trying
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Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have any persistent signs and symptoms that worry you.
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It's not clear what causes hairy cell leukemia.
Hairy cell leukemia begins in the white blood cells. The white blood cells help fight germs in the body. There are a few types of white blood cells. The white blood cells involved in hairy cell leukemia are calledB cells.
Hairy cell leukemia happens whenB cellsdevelop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell theB cellsto make a lot moreB cellsthat don't work right. These cells go on living when healthy cells would die as part of the natural cell life cycle.
TheB cellsthat don't work right crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow and other organs. This leads to the symptoms and complications of hairy cell leukemia. For example, the extra cells can cause swelling in the spleen, liver and lymph nodes. If there isn't enough room for healthy blood cells, this can lead to frequent infections, easy bruising and feeling very tired.
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The risk of hairy cell leukemia may be higher in:
Older adults.Hairy cell leukemia can happen at any age. But most people diagnosed with hairy cell leukemia are in their 50s or 60s. It's rare in children.
Males.Hairy cell leukemia can happen to anyone. But it's more likely in males.
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Hairy cell leukemia often gets worse very slowly. Sometimes it stays stable for many years. For this reason, few complications of the disease occur.
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To diagnose hairy cell leukemia, your health care provider may recommend:
Physical exam.Your provider may feel your spleen to see if it's too big. The spleen is an oval-shaped organ on the left side of the upper abdomen. If your spleen is too big you might feel a fullness in your belly. You might have pain or discomfort when you eat.
Blood tests.You might have a blood test to measure the levels of blood cells in your blood. This test is called a complete blood count (CBC) with differential.You have three main types of blood cells in your blood. They include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. In hairy cell leukemia, aCBCtest may show all levels of these cells are too low.Another type of blood test might involve looking at your blood under the microscope. This test can find hairy cell leukemia cells. This test is called a peripheral blood smear.
Bone marrow biopsy.A bone marrow biopsy is a procedure to remove some of your bone marrow for testing. Your provider will remove a small amount of bone marrow from your hip area. This sample is used to look for hairy cell leukemia cells.
Lab tests to analyze the leukemia cells.Hairy cell leukemia cells collected from your blood and bone marrow are tested in a lab. These tests look at the changes in the cells' DNA. This helps your provider understand your prognosis and what treatments are best for you.
Computerized tomography (CT) scan.ACTscan shows detailed images of the inside of your body. Your provider may order aCTscan to look for swelling in your spleen and your lymph nodes.
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Hairy cell leukemia treatments are good at controlling the disease. But they can't make it go away completely. Instead, treatments can control the cancer so that you can go about your life as usual. People with hairy cell leukemia can live with the disease for many years.
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A cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming. To help you cope, you might consider trying to:
Find out enough to feel comfortable making decisions about your care.Learn about hairy cell leukemia and cancer treatments. This can help you feel more confident about making decisions about your treatment. Ask your health care provider to suggest some reliable sources of information to get you started.
Connect with other cancer survivors.Friends and family provide an important support network during your cancer experience. But they can't always understand what it's like to face cancer. Other cancer survivors provide a unique network of support.Ask your provider about support groups or organizations in your community that can connect you with other cancer survivors. Organizations such as the Hairy Cell Leukemia Foundation and the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society offer ways to connect with others online.
Take care of yourself.You can't control whether your hairy cell leukemia comes back, but you can control other aspects of your health.Take care of yourself by eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables. Exercise regularly. Get enough sleep so that you wake up feeling refreshed. Find healthy ways to cope with the stresses in your life.
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Start by seeing your usual health care provider if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your provider suspects you may have hairy cell leukemia, they may suggest that you see a specialist. This might be a doctor who treats diseases of the blood and bone marrow. This doctor is called a hematologist.
Appointments can be brief, so it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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fatigue, weakness, fullness, feeling of fullness in your belly, easy bruising, losing weight, infections, recurring infections, hairy cell leukemia, bruising
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192 |
Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352646
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352650
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20352653
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Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is part of the body's germ-fighting and disease-fighting immune system. Hodgkin lymphoma begins when healthy cells in the lymphatic system change and grow out of control.
The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes. They are found throughout the body. Most lymph nodes are in the abdomen, groin, pelvis, chest, underarms and neck.
The lymphatic system also includes the spleen, thymus, tonsils and bone marrow. Hodgkin lymphoma can affect all these areas and other organs in the body.
Hodgkin lymphoma, which used to be called Hodgkin disease, is one of two broad types of lymphoma. The other is non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Advances in diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma have helped give people with this disease the chance for a full recovery.
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Signs and symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma may include:
Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin.
Fever.
Feeling very tired.
Night sweats.
Weight loss that happens without trying.
Itchy skin.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have ongoing symptoms that worry you. Hodgkin lymphoma symptoms are like those of many more-common conditions, such as infections. The healthcare professional may check for those causes first.
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Healthcare professionals aren't sure what causes Hodgkin lymphoma. It begins with changes in the DNA of a disease-fighting blood cell called a lymphocyte. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do.
The DNA changes tell the cells to multiply quickly and live when other cells would naturally die. The Hodgkin lymphoma cells attract many healthy immune system cells to protect them and help them grow. The extra cells crowd into the lymph nodes and cause swelling and other symptoms.
There are multiple types of Hodgkin lymphoma. The type of lymphoma you have is based on the characteristics of the cells involved in your disease and their behavior. The type of lymphoma you have helps determine your treatment options.
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Factors that can increase the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma include:
Your age.Hodgkin lymphoma is most often diagnosed in people in their 20s and 30s and those over age 65.
A family history of Hodgkin lymphoma.Having a blood relative with Hodgkin lymphoma increases the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma.
Being male.People who are assigned male at birth are slightly more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than are those who are assigned female at birth.
Past Epstein-Barr infection.People who have had illnesses caused by the Epstein-Barr virus are at higher risk of Hodgkin lymphoma than are those who haven't. One example is infectious mononucleosis.
HIVinfection.People who are infected withHIVhave an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma.
There's no way to prevent Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis often begins with an exam that checks for swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarm and groin. Other tests include imaging tests and removing some cells for testing. The type of tests used for diagnosis may depend on the lymphoma's location and your symptoms.
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Many types of treatments exist for Hodgkin lymphoma. Treatment often starts with chemotherapy. Your healthcare team might check to see how the lymphoma is responding and decide whether you need more treatment. Your options might include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy and bone marrow transplant, also called stem cell transplant. Sometimes, a combination of treatments is used.
The treatment that's best for you depends on the type of Hodgkin lymphoma that you have. Your healthcare team also might consider the stage of your lymphoma, whether you have any symptoms and your overall health.
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A Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis can be challenging. The following strategies and resources may help you cope with your diagnosis:
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases that affect the blood cells. This type of doctor is called a hematologist.
Appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot of information to discuss. So it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin, itchy skin, night sweats, swelling, fever, tired, weight loss, hodgkin lymphoma
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193 |
Hurthle cell cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hurthle-cell-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20373572
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hurthle-cell-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373577
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hurthle-cell-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20373578
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Hurthle (HEERT-luh) cell cancer is a rare cancer that affects the thyroid gland.
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in the base of the neck. It secretes hormones that are essential for regulating the body's metabolism.
Hurthle cell cancer is also called Hurthle cell carcinoma or oxyphilic cell carcinoma. This is one of several types of cancers that affect the thyroid.
This type of cancer can be more aggressive than other types of thyroid cancer. Surgery to remove the thyroid gland is the most common treatment.
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Hurthle cell cancer doesn't always cause symptoms, and it's sometimes detected during a physical examination or an imaging test done for some other reason.
When they do occur, signs and symptoms may include:
These signs and symptoms don't necessarily mean that you have Hurthle cell cancer. They may be indications of other medical conditions — such as inflammation of the thyroid gland or an enlargement of the thyroid (goiter).
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Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you.
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It's not clear what causes Hurthle cell cancer.
This cancer begins when cells in the thyroid develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The DNA changes, which doctors call mutations, tell the thyroid cells to grow and multiply quickly. The cells develop the ability to continue living when other cells would naturally die. The accumulating cells form a mass called a tumor that can invade and destroy healthy tissue nearby and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.
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Factors that increase the risk of developing thyroid cancer include:
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Possible complications of Hurthle cell cancer include:
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose Hurthle cell cancer include:
Examining the vocal cords (laryngoscopy).In a procedure called laryngoscopy, your provider can visually examine your vocal cords by using a light and a tiny mirror to look into the back of your throat. Or your provider may use fiber-optic laryngoscopy. This involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a tiny camera and light through your nose or mouth and into the back of your throat. Then your provider can watch the motion of your vocal cords as you speak.
This procedure might be recommended if there's a risk that the cancer cells have spread to the vocal cords, such as if you have voice changes that are concerning.
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Treatment for Hurthle cell cancer usually involves surgery to remove the thyroid. Other treatments may be recommended, depending on your situation.
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A diagnosis of Hurthle cell cancer can be challenging. Many people feel stressed and anxious. With time you'll find strategies to cope. Until then, here are some ideas that might help:
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Start by making an appointment with your health care provider if you have signs and symptoms that worry you.
If Hurthle cell cancer is suspected, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating thyroid disorders (endocrinologist) or a doctor who specializes in treating cancer (oncologist).
Because appointments can be brief, it's often helpful to arrive well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and what to expect from your provider.
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goiter, inflammation, hurthle cell cancer, symptoms
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195 |
Kidney cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352664
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352669
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20352672
|
Kidney cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the kidneys. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They're located behind the abdominal organs, with one kidney on each side of the spine.
In adults, renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer. Other, less common types of kidney cancer can happen. Young children are more likely to develop a kind of kidney cancer called Wilms tumor.
The number of kidney cancers diagnosed each year seems to be increasing. One reason for this may be the fact that imaging techniques such as CT scans are being used more often. These tests may lead to the incidental discovery of more kidney cancers. Kidney cancer is often found when the cancer is small and confined to the kidney.
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Kidney cancer doesn't usually cause symptoms at first. In time, signs and symptoms may develop, including:
Blood in the urine, which may appear pink, red or cola colored.
Loss of appetite.
Pain in the side or back that doesn't go away.
Tiredness.
Unexplained weight loss.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
|
It's not clear what causes most kidney cancers.
Kidney cancer happens when cells in the kidney develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
|
Factors that may increase the risk of kidney cancer include:
Older age.The risk of kidney cancer increases with age.
Smoking tobacco.People who smoke have a greater risk of kidney cancer than those who don't. The risk decreases after quitting.
Obesity.People who are obese have a higher risk of kidney cancer than people who are considered to have a healthy weight.
High blood pressure.High blood pressure, also called hypertension, increases the risk of kidney cancer.
Certain inherited conditions.People who are born with certain inherited conditions may have an increased risk of kidney cancer. These conditions may include von Hippel-Lindau disease, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex, hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma and familial renal cancer.
Family history of kidney cancer.The risk of kidney cancer is higher if a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, has had the disease.
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There's no sure way to prevent kidney cancer, but you may reduce your risk if you:
|
Kidney cancer diagnosis often begins with a physical exam and a discussion of your health history. Blood and urine tests as well as imaging tests may be used. A sample of tissue may be taken for lab testing.
Tests and procedures used to diagnose kidney cancer include:
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Kidney cancer treatment sometimes begins with surgery to remove the cancer. For cancers confined to the kidney, this may be the only treatment needed. Sometimes medicine is given after surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back. If the cancer has spread beyond the kidney, surgery might not be possible. Other treatments may be recommended.
Your healthcare team considers many factors when creating a treatment plan. These factors may include your overall health, the type and stage of your cancer, and your preferences.
|
With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and worry of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find it helps to:
|
Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
If your healthcare professional thinks you might have kidney cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in urinary tract diseases and conditions, called a urologist. If a cancer diagnosis is made, you also may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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pain, kidney cancer, pain in the side or back, tiredness, unexplained weight loss, blood in the urine, loss of appetite, weight loss
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196 |
Leukemia
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20374373
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374378
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20374380
|
Leukemia is cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system.
Many types of leukemia exist. Some forms of leukemia are more common in children. Other forms of leukemia occur mostly in adults.
Leukemia usually involves the white blood cells. Your white blood cells are potent infection fighters — they normally grow and divide in an orderly way, as your body needs them. But in people with leukemia, the bone marrow produces an excessive amount of abnormal white blood cells, which don't function properly.
Treatment for leukemia can be complex — depending on the type of leukemia and other factors. But there are strategies and resources that can help make your treatment successful.
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Leukemia symptoms vary, depending on the type of leukemia. Common leukemia signs and symptoms include:
Fever or chills
Persistent fatigue, weakness
Frequent or severe infections
Losing weight without trying
Swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver or spleen
Easy bleeding or bruising
Recurrent nosebleeds
Tiny red spots in your skin (petechiae)
Excessive sweating, especially at night
Bone pain or tenderness
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Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any persistent signs or symptoms that worry you.
Leukemia symptoms are often vague and not specific. You may overlook early leukemia symptoms because they may resemble symptoms of the flu and other common illnesses.
Sometimes leukemia is discovered during blood tests for some other condition.
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Scientists don't understand the exact causes of leukemia. It seems to develop from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
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Factors that may increase your risk of developing some types of leukemia include:
Previous cancer treatment.People who've had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other cancers have an increased risk of developing certain types of leukemia.
Genetic disorders.Genetic abnormalities seem to play a role in the development of leukemia. Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of leukemia.
Exposure to certain chemicals.Exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene — which is found in gasoline and is used by the chemical industry — is linked to an increased risk of some kinds of leukemia.
Smoking.Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of acute myelogenous leukemia.
Family history of leukemia.If members of your family have been diagnosed with leukemia, your risk of the disease may be increased.
However, most people with known risk factors don't get leukemia. And many people with leukemia have none of these risk factors.
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Doctors may find chronic leukemia in a routine blood test, before symptoms begin. If this happens, or if you have signs or symptoms that suggest leukemia, you may undergo the following diagnostic exams:
Physical exam.Your doctor will look for physical signs of leukemia, such as pale skin from anemia, swelling of your lymph nodes, and enlargement of your liver and spleen.
Blood tests.By looking at a sample of your blood, your doctor can determine if you have abnormal levels of red or white blood cells or platelets — which may suggest leukemia. A blood test may also show the presence of leukemia cells, though not all types of leukemia cause the leukemia cells to circulate in the blood. Sometimes the leukemia cells stay in the bone marrow.
Bone marrow test.Your doctor may recommend a procedure to remove a sample of bone marrow from your hipbone. The bone marrow is removed using a long, thin needle. The sample is sent to a laboratory to look for leukemia cells. Specialized tests of your leukemia cells may reveal certain characteristics that are used to determine your treatment options.
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Treatment for your leukemia depends on many factors. Your doctor determines your leukemia treatment options based on your age and overall health, the type of leukemia you have, and whether it has spread to other parts of your body, including the central nervous system.
Common treatments used to fight leukemia include:
Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy is the major form of treatment for leukemia. This drug treatment uses chemicals to kill leukemia cells.Depending on the type of leukemia you have, you may receive a single drug or a combination of drugs. These drugs may come in a pill form, or they may be injected directly into a vein.
Targeted therapy.Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within cancer cells. By blocking these abnormalities, targeted drug treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Your leukemia cells will be tested to see if targeted therapy may be helpful for you.
Radiation therapy.Radiation therapy uses X-rays or other high-energy beams to damage leukemia cells and stop their growth. During radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a large machine moves around you, directing the radiation to precise points on your body.You may receive radiation in one specific area of your body where there is a collection of leukemia cells, or you may receive radiation over your whole body. Radiation therapy may be used to prepare for a bone marrow transplant.
Bone marrow transplant.A bone marrow transplant, also called a stem cell transplant, helps reestablish healthy stem cells by replacing unhealthy bone marrow with leukemia-free stem cells that will regenerate healthy bone marrow.Prior to a bone marrow transplant, you receive very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy your leukemia-producing bone marrow. Then you receive an infusion of blood-forming stem cells that help rebuild your bone marrow.You may receive stem cells from a donor or you may be able to use your own stem cells.
Immunotherapy.Immunotherapy uses your immune system to fight cancer. Your body's disease-fighting immune system may not attack your cancer because the cancer cells produce proteins that help them hide from the immune system cells. Immunotherapy works by interfering with that process.
Engineering immune cells to fight leukemia.A specialized treatment called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy takes your body's germ-fighting T cells, engineers them to fight cancer and infuses them back into your body.CAR-T cell therapy might be an option for certain types of leukemia.
Clinical trials.Clinical trials are experiments to test new cancer treatments and new ways of using existing treatments. While clinical trials give you or your child a chance to try the latest cancer treatment, treatment benefits and risks may be uncertain. Discuss the benefits and risks of clinical trials with your doctor.
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A diagnosis of leukemia may be devastating — especially for the family of a newly diagnosed child. With time you'll find ways to cope with the distress and uncertainty of cancer. Until then, you may find it helps to:
Learn enough about leukemia to make decisions about your care.Ask your doctor about your leukemia, including your treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about leukemia, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.The term "leukemia" can be confusing because it refers to a group of cancers that aren't all that similar except for the fact that they affect the bone marrow and blood. You can waste a lot of time researching information that doesn't apply to your kind of leukemia. To avoid that, ask your doctor to write down as much information about your specific disease as possible. Then narrow your search for information accordingly.
Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with your leukemia. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your house if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The concern and understanding of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer support group also may be helpful.Ask your doctor about support groups in your area. Or check your phone book, library or a cancer organization, such as the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society or the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.
Take care of yourself.It's easy to get caught up in the tests, treatments and procedures of therapy. But it's important to take care of yourself, not just the cancer. Try to make time for yoga, cooking or other favorite diversions.
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Start by seeing your family doctor if you have signs or symptoms that worry you. If your doctor suspects you have leukemia, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the blood and bone marrow (hematologist).
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and know what to expect from your doctor.
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chills, enlarged spleen, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, leukemia, fatigue, enlarged liver, petechiae, sweating, tenderness, bleeding, red spots, infections, common leukemia signs and symptoms, pain, weakness, nosebleeds, fever, bone pain, bruising
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197 |
Liver cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353659
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353664
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20353667
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Liver cancer is cancer that begins in the cells of your liver. Your liver is a football-sized organ that sits in the upper right portion of your abdomen, beneath your diaphragm and above your stomach.
Several types of cancer can form in the liver. The most common type of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma, which begins in the main type of liver cell (hepatocyte). Other types of liver cancer, such as intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatoblastoma, are much less common.
Cancer that spreads to the liver is more common than cancer that begins in the liver cells. Cancer that begins in another area of the body — such as the colon, lung or breast — and then spreads to the liver is called metastatic cancer rather than liver cancer. This type of cancer is named after the organ in which it began — such as metastatic colon cancer to describe cancer that begins in the colon and spreads to the liver.
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Most people don't have signs and symptoms in the early stages of primary liver cancer. When signs and symptoms do appear, they may include:
Losing weight without trying
Loss of appetite
Upper abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
General weakness and fatigue
Abdominal swelling
Yellow discoloration of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
White, chalky stools
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Make an appointment with your doctor if you experience any signs or symptoms that worry you.
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Liver cancer happens when liver cells develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA is the material that provides instructions for every chemical process in your body. DNA mutations cause changes in these instructions. One result is that cells may begin to grow out of control and eventually form a tumor — a mass of cancerous cells.
Sometimes the cause of liver cancer is known, such as with chronic hepatitis infections. But sometimes liver cancer happens in people with no underlying diseases and it's not clear what causes it.
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Factors that increase the risk of primary liver cancer include:
Chronic infection with HBV or HCV.Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) increases your risk of liver cancer.
Cirrhosis.This progressive and irreversible condition causes scar tissue to form in your liver and increases your chances of developing liver cancer.
Certain inherited liver diseases.Liver diseases that can increase the risk of liver cancer include hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease.
Diabetes.People with this blood sugar disorder have a greater risk of liver cancer than those who don't have diabetes.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.An accumulation of fat in the liver increases the risk of liver cancer.
Exposure to aflatoxins.Aflatoxins are poisons produced by molds that grow on crops that are stored poorly. Crops, such as grains and nuts, can become contaminated with aflatoxins, which can end up in foods made of these products.
Excessive alcohol consumption.Consuming more than a moderate amount of alcohol daily over many years can lead to irreversible liver damage and increase your risk of liver cancer.
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Treatments for primary liver cancer depend on the extent (stage) of the disease as well as your age, overall health and personal preferences.
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Learning you have any life-threatening illness can be devastating. Each person finds his or her own ways of coping with a diagnosis of liver cancer. Although there are no easy answers for people dealing with liver cancer, the following suggestions may be of help:
Learn enough about liver cancer to make decisions about your care.Ask your doctor about your liver cancer, including the stage of your cancer, your treatment options and, if you like, your prognosis. As you learn more about liver cancer, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with your liver cancer. Friends and family can provide the practical support you'll need, such as helping take care of your house if you're in the hospital. And they can serve as emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener with whom you can talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. The support of a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer survivors group also may be helpful.Ask your doctor about support groups in your area. Or check your phone book, library or a cancer organization, such as the National Cancer Institute or the American Cancer Society.
Make plans for the unknown.Having a life-threatening illness, such as cancer, requires you to prepare for the possibility that you may die. For some people, having a strong faith or a sense of something greater than themselves makes it easier to come to terms with a life-threatening illness.Ask your doctor about advance directives and living wills to help you plan for end-of-life care, should you need it.
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If you think you may have liver cancer, you're likely to start by seeing your family doctor. If your doctor suspects you may have liver cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the liver (hepatologist) or to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer (oncologist).
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and what to expect from your doctor.
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white stools, nausea, abdominal swelling, fatigue, weakness, general weakness, yellow discoloration, vomiting, jaundice, primary liver cancer, loss of appetite
upper abdominal pain, upper abdominal pain, losing weight, nausea and vomiting
, loss of appetite, discoloration
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198 |
Lung cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374627
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20374629
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Lung cancer is a kind of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the lungs. The lungs are two spongy organs in the chest that control breathing.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.
People who smoke have the greatest risk of lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer increases with the length of time and number of cigarettes smoked. Quitting smoking, even after smoking for many years, significantly lowers the chances of developing lung cancer. Lung cancer also can happen in people who have never smoked.
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Lung cancer typically doesn't cause symptoms early on. Symptoms of lung cancer usually happen when the disease is advanced.
Signs and symptoms of lung cancer that happen in and around the lungs may include:
A new cough that doesn't go away.
Chest pain.
Coughing up blood, even a small amount.
Hoarseness.
Shortness of breath.
Wheezing.
Signs and symptoms that happen when lung cancer spreads to other parts of the body may include:
Bone pain.
Headache.
Losing weight without trying.
Loss of appetite.
Swelling in the face or neck.
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Make an appointment with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
If you smoke and haven't been able to quit, make an appointment. Your healthcare professional can recommend strategies for quitting smoking. These may include counseling, medicines and nicotine replacement products.
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Lung cancer happens when cells in the lungs develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
Smoking causes most lung cancers. It can cause lung cancer in both people who smoke and in people exposed to secondhand smoke. But lung cancer also happens in people who never smoked or been exposed to secondhand smoke. In these people, there may be no clear cause of lung cancer.
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A number of factors may increase the risk of lung cancer. Some risk factors can be controlled, for instance, by quitting smoking. Other factors can't be controlled, such as your family history.
Risk factors for lung cancer include:
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Lung cancer can cause complications, such as:
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There's no sure way to prevent lung cancer, but you can reduce your risk if you:
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Lung cancer diagnosis often starts with an imaging test to look at the lungs. If you have symptoms that worry you, a healthcare professional might start with an X-ray. If you smoke or used to smoke, you might have an imaging test to look for signs of lung cancer before you develop symptoms.
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Treatment for lung cancer usually begins with surgery to remove the cancer. If the cancer is very large or has spread to other parts of the body, surgery may not be possible. Treatment might start with medicine and radiation instead. Your healthcare team considers many factors when creating a treatment plan. These factors may include your overall health, the type and stage of your cancer, and your preferences.
Some people with lung cancer choose not to have treatment. For instance, you may feel that the side effects of treatment will outweigh the potential benefits. When that's the case, your healthcare professional may suggest comfort care to treat only the symptoms the cancer is causing.
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With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and distress of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find that it helps to:
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
If your healthcare professional suspects that you have lung cancer, you'll likely be referred to a specialist. Specialists who treat lung cancer may include:
Oncologists.Doctors who specialize in treating cancer.
Pulmonologists.Doctors who diagnose and treat lung diseases.
Radiation oncologists.Doctors who use radiation to treat cancer.
Thoracic surgeons.Surgeons who operate on the lungs.
Palliative care specialists.Doctors who treat signs and symptoms of cancer and cancer treatment.
Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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Many people with lung cancer experience shortness of breath. Treatments such as supplemental oxygen and medicines are available to help you feel more comfortable. However, they aren't always enough.
To cope with shortness of breath, it may help to:
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pain, headache, hoarseness, wheezing, swelling, coughing up blood, chest pain, Here are the extracted symptoms:
cough, lung cancer, losing weight, bone pain, loss of appetite, shortness of breath, cough
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200 |
Merkel cell carcinoma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/merkel-cell-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351030
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/merkel-cell-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351036
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/merkel-cell-carcinoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20351037
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Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare type of skin cancer. It most often appears as a bump on the face, head or neck. Merkel cell carcinoma also is called neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin.
Merkel cell carcinoma most often happens in people older than 50. Long-term sun exposure or a weakened immune system may raise the risk of getting this cancer.
Merkel cell carcinoma tends to grow fast and to spread quickly to other parts of the body. Treatment may depend on whether the cancer has spread beyond the skin.
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The first symptom of Merkel cell carcinoma most often is a growth on the skin. This skin cancer can happen anywhere on the body. It happens most often on skin that typically gets sunlight. In white people, the growth is most likely to be on the head or neck. In Black people, the growth more often is on the legs.
A Merkel cell carcinoma can cause:
A bump on the skin that often is painless.
A bump that grows quickly.
A bump whose two sides don't match.
A bump that looks pink, purple, red-brown, or the same color as the skin around it.
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Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have a mole, freckle or bump that changes size, shape or color. Also see a healthcare professional if you have a bump that grows fast or bleeds easily after minor injury, such as washing your skin or shaving.
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It's often not clear what causes Merkel cell carcinoma.
This skin cancer happens when cells in the skin develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply at a fast rate. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
Merkel cell carcinoma is named for the cells where experts once thought it started. The Merkel cells are found at the bottom of the outer layer of skin. The Merkel cells are connected to the nerve endings in the skin that play a role in the sense of touch. Healthcare professionals no longer believe that this cancer starts in the Merkel cells. They don't know exactly what kind of cells it starts in.
It's often not clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to Merkel cell carcinoma. Researchers have found that a common virus plays a role in causing Merkel cell carcinoma. The virus, called Merkel cell polyomavirus, lives on the skin. It doesn't cause symptoms. Experts don't know exactly how this virus causes Merkel cell carcinoma.
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Factors that may raise the risk of Merkel cell carcinoma include:
Skin that sunburns easily.Anyone of any skin color can get Merkel cell carcinoma. But it's more common in people who have less melanin in their skin. Melanin is a substance that gives color to skin. It also helps protect the skin from damaging rays from the sun.People with Black or brown skin have more melanin than do people with white skin. So white people are more likely to get Merkel cell carcinoma than are people with Black or brown skin.
Too much UV light.Ultraviolet light, also called UV light, raises the risk of Merkel cell carcinoma. UV light can come from the sun. Being in the sun without covering the skin with clothing or sunblock raises the risk of Merkel cell carcinoma. UV light for treatment of the skin condition psoriasis also can raise the risk of this skin cancer.
Tanning bed use.People who use indoor tanning beds have a higher risk of Merkel cell carcinoma.
A weakened immune system.People with weakened immune systems are more likely to get Merkel cell carcinoma. A weakened immune system can happen in people with certain health conditions, such as HIV infection and chronic leukemia. It also can happen in people taking certain medicines, such as medicines that lower the immune response.
History of other skin cancers.Merkel cell carcinoma is linked to other skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
Older age.The risk of Merkel cell carcinoma goes up with age. This cancer is most common in people older than age 50, though it can happen at any age.
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Even with treatment, Merkel cell carcinoma often spreads to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, healthcare professionals sometimes say it metastasizes. Merkel cell carcinoma tends to travel first to nearby lymph nodes.
Later it may spread to the brain, bones, liver or lungs. It can keep these organs from working as they should. Cancer that spreads is harder to treat and can be fatal.
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While exposure to sunlight isn't proved to cause all Merkel cell carcinomas, it is thought to be a risk factor for this cancer. Getting less sun exposure may lower your risk of skin cancer.
Try to:
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Merkel cell carcinoma diagnosis often starts with an exam. A healthcare professional may look at your skin and remove a sample of cells for testing. This skin cancer may be hard to diagnose because it may look like other skin growths.
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Treatment for Merkel cell carcinoma most often involves surgery to remove the cancer. If the cancer has spread beyond the skin, treatment may involve medicines or radiation.
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If you have a mole, freckle or bump on your skin that concerns you, start by making an appointment with a healthcare professional. For skin cancer, you'll likely be sent to a skin specialist, called a dermatologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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grows quickly, red-brown, merkel cell carcinoma, bump on the skin, doesn't match, skin cancer, looks pink, painless, purple
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201 |
Mesothelioma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mesothelioma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375022
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mesothelioma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375028
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mesothelioma/doctors-departments/ddc-20375030
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Mesothelioma is a cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the mesothelium. The mesothelium is a thin layer of tissue that covers many internal organs.
Mesothelioma is pronounced me-zoe-thee-lee-O-muh. It most often happens in the tissue around the lungs. This is called pleural mesothelioma. Mesothelioma also can happen in the tissues in the belly, around the heart and around the testicles.
Mesothelioma, which is sometimes called malignant mesothelioma, is a fast-growing and deadly form of cancer. There are mesothelioma treatments. But for many people with mesothelioma, there is no cure.
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Signs and symptoms of mesothelioma depend on where the cancer starts.
Pleural mesotheliomaaffects the tissue around the lungs. Symptoms may include:
Chest pain.
Painful coughing.
Shortness of breath.
Lumps under the skin on the chest.
Tiredness.
Weight loss without trying.
Peritoneal mesotheliomaaffects tissue in the belly. Symptoms may include:
Belly pain.
Belly swelling.
Nausea.
Tiredness.
Weight loss without trying.
Other types of mesotheliomaare very rare. Not as much is known about these other types.
Pericardial mesothelioma affects tissue around the heart. It may cause trouble breathing and chest pains.
Mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis affects tissue around the testicles. It may first appear as swelling or a mass on a testicle.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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It's not always clear what causes mesothelioma. Experts believe that being around asbestos causes many mesotheliomas. But not everyone with mesothelioma has been around asbestos. Exactly what causes the cancer may not be known.
Mesothelioma is a cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the mesothelium. The mesothelium is a thin layer of tissue that covers many internal organs.
Mesothelioma happens when cells in the mesothelium develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The DNA changes tell the cancer cells to make more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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Being around asbestos is the biggest risk factor for mesothelioma. Asbestos is a natural mineral. Asbestos fibers are strong, and they resist heat. This makes them useful in many ways. Asbestos gets used in insulation, brakes, shingles, flooring and many other products.
Mining asbestos or removing asbestos insulation breaks up the mineral. This may create dust. If people breathe in or swallow the dust, the asbestos fibers settle in the lungs or in the stomach. This may lead to mesothelioma.
Experts don't know the exact way asbestos causes mesothelioma. It can take 15 to 40 years or more to get mesothelioma after being exposed to asbestos.
Most people who have been around asbestos don't get mesothelioma. So other factors may be involved. For instance, it could run in families, or some other condition could raise the risk.
Factors that may raise the risk of mesothelioma include:
Being around asbestos.If you've been directly exposed to asbestos fibers at work or at home, your risk of mesothelioma is increased.
Living with someone who works with asbestos.People who work with asbestos may carry the fibers home on their skin and clothing. Over many years, these fibers can put others in the home at risk of mesothelioma.
A family history of mesothelioma.If your parent, sibling or child has mesothelioma, you may have a higher risk of this disease.
Radiation therapy to the chest.If you had radiation therapy to your chest for cancer, you might have a higher risk of mesothelioma.
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As pleural mesothelioma spreads in the chest, it puts pressure on the structures in that area. This can cause complications such as:
Trouble breathing.
Chest pain.
Trouble swallowing.
Pain caused by pressure on the nerves and spinal cord.
Buildup of fluid in the chest, called pleural effusion. The fluid can press on the nearby lung and make breathing hard.
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Reducing your exposure to asbestos may lower your risk of mesothelioma.
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Mesothelioma diagnosis may start with a physical exam. A healthcare professional may check for lumps or other signs.
You might have imaging tests to look for mesothelioma. These could include a chest X-ray and a CT scan of your chest or belly.
Based on the results, you may have more tests to see whether mesothelioma or another disease is causing your symptoms.
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Your treatment for mesothelioma depends on your health and certain aspects of your cancer, such as its stage and where it is.
Mesothelioma often spreads quickly. For most people, there is no cure. Healthcare professionals most often diagnose mesothelioma past the point where surgery can remove it. Instead, your healthcare team may work to manage your cancer to increase your comfort.
Talk about your treatment goals with your healthcare team. Some people want to do everything they can to treat their cancer. That means putting up with the side effects of treatment for a small chance of getting better. Others want treatments that help them live the time they have left with as few symptoms as possible.
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A diagnosis of mesothelioma can be devastating not only to you but also to your family and friends. To regain a sense of control, try to:
Write down questions to ask your healthcare professional. Ask your healthcare team for information to help you better understand your disease. Good places to start looking for more information include the U.S. National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society and the Mesothelioma Applied Research Foundation.
Close friends or family can help you with everyday tasks, such as getting you to appointments or treatment. If you have trouble asking for help, learn to be honest with yourself and accept help when you need it.
Ask your healthcare team about cancer support groups in your community and online. Sometimes there are questions that can only be answered by other people with cancer. Support groups offer a chance to ask these questions and receive support from people who understand your situation.
Ask your healthcare team about advance directives. Advance directives give your family guidance on your medical wishes in case you can no longer speak for yourself.
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Start by making an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. Your healthcare professional may send you to a specialist. Which specialist you see may depend on your symptoms. For lung symptoms, you may see a doctor who specializes in lung diseases, called a pulmonologist. For symptoms in the belly, you may see a doctor who specializes in conditions affecting the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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nausea, tiredness, swelling, cancer, trouble breathing, belly pain, chest pain, painful coughing, breathing and chest pains, pericardial mesothelioma, lumps under the skin, weight loss, shortness of breath, mesothelioma, belly swelling
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202 |
Mouth cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20350997
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351002
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20351006
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Mouth cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the mouth. Mouth cancer can happen in any of the parts that make up the mouth. Mouth cancer can occur on the:
Lips.
Gums.
Tongue.
Inner lining of the cheeks.
Roof of the mouth.
Floor of the mouth.
The mouth also is called the oral cavity. Cancer that happens in the mouth is sometimes called oral cancer or oral cavity cancer.
Mouth cancer is one of several cancers that are considered to be types of head and neck cancer. Mouth cancer and other head and neck cancers often have similar treatments.
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Signs and symptoms of mouth cancer may include:
A lip or mouth sore that won't heal.
A white or reddish patch on the inside of the mouth.
Loose teeth.
A growth or lump inside the mouth.
Mouth pain.
Ear pain.
Difficult or painful swallowing.
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Make an appointment with a doctor, dentist or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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It's not always clear what causes mouth cancer. This cancer starts as a growth of cells in the mouth. It most often starts in cells called squamous cells. These are flat, thin cells that line the lips and the inside of the mouth. Most oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.
Mouth cancer happens when cells on the lips or in the mouth develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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Factors that can increase the risk of mouth cancer include:
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There's no proven way to prevent mouth cancer. However, you may reduce your risk of mouth cancer if you:
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Mouth cancer diagnosis might start with an exam of the lips and mouth. A healthcare professional might remove a sample of tissue for testing to see if you have mouth cancer.
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Treatments for mouth cancer include surgery, radiation therapy and medicines. Medicines that help treat mouth cancer include chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. You may have just one type of treatment, or you may undergo a combination of cancer treatments.
Your healthcare team considers many factors when creating a mouth cancer treatment plan. These may include the cancer's location and how fast it's growing. The team also may look at whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body and the results of tests on the cancer cells. Your team also considers your overall health and personal preferences.
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As you talk about your mouth cancer treatment options with your healthcare team, it's common to feel overwhelmed. People who are newly diagnosed with mouth cancer may be trying to cope with the diagnosis at the same time they need to make decisions about their treatment. Here are some ideas that may help.
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Make an appointment with a doctor, dentist or other healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you.
If your healthcare professional feels that you may have mouth cancer, you may be referred to a periodontist or otolaryngologist. A periodontist is a dentist who specializes in diseases of the gums and related tissue in the mouth. An otolaryngologist is a doctor who specializes in diseases that affect the ears, nose and throat.
Appointments can be brief, so it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect.
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pain, difficult or painful swallowing, mouth cancer, mouth pain, loose teeth, ear pain, white or reddish patch, sore, lip or mouth sore, growth or lump
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203 |
Multiple myeloma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms-causes/syc-20353378
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353383
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/doctors-departments/ddc-20353385
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Multiple myeloma is a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. Healthy plasma cells help fight infections by making proteins called antibodies. Antibodies find and attack germs.
In multiple myeloma, cancerous plasma cells build up in bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft matter inside bones where blood cells are made. In the bone marrow, the cancer cells crowd out healthy blood cells. Rather than make helpful antibodies, the cancer cells make proteins that don't work right. This leads to complications of multiple myeloma.
Multiple myeloma treatment isn't always needed right away. If the multiple myeloma is slow growing and isn't causing symptoms, close watching might be the first step. For people with multiple myeloma who need treatment, there are a number of ways to help control the disease.
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Early in multiple myeloma, there might be no symptoms. When signs and symptoms happen, they can include:
Bone pain, especially in the spine, chest or hips.
Nausea.
Constipation.
Loss of appetite.
Mental fogginess or confusion.
Tiredness.
Infections.
Weight loss.
Weakness.
Thirst.
Needing to urinate often.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional if you have symptoms that worry you.
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It's not clear what causes myeloma.
Multiple myeloma begins with one plasma cell in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft matter inside bones where blood cells are made. Something happens that turns the plasma cell into a cancerous myeloma cell. The myeloma cell begins making a lot more myeloma cells quickly.
Healthy cells grow at a set pace and die at a set time. Cancer cells don't follow these rules. They make a lot of extra cells. The cells continue living when healthy cells would die. In myeloma, the cancer cells build up in the bone marrow and crowd out the healthy blood cells. This leads to tiredness and not being able to fight infections.
The myeloma cells continue trying to make antibodies, as healthy plasma cells do. But the body can't use these antibodies, called monoclonal proteins or M proteins. Instead, the M proteins build up in the body and cause problems, such as damage to the kidneys. Myeloma cells can damage bones and increase the risk of broken bones.
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Factors that may increase the risk of multiple myeloma include:
Getting older.Most people are diagnosed in their late 60s.
Being male.Men are more likely to develop the disease than are women.
Being Black.Black people are more likely to develop multiple myeloma than are people of other races.
Having a family history of multiple myeloma.Having a sibling or parent with multiple myeloma increases the risk of the disease.
Having monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, also calledMGUS.Multiple myeloma starts asMGUS, so having this condition increases the risk.
There's no way to prevent multiple myeloma. If you get multiple myeloma, you didn't do anything to cause it.
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Complications of multiple myeloma include:
Infections.Having multiple myeloma lowers the body's ability to fight infections.
Bone problems.Multiple myeloma can cause bone pain, thinning bones and broken bones.
Kidney problems.Multiple myeloma may cause problems with the kidneys. It can lead to kidney failure.
Low red blood cell count, called anemia.As myeloma cells crowd out healthy blood cells, multiple myeloma can also cause anemia and other blood problems.
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Sometimes a health care professional finds multiple myeloma during a blood test for another condition. Other times your symptoms may lead your health care professional to test for multiple myeloma.
Tests and procedures to diagnose multiple myeloma include:
Blood tests.The M proteins made by myeloma cells can show up in a sample of blood. Blood tests also might find another protein myeloma cells make, called beta-2-microglobulin.Other blood tests give your health care team clues about your diagnosis. These tests might include tests that look at kidney function, blood cell counts, calcium levels and uric acid levels.
Urine tests.M proteins can show up in urine samples. In urine, the proteins are called Bence Jones proteins.
Bone marrow tests.Bone marrow biopsy and bone marrow aspiration are used to collect bone marrow samples for testing. Bone marrow has a solid and a liquid part. In a bone marrow biopsy, a needle is used to collect a small amount of the solid tissue. In a bone marrow aspiration, a needle is used to draw a sample of the fluid. The samples are typically taken from the hip bone.The samples go to a lab for testing. In the lab, tests look for myeloma cells. Other special tests give your health care team more information about your myeloma cells. For example, the fluorescence in situ hybridization test looks for changes in the cells' genetic material, called DNA.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests can show bone problems linked with multiple myeloma. Tests may include an X-ray,MRIscan,CTscan, or positron emission tomography scan, also called PET scan.
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Multiple myeloma treatment isn't always needed right away. If there are no symptoms, you might have tests to watch the myeloma to see if it gets worse. When multiple myeloma causes symptoms, treatment often starts with medicine. Treatment can help relieve pain, control complications, and slow the growth of the myeloma cells.
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A cancer diagnosis can be a shock. With time, you'll find ways to cope with the stresses of living with cancer. Until you find what works best for you, try to:
Learn enough to help guide your care.Learn about multiple myeloma so that you feel comfortable making decisions about your care. Ask your health care team about your treatment options and their side effects.Ask your health care team to recommend good sources of information. You might start with the National Cancer Institute and the International Myeloma Foundation.
Have a strong support system.This can help you cope with issues and worries that might occur. Ask your friends and family for support.A support group of people coping with cancer might be helpful. People you meet in support groups can offer advice for dealing with day-to-day issues. You can join some support groups online.
Set goals you can meet.Having goals helps you feel in control and can give you a sense of purpose. But don't choose goals you can't reach. You might not be able to work full time, for example. But maybe you can work part time. Many people find that working during cancer treatment can help their state of mind.
Take time for yourself.Eating well, relaxing and getting enough rest can help fight the stress and tiredness cancer causes. Plan for times when you may need to rest more or do less.
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If you have symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional.
If you have multiple myeloma, you'll likely be referred to a specialist. This might be:
A doctor who specializes in treating blood and bone marrow disorders. This doctor is called a hematologist.
A doctor specializes in treating cancer. This doctor is called an oncologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, nausea, constipation, fogginess, tiredness, weakness, thirst, infections, mental fogginess, needing to urinate often, confusion, loss of appetite, weight loss, bone pain, multiple myeloma
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204 |
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375529
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375535
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20375536
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the nasopharynx. The nasopharynx is the upper part of the throat. It sits behind the nose.
Nasopharyngeal (nay-zoh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul) carcinoma is rare in the United States. It happens much more often in other parts of the world, mainly Southeast Asia.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. That's most likely because the nasopharynx isn't easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first.
Treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma usually involves radiation therapy, chemotherapy or a mix of the two. Work with your healthcare professional to find the approach that's right for you.
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma may not cause signs or symptoms at first. When it does cause symptoms, they might include:
A lump in your neck caused by a swollen lymph node.
Bleeding from the nose.
Bloody saliva.
Double vision.
Ear infections.
Facial numbness.
Headaches.
Hearing loss.
Nasal stuffiness.
Ringing in the ears, called tinnitus.
Sore throat.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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The exact cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma often isn't known.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a kind of cancer that starts in the upper part of the throat, called the nasopharynx. It happens when cells in the nasopharynx develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a growth called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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Researchers have found some factors that seem to raise the risk of getting nasopharyngeal carcinoma. They include:
Certain ancestries.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is more common in parts of China, Southeast Asia, northern Africa and the Arctic. People who live in these areas or have ancestry that comes from these parts of the world may have an increased risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Middle age.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma can occur at any age. But most often it's diagnosed in adults between the ages of 30 and 60.
Salt-cured foods.Chemicals released in steam when cooking salt-cured foods might raise the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The steam from foods such as fish and preserved vegetables may enter the nose during cooking. Contact with these chemicals at an early age may raise the risk even more.
Epstein-Barr virus.This common virus most often causes mild symptoms like those of a cold. Sometimes it can cause infectious mononucleosis. The Epstein-Barr virus also is linked to some cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Family history.Having a family member with nasopharyngeal carcinoma raises the risk of the disease.
Alcohol and tobacco.Heavy alcohol intake and tobacco use can raise your risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma complications can include:
Cancer that grows into nearby structures.Advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma can grow large enough to go into nearby structures, such as the throat, bones and brain.
Cancer that spreads to other areas of the body.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma often spreads beyond the nasopharynx. It typically spreads to the lymph nodes in the neck first. When it spreads to other parts of the body, nasopharyngeal carcinoma most often goes to the bones, lungs and liver.
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There's no sure way to prevent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. But, if you're worried about your risk of this cancer, think about giving up habits that have been linked with the disease. For instance, don't use tobacco. You may choose to cut back on or not eat salt-cured foods.
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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis often begins with an exam by a healthcare professional. The health professional may use a special scope to look inside the nasopharynx for signs of cancer. To confirm the diagnosis, a sample of tissue might be removed for testing.
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Treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma most often begins with radiation therapy or a mix of radiation and chemotherapy.
You and your healthcare team work together to make a treatment plan. Several factors go into making the plan. These may include the stage of your cancer, your treatment goals, your overall health and the side effects you're willing to have.
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People deal with a nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis in their own ways. With time you'll find what works for you. Until then, it might help to:
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Start by making an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your health professional thinks you might have nasopharyngeal carcinoma, you might need to see a specialist. This might be a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist, or a doctor who specializes in ear, nose and throat issues, called an otolaryngologist.
Here are some tips to help you get ready for your appointment.
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ringing in ears, ear infections, throat, bleeding from nose, tinnitus, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, double vision, facial numbness, nasal stuffiness, infections, numbness, hearing loss, bloody saliva, lump in neck, sore throat, headaches, stuffiness
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205 |
Neuroblastoma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351017
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351022
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuroblastoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20351024
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Neuroblastoma is a cancer that starts in cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts are immature nerve cells. They are found in several areas of the body.
Neuroblastoma most often starts in the neuroblasts in the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney. The glands make hormones that control important functions in the body. Other parts of the body that have neuroblasts and can get neuroblastoma include the spine, belly, chest and neck.
Neuroblastoma usually affects children age 5 or younger. Symptoms vary, depending on where it occurs in the body.
Some forms of neuroblastoma may go away on their own. Other forms of neuroblastoma need treatment. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and bone marrow transplant. Your child's healthcare team will select the neuroblastoma treatments that are best for your child.
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Signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma may vary depending on what part of the body is affected. This cancer starts in immature nerve cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts are found in several areas of the body.
Neuroblastoma in the bellymay cause symptoms such as:
Belly pain.
A lump under the skin that typically isn't tender when touched.
Diarrhea or constipation.
Neuroblastoma in the chestmay cause symptoms such as:
Wheezing.
Difficulty breathing.
Changes to the eyes, including drooping eyelids and pupils that are different sizes.
Other symptoms that may indicate neuroblastoma include:
Lumps of tissue under the skin.
Eyeballs that seem to stick out from the sockets.
Dark circles around the eyes that look like bruises.
Back pain.
Fever.
Losing weight without trying.
Bone pain.
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Contact your child's healthcare professional if your child has any symptoms that worry you. Mention any changes in your child's behavior, habits or appearance.
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It's not clear what causes neuroblastoma. This cancer starts in immature nerve cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts are found in several areas of the body.
Neuroblastoma starts when neuroblasts develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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The risk of neuroblastoma is higher in children. This cancer happens mostly in children age 5 and younger.
Children with a family history of neuroblastoma may be more likely to develop the disease. Yet, healthcare professionals think only a small number of neuroblastomas are inherited.
There are no known ways to prevent neuroblastoma.
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Complications of neuroblastoma may include:
Spread of the cancer.With time, the cancer cells may spread to other parts of the body. Neuroblastoma cells most often spread to the lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver, skin and bones. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
Pressure on the spinal cord.A neuroblastoma may grow and press on the spinal cord, causing spinal cord compression. Spinal cord compression may cause pain and paralysis.
Symptoms caused by cancer secretions.Neuroblastoma cells may secrete chemicals that irritate other tissues. The irritated tissues can cause symptoms called paraneoplastic syndromes. Symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes may include rapid eye movements and difficulty with coordination. Other symptoms include abdominal swelling and diarrhea.
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A neuroblastoma diagnosis might start with a physical exam. Other tests and procedures include imaging tests and removing some tissue for testing. Your child's healthcare team may use a variety of tests and procedures to diagnose this cancer.
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Treatments for neuroblastoma include surgery, radiation therapy, and medicines, such as chemotherapy and others. Healthcare teams consider many things when creating a treatment plan. These include the child's age, the stage of the cancer, the kinds of cells involved in the cancer and the DNA changes inside the cancer cells.
The healthcare team uses this information to say whether the neuroblastoma is low risk, intermediate risk or high risk. Neuroblastoma that is low risk or intermediate risk has a good chance for cure. High risk neuroblastoma can be more difficult to cure, so stronger treatments might be needed. What treatment or combination of treatments your child receives for neuroblastoma depends on the risk category.
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When your child is diagnosed with cancer, it's common to feel a range of emotions. Some parents say they had feelings such as shock, disbelief, guilt and anger. At the time you might be feeling these strong feelings, you also may need to make decisions about your child's treatment. This can feel overwhelming. Here are some ideas to help with coping.
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Make an appointment with your family healthcare professional if your child has any symptoms that worry you.
Because appointments can be brief it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect.
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pain, constipation, eyeballs that seem to stick out from the sockets, drooping eyelids, neuroblastoma, diarrhea, cancer, wheezing, belly pain, lumps of tissue under the skin, back pain, fever, losing weight, pupils that are different sizes, lump under the skin, dark circles around the eyes, bone pain, difficulty breathing
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206 |
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375680
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375685
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20375687
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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is made up of organs, glands, tubelike vessels and clusters of cells called lymph nodes. It's part of the body's germ-fighting immune system.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma happens when germ-fighting cells in the lymphatic system grow out of control. The cells can form growths, called tumors, throughout the body.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a broad group of lymphomas. There are many subtypes in this group. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma are among the most common subtypes. The other broad group of lymphoma is Hodgkin lymphoma.
Advances in diagnosis and treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma have helped improve the prognosis for people with this condition.
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Signs and symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma may include:
Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin.
Belly pain or swelling.
Chest pain, coughing or trouble breathing.
Feeling very tired.
Fever.
Night sweats.
Weight loss without trying.
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Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any persistent signs and symptoms that worry you.
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The cause of non-Hodgkin lymphoma often isn't known. This cancer starts when germ-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do.
DNA gives healthy cells instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The DNA changes tell the cancer cells to make more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
In non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the cancer cells often build up in the lymph nodes. They also can build up in other parts of the lymphatic system.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can affect the:
Lymph nodes.
Lymph vessels.
Adenoids.
Tonsils.
Spleen.
Thymus.
Bone marrow.
Rarely, parts of the body that aren't part of the lymphatic system.
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Factors that may raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include:
Medicines that lower the immune response.Taking medicines that manage the immune system after an organ transplant might raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Infection with certain viruses and bacteria.Certain infections seem to raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Viruses linked to this type of cancer include HIV and Epstein-Barr virus. Bacteria linked to non-Hodgkin lymphoma include the stomach ulcer-causing bacterium Helicobacter pylori.
Chemicals.Certain chemicals, such as those used to kill insects and weeds, may raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. More research is needed to find the possible link between pesticides and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Older age.Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can happen at any age. But it's most common in people 60 or older.
There's no way to prevent non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis often begins with an exam that checks for swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarms and groin. Tests include imaging tests and removing some cells for testing. The tests used to detect non-Hodgkin lymphoma may depend on the cancer's location and your symptoms.
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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma treatment often starts with medicines or radiation therapy. Medicines used for this cancer include chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapy.
The treatments your healthcare team chooses for you depend on your lymphoma. Your healthcare team considers the types of cells involved and how quickly the cancer is growing. Your team also considers your overall health and what you prefer.
If your lymphoma seems to be growing slowly and doesn't cause symptoms, you might not need treatment right away. Instead, you may have checkups every few months. The checkups help your healthcare team watch your condition and see if your cancer is growing.
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A non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis can be a challenge. The following ideas and resources may help you deal with cancer:
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Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. Your healthcare professional may send you to a doctor who specializes in diseases that affect blood cells, called a hematologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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night sweats, swelling, trouble breathing, belly pain, coughing, chest pain, fever, non-hodgkin lymphoma, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, feeling very tired
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208 |
Ovarian cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20375941
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375946
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20375948
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Ovarian cancer is a growth of cells that forms in the ovaries. The cells multiply quickly and can invade and destroy healthy body tissue.
The female reproductive system contains two ovaries, one on each side of the uterus. The ovaries — each about the size of an almond — produce eggs (ova) as well as the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Ovarian cancer treatment usually involves surgery and chemotherapy.
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When ovarian cancer first develops, it might not cause any noticeable symptoms. When ovarian cancer symptoms happen, they're usually attributed to other, more common conditions.
Signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer may include:
Abdominal bloating or swelling
Quickly feeling full when eating
Weight loss
Discomfort in the pelvic area
Fatigue
Back pain
Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation
A frequent need to urinate
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Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you.
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It's not clear what causes ovarian cancer, though doctors have identified things that can increase the risk of the disease.
Doctors know that ovarian cancer begins when cells in or near the ovaries develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow and multiply quickly, creating a mass (tumor) of cancer cells. The cancer cells continue living when healthy cells would die. They can invade nearby tissues and break off from an initial tumor to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.
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Factors that can increase your risk of ovarian cancer include:
Older age.The risk of ovarian cancer increases as you age. It's most often diagnosed in older adults.
Inherited gene changes.A small percentage of ovarian cancers are caused by genes changes you inherit from your parents. The genes that increase the risk of ovarian cancer includeBRCA1andBRCA2. These genes also increase the risk of breast cancer.Several other gene changes are known to increase the risk of ovarian cancer, including gene changes associated with Lynch syndrome and the genesBRIP1,RAD51CandRAD51D.
Family history of ovarian cancer.If you have blood relatives who have been diagnosed with ovarian cancer, you may have an increased risk of the disease.
Being overweight or obese.Being overweight or obese increases the risk of ovarian cancer.
Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy.Taking hormone replacement therapy to control menopause signs and symptoms may increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
Endometriosis.Endometriosis is an often painful disorder in which tissue similar to the tissue that lines the inside of your uterus grows outside your uterus.
Age when menstruation started and ended.Beginning menstruation at an early age or starting menopause at a later age, or both, may increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
Never having been pregnant.If you've never been pregnant, you may have an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
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There's no sure way to prevent ovarian cancer. But there may be ways to reduce your risk:
Consider taking birth control pills.Ask your doctor whether birth control pills (oral contraceptives) may be right for you. Taking birth control pills reduces the risk of ovarian cancer. But these medications do have risks, so discuss whether the benefits outweigh those risks based on your situation.
Discuss your risk factors with your doctor.If you have a family history of breast and ovarian cancers, bring this up with your doctor. Your doctor can determine what this may mean for your own risk of cancer. You may be referred to a genetic counselor who can help you decide whether genetic testing may be right for you. If you're found to have a gene change that increases your risk of ovarian cancer, you may consider surgery to remove your ovaries to prevent cancer.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose ovarian cancer include:
Pelvic exam.During a pelvic exam, your doctor inserts gloved fingers into your vagina and simultaneously presses a hand on your abdomen in order to feel (palpate) your pelvic organs. The doctor also visually examines your external genitalia, vagina and cervix.
Imaging tests.Tests, such as ultrasound or CT scans of your abdomen and pelvis, may help determine the size, shape and structure of your ovaries.
Blood tests.Blood tests might include organ function tests that can help determine your overall health.Your doctor might also test your blood for tumor markers that indicate ovarian cancer. For example, a cancer antigen (CA) 125 test can detect a protein that's often found on the surface of ovarian cancer cells. These tests can't tell your doctor whether you have cancer, but they may provide clues about your diagnosis and prognosis.
Surgery.Sometimes your doctor can't be certain of your diagnosis until you undergo surgery to remove an ovary and have it tested for signs of cancer.
Genetic testing.Your doctor may recommend testing a sample of your blood to look for gene changes that increase the risk of ovarian cancer. Knowing you have an inherited change in your DNA helps your doctor make decisions about your treatment plan. You may wish to share the information with your blood relatives, such as your siblings and your children, since they also may have a risk of having those same gene changes.
Once it's confirmed that you have ovarian cancer, your doctor will use information from your tests and procedures to assign your cancer a stage. The stages of ovarian cancer range from 1 to 4, which are often indicated with Roman numerals I to IV. The lowest stage indicates that the cancer is confined to the ovaries. By stage 4, the cancer has spread to distant areas of the body.
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Treatment of ovarian cancer usually involves a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. Other treatments may be used in certain situations.
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A diagnosis of ovarian cancer can be overwhelming. In time you'll find ways to cope with your feelings, but in the meantime, you might find it helpful to:
Find someone to talk with.You may feel comfortable discussing your feelings with a friend or family member, or you might prefer meeting with a formal support group. Support groups for the families of people with cancer also are available.
Let people help.Cancer treatments can be exhausting. Let people know what would be most useful for you.
Set reasonable goals.Having goals helps you feel in control and can give you a sense of purpose. But choose goals that you can reach.
Take time for yourself.Eating well, relaxing and getting enough rest can help combat the stress and fatigue of cancer.
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Start by making an appointment with your family doctor or gynecologist if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you.
If your primary care doctor suspects that you have ovarian cancer, you may be referred to a specialist in female reproductive cancers (gynecological oncologist). A gynecological oncologist is an obstetrician-gynecologist (OB-GYN) who has additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer and other gynecological cancers.
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ovarian cancer symptoms, pain, constipation, fatigue, swelling, back pain, ovarian cancer, abdominal bloating, feeling full, weight loss, discomfort, frequent urination
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209 |
Pancreatic cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20355421
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355427
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20355430
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Pancreatic cancer is a type of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the pancreas. The pancreas lies behind the lower part of the stomach. It makes enzymes that help digest food and hormones that help manage blood sugar.
The most common type of pancreatic cancer is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. This type begins in the cells that line the ducts that carry digestive enzymes out of the pancreas.
Pancreatic cancer rarely is found at its early stages when the chance of curing it is greatest. This is because it often doesn't cause symptoms until after it has spread to other organs.
Your health care team considers the extent of your pancreatic cancer when creating your treatment plan. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or a mix of these.
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Pancreatic cancer often doesn't cause symptoms until the disease is advanced. When they happen, signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer may include:
Belly pain that spreads to the sides or back.
Loss of appetite.
Weight loss.
Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, called jaundice.
Light-colored or floating stools.
Dark-colored urine.
Itching.
New diagnosis of diabetes or diabetes that's getting harder to control.
Pain and swelling in an arm or leg, which might be caused by a blood clot.
Tiredness or weakness.
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Make an appointment with a health care professional if you have symptoms that worry you.
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It's not clear what causes pancreatic cancer. Doctors have found some factors that might raise the risk of this type of cancer. These include smoking and having a family history of pancreatic cancer.
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Factors that might raise the risk of pancreatic cancer include:
Smoking.
Type 2 diabetes.
Chronic inflammation of the pancreas, called pancreatitis.
Family history of DNA changes that can increase cancer risk. These include changes in theBRCA2gene, Lynch syndrome and familial atypical multiple mole melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome.
Family history of pancreatic cancer.
Obesity.
Older age. Most people with pancreatic cancer are over 65.
Drinking a lot of alcohol.
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As pancreatic cancer progresses, it can cause complications such as:
Weight loss.People with pancreatic cancer might lose weight as the cancer uses more of the body's energy. Nausea and vomiting caused by cancer treatments or a cancer pressing on the stomach might make it hard to eat. Sometimes the body has trouble getting nutrients from food because the pancreas isn't making enough digestive juices.
Jaundice.Pancreatic cancer that blocks the liver's bile duct can cause jaundice. Signs include yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes. Jaundice can cause dark-colored urine and pale-colored stools. Jaundice often occurs without belly pain.If the bile duct is blocked, a plastic or metal tube called a stent can be put inside it. The stent helps hold the bile duct open. This is done using a procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, also called ERCP.DuringERCP, a health care professional puts a long tube with a tiny camera, called an endoscope, down the throat. The tube goes through the stomach and into the upper part of the small intestine. The health professional puts a dye into the pancreatic ducts and bile ducts through a small tube that fits through the endoscope. The dye helps the ducts show up on imaging tests. The health professional uses those images to place a stent at the right spot in the duct to help hold it open.
Pain.A growing tumor may press on nerves in your abdomen, causing pain that can become severe. Pain medications can help you feel more comfortable. Treatments, such as radiation and chemotherapy, might help slow tumor growth and provide some pain relief.When medicines aren't helping, a health care professional might suggest a celiac plexus block. This procedure uses a needle to put alcohol into the nerves that control pain in the belly. The alcohol stops the nerves from sending pain signals to the brain.
Bowel blockage.Pancreatic cancer can grow into or press on the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. This can block the flow of digested food from the stomach into the intestines.A health care professional might suggest putting a tube called a stent in the small intestine to hold it open. Sometimes, it might help to have surgery to place a feeding tube. Or surgery can attach the stomach to a lower part of the intestines where the cancer isn't causing a blockage.
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Tests used to diagnose pancreatic cancer include:
Imaging tests.Imaging tests take pictures that show the inside of the body. Imaging tests used to diagnose pancreatic cancer include ultrasound,CTscans,MRIscans and, sometimes, positron emission tomography scans, also called PET scans.
A scope with ultrasound.Endoscopic ultrasound, also called EUS, is a test to make pictures of the digestive tract and nearby organs and tissues.EUSuses a long, thin tube with a camera, called an endoscope. The endoscope passes down the throat and into the stomach. An ultrasound device on the endoscope uses sound waves to create images of nearby tissues. It can be used to make pictures of the pancreas.
Removing a tissue sample for testing.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a small sample of tissue for testing in a lab. Most often, a health professional gets the sample duringEUS. DuringEUS, special tools are passed through the endoscope to take some tissue from the pancreas. Less often, a sample of tissue is collected from the pancreas by inserting a needle through the skin and into the pancreas. This is called fine-needle aspiration.The sample goes to the lab for testing to see if its cancer. Other specialized tests can show what DNA changes are present in the cancer cells. The results help your health care team create your treatment plan.
Blood tests.Blood tests might show proteins called tumor markers that pancreatic cancer cells make. One tumor marker test used in pancreatic cancer is called CA19-9. Doctors often repeat this test during and after treatment to understand how the cancer is responding. Some pancreatic cancers don't make extra CA19-9, so this test isn't helpful for everyone.
Genetic testing.If you're diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, talk with your health care team about genetic testing. Genetic testing uses a sample of blood or saliva to look for inherited DNA changes that increase the risk of cancer. Results of genetic testing might help guide your treatment. The results also can show whether family members might have an increased risk of pancreatic cancer.
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Treatment for pancreatic cancer depends on the stage of the cancer and the location. Your health care team also considers your overall health and your preferences. For most people, the first goal of pancreatic cancer treatment is to get rid of the cancer, when possible. When that isn't possible, the focus may be on improving quality of life and keeping the cancer from growing or causing more harm.
Pancreatic cancer treatments may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or a combination of these. When the cancer is advanced, these treatments aren't likely to help. So treatment focuses on relieving symptoms to keep you as comfortable as possible for as long as possible.
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Learning you have a life-threatening illness can feel stressful. Some of the following suggestions may help:
Learn about your cancer.Learn enough about your cancer to help you make decisions about your care. Ask a member of your health care team about the details of your cancer and your treatment options. Ask about trusted sources of more information.If you're doing your own research, good places to start are the National Cancer Institute and the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network.
Put together a support system.Ask your friends and family to form a support network for you. They might not know what to do after your diagnosis. Helping you with simple tasks might give them comfort and relieve you of those tasks. Think of things you want help with, such as making meals or getting to appointments.
Find someone to talk with.Although friends and family can often be your best support, sometimes they might find it hard to cope with your diagnosis. It might help to talk with a counselor, medical social worker, or a pastoral or religious counselor. Ask a member of your health care team for a referral.
Connect with other cancer survivors.You may find comfort in talking with other cancer survivors. Contact your local chapter of the American Cancer Society to find cancer support groups in your area. The Pancreatic Cancer Action Network offers support groups online and in person.
Consider hospice.Hospice care provides comfort and support to people at the end of life and their loved ones. It allows family and friends, with the aid of nurses, social workers and trained volunteers, to care for and comfort a loved one at home or in a hospice setting. Hospice care also gives emotional, social and spiritual support for people who are ill and those closest to them.
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Start by making an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional if you have symptoms that worry you. You might then be referred to:
A doctor who diagnoses and treats digestive conditions, called a gastroenterologist.
A doctor who treats cancer, called an oncologist.
A doctor who uses radiation to treat cancer, called a radiation oncologist.
A surgeon who specializes in operations on the pancreas, called a surgical oncologist.
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pain, floating stools, itching, tiredness, light-colored stools, swelling, weakness, belly pain, jaundice, yellowing of the skin, dark-colored urine, diabetes, yellowing of the whites of the eyes, loss of appetite, weight loss, pancreatic cancer
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210 |
Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/paraneoplastic-syndromes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355687
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/paraneoplastic-syndromes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355691
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/paraneoplastic-syndromes/doctors-departments/ddc-20355693
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Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are a group of rare conditions that develop in some people who have cancer. In addition to the nervous system, paraneoplastic syndromes also can affect other organ systems including hormones, skin, blood and joints.
Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system occur when cancer-fighting agents of the immune system also attack parts of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves or muscle.
Depending on where the nervous system is affected, paraneoplastic syndromes can affect muscle movement, coordination, sensory perception, memory, thinking skills or even sleep.
Sometimes the injury to the nervous system can be reversed with therapy directed toward the cancer and the immune system. But sometimes paraneoplastic syndromes can result in permanent damage to the nervous system.
Treating the cancer and other therapies may prevent further damage and improve symptoms and quality of life.
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Symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system can develop relatively quickly, often over days to weeks. They often begin even before a cancer is diagnosed.
Symptoms vary depending on the body part being injured, and may include:
Trouble walking.
Trouble with balance.
Loss of muscle coordination.
Loss of muscle tone or weakness.
Loss of fine motor skills, such as picking up objects.
Trouble swallowing.
Slurred speech or stuttering.
Memory loss and other thinking impairment.
Vision changes.
Trouble sleeping.
Seizures.
Hallucinations.
Movements that can't be controlled.
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Symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are similar to those of many conditions, including cancer, cancer complications and some cancer treatments.
But if you have any symptoms suggesting a paraneoplastic syndrome, see your healthcare professional as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and appropriate care are important for treating the cancer and preventing further damage of the nervous system.
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Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are not caused by cancer cells directly or by the cancer spreading, known as metastasis. They're also not caused by other complications, such as infections or treatment side effects. Instead, the syndromes occur alongside the cancer as a result of the activation of your immune system.
Researchers believe that paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are caused by cancer-fighting abilities of the immune system. In particular, antibodies and certain white blood cells, known as T cells, are thought to be involved. Instead of attacking only the cancer cells, these immune system agents also attack the healthy cells of the nervous system.
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Any cancer may be associated with a paraneoplastic syndrome of the nervous system. However, it occurs more often in people with cancers of the lung, ovary, breast, testis or lymphatic system.
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To diagnose paraneoplastic syndrome of the nervous system, you may need a physical exam and blood tests. You also may need imaging tests or a spinal tap, also known as a lumbar puncture.
Because paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are associated with cancer, you may need certain cancer screening tests based on your age.
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Treatment of paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system involves treating the cancer. Sometimes treatment also involves suppressing the immune response that's causing your symptoms. Your treatment depends on the type of paraneoplastic syndrome you have. It may include the following options.
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Many people with cancer benefit from education and resources designed to improve coping skills. If you have questions or would like guidance, talk with a member of your healthcare team. The more you know about your condition, the better you're able to participate in decisions about your care.
Support groups can put you in touch with others who have faced the same challenges you're facing. If you can't find an appropriate support group where you live, you might find one on the internet.
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Most people with paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system experience symptoms before being diagnosed with cancer.
Therefore, you're likely to start by seeing your healthcare professional about your symptoms. You may be referred to a specialist in nervous system disorders, known as a neurologist, or a cancer specialist, known as an oncologist.
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movements that can't be controlled, thinking impairment, weakness, cancer, trouble with balance, slurred speech or stuttering, paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system, hallucinations, loss of muscle tone or weakness, trouble walking, loss of fine motor skills, vision changes, trouble sleeping, memory loss, trouble swallowing, seizures, loss of muscle coordination
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211 |
Prostate cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353087
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353093
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20353096
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Prostate cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the prostate. The prostate is a small gland that helps make semen. It's found just below the bladder. The prostate is part of the male reproductive system.
Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. Prostate cancer is usually found early, and it often grows slowly. Most people with prostate cancer are cured.
People diagnosed with early prostate cancer often have many treatment options to consider. It can feel overwhelming to learn about all the options and make a choice. Treatments may include surgery, radiation therapy or carefully watching the prostate cancer to see if it grows.
If the cancer grows beyond the prostate or if it spreads, there are still many treatment options. Prostate cancer that spreads can be more difficult to cure. But even when a cure isn't possible, treatments can slow the growth of the cancer and help you live longer.
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Prostate cancer may not cause symptoms at first. Most prostate cancers are found at an early stage. This means that the cancer is only in the prostate. An early-stage prostate cancer often doesn't cause symptoms.
When they happen, early-stage prostate cancer signs and symptoms can include:
Blood in the urine, which might make the urine look pink, red or cola-colored.
Blood in the semen.
Needing to urinate more often.
Trouble getting started when trying to urinate.
Waking up to urinate more often at night.
If the prostate cancer spreads, other symptoms can happen. Prostate cancer that spreads to other parts of the body is called metastatic prostate cancer. It also might be called stage 4 prostate cancer or advanced prostate cancer.
Signs and symptoms of advanced prostate cancer can include:
Accidental leaking of urine.
Back pain.
Bone pain.
Difficulty getting an erection, called erectile dysfunction.
Feeling very tired.
Losing weight without trying.
Weakness in the arms or legs.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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It's often not clear what causes prostate cancer. Healthcare professionals have found some things that raise the risk of this cancer. These include older age, obesity and a family history of prostate cancer. The exact cause of prostate cancer often isn't known.
Prostate cancer starts when cells in the prostate develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA tells the cells to grow and multiply at a set rate. The DNA also tells the cells to die at a set time.
In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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Factors that can increase the risk of prostate cancer include:
Older age.The risk of prostate cancer goes up with age. It's most common after age 50.
Race and ethnicity.In the United States, Black people have a greater risk of prostate cancer than do people of other races and ethnicities. Healthcare professionals aren't exactly sure why. In Black people, prostate cancer also is more likely to grow quickly or be advanced when detected.
Family history of prostate cancer.If a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, has been diagnosed with prostate cancer, your risk may be increased. The risk also may be increased if other close relatives have had prostate cancer. This includes your grandparents and your parents' siblings.
Family history of DNA changes.Some DNA changes that increase the risk of cancer are passed from parents to children. The DNA changes called BRCA1 and BRCA2 can cause a higher risk of prostate cancer. These DNA changes are best known for increasing the risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
Obesity.People who have obesity may have a higher risk of prostate cancer compared with people considered to have a healthy weight. Studies of this issue have had mixed results. In people with obesity, prostate cancer is more likely to grow quickly and more likely to come back after treatment.
Smoking tobacco.Some research shows a link between smoking and prostate cancer. But not all studies agree. People with prostate cancer who smoke may have a higher risk of the cancer coming back. People who smoke also have a higher risk of the cancer spreading beyond the prostate.
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Complications of prostate cancer and its treatments include:
Cancer that spreads.Prostate cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones or other organs. When prostate cancer spreads, it's called metastatic prostate cancer.
Incontinence.Prostate cancer and its treatment can cause leaking of urine, also called urinary incontinence.
Erectile dysfunction.Difficulty getting an erection is called erectile dysfunction. It can be caused by prostate cancer or its treatment.
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There is no sure way to prevent prostate cancer. You can help reduce your risk of prostate cancer if you:
Choose a healthy diet.Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit the amount of animal fats you eat. Fruits and vegetables contain many vitamins and nutrients that can do good for your health.Foods that have been linked to a lower risk of prostate cancer include tomatoes, broccoli, cauliflower and soy. No studies have proved that these foods can prevent cancer. If you already enjoy eating these foods, there may be some added benefit in including them in your diet.
Exercise most days of the week.It's not clear whether exercise can prevent prostate cancer. It may help you maintain a healthy weight. Exercise also may improve your overall health and your mood. Try to exercise most days of the week. If you're new to exercise, talk about it with a healthcare professional. Start slow and work your way up to more exercise time each day.
Maintain a healthy weight.If your current weight is healthy, work to maintain it. Choose a healthy diet and exercise most days of the week. If you need to lose weight, add more exercise and eat fewer calories. Ask your healthcare professional for help creating a plan for healthy weight loss.
Don't smoke.If you don't smoke, don't start. If you smoke, talk with a healthcare professional about what might help you quit. Medicines, nicotine replacement products and counseling can help.
Medicines to lower the risk of prostate cancer.If you have a high risk of prostate cancer, you and your healthcare professional may consider medicines to lower the risk. These medicines include finasteride (Propecia, Proscar) and dutasteride (Avodart). They are most often used to treat prostate gland enlargement.Ask your healthcare professional to talk about the benefits and risks of these medicines with you. When prostate cancer happens in people taking these medicines, it tends to grow faster. Your healthcare professional can help explain your risk and whether these medicines are right for you.
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Prostate cancer diagnosis often starts with an exam and a blood test. A healthcare professional might do these tests as part of prostate cancer screening. Or you might have these tests if you have prostate cancer symptoms. If these first tests detect something concerning, imaging tests can make pictures of the prostate to look for signs of cancer. To be sure whether you have prostate cancer or not, a sample of prostate cells might be removed for testing.
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Prostate cancer treatments include surgery, radiation therapy and medicines. Medicines for prostate cancer include hormone therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Sometimes other treatments are used to treat prostate cancer. These might include having ablation therapy with heat or cold to hurt the cancer cells and receiving medicine that gives radiation directly to the cancer cells.
Your healthcare team considers many things when creating your prostate cancer treatment plan. They consider the size of your cancer, whether it has spread and how quickly it's growing. They also consider your overall health and your preferences. Talk with your healthcare team about your options.
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When you receive a diagnosis of prostate cancer, you may experience a range of feelings. People with prostate cancer sometimes describe feeling disbelief, fear, anger and sadness. With time, each person figures out a way to cope with a prostate cancer diagnosis. Until you find what works for you, here are some ways of coping that you can try.
Learn enough to feel comfortable making treatment decisions.Learn as much as you need to know about your prostate cancer and its treatment to understand what to expect from treatment and life after treatment. Ask your doctor, nurse or other healthcare professional to recommend some good sources of information to get you started.
Find a good listener.Finding someone who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and fears can be helpful as you manage a cancer diagnosis. This could be a friend or family member. A counselor, medical social worker or clergy member also may offer helpful guidance and care.
Connect with other cancer survivors.Other people with prostate cancer sometimes are best at knowing what you're going through. They can provide a unique network of support. Ask your healthcare team about support groups or community organizations that can connect you with other people with cancer. In the United States, contact the American Cancer Society for information about support groups.
Take care of yourself.Take care of yourself during cancer treatment by eating a diet full of fruits and vegetables. Try to exercise most days of the week. Get enough sleep each night so that you wake feeling rested.
Continue sexual expression.If you experience erectile dysfunction, continue to stay close with your partner in other ways. For some people with erectile dysfunction, a natural reaction may be to avoid all sexual contact. But consider touching, holding, hugging and caressing as ways to continue sharing sexuality with your partner.
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If you have symptoms that worry you, start by making an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional.
If your doctor suspects that you may have a prostate condition, you may be referred to a doctor who treats urinary tract conditions. This doctor is called a urologist. If you're diagnosed with prostate cancer, you may be referred to a cancer doctor, called an oncologist. You also might meet with a doctor who uses radiation therapy to treat cancer. This doctor is called a radiation oncologist.
Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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needing to urinate more often, blood in the urine, difficulty getting an erection, losing weight, erectile dysfunction, blood in the semen, prostate cancer, waking up to urinate more often at night, trouble getting started when trying to urinate, pain, weakness, cancer, back pain, accidental leaking of urine, weakness in the arms or legs, bone pain, prostate, feeling very tired, prostate cancers
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212 |
Rectal cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352884
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352889
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20352890
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Rectal cancer is a kind of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the rectum. The rectum is the last several inches of the large intestine. It starts at the end of the final segment of the colon and ends when it reaches the short, narrow passage known as the anus.
Cancer inside the rectum and cancer inside the colon are often referred to together as colorectal cancer.
While rectal and colon cancers are similar in many ways, their treatments are quite different. This is mainly because the rectum is barely separated from other organs and structures. It sits in a tight space that can make surgery to remove rectal cancer complex.
Rectal cancer treatment usually involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may include chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of the two. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy also may be used.
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Rectal cancer may not cause symptoms early on. Symptoms of rectal cancer usually happen when the disease is advanced.
Signs and symptoms of rectal cancer include:
A change in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation or a more-frequent need to pass stool.
A feeling that the bowel doesn't empty completely.
Abdominal pain.
Dark maroon or bright red blood in stool.
Narrow stool.
Weight loss that happens without trying.
Weakness or fatigue.
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Make an appointment with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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The exact cause of most rectal cancers isn't known.
Rectal cancer happens when cells in the rectum develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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Factors that may increase the risk of rectal cancer are the same as those that increase the risk of colon cancer. Colorectal cancer risk factors include:
A personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps.Your risk of colorectal cancer is higher if you've already had rectal cancer, colon cancer or adenomatous polyps.
Black race.Black people in the United States have a greater risk of colorectal cancer than do people of other races.
Diabetes.People with type 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
Drinking alcohol.Heavy drinking increases the risk of colorectal cancer.
A diet low in vegetables.Colorectal cancer may be related to a diet low in vegetables and high in red meat.
Family history of colorectal cancer.You're more likely to develop colorectal cancer if you have a parent, sibling or child with colon or rectal cancer.
Inflammatory bowel disease.Chronic inflammatory diseases of the colon and rectum, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, increase your risk of colorectal cancer.
Inherited syndromes that increase colorectal cancer risk.In some families, DNA changes passed from parents to children may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. These changes are involved in only a small percentage of rectal cancers. Inherited syndromes may include familial adenomatous polyposis, also known as FAP, and Lynch syndrome. Genetic testing can detect these and other, rarer inherited colorectal cancer syndromes.
Obesity.People who are obese have an increased risk of colorectal cancer compared with people considered to be at a healthy weight.
Older age.Colorectal cancer can be diagnosed at any age, but most people with this type of cancer are older than 50. The rates of colorectal cancer in people younger than 50 have been increasing, but healthcare professionals aren't sure why.
Radiation therapy for previous cancer.Radiation therapy directed at the abdomen to treat previous cancers may increase the risk of colorectal cancer.
Smoking.People who smoke may have an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
Too little exercise.If you're inactive, you're more likely to develop colorectal cancer. Getting regular physical activity may reduce your risk of cancer.
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Rectal cancer can lead to complications, including:
Bleeding in the rectum.Rectal cancer often causes bleeding in the rectum. Sometimes the amount of blood is worrying, and treatment might be needed to stop it right away.
Intestinal obstruction.Rectal cancer can grow to block the intestines. This prevents stool from leaving the body. Surgery to remove the cancer often relieves an obstruction. If you can't have surgery right away, you might need other treatments to ease the blockage.
Intestinal perforation.Rectal cancer may cause a tear in the intestines. Perforation typically requires surgery.
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There's no sure way to prevent rectal cancer, but you can reduce your risk if you:
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Rectal cancer diagnosis often begins with an imaging test to look at the rectum. A thin, flexible tube with a camera may be passed into the rectum and colon. A sample of tissue may be taken for lab testing.
Rectal cancer can be found during a screening test for colorectal cancer. Or it may be suspected based on your symptoms. Tests and procedures used to confirm the diagnosis include:
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Treatment for rectal cancer may begin with surgery to remove the cancer. If the cancer grows larger or spreads to other parts of the body, treatment might start with medicine and radiation instead. Your healthcare team considers many factors when creating a treatment plan. These factors may include your overall health, the type and stage of your cancer, and your preferences.
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With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and worry of a rectal cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find it helps to:
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
If your healthcare professional thinks you might have rectal cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist. If a cancer diagnosis is made, you also may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, called an oncologist.
Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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dark maroon or bright red blood in stool, constipation, fatigue, weakness, diarrhea, cancer, abdominal pain, rectal cancer, narrow stool, weight loss
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213 |
Retinoblastoma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinoblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351008
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinoblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351013
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinoblastoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20351015
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Retinoblastoma is a kind of eye cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the retina. The retina is the light-sensitive lining on the inside of the eye.
The retina is made up of nerve tissue that senses light as it comes in through the front of the eye. The light causes the retina to send signals to the brain. The brain interprets the signals as images.
Retinoblastoma happens most often in young children. It's usually diagnosed before age 2. It most often affects one eye. Sometimes it happens in both eyes.
There are several treatments for retinoblastoma. For most children, treatment doesn't require removing the eye to get rid of the cancer. The outlook for children diagnosed with retinoblastoma is quite good.
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Retinoblastoma signs and symptoms include:
A white color in the center circle of the eye when light is shone in the eye. It might show up in flash photos.
Eye redness.
Eye swelling.
Eyes that seem to be looking in different directions.
Vision loss.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you notice any changes to your child's eyes that concern you.
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Retinoblastoma is caused by changes inside the cells in the eye. It's not always clear what causes the changes that lead to this eye cancer.
Retinoblastoma starts when cells in the eye get changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
In retinoblastoma, this growth of cells happens in the retina. The retina is the light-sensitive lining on the inside of the eye. The retina is made up of nerve tissue that senses light as it comes in through the front of the eye. The light causes the retina to send signals to the brain. The brain interprets the signals as images.
As the cancer cells build up in the retina, they can form a mass, called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer. Retinoblastoma rarely spreads, especially if it's found early.
For most instances of retinoblastoma, it's not clear what causes the DNA changes that lead to cancer. However, it's possible for children to inherit DNA changes from their parents. These changes can increase the risk of retinoblastoma.
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Risk factors for retinoblastoma include:
Young age.Retinoblastoma is most common in very young children. It's typically diagnosed by age 2. Retinoblastoma that happens later in life is very rare.
DNA changes that run in families.DNA variations that increase the risk of retinoblastoma can be passed from parents to children. Children with these inherited DNA changes tend to get retinoblastoma at a younger age. They also tend to have retinoblastoma in both eyes.
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Children with retinoblastoma can develop complications.
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There's no way to prevent retinoblastoma.
Some retinoblastomas are caused by DNA changes that run in families. If retinoblastoma runs in your family, tell your healthcare professional. Together you might consider genetic testing to look for variations in your DNA that increase the risk of retinoblastoma. Your health professional might refer you to a genetic counselor or other healthcare professional trained in genetics. This person can help you decide whether to undergo genetic testing.
If your children have an increased risk of retinoblastoma, care can be planned to manage that risk. For instance, eye exams may begin soon after birth. That way, retinoblastoma may be diagnosed very early. These screening tests could find the cancer when it is small and has a greater chance of being cured.
If you haven't had children, but are planning to, talk with your healthcare team about your family history of retinoblastoma. Genetic testing might help you and your partner understand whether there is a risk of passing DNA variations to your future children. Your healthcare team may have options to help you manage this risk.
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Retinoblastoma diagnosis often starts with an eye exam. Imaging tests can help show the size of the cancer.
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Common retinoblastoma treatments include chemotherapy, cold therapy and laser therapy. Radiation therapy may be another option. Surgery to remove the eye can treat retinoblastoma, but it's only used in certain situations.
Which treatment is best for your child's retinoblastoma depends on several factors. These factors include the size and location of the cancer, and whether cancer has spread beyond the eye. Your healthcare team also considers your child's overall health and your own preferences.
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When your child is diagnosed with cancer, it's common to feel a range of emotions. Parents sometimes say they felt shock, disbelief, guilt or anger after their child's diagnosis. Everyone finds his or her own way of coping with stressful situations. Until you find what works for you, you might try to:
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Start by making an appointment with your child's doctor or other healthcare professional if your child has any signs or symptoms that worry you. If an eye problem is suspected, you may be referred to a doctor who diagnosis and treats eye conditions. This doctor is called an ophthalmologist. If retinoblastoma is suspected, your child may see a doctor who specializes in treating eye cancer. This doctor is called an ocular oncologist.
Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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retinoblastoma, swelling, eyes that seem to be looking in different directions, vision loss, white color in the eye, redness
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215 |
Soft tissue sarcoma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/soft-tissue-sarcoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20377725
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/soft-tissue-sarcoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377730
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/soft-tissue-sarcoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20377732
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Soft tissue sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the body's soft tissues. The soft tissues connect, support and surround other body structures. Soft tissues include muscle, fat, blood vessels, nerves, tendons and linings of the joints.
Soft tissue sarcoma can happen anywhere in the body. It happens most often in the arms, legs and belly.
More than 50 types of soft tissue sarcoma exist. Some types are more likely to affect children. Others affect mostly adults. These cancers can be hard to diagnose because they may be mistaken for many other types of growths.
Soft tissue sarcoma treatment usually involves surgery. Other treatments might include radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Treatment depends on the size, type and location of the cancer and how quickly it grows.
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A soft tissue sarcoma may not cause any symptoms at first. As the cancer grows, it may cause:
A noticeable lump or swelling.
Pain, if the growth presses on nerves or muscles.
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Make an appointment with your health care team if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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It's not clear what causes most soft tissue sarcomas.
Soft tissue sarcoma starts when a connective tissue cell gets changes in its DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes turn the connective tissue cells into cancer cells. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and make more cells. Healthy cells die as part of their natural cycle, but cancer cells keep growing because they do not have instructions to stop.
The cancer cells form a growth, called a tumor. In some types of soft tissue sarcoma, the cancer cells stay in one location. They continue making more cells and cause the tumor to get bigger. In other types of soft tissue sarcoma, the cancer cells might break away and spread to other parts of the body.
The type of cell with DNA changes is what determines the type of soft tissue sarcoma. For example, angiosarcoma begins in cells in the lining of blood vessels, while liposarcoma starts in fat cells.
Some types of soft tissue sarcoma include:
Angiosarcoma.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
Epithelioid sarcoma.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).
Kaposi's sarcoma.
Leiomyosarcoma.
Liposarcoma.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.
Myxofibrosarcoma.
Rhabdomyosarcoma.
Solitary fibrous tumor.
Synovial sarcoma.
Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.
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Factors that may raise the risk of sarcoma include:
Inherited syndromes.A risk of soft tissue sarcoma can run in families. Genetic syndromes that increase the risk include hereditary retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis and Werner syndrome.
Chemical exposure.Being exposed to certain chemicals may increase the risk of soft tissue sarcomas. These chemicals include herbicides, arsenic and dioxin.
Radiation exposure.Radiation therapy for other cancers can increase the risk of soft tissue sarcomas.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose soft tissue sarcoma include imaging tests and procedures to remove a sample of cells for testing.
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Treatment options for soft tissue sarcoma will depend on the size, type and location of the cancer.
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A diagnosis of cancer can feel overwhelming. With time you'll find ways to cope with the distress and uncertainty of cancer. Until then, you may find it helps to:
Learn enough about sarcoma to make decisions about your care.Ask your health care team about your soft tissue sarcoma. Discuss your treatment options. If you want to, ask about your prognosis. As you learn more, you may become more confident in making treatment decisions.
Keep friends and family close.Keeping your close relationships strong will help you deal with soft tissue sarcoma. Friends and family can provide support, including taking care of your home if you're in the hospital. They can give emotional support when you feel overwhelmed by cancer.
Find someone to talk with.Find a good listener who is willing to listen to you talk about your hopes and fears. This may be a friend or family member. Meeting with a counselor, medical social worker, clergy member or cancer support group also may be helpful.
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Make an appointment with your usual doctor or other health care professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your doctor thinks you might have soft tissue sarcoma, you'll likely be referred to a cancer doctor, called an oncologist. Soft tissue sarcoma is rare and is best treated by someone who has experience with it. Doctors with this kind of experience are often found within an academic or specialized cancer center.
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pain, cancer, swelling, sarcoma, noticable lump
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216 |
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/squamous-cell-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352480
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/squamous-cell-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352486
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/squamous-cell-carcinoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20352487
|
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is a type of cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the skin. It starts in cells called squamous cells. The squamous cells make up the middle and outer layers of the skin. Squamous cell carcinoma is a common type of skin cancer.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is usually not life-threatening. But if it's not treated, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin can grow large or spread to other parts of the body. The growth of the cancer can cause serious complications.
Most squamous cell carcinomas of the skin are caused by too much ultraviolet (UV) radiation.UVradiation comes either from sunlight or from tanning beds or lamps. Protecting your skin fromUVlight can help reduce the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and other forms of skin cancer.
Squamous cell carcinomas can be anywhere on the skin. In people who sunburn easily, the cancer is usually found on areas of skin that have had a lot of sun. In people with Black and brown skin, squamous cell carcinomas are more likely to be on skin that isn't exposed to sun, such as the genitals.
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Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin most often occurs on sun-exposed skin. This includes the scalp, the backs of the hands, the ears or the lips. But it can occur anywhere on the body. It can even occur inside the mouth, on the bottoms of the feet or on the genitals. When squamous cell carcinoma of the skin happens in people with Black and brown skin, it tends to happen in places that aren't exposed to the sun.
Symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin include:
A firm bump on the skin, called a nodule. The nodule might be the same color as the skin, or it might look different. It can look pink, red, black or brown, depending on skin color.
A flat sore with a scaly crust.
A new sore or raised area on an old scar or sore.
A rough, scaly patch on the lip that may become an open sore.
A sore or rough patch inside the mouth.
A raised patch or wartlike sore on or in the anus or on the genitals.
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Make an appointment with a health care professional for a sore or scab that doesn't heal in about two months or a flat patch of scaly skin that won't go away.
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Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin occurs when the squamous cells in the skin get changes in their DNA. Cells' DNA holds the instructions that tell cells what to do. The changes tell the squamous cells to multiply quickly. The cells continue living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle.
This causes too many cells. The cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, the cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body.
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes most of the DNA changes in skin cells.UVradiation can come from sunlight, tanning lamps and tanning beds.
But skin cancers also can grow on skin that's not usually in sunlight. This means that other factors might add to the risk of skin cancer. One such factor might be having a condition that weakens the immune system.
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Factors that can increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin include:
Having skin that sunburns easily.Anyone of any skin color can get squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. But it's more common in people who have low levels of melanin in their skin. Melanin is a substance that gives color to skin. It also helps protect the skin from damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation. People with Black or brown skin have more melanin than people with white skin.The risk of squamous cell carcinoma is highest in people who have blond or red hair, have light-colored eyes and freckle or sunburn easily.
Being in the sun too much.UVradiation from the sun increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Covering the skin with clothes or sunblock can help lower the risk.
Using tanning beds.People who use indoor tanning beds have an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
Having a history of sunburns.Having had one or more sunburns that raised blisters as a child or teenager increases the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the skin as an adult. Sunburns in adulthood also are a risk factor.
Having a history of precancerous skin lesions.Some types of skin sores can turn into skin cancer. Examples are actinic keratosis or Bowen disease. Having one of these conditions increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma.
Having a history of skin cancer.People who've had squamous cell carcinoma of the skin once are much more likely to get it again.
Having a weakened immune system.People with weakened immune systems have an increased risk of skin cancer. This includes people who have leukemia or lymphoma. And it includes those who take medicines to control the immune system, such as those who have had organ transplants.
Having a rare genetic disorder.People with xeroderma pigmentosum, which causes great sensitivity to sunlight, have a greatly increased risk of developing skin cancer.
Having human papillomavirus infection (HPV).This common infection that's passed through sexual contact increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
Having scars or long-lasting wounds on the skin.Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin can form in scars, burns and sores that don't heal.
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Untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the skin can destroy nearby healthy tissue. It can spread to the lymph nodes or other organs. And it can be fatal, although this is not common.
The risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin spreading may be higher if the cancer:
Grows very large or deep.
Involves the mucous membranes, such as the lips.
Occurs in a person with a weakened immune system. Examples of things that might cause a weakened immune system include having chronic leukemia or taking medicine to control the immune system after an organ transplant.
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Most squamous cell carcinomas of the skin can be prevented. To protect yourself:
Stay out of the sun during the middle of the day.For much of North America, the sun's rays are strongest between about 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. Plan outdoor activities at other times of the day, even during winter or when the sky is cloudy. When outside, stay in shade as much as possible.
Wear sunscreen year-round.Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with anSPFof at least 30, even on cloudy days. Apply sunscreen generously. Apply again every two hours, or more often if you're swimming or sweating.
Wear protective clothing.Wear dark, tightly woven clothes that cover arms and legs. Wear a wide-brimmed hat that shades your face and ears. Don't forget sunglasses. Look for those that block both types ofUVradiation,UVAandUVBrays.
Don't use tanning beds.The lights in tanning beds give offUVradiation. Using tanning beds increases the risk of skin cancer.
Check your skin often and report changes to your health care team.Look at your skin often for new growths. Look for changes in moles, freckles, bumps and birthmarks. Use mirrors to check your face, neck, ears and scalp.Look at your chest and trunk and the tops and undersides of your arms and hands. Look at the front and back of your legs and your feet. Look at the bottom of the feet and the spaces between your toes. Also check your genital area and between your buttocks.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose squamous cell carcinoma of the skin include:
Physical exam.A member of your health care team asks about your health history and looks at your skin for signs of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
Removing a sample of tissue for testing, called a biopsy.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. A member of your health care team uses a tool to cut away, shave off or punch out some or all of the area of skin that looks unusual. The sample is tested in a lab to see if it is cancer.
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Most squamous cell carcinomas of the skin can be removed with minor surgery. Some are removed with a medicine applied to the skin. The treatment depends on where the cancer is, how large it is, how fast it's growing and what you prefer.
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If you have a skin sore that concerns you, make an appointment with a doctor or other health care professional. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions, called a dermatologist.
If you've already had skin cancer, you have an increased risk of a second cancer. Talk with your dermatologist about how often to have a skin exam to look for signs of another skin cancer.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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rough patch, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, raised area, scaly, open sore, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin most often occurs on sun-exposed skin, flat sore, scaly crust, new sore, sore, firm bump
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218 |
Testicular cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/symptoms-causes/syc-20352986
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352991
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/testicular-cancer-care/doctors-departments/ddc-20352993
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Testicular cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the testicles. The testicles, which are also called testes, are in the scrotum. The scrotum is a loose bag of skin underneath the penis. The testicles make sperm and the hormone testosterone.
Testicular cancer isn't a common type of cancer. It can happen at any age, but it happens most often between the ages of 15 and 45.
The first sign of testicular cancer often is a bump or lump on a testicle. The cancer cells can grow quickly. They often spread outside the testicle to other parts of the body.
Testicular cancer is highly treatable, even when it spreads to other parts of the body. Treatments depend on the type of testicular cancer that you have and how far it has spread. Common treatments include surgery and chemotherapy.
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Signs and symptoms of testicular cancer include:
A lump or swelling in either testicle
A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
A dull ache in the lower belly or groin
Sudden swelling in the scrotum
Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum
Enlargement or tenderness of the breast tissue
Back pain
Usually testicular cancer only happens in one testicle.
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See your health care provider if you detect any symptoms that last longer than two weeks. These include pain, swelling or lumps in your testicles or groin area.
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It's not clear what causes most testicular cancers.
Testicular cancer starts when something causes changes to the DNA of testicle cells. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow and multiply quickly. The cancer cells go on living when healthy cells would die as part of their natural life cycle. This causes a lot of extra cells in the testicle that can form a mass called a tumor.
In time, the tumor can grow beyond the testicle. Some cells might break away and spread to other parts of the body. Testicular cancer most often spreads to the lymph nodes, liver and lungs. When testicular cancer spreads, it's called metastatic testicular cancer.
Nearly all testicular cancers begin in the germ cells. The germ cells in the testicle make sperm. It's not clear what causes DNA changes in the germ cells.
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Factors that may increase your risk of testicular cancer include:
Having an undescended testicle, which is called cryptorchidism.The testes form in the belly during fetal development. They typically descend into the scrotum before birth. If you have a testicle that never descended, your risk of testicular cancer is higher. The risk is increased even if you've had surgery to move the testicle to the scrotum.
Having a family history of testicular cancer.If testicular cancer runs in your family, you might have an increased risk.
Being a young adult.Testicular cancer can happen at any age. But it's most common in teens and young adults between 15 and 45.
Being white.Testicular cancer is most common in white people.
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There's no way to prevent testicular cancer. If you get testicular cancer, there's nothing you could have done to prevent it.
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You might find lumps, swelling or other symptoms of testicular cancer on your own. They can be detected during an exam by a health care provider too. You'll need other tests to see if testicular cancer is causing your symptoms.
Tests used to diagnose testicular cancer include:
Ultrasound.A testicular ultrasound test uses sound waves to make pictures. It can be used to make pictures of the scrotum and testicles. During an ultrasound you lie on your back with your legs spread. A health care provider puts a clear gel on the scrotum. A hand-held probe is moved over the scrotum to make the pictures.Ultrasound gives your provider more clues about any lumps around the testicle. It can help your provider see whether the lumps look like something that isn't cancer or if they look like cancer. An ultrasound shows whether the lumps are inside or outside the testicle. Lumps inside the testicle are more likely to be testicular cancer.
Blood tests.A blood test can detect proteins made by testicular cancer cells. This type of test is called a tumor marker test. Tumor markers for testicular cancer include beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein and lactate dehydrogenase. Having these substances in your blood doesn't mean you have cancer. Having levels higher than is typical is a clue your health care team uses to understand what's going on in your body.
Surgery to remove a testicle.If your health care provider thinks a lump on your testicle may be cancerous, you might have surgery to remove the testicle. The testicle is sent to a lab for testing. The tests can show whether it's cancerous.
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Testicular cancer treatment often involves surgery and chemotherapy. Which treatment options are best for you depends on the type of testicular cancer you have and its stage. Your health care team also considers your overall health and your preferences.
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Each person comes to terms with a testicular cancer diagnosis in an individual way. You may feel scared and unsure of your future after your diagnosis. While feelings of anxiety may never go away, you can make a plan to help manage your emotions. Try to:
Learn enough about testicular cancer to feel comfortable making decisions about your care.Write down questions and ask them at your next appointment. Ask your health care team for sources that can help you learn more about testicular cancer. Good places to start include the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society.
Take care of yourself.Make healthy choices in your everyday life to prepare for cancer treatment. Eat a healthy diet with a variety of fruits and vegetables. Get plenty of rest so that you wake each morning feeling refreshed. Find ways to reduce stress so that you can concentrate on getting well. Try to exercise most days of the week. If you smoke, stop. Talk to your doctor about medicines and other ways to help you stop smoking.
Connect with other cancer survivors.Find other testicular cancer survivors in your community or online. Contact the American Cancer Society for support groups in your area.
Stay connected with loved ones.Your family and friends are just as concerned for your health as you are. They want to help, so don't turn down their offers to assist. Close friends and family will listen when you need someone to talk to or provide a distraction when you're feeling down.
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Make an appointment with your usual health care provider if you have any symptoms that worry you.
If your provider suspects you could have testicular cancer, you may be referred to a specialist. This might be a doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions of the urinary tract and male reproductive system. This doctor is called a urologist. Or you might see a doctor who specializes in treating cancer. This doctor is called an oncologist.
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pain, swelling, sudden swelling, back pain, dull ache, ache, lump, testicular cancer, discomfort, enlargement, tenderness, feeling of heaviness, heaviness
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219 |
Throat cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/throat-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20366462
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/throat-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20366496
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/throat-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20366595
|
Throat cancer refers cancer that develops in your throat (pharynx) or voice box (larynx).
Your throat is a muscular tube that begins behind your nose and ends in your neck. Throat cancer most often begins in the flat cells that line the inside of your throat.
Your voice box sits just below your throat and also is susceptible to throat cancer. The voice box is made of cartilage and contains the vocal cords that vibrate to make sound when you talk.
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Signs and symptoms of throat cancer may include:
A cough
Changes in your voice, such as hoarseness or not speaking clearly
Difficulty swallowing
Ear pain
A lump or sore that doesn't heal
A sore throat
Weight loss
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Make an appointment with your doctor if you notice any new signs and symptoms that are persistent. Most throat cancer symptoms aren't specific to cancer, so your doctor will likely investigate other more common causes first.
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Throat cancer occurs when cells in your throat develop genetic mutations. These mutations cause cells to grow uncontrollably and continue living after healthy cells would normally die. The accumulating cells can form a tumor in your throat.
It's not clear what causes the mutation that causes throat cancer. But doctors have identified factors that may increase your risk.
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Factors that can increase your risk of throat cancer include:
Tobacco use, including smoking and chewing tobacco
Excessive alcohol use
Viral infections, including human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus
A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Exposure to toxic substances at work
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There's no proven way to prevent throat cancer from occurring. But in order to reduce your risk of throat cancer, you can:
Stop smoking or don't start smoking.If you smoke, quit. If you don't smoke, don't start. Stopping smoking can be very difficult, so get some help. Your doctor can discuss the benefits and risks of the many stop-smoking strategies, such as medication, nicotine replacement products and counseling.
Drink alcohol only in moderation, if at all.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
Choose a healthy diet full of fruits and vegetables.The vitamins and antioxidants in fruits and vegetables may reduce your risk of throat cancer. Eat a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables.
Protect yourself fromHPV.Some throat cancers are thought to be caused by the sexually transmitted infection human papillomavirus (HPV). You can reduce your risk ofHPVby limiting your number of sexual partners and using a condom every time you have sex. Ask your doctor about theHPVvaccine, which may reduce the risk of throat cancer and otherHPV-related cancers.
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In order to diagnose throat cancer, your doctor may recommend:
Using a scope to get a closer look at your throat.Your doctor may use a special lighted scope (endoscope) to get a close look at your throat during a procedure called endoscopy. A camera at the end of the endoscope transmits images to a video screen that your doctor watches for signs of abnormalities in your throat.Another type of scope (laryngoscope) can be inserted in your voice box. It uses a magnifying lens to help your doctor examine your vocal cords. This procedure is called laryngoscopy.
Removing a tissue sample for testing.If abnormalities are found during an endoscopy or laryngoscopy, your doctor can pass surgical instruments through the scope to collect a tissue sample (biopsy). The sample is sent to a laboratory for testing.In the lab, specially trained doctors (pathologists) will look for signs of cancer. The tissue sample may also be tested forHPV, since the presence of this virus impacts the treatment options for certain types of throat cancer.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests, including computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), may help your doctor determine the extent of your cancer beyond the surface of your throat or voice box.
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Your treatment options are based on many factors, such as the location and stage of your throat cancer, the type of cells involved, whether the cells show signs ofHPVinfection, your overall health, and your personal preferences. Discuss the benefits and risks of each of your options with your doctor. Together you can determine what treatments will be most appropriate for you.
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Being diagnosed with cancer can be devastating. Throat cancer affects a part of your body that is vital to everyday activities, such as breathing, eating and talking. In addition to worrying about how these basic activities may be affected, you may also be concerned about your treatments and chances for survival.
Though you may feel like your life — your survival — is out of your hands, you can take steps to feel more in control and to cope with your throat cancer diagnosis. To cope, try to:
Learn enough about throat cancer to make treatment decisions.Write down a list of questions to ask your doctor at your next appointment. Ask your doctor about further sources of information about your cancer. Knowing more about your specific condition may help you feel more comfortable when making treatment decisions.
Find someone to talk with.Seek out sources of support that can help you deal with the emotions you're feeling. You may have a close friend or family member who is a good listener. Clergy members and counselors are other options. Consider joining a support group for people with cancer. Contact your local chapter of the American Cancer Society (ACS) or Support for People With Oral and Head and Neck Cancer. TheACS'sCancer Survivors Network offers online message boards and chatrooms that you can use to connect with others with throat cancer.
Take care of yourself during cancer treatment.Make keeping your body healthy during treatment a priority. Avoid extra stress. Get enough sleep each night so that you wake feeling rested. Take a walk or find time to exercise when you feel up to it. Make time for relaxing, such as listening to music or reading a book.
Go to all of your follow-up appointments.Your doctor will schedule follow-up exams every few months during the first two years after treatment, and then less frequently. These exams allow your doctor to monitor your recovery and check for a cancer recurrence.Follow-up exams can make you nervous, since they may remind you of your initial diagnosis and treatment. You may fear that your cancer has come back. Expect some anxiety around the time of each follow-up appointment. Plan ahead by finding relaxing activities that can help redirect your mind away from your fears.
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Make an appointment with your family doctor if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you. If your doctor suspects you may have cancer or another disease that affects your throat, you may be referred to an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist.
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your doctor.
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hoarseness, ear pain, changes in voice, lump, sore, weight loss, difficulty swallowing, sore throat, cough, throat cancer
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220 |
Thyroid cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354161
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354167
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20354169
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Thyroid cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the thyroid. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. The thyroid produces hormones that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight.
Thyroid cancer might not cause any symptoms at first. But as it grows, it can cause signs and symptoms, such as swelling in your neck, voice changes and difficulty swallowing.
Several types of thyroid cancer exist. Most types grow slowly, though some types can be very aggressive. Most thyroid cancers can be cured with treatment.
Thyroid cancer rates seem to be increasing. The increase may be caused by improved imaging technology that allows health care providers to find small thyroid cancers on CT and MRI scans done for other conditions (incidental thyroid cancers). Thyroid cancers found in this way are usually small cancers that respond well to treatments.
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Most thyroid cancers don't cause any signs or symptoms early in the disease. As thyroid cancer grows, it may cause:
A lump (nodule) that can be felt through the skin on your neck
A feeling that close-fitting shirt collars are becoming too tight
Changes to your voice, including increasing hoarseness
Difficulty swallowing
Swollen lymph nodes in your neck
Pain in your neck and throat
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If you experience any signs or symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with your health care provider.
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Thyroid cancer happens when cells in the thyroid develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes, which doctors call mutations, tell the cells to grow and multiply rapidly. The cells go on living when healthy cells would naturally die. The accumulating cells form a mass called a tumor.
The tumor can grow to invade nearby tissue and can spread (metastasize) to the lymph nodes in the neck. Sometimes the cancer cells can spread beyond the neck to the lungs, bones and other parts of the body.
For most thyroid cancers, it's not clear what causes the DNA changes that cause the cancer.
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Factors that may increase the risk of thyroid cancer include:
Female sex.Thyroid cancer occurs more often in women than in men. Experts think it may be related to the hormone estrogen. People who are assigned female sex at birth generally have higher levels of estrogen in their bodies.
Exposure to high levels of radiation.Radiation therapy treatments to the head and neck increase the risk of thyroid cancer.
Certain inherited genetic syndromes.Genetic syndromes that increase the risk of thyroid cancer include familial medullary thyroid cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia, Cowden syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis. Types of thyroid cancer that sometimes run in families include medullary thyroid cancer and papillary thyroid cancer.
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Doctors aren't sure what causes the gene changes that lead to most thyroid cancers, so there's no way to prevent thyroid cancer in people who have an average risk of the disease.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose thyroid cancer include:
Physical exam.Your health care provider will examine your neck to feel for changes in your thyroid, such as a lump (nodule) in the thyroid. The provider may also ask about your risk factors, such as past exposure to radiation and a family history of thyroid cancers.
Thyroid function blood tests.Tests that measure blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and hormones produced by your thyroid gland might give your health care team clues about the health of your thyroid.
Ultrasound imaging.Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create pictures of body structures. To create an image of the thyroid, the ultrasound transducer is placed on your lower neck.The way a thyroid nodule looks on an ultrasound image helps your provider determine if it's likely to be cancer. Signs that a thyroid nodule is more likely to be cancerous include calcium deposits (microcalcifications) within the nodule and an irregular border around the nodule. If there's a high likelihood that a nodule might be cancerous, additional tests are needed to confirm the diagnosis and determine what type of thyroid cancer is present.Your provider may also use ultrasound to create images of the lymph nodes in the neck (lymph node mapping) to look for signs of cancer.
Removing a sample of thyroid tissue.During a fine-needle aspiration biopsy, your provider inserts a long, thin needle through your skin and into the thyroid nodule. Ultrasound imaging is typically used to precisely guide the needle. Your provider uses the needle to remove some cells from the thyroid. The sample is sent to a lab for analysis.In the lab, a doctor who specializes in analyzing blood and body tissue (pathologist) examines the tissue sample under a microscope and determines whether cancer is present. The results aren't always clear. Some types of thyroid cancer, particularly follicular thyroid cancer and Hurthle cell thyroid cancer, are more likely to have uncertain results (indeterminate thyroid nodules). Your provider may recommend another biopsy procedure or an operation to remove the thyroid nodule for testing. Specialized tests of the cells to look for gene changes (molecular marker testing) also can be helpful.
An imaging test that uses a radioactive tracer.A radioactive iodine scan uses a radioactive form of iodine and a special camera to detect thyroid cancer cells in your body. It's most often used after surgery to find any cancer cells that might remain. This test is most helpful for papillary and follicular thyroid cancers.Healthy thyroid cells absorb and use iodine from the blood. Some types of thyroid cancer cells do this, too. When the radioactive iodine is injected in a vein or swallowed, any thyroid cancer cells in the body will take up the iodine. Any cells that take up the iodine are shown on the radioactive iodine scan images.
Other imaging tests.You may have one or more imaging tests to help your provider determine whether your cancer has spread beyond the thyroid. Imaging tests may include ultrasound, CT and MRI.
Genetic testing.A portion of medullary thyroid cancers are caused by inherited genes that are passed from parents to children. If you're diagnosed with medullary thyroid cancer, your provider may recommend meeting with a genetic counselor to consider genetic testing. Knowing that you have an inherited gene can help you understand your risk of other types of cancer and what your inherited gene may mean for your children.
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Your thyroid cancer treatment options depend on the type and stage of your thyroid cancer, your overall health, and your preferences.
Most people diagnosed with thyroid cancer have an excellent prognosis, as most thyroid cancers can be cured with treatment.
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It can take time to accept and learn to cope with a thyroid cancer diagnosis. Everyone eventually finds their own way of coping. Until you find what works for you, consider trying to:
Find out enough about thyroid cancer to make decisions about your care.Write down the details of your thyroid cancer, such as the type, stage and treatment options. Ask your health care provider where you can go for more information. Good sources of information to get you started include the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society and the American Thyroid Association.
Connect with other thyroid cancer survivors.You might find comfort in talking with people in your same situation. Ask your provider about support groups in your area. Or connect with thyroid cancer survivors online through the American Cancer Society Cancer Survivors Network or the Thyroid Cancer Survivors' Association.
Control what you can about your health.You can't control whether or not you develop thyroid cancer, but you can take steps to keep your body healthy during and after treatment. For instance, eat a healthy diet full of a variety of fruits and vegetables. Get enough sleep each night so that you wake feeling rested. Try to incorporate physical activity into most days of your week. And find ways to cope with stress.
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If you have signs and symptoms that worry you, start by seeing your family health care provider. If your provider suspects that you may have a thyroid problem, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diseases of the endocrine system (endocrinologist).
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect.
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pain, throat, hoarseness, thyroid cancers, difficulty swallowing
swollen lymph nodes in your neck
, feeling of tightness, lump, difficulty swallowing, swollen lymph nodes, thyroid cancer
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222 |
Vaginal cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352447
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352453
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vaginal-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20352455
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Vaginal cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the vagina. The cells multiply quickly and can invade and destroy healthy body tissue.
The vagina is part of the female reproductive system. It's a muscular tube that connects the uterus with the outer genitals. The vagina is sometimes called the birth canal.
Cancer that begins in the vagina is rare. Most cancer that happens in the vagina starts somewhere else and spreads to the vagina.
Vaginal cancer that's diagnosed when it's confined to the vagina has the best chance for a cure. When the cancer spreads beyond the vagina, it's much harder to treat.
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Vaginal cancer may not cause any symptoms at first. As it grows, vaginal cancer may cause signs and symptoms, such as:
Vaginal bleeding that isn't typical, such as after menopause or after sex.
Vaginal discharge.
A lump or mass in the vagina.
Painful urination.
Frequent urination.
Constipation.
Pelvic pain.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any persistent symptoms that worry you.
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Vaginal cancer begins when cells in the vagina develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
Most DNA changes that lead to vaginal cancers are thought to be caused by human papillomavirus, also calledHPV.HPVis a common virus that's passed through sexual contact. For most people, the virus never causes problems. It usually goes away on its own. For some, though, the virus can cause changes in the cells that may lead to cancer.
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Factors that may increase your risk of vaginal cancer include:
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Vaginal cancer can spread to other parts of the body. It most often spreads to the lungs, liver and bones. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
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There is no sure way to prevent vaginal cancer. However, you may lower your risk if you:
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose vaginal cancer include:
Pelvic exam.A pelvic exam allows a healthcare professional to inspect the reproductive organs. It's often done during a regular checkup. But it might be needed if you have symptoms of vaginal cancer.During the exam, the healthcare professional carefully inspects the outer genitals. The health professional inserts two fingers of one hand into the vagina. At the same time, that person's other hand presses on the belly to feel the uterus and ovaries. A device called a speculum is inserted into the vagina. The device opens the vaginal canal so the health professional can look for changes in the vagina and cervix. Changes could be signs of cancer or other problems.
Inspecting the vagina with a magnifying instrument.Colposcopy is an exam to look at the vagina with a special lighted magnifying instrument. Colposcopy helps to magnify the surface of the vagina to look for any changes that might be cancerous.
Removing a sample of vaginal tissue for testing.A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue to test for cancer cells. Often, a biopsy is done during a pelvic exam or a colposcopy exam. The tissue sample is sent to a lab for testing.
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Treatment for most vaginal cancers often starts with radiation therapy and chemotherapy at the same time. For very small cancers, surgery might be the first treatment.
Your treatment options for vaginal cancer depend on several factors. This includes the type of vaginal cancer you have and its stage. You and your healthcare team work together to decide what treatments are best for you. Your team considers your goals for treatment and the side effects you're willing to accept.
Vaginal cancer treatment is usually coordinated by a doctor who specializes in treating cancers that affect the female reproductive system. This doctor is called a gynecologic oncologist.
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How you respond to your cancer diagnosis is unique. You might want to surround yourself with friends and family. Or you may ask for time alone to sort through your feelings. Until you find what works best for you, you might try to:
Learn enough about your cancer to make decisions about your care.Write down the questions to ask at your next appointment. Ask a friend or family member to come to appointments with you to take notes. Ask your healthcare team for further sources of information. Knowing more can help make it easier to make decisions about your treatment.
Maintain intimacy with your partner.Vaginal cancer treatments are likely to cause side effects that make sexual intimacy more difficult. Find new ways of being intimate.Spending quality time together and having meaningful conversations are ways to build your emotional intimacy. When you're ready for physical intimacy, take it slowly.If sexual side effects of your cancer treatment are hurting your relationship with your partner, talk to your healthcare team.
Create a support network.Having friends and family supporting you can be valuable. You may find it helps to talk with someone about your emotions. Other sources of support include social workers and psychologists. Ask your healthcare team for recommendations if you feel like you need someone to talk with.Talk with your pastor, rabbi or other spiritual leader. Consider joining a support group. Other people with cancer can offer a unique perspective and may better understand what you're going through. Contact the American Cancer Society for more information on support groups.
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Start by making an appointment with your usual doctor, gynecologist or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If you're found to have vaginal cancer, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in cancers of the female reproductive system. This doctor is called a gynecologic oncologist.
It's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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painful urination, constipation, vaginal discharge, vaginal cancer, vaginal bleeding, lump or mass, frequent urination, pelvic pain
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223 |
Vulvar cancer
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20368051
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20368072
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvar-cancer/doctors-departments/ddc-20368103
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Vulvar cancer is cancer that starts as a growth of cells on the vulva. The vulva is the area of skin that surrounds the urethra and vagina. It includes the clitoris and labia.
Vulvar cancer commonly forms as a lump or sore on the vulva that often causes itching. Though it can happen at any age, vulvar cancer is usually diagnosed in older adults.
Vulvar cancer treatment often starts with surgery to remove the cancer and a small amount of surrounding healthy tissue. Sometimes vulvar cancer surgery requires removing the entire vulva. The earlier vulvar cancer is diagnosed, the less likely an extensive surgery is needed for treatment.
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Signs and symptoms of vulvar cancer may include:
A lump, wartlike bump or an open sore on the vulva.
Bleeding in the genital area that isn't from menstruation.
Itching of the skin of the vulva that doesn't go away.
Pain and tenderness that affects the vulva.
Skin changes, such as changes in the color of the skin of the vulva or thickening of the skin.
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Make an appointment with a doctor, gynecologist or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
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It's not always clear what causes vulvar cancer. This cancer starts on the area of skin that surrounds the urethra and vagina. This area of skin is called the vulva.
Vulvar cancer happens when cells in the vulva develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
The cancer cells might form a growth called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it's called metastatic cancer.
Exactly what causes the DNA changes that lead to vulvar cancer isn't always known. Healthcare professionals believe some vulvar cancers are caused by human papillomavirus. Human papilloma virus, also called HPV, is a common virus passed through sexual contact. It's associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer, which is vulvar squamous cell carcinoma.
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Factors that increase the risk of vulvar cancer include:
Older age.The risk of vulvar cancer increases with age, though it can happen at any age. The average age at diagnosis is 65.
Being exposed to human papillomavirus.Human papillomavirus, also calledHPV, is a common virus that's passed through sexual contact.HPVincreases the risk of several cancers, including vulvar cancer and cervical cancer. Many young, sexually active people are exposed toHPV. For most the infection goes away on its own. For some, the infection causes cell changes and increases the risk of cancer in the future.
Smoking tobacco.Smoking tobacco increases the risk of vulvar cancer.
Having a weakened immune system.If the body's germ-fighting immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of vulvar cancer. People with a weakened immune system include those taking medicines to control the immune system, such as after an organ transplant. Certain medical conditions, such as infection withHIV, can weaken the immune system.
Having a history of a precancerous condition of the vulva.Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of vulvar cancer. Most instances of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia will never develop into cancer. But a small number do go on to become invasive vulvar cancer.
Having a skin condition involving the vulva.Lichen sclerosus causes the vulvar skin to become thin and itchy. It also increases the risk of vulvar cancer.
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To lower the risk of vulvar cancer, don't smoke tobacco. Take steps to protect yourself from human papillomavirus infection. Human papillomavirus, also called HPV, is associated with the most common type of vulvar cancer.
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Vulvar cancer diagnosis often begins with a physical exam and a discussion of your health history. A special magnifying device may be used to closely inspect the area. A sample of tissue may be taken for lab testing.
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Treatment for vulvar cancer usually begins with surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
Your healthcare team considers many factors when creating a treatment plan. These factors may include your overall health, the type and stage of your cancer, and your preferences.
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With time, you'll find what helps you cope with the uncertainty and worry of a vulvar cancer diagnosis. Until then, you may find it helps to:
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Make an appointment with your usual doctor, gynecologist or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you.
If you're found to have vulvar cancer, your health professional may refer you to a doctor who specializes in cancers of the female reproductive system. This doctor is called a gynecologic oncologist.
It's a good idea to prepare for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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pain, vulvar cancer, vulva, skin changes, bleeding, wartlike bump, open sore, lump, sore, itching, itching of the skin of the vulva, tenderness
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224 |
Wilms tumor
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilms-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20352655
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilms-tumor/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352660
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilms-tumor/doctors-departments/ddc-20352662
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Wilms tumor is a rare kidney cancer that mainly affects children. Also known as nephroblastoma, it's the most common cancer of the kidneys in children. Wilms tumor most often affects children ages 3 to 4. It becomes much less common after age 5, but it can affect older children and even adults.
Wilms tumor mostly occurs in just one kidney. But it can sometimes be in both kidneys at the same time.
Over the years, progress in the diagnosis and treatment of Wilms tumor has greatly improved the prognosis for children with this disease. With treatment, the outlook for most children with Wilms tumor is good.
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Symptoms of Wilms tumor vary a lot. Some children don't seem to have any symptoms. But others with Wilms tumor have one or more of these symptoms:
A mass in the stomach area that can be felt.
Swelling in the stomach area.
Pain in the stomach area.
Other symptoms might include:
Fever.
Blood in the urine.
Low red blood cell level, also known as anemia.
High blood pressure.
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Make an appointment with your child's health care provider if you see symptoms that worry you. Wilms tumor is rare. So it's likely that something else is causing symptoms. But it's important to check out any concerns.
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It's not clear what causes Wilms tumor.
Cancer begins when cells develop changes in their DNA. Cells' DNA holds the instructions that tell the cells what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow and multiply quickly. The cancer cells live while healthy cells die as part of their natural life cycle. With Wilms tumor, the changes make extra cells in the kidney that form the tumor.
Rarely, DNA changes passed from parents to children can increase the risk of Wilms tumor.
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Factors that may increase the risk of Wilms tumor include:
Being Black.In North America and Europe, Black children have a slightly higher risk of getting Wilms tumor than do children of other races. Asian-American children appear to have a lower risk than children of other races.
Having a family history of Wilms tumor.Having someone in the family who's had Wilms tumor increases the risk of getting the disease.
Wilms tumor occurs more often in children who have certain conditions present at birth, including:
Aniridia.In aniridia (an-ih-RID-e-uh), the colored portion of the eye, known as the iris, forms only in part or not at all.
Hemihypertrophy.Hemihypertrophy (hem-e-hi-PUR-truh-fee) means one side of the body or a part of the body is larger than the other side.
Wilms tumor can occur as part of rare syndromes, including:
WAGR syndrome.This syndrome includes Wilms tumor, aniridia, genital and urinary system problems, and intellectual disabilities.
Denys-Drash syndrome.This syndrome includes Wilms tumor, kidney disease and male pseudohermaphroditism (soo-do-her-MAF-roe-dit-iz-um). In male pseudohermaphroditism, a boy's genitals aren't clearly male.
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.Children with this syndrome tend to be much larger than what is typical, known as macrosomia. This syndrome might cause organs in the stomach area to jut into the base of the umbilical cord, a large tongue, large internal organs and ears that are formed unusually.
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Wilms tumor can't be prevented.
If a child has any of the conditions that increase the risk for Wilms tumor, a health care provider might suggest doing kidney ultrasounds at times to look for anything unusual in the kidneys. Although this screening can't prevent Wilms tumor, it may help find the disease at an early stage.
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To diagnose Wilms tumor, a health care provider might take a family history and do the following:
A physical exam.The provider will look for possible signs of Wilms tumor.
Blood and urine tests.These lab tests can show how well the kidneys are working.
Imaging tests.Tests that create images of the kidneys help find whether a child has a kidney tumor. Imaging tests may include ultrasound,CTscans orMRIand chest X-rays.
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Treatment for Wilms tumor usually involves surgery and chemotherapy. It sometimes includes radiation therapy. Treatments depend on the stage of the cancer. Because this type of cancer is rare, a children's cancer center that has treated this type of cancer might be a good choice.
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Here are some suggestions to help you guide your family through cancer treatment.
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If your child is diagnosed with Wilms tumor, you may be referred to specialists. This might be a doctor who treats cancer, which is called an oncologist, or a surgeon who specializes in kidney surgery, which is called a urologist.
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pain, wilms tumor, mass in the stomach area, anemia, fever, low red blood cell level, blood in the urine, high blood pressure, pain in the stomach area, swelling in the stomach area
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226 |
Yeast infection (vaginal)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20378999
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20379004
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/doctors-departments/ddc-20379005
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A vaginal yeast infection is a fungal infection. It causes irritation, discharge and itching of the vagina and the vulva. Vaginal yeast infection also is called vaginal candidiasis.
Vaginal yeast infection affects most people assigned female at birth at some point in life. Many have at least two infections.
People who don't have sex can get a vaginal yeast infection. So it isn't though of as a sexually transmitted infection. But you can get vaginal yeast infections through sex.
There's a higher risk of vaginal yeast infection when you start having sex. And some vaginal yeast infections may be linked to sexual contact between the mouth and genital area, called oral-genital sex.
Medicines can treat vaginal yeast infections. Yeast infections that happen four times or more a year may need a longer treatment course and a plan to prevent them.
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Yeast infection symptoms range from mild to moderate. They may include:
Itching and irritation in the vagina and tissues at the vaginal opening, called the vulva.
A burning feeling, mainly during intercourse or while urinating.
Redness and swelling of the vulva. Redness may be harder to see on Black or brown skin than on white skin.
Vaginal pain and soreness.
Thick, white vaginal shedding of fluid and cells, called discharge, with little or no odor. The discharge looks like cottage cheese.
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Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if:
This is the first time you've had symptoms of a yeast infection.
You're not sure whether you have a yeast infection.
Your symptoms don't go away after you treat them with antifungal vaginal creams or suppositories that you can get without a prescription.
You have other symptoms.
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The fungus Candida albicans causes most vaginal yeast infections.
Most often, the vagina has a balance of yeast, including candida, and bacteria. Certain bacteria called lactobacillus work to prevent too much yeast.
But some factors can affect the balance. Too much candida or the fungus growing deeper into vaginal cells causes symptoms of a yeast infection.
Too much yeast can result from:
Antibiotic use.
Pregnancy.
Diabetes that isn't well-managed.
A weakened immune system.
Use of birth control pills or hormone therapy that raises levels of the hormone estrogen.
Candida albicans is the most common type of fungus to cause yeast infections. When other types of candida fungus cause yeast infections, they can be harder to treat.
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Factors that raise the risk of getting a yeast infection include:
Antibiotic use.Yeast infections are common in people who take antibiotics. Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill a range of bacteria. They also kill healthy bacteria in the vagina. This can lead to too much yeast.
Raised estrogen levels.Yeast infections are more common in people with higher estrogen levels. Pregnancy, birth control pills and hormone therapy can raise estrogen levels.
Diabetes that isn't well-managed.People with poorly managed blood sugar are at greater risk of yeast infections than are people with well-managed blood sugar.
Weakened immune system.People with lowered immunity are more likely to get yeast infections. Lower immunity might be from corticosteroid therapy or HIV infection or other diseases that suppress the immune system.
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To lower your risk of vaginal yeast infections, wear underwear that has a cotton crotch and doesn't fit too tightly.
Also, these tips might help prevent a yeast infection:
Do not wear tight pantyhose, underwear or jeans.
Do not douche. This removes some of the good germs in the vagina that protect from infection.
Do not use scented products in the vaginal area. For instance, don't use scented bubble bath, soap, menstrual pads and tampons.
Do not use hot tubs or take hot baths.
Do not use antibiotics you don't need. For instance, don't take antibiotics for colds or other viral infections.
Do not stay in wet clothes, such as swimsuits and workout clothes, for longer than needed.
|
To diagnose a yeast infection, your healthcare professional may:
Ask about your medical history.This might include past vaginal infections or sexually transmitted infections.
Do a pelvic exam.This involves looking at your outer genitals for signs of infection. Then your healthcare professional puts an instrument called a speculum into your vagina. The speculum holds the vaginal walls open so the vagina and cervix are easy to see. The cervix is the lower, narrower part of the uterus.
Test vaginal fluids.Lab tests of vaginal fluid can look for yeast or find the type of fungus causing the yeast infection. Knowing the fungus can help your healthcare professional suggest treatment.
|
Treatment for yeast infections depends on how bad the infections are and how often they happen.
If you have mild to moderate symptoms and don't get infections often, treatment options include:
Short-course vaginal therapy.Using an antifungal medicine for 3 to 7 days most often clears a yeast infection. Antifungal medicines come in the form of creams, ointments, tablets and small objects you put into your vagina, called suppositories. They include miconazole (Monistat 3) and terconazole. You can get these medicines with or without a prescription.
One dose of medicine taken by mouth.Your healthcare professional might prescribe one dose of fluconazole (Diflucan). To manage severe symptoms, you might take two doses three days apart. Oral medicine is not used often in pregnancy, especially in the first trimester.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved two medicines to treat vaginal yeast infections. One is oteseconazole (Vivjoa), taken by mouth. This medicine is only for people who can't get pregnant and who have infections that keep coming back.
The other medicine is ibrexafungerp (Brexafemme). This also is taken by mouth. Studies show that these medicines might work for vaginal yeast infections that don't respond to other treatments.
See your healthcare professional again if treatment doesn't clear your symptoms or if your symptoms return within two months.
Treatment for yeast infections that have severe symptoms or that happen often might include:
Long-course vaginal therapy.You use an antifungal medicine daily for up to two weeks. Then you take it once a week for six months.
More than one dose of medicine taken by mouth.You take 2 to 3 doses of an antifungal medicine by mouth instead of having vaginal therapy. But this therapy isn't for pregnant people.
Boric acid therapy.A capsule that has boric acid is put into your vagina. This medicine may be fatal if taken by mouth. It only treats candida fungus that doesn't respond to other treatments. It is not recommended for use in pregnancy.
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If you've been treated for a yeast infection in the past, your healthcare professional may prescribe a treatment over the phone without seeing you. If not, you likely need to see your primary care professional or gynecologist.
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pain, itching, itching and irritation, swelling, soreness, vaginal pain, thick discharge, burning, irritation, yeast infection, redness
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227 |
Boils and carbuncles
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/boils-and-carbuncles/symptoms-causes/syc-20353770
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/boils-and-carbuncles/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353776
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A boil is a painful, pus-filled bump that forms under your skin when bacteria infect and inflame one or more of your hair follicles. A carbuncle is a cluster of boils that form a connected area of infection under the skin.
Boils (furuncles) usually start as reddish or purplish, tender bumps. The bumps quickly fill with pus, growing larger and more painful until they rupture and drain. Areas most likely to be affected are the face, back of the neck, armpits, thighs and buttocks.
You can usually care for a single boil at home. But don't attempt to prick or squeeze it — that may spread the infection.
|
Boils can occur anywhere on your skin, but appear mainly on the face, back of the neck, armpits, thighs and buttocks — hair-bearing areas where you're most likely to sweat or experience friction. Signs and symptoms of a boil usually include:
|
You usually can care for a single, small boil yourself. But see your doctor if you have more than one boil at a time or if a boil:
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Most boils are caused by Staphylococcus aureus, a type of bacterium commonly found on the skin and inside the nose. A bump forms as pus collects under the skin. Boils sometimes develop at sites where the skin has been broken by a small injury or an insect bite, which gives the bacteria easy entry.
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Although anyone — including otherwise healthy people — can develop boils or carbuncles, the following factors can increase your risk:
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Rarely, bacteria from a boil or carbuncle can enter your bloodstream and travel to other parts of your body. The spreading infection, commonly known as blood poisoning (sepsis), can lead to infections deep within your body, such as your heart (endocarditis) and bone (osteomyelitis).
|
It's not always possible to prevent boils, especially if you have a weakened immune system. But the following measures may help you avoid staph infections:
|
Your doctor will likely be able to diagnose a boil or carbuncle simply by looking at it. A sample of the pus may be sent to the lab for testing. This may be useful if you have recurring infections or an infection that hasn't responded to standard treatment.
Many varieties of the bacteria that cause boils have become resistant to certain types of antibiotics. So lab testing can help determine what type of antibiotic would work best in your situation.
|
You can generally treat small boils at home by applying warm compresses to relieve pain and promote natural drainage.
For larger boils and carbuncles, treatment may include:
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You're likely to see your family doctor or primary care provider first, who may then refer you to a specialist in skin diseases (dermatologist) or infectious diseases.
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friction, sweat, boils
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228 |
Sudden cardiac arrest
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/symptoms-causes/syc-20350634
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350640
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/doctors-departments/ddc-20350641
|
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the sudden loss of all heart activity due to an irregular heart rhythm. Breathing stops. The person becomes unconscious. Without immediate treatment, sudden cardiac arrest can lead to death.
Emergency treatment for sudden cardiac arrest includes cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and shocks to the heart with a device called an automated external defibrillator (AED). Survival is possible with fast, appropriate medical care.
Sudden cardiac arrest isn't the same as a heart attack. A heart attack happens when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked. Sudden cardiac arrest is not due to a blockage. However, a heart attack can cause a change in the heart's electrical activity that leads to sudden cardiac arrest.
|
Symptoms of sudden cardiac arrest are immediate and severe and include:
Sudden collapse.
No pulse.
No breathing.
Loss of consciousness.
Sometimes other symptoms occur before sudden cardiac arrest. These might include:
Chest discomfort.
Shortness of breath.
Weakness.
Fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heartbeat called palpitations.
But sudden cardiac arrest often occurs with no warning.
|
When the heart stops, the lack of oxygen-rich blood can quickly cause death or permanent brain damage.
Call 911 or emergency medical services for these symptoms:
Chest pain or discomfort.
Feeling of a pounding heartbeat.
Rapid or irregular heartbeats.
Unexplained wheezing.
Shortness of breath.
Fainting or near fainting.
Lightheadedness or dizziness.
If you see someone who's unconscious and not breathing, call 911 or local emergency services. Then start CPR. The American Heart Association recommends doing CPR with hard and fast chest compressions. Use an automated external defibrillator, called an AED, if one is available.
|
A change in the heart's electrical activity causes sudden cardiac arrest. The change makes the heart stop pumping blood. No blood flow goes to the body.
|
The same things that increase the risk of heart disease can raise the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. These include:
A family history of coronary artery disease.
Smoking.
High blood pressure.
High blood cholesterol.
Obesity.
Diabetes.
An inactive lifestyle.
Other things that might increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest include:
A previous episode of sudden cardiac arrest or a family history of it.
A previous heart attack.
A personal or family history of other forms of heart disease such as heart rhythm disease, heart failure and heart conditions present at birth.
Growing older.
Being male.
Using illicit drugs such as cocaine or amphetamines.
Low potassium or magnesium levels.
A sleep disorder called obstructive sleep apnea.
Chronic kidney disease.
|
When sudden cardiac arrest occurs, less blood flows to the brain. If the heart rhythm isn't rapidly restored, complications may include brain damage and death.
|
Keeping the heart healthy may help prevent sudden cardiac arrest. Take these steps:
Eat healthy.
Stay active and get regular exercise.
Do not smoke or use tobacco.
Have regular checkups.
Get screened for heart disease.
Control blood pressure and cholesterol.
Genetic tests can be done to see if you have long QT syndrome, a common cause of sudden cardiac death. Check with your insurer to see if it is covered. If you have the long QT gene, your healthcare professional may recommend that other family members also be tested.
If you have a known risk of cardiac arrest, your healthcare professional might recommend a heart device called an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). The device is placed under your collarbone.
You also might consider purchasing an automated external defibrillator (AED) for home use. Discuss this with your healthcare team. AEDs help reset the heart's rhythm when a person has sudden cardiac arrest. But they can be expensive and aren't always covered by health insurance.
|
Sudden cardiac arrest happens suddenly and requires emergency medical care at a hospital. If the heart is quickly restored, survival is possible. When you are stable, healthcare professionals at the hospital run tests to determine the cause.
|
Treatment for sudden cardiac death includes:
CPR.Immediate CPR is needed to treat sudden cardiac arrest and prevent death.
Resetting the heart rhythm.This is called defibrillation. You can do this by using an automated external defibrillator (AED), if one is available. They are found in many public places.
Medicinesto treat irregular heartbeats and to manage symptoms.
Heart procedure or surgeryto place heart devices or to treat a blockage.
At the emergency room, healthcare professionals run tests to check for the cause, such as a possible heart attack, heart failure or changes in electrolyte levels. Treatments depend on the causes.
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Preventing sudden cardiac arrest starts with keeping the heart and blood vessels in good shape. To live a heart-healthy lifestyle:
Don't smoke.
Get regular exercise and stay active.
Keep a healthy weight.
Limit alcohol. If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation — no more than one drink a day for women and men older than 65 and no more than two drinks a day for younger men.
Eat a heart-healthy diet.
Manage stress.
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no pulse, weakness, pounding, cardiac arrest, palpitations, no breathing, chest discomfort, pounding heartbeat, fluttering heartbeat, fast-beating heartbeat, shortness of breath, sudden collapse, loss of consciousness
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229 |
Myocardial ischemia
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myocardial-ischemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20375417
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myocardial-ischemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375422
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myocardial-ischemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20375423
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Myocardial ischemia occurs when blood flow to your heart is reduced, preventing the heart muscle from receiving enough oxygen. The reduced blood flow is usually the result of a partial or complete blockage of your heart's arteries (coronary arteries).
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Some people who have myocardial ischemia don't have any signs or symptoms (silent ischemia).
When they do occur, the most common is chest pressure or pain, typically on the left side of the body (angina pectoris). Other signs and symptoms — which might be experienced more commonly by women, older people and people with diabetes — include:
|
Get emergency help if you have severe chest pain or chest pain that doesn't go away.
|
Myocardial ischemia occurs when the blood flow through one or more of your coronary arteries is decreased. The low blood flow decreases the amount of oxygen your heart muscle receives.
Myocardial ischemia can develop slowly as arteries become blocked over time. Or it can occur quickly when an artery becomes blocked suddenly.
Conditions that can cause myocardial ischemia include:
|
Factors that can increase your risk of developing myocardial ischemia include:
|
Myocardial ischemia can lead to serious complications, including:
|
The same lifestyle habits that can help treat myocardial ischemia can also help prevent it from developing in the first place. Leading a heart-healthy lifestyle can help keep your arteries strong, elastic and smooth, and allow for maximum blood flow.
|
Your doctor will start by asking questions about your medical history and with a physical exam. After that, your doctor might recommend:
|
The goal of myocardial ischemia treatment is to improve blood flow to the heart muscle. Depending on the severity of your condition, your doctor may recommend medications, surgery or both.
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If you are experiencing chest pain, you likely will be examined and treated in the emergency room.
If you don't have chest pain but are having other symptoms, or are concerned about your risk of myocardial ischemia, you might be referred to a heart specialist (cardiologist).
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pain, myocardial ischemia, ischemia, chest pressure, diabetes, angina pectoris
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230 |
Enlarged heart
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-heart/symptoms-causes/syc-20355436
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-heart/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355442
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An enlarged heart (cardiomegaly) isn't a disease, but rather a sign of another condition.
The term "cardiomegaly" refers to an enlarged heart seen on any imaging test, including a chest X-ray. Other tests are then needed to diagnose the condition that's causing the enlarged heart.
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In some people, an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly) causes no signs or symptoms. Others may have these signs and symptoms of cardiomegaly:
|
An enlarged heart may be easier to treat when it's detected early. Talk to your health care provider if you have concerns about your heart.
Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have signs and symptoms of a potential heart attack:
|
An enlarged heart (cardiomegaly) can be caused by damage to the heart muscle or any condition that makes the heart pump harder than usual, including pregnancy. Sometimes the heart gets larger and becomes weak for unknown reasons. This condition is called idiopathic cardiomyopathy.
Conditions associated with an enlarged heart include:
|
Things that can increase the risk of an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly) include:
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The risk of complications from an enlarged heart depends on the part of the heart affected and the cause. Complications of an enlarged heart can include:
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Tell your health care provider if anyone in your family has or had cardiomyopathy or other health conditions that caused an enlarged heart. When diagnosed early, proper treatment of the underlying condition may prevent the enlarged heart from getting worse.
Following a heart-healthy lifestyle can help prevent or manage some conditions that can lead to an enlarged heart. Take these steps to help prevent an enlarged heart:
|
To diagnose an enlarged heart, a health care provider will usually do a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms and medical history.
Tests that may be done to help diagnose an enlarged heart (cardiomyopathy) and its cause include:
Cardiac Computerized Tomography (CT) scan or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).During a cardiac CT scan, you usually lie on a table inside a doughnut-shaped machine. An X-ray tube inside the machine rotates around your body and collects images of your heart and chest.
In a cardiac MRI, you typically lie on a table inside a long tubelike machine that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce signals that create images of your heart.
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Treatment of an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly) depends on what is causing the heart problem.
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If you think you may have an enlarged heart or are worried about your heart disease risk because of your family history, make an appointment with your health care provider. You may be referred to doctor trained in heart diseases (cardiologist).
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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cardiomegaly, no signs or symptoms
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231 |
Dilated cardiomyopathy
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dilated-cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20353149
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dilated-cardiomyopathy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353155
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dilated-cardiomyopathy/doctors-departments/ddc-20353157
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Dilated cardiomyopathy is a type of heart muscle disease that causes the heart chambers (ventricles) to thin and stretch, growing larger. It typically starts in the heart's main pumping chamber (left ventricle). Dilated cardiomyopathy makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body.
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Some people with dilated cardiomyopathy don't have any signs or symptoms in the early stages of the disease.
Signs and symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy may include:
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If you are short of breath or have other symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy, see your health care provider as soon as possible. Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have chest pain that lasts more than a few minutes or have severe difficulty breathing.
If a family member has dilated cardiomyopathy, talk to your health care provider. Some types of dilated cardiomyopathy run in families (are inherited). Genetic testing may be recommended.
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It may be difficult to determine the cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. However, many things can cause the left ventricle to dilate and weaken, including:
Other possible causes of dilated cardiomyopathy include:
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Risk factors for dilated cardiomyopathy include:
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Complications of dilated cardiomyopathy include:
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Healthy lifestyle habits can help prevent or reduce complications of dilated cardiomyopathy. Try these heart-smart strategies:
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To diagnose dilated cardiomyopathy, your health care provider will do a physical exam and asks questions about your personal and family medical history. The provider will use a device called a stethoscope to listen to your heart and lungs. You may be referred to a doctor specializing in heart disease (cardiologist).
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Treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy depends on the causes. The goals of treatment are to reduce symptoms, improve blood flow and prevent further heart damage. Dilated cardiomyopathy treatment may include medications or surgery to implant a medical device that helps the heart beat or pump blood.
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If you think you may have dilated cardiomyopathy or are worried about your risk because of a family history, make an appointment with your health care provider. Your provider may refer you to a doctor that specializes in heart diseases (cardiologist).
Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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dilated cardiomyopathy, signs, symptoms
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232 |
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350198
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350204
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy/doctors-departments/ddc-20350207
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease in which the heart muscle becomes thickened, also called hypertrophied. The thickened heart muscle can make it harder for the heart to pump blood.
Many people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy don't realize they have it. That's because they have few, if any, symptoms. But in a small number of people withHCM, the thickened heart muscle can cause serious symptoms. These include shortness of breath and chest pain. Some people withHCMhave changes in the heart's electrical system. These changes can result in life-threatening irregular heartbeats or sudden death.
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Symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can include one or more of the following:
Chest pain, especially during exercise.
Fainting, especially during or just after exercise or other physical activity.
Sensation of fast, fluttering or pounding heartbeats called palpitations.
Shortness of breath, especially during exercise.
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Many conditions can cause shortness of breath and fast, pounding heartbeats. It's important to get a prompt checkup to find the cause and receive the right care. See your healthcare professional if you have a family history ofHCMor any symptoms related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Call 911 or your local emergency number if you have any of the following symptoms for more than a few minutes:
Rapid or irregular heartbeat.
Trouble breathing.
Chest pain.
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually is caused by changes in genes that cause the heart muscle to thicken.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy typically affects the wall between the two bottom chambers of the heart. This wall is called the septum. The chambers are called the ventricles. The thickened wall might block blood flow out of the heart. This is called obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
If there's no significant blocking of blood flow, the condition is called nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. But the heart's main pumping chamber, called the left ventricle, might stiffen. This makes it hard for the heart to relax. The stiffness also lessens the amount of blood the ventricle can hold and send to the body with each heartbeat.
Heart muscle cells also become arranged differently in people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This is called myofiber disarray. It can trigger irregular heartbeats in some people.
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually is passed down through families. That means it's inherited. People with one parent with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have a 50% chance of having the gene change that causes the disease.
Parents, children, or brothers or sisters of a person with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy should ask their healthcare team about screening tests for the disease.
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Complications of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can include:
Atrial fibrillation (AFib).A thickened heart muscle and changes in the structure of heart cells can trigger an irregular and often very rapid heartbeat called AFib.AFibalso raises the risk of blood clots, which can travel to the brain and cause a stroke.
Blocked blood flow.In many people, the thickened heart muscle blocks the blood flow leaving the heart. This can cause shortness of breath with activity, chest pain, dizziness and fainting spells.
Mitral valve disease.If the thickened heart muscle blocks the blood flow leaving the heart, the valve between the left heart chambers might not close properly. That valve is called the mitral valve. If it doesn't close properly, blood can leak backward into the left upper chamber. This is a condition called mitral valve regurgitation. It might make hypertrophic cardiomyopathy symptoms worse.
Dilated cardiomyopathy.In a small number of people withHCM, the thickened heart muscle becomes weak and doesn't work well. The condition tends to start in the left lower heart chamber. The chamber becomes larger. The heart pumps with less force.
Heart failure.Over time, the thickened heart muscle can become too stiff to fill the heart with blood. As a result, the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
Fainting, also called syncope.An irregular heartbeat or blockage of blood flow can sometimes cause fainting. Unexplained fainting can be related to sudden cardiac death, especially if it's happened recently and in a young person.
Sudden cardiac death.Rarely, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can cause heart-related sudden death in people of all ages. Many people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy don't realize they have it. As a result, sudden cardiac death might be the first sign of the condition. It can happen in young people who seem healthy, including high school athletes and other young, active adults.
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There is no known way to prevent hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). It's important to find the condition with tests as early as possible to guide treatment and prevent complications.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually is passed down in families. If you have a parent, brother, sister or child with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ask your healthcare team if genetic screening is right for you. But not everyone withHCMhas a gene change that tests can detect. Also, some insurance companies may not cover genetic testing.
If genetic testing isn't done, or if the results aren't helpful, screening may be done with repeated echocardiograms. Echocardiograms use sound waves to make pictures of the heart.
For people who have a family member with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:
Echocardiogram screenings are recommended starting at about age 12.
Screening with echocardiograms should continue every 1 to 3 years through ages 18 to 21.
After that, the screenings can be done every five years through adulthood.
You may need to have an echocardiogram more often based on your overall health and healthcare team's preference.
|
A healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart with a device called a stethoscope. A heart murmur may be heard while listening to the heart.
A member of your healthcare team usually asks questions about your symptoms and your medical and family history. Genetic testing or counseling may be recommended if you have a family history of the condition.
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The goals of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treatment are to ease symptoms and prevent sudden cardiac death in people at high risk. Treatment depends on how severe the symptoms are.
If you have cardiomyopathy and are pregnant or thinking about pregnancy, talk with your healthcare professional. You might be referred to a doctor with experience in high-risk pregnancies. This doctor might be a perinatologist or a maternal-fetal medicine specialist.
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Connect with friends and family or a support group. You may find that talking about hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with others in similar situations can help.
It also is important to control emotional stress. Getting more exercise and practicing mindfulness are ways to ease stress. If you have anxiety or depression, talk to your healthcare team about strategies to help.
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You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases. This type of care professional is called a cardiologist. Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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Lifestyle changes can lower the risk of complications related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Try these healthy habits:
Exercise.Ask your healthcare professional about the amount and type of exercise that's safe for you.
Eat a healthy diet.Eat a healthy diet that's low in salt and solid fats and rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
Don't smoke.If you smoke and can't quit on your own, talk to a healthcare professional about strategies or programs to help.
Stay at a healthy weight.This helps prevent excessive stress on the heart. It also lowers health risks linked with surgery or other procedures. Talk with your care team to set realistic goals for body mass index (BMI) and weight.
Limit or stay away from alcohol.Sometimes, irregular heart rhythms and blocked blood flow are triggered or made worse by alcohol use. Ask your healthcare professional how much alcohol, if any, is safe for you to drink. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
Control blood pressure and cholesterol.High blood pressure and high cholesterol increase the risk of heart disease. Make lifestyle changes and take medicines as directed to manage high blood pressure or high cholesterol. Get regular health checkups. Your healthcare professional might recommend regular follow-up appointments to check on your condition. Tell your care team if you have new or worsening symptoms.
Practice good sleep habits.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other chronic conditions. Adults should aim to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily. Go to bed and wake at the same time every day, including on weekends. If you have trouble sleeping, talk to a healthcare professional about strategies that might help.
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pounding, chest pain, palpitations, fainting, shortness of breath, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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233 |
Achalasia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/achalasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352850
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/achalasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352851
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/achalasia/doctors-departments/ddc-20352852
|
Achalasia is a swallowing condition that affects the tube connecting the mouth and the stomach, called the esophagus. Damaged nerves make it hard for the muscles of the esophagus to squeeze food and liquid into the stomach. Food then collects in the esophagus, sometimes fermenting and washing back up into the mouth. This fermented food can taste bitter.
Achalasia is a fairly rare condition. Some people mistake it for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, in achalasia, the food is coming from the esophagus. In GERD, the material comes from the stomach.
There's no cure for achalasia. Once the esophagus is damaged, the muscles cannot work properly again. But symptoms can usually be managed with endoscopy, minimally invasive therapy or surgery.
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Achalasia symptoms generally appear gradually and get worse over time. Symptoms may include:
Difficulty swallowing, called dysphagia, which may feel like food or drink is stuck in the throat.
Swallowed food or saliva flowing back into the throat.
Heartburn.
Belching.
Chest pain that comes and goes.
Coughing at night.
Pneumonia from getting food in the lungs.
Weight loss.
Vomiting.
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The exact cause of achalasia is poorly understood. Researchers suspect that it may be caused by a loss of nerve cells in the esophagus. There are theories about what causes this, but viral infection or autoimmune responses are possibilities. Very rarely, achalasia may be caused by an inherited genetic disorder or infection.
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Risk factors for achalasia include:
Age.Although achalasia can affect people of all ages, it's more common in people between 25 and 60 years of age.
Certain medical conditions.The risk of achalasia is higher in people with allergic disorders, adrenal insufficiency or Allgrove syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive genetic condition.
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Achalasia can be overlooked or misdiagnosed because it has symptoms similar to those of other digestive disorders. To test for achalasia, a healthcare professional is likely to recommend:
Esophageal manometry.This test measures the muscle contractions in the esophagus during swallowing. It also measures how well the lower esophageal sphincter opens during a swallow. This test is the most helpful when deciding which type of swallowing condition you might have.
X-rays of the upper digestive system.X-rays are taken after drinking a chalky liquid called barium. The barium coats the inside lining of the digestive tract and fills digestive organs. This coating allows a healthcare professional to see a silhouette of the esophagus, stomach and upper intestine. In addition to drinking the liquid, swallowing a barium pill can help show a blockage in the esophagus.
Upper endoscopy.An upper endoscopy uses a tiny camera on the end of a flexible tube to visually examine the upper digestive system. Endoscopy can be used to find a partial blockage of the esophagus. Endoscopy also can be used to collect a sample of tissue, called a biopsy, to be tested for complications of reflux such as Barrett esophagus.
Functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) technology.FLIP is a new technique that can help confirm an achalasia diagnosis if other tests aren't enough.
|
Achalasia treatment focuses on relaxing or stretching open the lower esophageal sphincter so that food and liquid can move more easily through the digestive tract.
Specific treatment depends on your age, health condition and the severity of the achalasia.
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belching, throat, food or drink stuck in throat, vomiting, chest pain, heartburn, achalasia, pneumonia, difficulty swallowing, weight loss, dysphagia, coughing at night
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234 |
Heart disease
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353118
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20353127
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Heart disease describes a range of conditions that affect the heart. Heart disease includes:
Blood vessel disease, such as coronary artery disease.
Irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias.
Heart conditions that you're born with, called congenital heart defects.
Disease of the heart muscle.
Heart valve disease.
Many forms of heart disease can be prevented or treated with healthy lifestyle choices.
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Heart disease symptoms depend on the type of heart disease.
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Get emergency medical help if you have these heart disease symptoms:
Chest pain.
Shortness of breath.
Fainting.
Always call 911 or your local emergency number if you think you might be having a heart attack.
If you think you may have symptoms of heart disease, make an appointment for a health checkup.
Heart disease is easier to treat when found early.
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Heart disease causes depend on the specific type of heart disease. There are many different types of heart disease.
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Risk factors for heart disease include:
Age.Growing older increases the risk of damaged and narrowed arteries and a weakened or thickened heart muscle.
Sex assigned at birth.Men are generally at greater risk of heart disease. The risk in women increases after menopause.
Family history.A family history of heart disease increases the risk of coronary artery disease, especially if a parent developed it at an early age. That means before age 55 for a male relative, such as a brother or your father, and 65 for a female relative, such as your mother or a sister.
Smoking.If you smoke, quit. Substances in tobacco smoke damage the arteries. Heart attacks are more common in people who smoke than in people who don't smoke. Talk with a healthcare professional if you need help quitting.
Unhealthy diet.Diets high in fat, salt, sugar and cholesterol have been linked to heart disease.
High blood pressure.High blood pressure that's not controlled can cause the arteries to become hard and thick. These changes alter blood flow to the heart and body.
High cholesterol.Having high cholesterol increases the risk of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis has been linked to heart attack and stroke.
Diabetes.Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease. Obesity and high blood pressure increase the risk of diabetes and heart disease.
Obesity.Excess weight typically worsens other heart disease risk factors.
Lack of exercise.Being inactive is associated with many forms of heart disease and some of its risk factors too.
Stress.Emotional stress may damage the arteries and make other heart disease risk factors worse.
Poor dental health.Having unhealthy teeth and gums makes it easier for germs to get into the bloodstream and travel to the heart. This can cause an infection called endocarditis. Brush and floss your teeth often. Also get regular dental checkups.
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Possible complications of heart disease are:
Heart failure.This is one of the most common complications of heart disease. The heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
Heart attack.A heart attack can happen if a piece of plaque in an artery or a blood clot moves to the heart.
Stroke.The risk factors that lead to heart disease also can lead to an ischemic stroke. This type of stroke happens when the arteries to the brain are narrowed or blocked. Too little blood reaches the brain.
Aneurysm.An aneurysm is a bulge in the wall of an artery. If an aneurysm bursts, you may have life-threatening internal bleeding.
Peripheral artery disease.In this condition, the arms or legs — usually the legs — don't get enough blood. This causes symptoms, most notably leg pain when walking, called claudication. Atherosclerosis can lead to peripheral artery disease.
Sudden cardiac arrest.Sudden cardiac arrest is the sudden loss of heart activity, breathing and consciousness. It's usually due to a problem with the heart's electrical system. Sudden cardiac arrest is a medical emergency. If not treated immediately, it results in sudden cardiac death.
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The same lifestyle changes used to manage heart disease also may help prevent it. Try these heart-healthy tips:
Don't smoke.
Eat a diet that's low in salt and saturated fat.
Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Reduce and manage stress.
Control high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
Get good sleep. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily.
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To diagnose heart disease, a healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. You are usually asked questions about your symptoms and your personal and family medical history.
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Heart disease treatment depends on the cause and type of heart damage. Treatment for heart disease may include:
Lifestyle changes such as eating a diet low in salt and saturated fat, getting more exercise, and not smoking.
Medicines.
A heart procedure.
Heart surgery.
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Here are some ways to help manage heart disease and improve quality of life:
Cardiac rehabilitation.This is a personalized program of education and exercise. It includes exercise training, emotional support and education about a heart-healthy lifestyle. The supervised program is often recommended after a heart attack or heart surgery.
Support groups.Connecting with friends and family or joining a support group is a good way to reduce stress. You may find that talking about your concerns with others in similar situations can help.
Get regular health checkups.Seeing your healthcare professional regularly helps make sure you're properly managing your heart disease.
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Some types of heart disease are found at birth or during an emergency, for example, when someone has a heart attack. You may not have time to prepare.
If you think you have heart disease or are at risk of heart disease because of family history, see your healthcare professional. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases. This type of doctor is called a cardiologist.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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Lifestyle changes are an important part of heart disease treatment and prevention. The following changes are recommended to improve heart health:
Don't smoke.Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease. If you smoke and can't quit, talk with your healthcare team about programs or treatments that can help.
Eat healthy foods.Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit sugar, salt and saturated fats.
Control blood pressure.Uncontrolled high blood pressure increases the risk of serious health conditions. Get your blood pressure checked at least every two years if you're 18 or older. If you have risk factors for heart disease or are over age 40, you may need more-frequent checks. Ask your healthcare professional what blood pressure reading is best for you.
Get a cholesterol test.Get a cholesterol test when you're in your 20s and then at least every 4 to 6 years. You may need to start testing earlier if high cholesterol is in your family history. You may need cholesterol checks more often if your test results aren't in a desirable range or you have risk factors for heart disease.
Manage diabetes.If you have diabetes, controlling your blood sugar can help reduce the risk of heart disease.
Exercise.Staying active keeps the heart healthy. Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week. Talk with your healthcare team about the amount and type of exercise that's best for you.
Keep a healthy weight.Being overweight increases the risk of heart disease. Ask your healthcare professional what weight is best for you.
Manage stress.Find ways to help reduce emotional stress. Some tips are to get more exercise, practice mindfulness and connect with others in support groups.
Practice good hygiene.Regularly wash your hands and brush and floss your teeth to keep yourself healthy.
Get good sleep.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other long-term health conditions. Adults should try to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily. Kids often need more. Go to bed and wake at the same time every day, including on weekends. If you have trouble sleeping, talk with your healthcare professional about strategies that might help.
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There are no symptoms mentioned in the paragraph. The paragraph only talks about heart disease symptoms in general, but does not specify any particular symptoms., heart disease
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235 |
Carotid artery disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carotid-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20360519
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carotid-artery-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360527
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carotid-artery-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20360530
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Carotid artery disease occurs when fatty deposits, called plaques, clog the blood vessels that deliver blood to the brain and head (carotid arteries). The clog increases the risk of stroke. Stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when the brain loses all or much of its blood supply.
During a stroke, the brain doesn't get oxygen and brain cells begin to die within minutes. Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the U.S.
Carotid artery disease often develops slowly. The first sign of the condition might be a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). ATIAis a temporary shortage of blood flow to the brain.
Treatment of carotid artery disease usually involves lifestyle changes, medicines and sometimes surgery.
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In its early stages, carotid artery disease often doesn't have symptoms. The condition might not be obvious until it's serious enough to deprive the brain of blood, causing a stroke orTIA.
Symptoms of a stroke orTIAinclude:
Sudden numbness or weaknessin the face or limbs, often on one side of the body.
Sudden trouble speakingand understanding speech.
Sudden trouble seeingin one or both eyes.
Sudden dizzinessor loss of balance.
Sudden, severe headachewith no known cause.
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Seek emergency care for any symptoms of a stroke. Even if they last only a short while and then you feel OK, see a health care provider right away. You might have had aTIA. ATIAputs you at risk of a stroke.
Talk to your health care provider if you have risk factors for carotid artery disease even if you don't have symptoms. Managing the risk factors might protect you from a stroke. Seeing a provider early increases your chances of finding carotid artery disease and getting treatment before a stroke occurs.
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A buildup of fatty deposits, known as plaques, in the arteries that send blood to the brain cause carotid artery disease. Plaques are clumps that include cholesterol, fat and blood cells that form in the artery. This process is called atherosclerosis.
Carotid arteries that are clogged with plaques narrow. A clog in carotid arteries makes it hard for oxygen and nutrients to reach the brain.
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Factors that increase the risk of carotid artery disease include:
High blood pressure.Too much pressure on artery walls can weaken them and make them easier to damage.
Tobacco use.Nicotine can irritate the inner lining of the arteries. Smoking also increases heart rate and blood pressure.
Diabetes.Diabetes lowers the ability to process fats, creating a greater risk of high blood pressure and atherosclerosis.
High blood-fat levels.High levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high levels of triglycerides, a blood fat, help the buildup of plaques.
Family history.The risk of carotid artery disease is higher if a relative has atherosclerosis or coronary artery disease.
Age.Arteries become less flexible and more likely to be injured with age.
Obesity.Excess weight increases the chances of high blood pressure, atherosclerosis and diabetes.
Sleep apnea.Spells of stopping breathing at night might increase the risk of stroke.
Lack of exercise.Not exercising leads to conditions that can damage the arteries, including high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity.
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Carotid artery disease causes about 10% to 15% of strokes. A stroke is a medical emergency that can cause brain damage, muscle weakness and possibly death.
Carotid artery disease can lead to stroke through:
Reduced blood flow.A carotid artery might get so narrow because of atherosclerosis that not enough blood reaches parts of the brain.
Ruptured plaques.A piece of a plaque can break off and travel to smaller arteries in the brain. The piece of plaque can get stuck in one of these smaller arteries. This blockage cuts off blood supply to part of the brain.
Blood clot blockage.Some plaques are prone to cracking and forming irregular surfaces on the artery wall. The body reacts as it does to an injury. It sends blood cells that help the clotting process to the area. The result can be a large clot that blocks or slows blood flow to the brain, causing a stroke.
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These steps can help prevent carotid artery disease or keep it from getting worse:
Don't smoke.Within a few years of quitting, a former smoker's risk of stroke is like a nonsmoker's.
Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight increases other risk factors, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and sleep apnea.
Eat a healthy diet.Focus on fruits and vegetables, whole grains and fish, nuts and legumes. Limit cholesterol and fat, especially saturated and trans fats.
Limit salt.Too much salt can increase blood pressure in some people. Experts recommend that healthy adults eat less than 1,500 milligrams of salt a day.
Exercise regularly.Exercise can lower blood pressure, increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol — and improve the overall health of your blood vessels and heart. It also helps you lose weight, control diabetes and reduce stress.
Limit or avoid alcohol.If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
Control illnesses.Managing conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure helps protect arteries.
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Diagnosis usually starts with a medical history and physical exam. The exam generally includes listening for a swooshing sound, known as bruit, over the carotid artery in the neck. A narrowed artery causes the sound. The next step might be a test of physical and mental abilities such as strength, memory and speech.
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The goal in treating carotid artery disease is to prevent stroke. Treatment depends on how blocked the carotid arteries are, whether the blockage is causing symptoms, and the age and other illnesses of the person who has the blockage.
Treatment for mild to moderate blockage might involve:
Lifestyle changes to slow the buildup of fatty deposits.These might include quitting smoking, losing weight, eating healthy foods, reducing salt and exercising regularly.
Medicines to control blood pressure or lower cholesterol.This might include taking a daily aspirin or other blood-thinning medicine to prevent blood clots.
For severe blockage or for people who've had aTIAor stroke, treatment might involve removing the blockage. The options include:
Carotid endarterectomy.This is the most common treatment for severe carotid artery disease. After cutting along the front of the neck, a surgeon opens the blocked carotid artery and removes the plaques. The surgeon uses stitches or a graft to repair the artery.
Carotid angioplasty and stenting.This treatment is for blockages too hard to reach with carotid endarterectomy or for people who have other health conditions that make surgery too risky. This involves a local numbing medicine, known as anesthesia.A surgeon uses a tube, known as a catheter, to send a tiny balloon to the area of the clog. The surgeon inflates the balloon to widen the artery. Then the surgeon puts in a small wire mesh coil, known as a stent, to keep the artery from narrowing again.
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Your primary care provider might refer you to a health care provider who specializes in conditions of the brain and nervous system, known as a neurologist.
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weakness, trouble seeing, trouble understanding speech, trouble speaking, dizziness, numbness, severe headache, loss of balance, stroke, carotid artery disease
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237 |
Childhood apraxia of speech
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/symptoms-causes/syc-20352045
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352051
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-apraxia-of-speech/doctors-departments/ddc-20352054
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Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a rare speech disorder. Children with this disorder have trouble controlling their lips, jaws and tongues when speaking.
InCAS, the brain has trouble planning for speech movement. The brain isn't able to properly direct the movements needed for speech. The speech muscles aren't weak, but the muscles don't form words the right way.
To speak correctly, the brain has to make plans that tell the speech muscles how to move the lips, jaw and tongue. The movements usually result in accurate sounds and words spoken at the proper speed and rhythm.CASaffects this process.
CASis often treated with speech therapy. During speech therapy, a speech-language pathologist teaches the child to practice the correct way to say words, syllables and phrases.
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Children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) may have a variety of speech symptoms. Symptoms vary depending on a child's age and the severity of the speech problems.
CAScan result in:
Babbling less or making fewer vocal sounds than is typical between the ages of 7 to 12 months.
Speaking first words late, typically after ages 12 to 18 months old.
Using a limited number of consonants and vowels.
Often leaving out sounds when speaking.
Using speech that is hard to understand.
These symptoms are usually noticed between ages 18 months and 2 years. Symptoms at this age may indicate suspectedCAS. SuspectedCASmeans a child may potentially have this speech disorder. The child's speech development should be watched to determine if therapy should begin.
Children usually produce more speech between ages 2 and 4. Signs that may indicateCASinclude:
Vowel and consonant distortions.
Pauses between syllables or words.
Voicing errors, such as "pie" sounding like "bye."
Many children withCAShave trouble getting their jaws, lips and tongues to the correct positions to make a sound. They also may have a hard time moving smoothly to the next sound.
Many children withCASalso have language problems, such as reduced vocabulary or trouble with word order.
Some symptoms may be unique to children withCAS, which helps to make a diagnosis. However, some symptoms ofCASare also symptoms of other types of speech or language disorders. It's hard to diagnoseCASif a child has only symptoms that are found both inCASand in other disorders.
Some characteristics, sometimes called markers, help distinguishCASfrom other types of speech disorders. Those associated withCASinclude:
Trouble moving smoothly from one sound, syllable or word to another.
Groping movements with the jaw, lips or tongue to try to make the correct movement for speech sounds.
Vowel distortions, such as trying to use the correct vowel but saying it incorrectly.
Using the wrong stress in a word, such as pronouncing "banana" as "BUH-nan-uh" instead of "buh-NAN-uh."
Using equal emphasis on all syllables, such as saying "BUH-NAN-UH."
Separation of syllables, such as putting a pause or gap between syllables.
Inconsistency, such as making different errors when trying to say the same word a second time.
Having a hard time imitating simple words.
Voicing errors, such as saying "down" instead of "town."
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Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) has a number of possible causes. But often a cause can't be determined. There usually isn't an observable problem in the brain of a child withCAS.
However,CAScan be the result of brain conditions or injury. These may include a stroke, infections or traumatic brain injury.
CASalso may occur as a symptom of a genetic disorder, syndrome or metabolic condition.
CASis sometimes referred to as developmental apraxia. But children withCASdon't make typical developmental sound errors and they don't grow out ofCAS. This is unlike children with delayed speech or developmental disorders who typically follow patterns in speech and sounds development but at a slower pace than usual.
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Changes in theFOXP2gene appear to increase the risk of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and other speech and language disorders. TheFOXP2gene may be involved in how certain nerves and pathways in the brain develop. Researchers continue to study how changes in theFOXP2gene may affect motor coordination and speech and language processing in the brain. Other genes also may impact motor speech development.
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Many children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) have other problems that affect their ability to communicate. These problems aren't due toCAS, but they may be seen along withCAS.
Symptoms or problems that are often present along withCASinclude:
Delayed language. This may include trouble understanding speech, reduced vocabulary, or not using correct grammar when putting words together in a phrase or sentence.
Delays in intellectual and motor development and problems with reading, spelling and writing.
Trouble with gross and fine motor movement skills or coordination.
Trouble using communication in social interactions.
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Diagnosing and treating childhood apraxia of speech at an early stage may reduce the risk of long-term persistence of the problem. If your child experiences speech problems, have a speech-language pathologist evaluate your child as soon as you notice any speech problems.
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To evaluate your child's condition, a speech-language pathologist reviews your child's symptoms and medical history. The speech-language pathologist also conducts an exam of the muscles used for speech, and looks at how your child produces speech sounds, words and phrases.
Your child's speech-language pathologist also may assess your child's language skills, including vocabulary, sentence structure and ability to understand speech.
Diagnosis ofCASisn't based on a single test or observation. A diagnosis is made based on the pattern of problems that are seen. The specific tests conducted during the evaluation depend on your child's age, ability to cooperate and the severity of the speech problem.
It can sometimes be hard to diagnoseCAS, especially when a child speaks very little or has trouble interacting with the speech-language pathologist.
Still, it's important to identify whether your child shows symptoms ofCASbecauseCASis treated differently from other speech disorders. Your child's speech-language pathologist may be able to determine the best treatment approach for your child even if the diagnosis is not certain at first.
Tests may include:
Hearing tests.Your doctor may order hearing tests to determine if hearing problems could be contributing to your child's speech problems.
Oral-motor assessment.Your child's speech-language pathologist will examine your child's lips, tongue, jaw and palate for structural problems, such as tongue-tie or a cleft palate. The speech-language pathologist also will look for other problems such as low muscle tone. Low muscle tone usually isn't associated withCAS, but it may be a sign of other conditions.Your child's speech-language pathologist will watch how your child moves his or her lips, tongue and jaw in activities such as blowing, smiling and kissing.
Speech evaluation.Your child's ability to make sounds, words and sentences may be observed during play or other activities.Your child may be asked to name pictures. This allows the speech-language pathologist to check to see if your child has trouble making specific sounds or speaking certain words or syllables.Your child's speech-language pathologist also may evaluate your child's coordination and smoothness of movement in speech. Your child may be asked to repeat syllables such as "pa-ta-ka" or say words such as "buttercup."If your child can speak sentences, the speech-language pathologist observes your child's melody and rhythm of speech. Melody and rhythm are heard in the way your child puts stress on syllables and words.Your child's speech-language pathologist may help your child by providing cues, such as saying the word or sound more slowly or providing touch cues to the face.
A trial of speech therapy to observe how your child responds toCAStreatment can help the speech-language pathologist confirmCAS.
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Children don't outgrow childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), but speech therapy can help them make the most progress. Speech-language pathologists may treatCASwith many therapies.
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It can be hard to have a child who has problems communicating. There are a number of support groups available for parents of children with childhood apraxia of speech. Support groups may offer a place for you to find people who understand what you're going through and who can share similar experiences.
To learn about support groups in your area, see the Apraxia Kids website.
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Your child is likely to start by seeing a doctor trained in the general care and treatment of children, known as a pediatrician. Or your child might see a doctor trained in treating children with neurological conditions, known as a pediatric neurologist, or a doctor specializing in developmental disorders experienced by children, known as a developmental pediatrician. Your child will likely be referred to a specialist in speech and language conditions, known as a speech-language pathologist.
Because appointments have limited time and there's a lot to talk about, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your child's appointment. Here's some information to help you and your child get ready and to get an idea of what to expect.
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You and your family can work with your child at home. Home practice, in addition to your child's speech therapy sessions, may help your child's progress.
Encourage and support your child as your child practices speech and language skills. Your child is likely to feel good about making improvements in speech with your support.
Be mindful of giving your child rests from therapy, as well. If your child has physical or occupational therapy along with speech therapy, schedule the sessions so that your child doesn't become too tired.
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apraxia, speaking late, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
babbling less, cascan, limited consonants and vowels, trouble moving smoothly, making fewer vocal sounds, inconsistency, separation of syllables, groping movements, equal emphasis on all syllables, hard to understand, hard time imitating simple words, leaving out sounds, vowel distortions, voicing errors, wrong stress, pauses between syllables or words
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238 |
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20544249
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20544259
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia/doctors-departments/ddc-20544291
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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a rare condition that happens in a baby before birth. It occurs early in pregnancy when a baby's diaphragm — the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen — fails to close as it should. This leaves a hole in the diaphragm. The hole is called a hernia.
This hernia in the muscle of the diaphragm creates an opening between the abdomen and the chest. The intestines, stomach, liver and other abdominal organs may move through the hole into the baby's chest. If the intestines are in the chest, they don't develop the typical connections that hold them in place in the abdomen (malrotation). They may twist on themselves, cutting off their blood supply (volvulus).
In addition, the lung is small on the side of the diaphragm with the hernia, but the development of both lungs is affected. The air sacs (alveoli) inside the lungs don't develop as they should. This results in problems with blood flow and increased pressure inside the lung's blood vessels. The blood pressure in the lungs is higher than it should be, which can make it hard for the baby to breathe after birth. Some infants may also have problems with heart development.
Treatment ofCDHdepends on when the condition is found, how serious it is and whether there are problems with the heart.
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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia ranges in severity. It may be mild and have few or no effects on the baby, or it can be more serious and affect the ability to bring oxygen to the rest of the body.
Babies born withCDHmay have:
Severe trouble breathing due to small lungs that don't work well (pulmonary hypoplasia).
A type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart (pulmonary hypertension).
Problems with development of the heart.
Damage to the intestines, stomach, liver and other abdominal organs if they move through the hernia into the chest.
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CDHmay be found during a routine fetal ultrasound. Your health care provider can discuss treatment options with you.
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In most cases, the cause of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is not known. In some cases,CDHcan be linked to a genetic disorder or random gene changes called mutations. In these cases, the baby may have more issues at birth, such as problems with the heart, eyes, arms and legs, or stomach and intestines.
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Complications that can occur withCDHinclude:
Lung problems.
Stomach, intestine and liver problems.
Heart disease.
Recurrent infections.
Hearing loss.
Changes in the shape of the chest and curve of the spine.
Gastroesophageal reflux — stomach acid flowing back into the tube called the esophagus, which connects the mouth and stomach.
Problems with growth and weight gain.
Developmental delays and learning disabilities.
Other problems present from birth.
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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is most often found during a routine fetal ultrasound exam that's done before your baby is born. A prenatal ultrasound exam uses sound waves to make images of your uterus and baby.
Occasionally, the diagnosis may not be made until after birth. Rarely,CDHmay not be diagnosed until childhood or later. This may be because there are no signs or symptoms or because signs and symptoms such as respiratory and intestinal problems are mild.
Your health care provider uses prenatal ultrasound and other tests to track the growth and function of your baby's lungs, heart and other organs during your pregnancy.Prenatal ultrasoundUsually, you have your first fetal ultrasound during the first few months (first trimester) of your pregnancy. It confirms that you are pregnant and shows the number and size of your baby or babies.Most often, you have another ultrasound during months four to six (second trimester) of your pregnancy. Your health care provider checks the growth and development of your baby. Your provider looks at the size and location of your baby's lungs, heart and other organs.If your baby shows signs ofCDH, your provider may have you get ultrasound exams more often. This can show how severeCDHis and whether it's getting worse.Other testsMore tests may be done to assess the function of your baby's organs. These may include:Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).This is a medical imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues in the baby's body.Fetal echocardiogram.An echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce images of the baby's heart beating and pumping blood. The images from an echocardiogram can identify problems with the developing heart.Genetic tests.Genetic testing can identify genetic syndromes or other gene changes that are sometimes associated withCDH. Genetic counseling can help you understand these test results and give you more information about your baby's condition.Care at Mayo ClinicOur caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your congenital diaphragmatic hernia (cdh)-related health concernsStart HereMore InformationCongenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) care at Mayo ClinicGenetic testingTreatmentTreatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia depends on when the condition is found and how serious it is. Your health care team helps you decide what's best for you and your baby.Care before deliveryYour health care team watches you closely before your baby is born. You typically have ultrasounds and other tests often to check your baby's health and development.An emerging treatment for severeCDHnow being studied is called fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO). This surgery is done on your baby while you're still pregnant. The goal is to help the baby's lungs grow as much as possible before birth.FETOis done in two procedures:First procedure.The first procedure happens early in the last few months (third trimester) of your pregnancy. Your surgeon makes a small incision in your abdomen and uterus. The surgeon inserts a special tube with a camera at the end, called a fetal endoscope, through your baby's mouth and into the windpipe (trachea). A small balloon is placed in your baby's trachea and inflated.The natural uterine fluid during pregnancy, called amniotic fluid, flows in and out of your baby's lungs through the mouth. Inflating the balloon keeps amniotic fluid in your baby's lungs. The fluid expands the lungs to help them develop.Second procedure.After about 4 to 6 weeks, you have a second procedure. The balloon is removed so that your baby is ready to take air into the lungs after birth.A special delivery method may be used if labor starts before the balloon has been removed and removal of the balloon with an endoscope is not possible. This method is called an ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure. The delivery is done by C-section with placental support. This means that your baby continues to get oxygen through the placenta before the umbilical cord is cut. Placental support continues until the balloon is out and a breathing tube is in place, allowing a machine to take over breathing.FETOmay not be the right choice for everyone. And there's no guarantee about the results of surgery. Your health care team evaluates you and your baby to see whether you may be candidates for this surgery. Talk to your team about the benefits and possible complications for you and your baby.Care during deliveryUsually, you can deliver your baby either vaginally or by C-section. You and your health care provider decide which method is best for you.Care after deliveryAfter birth, the health care team helps you plan treatment that meets your baby's needs. Your baby will likely be cared for in the newborn intensive care unit (NICU).Your baby may need to have a breathing tube. The tube is attached to a machine that helps your baby breathe. This gives the lungs and heart time to grow and develop.Babies who have life-threatening lung problems may need a treatment called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This is also known as extracorporal life support (ECLS). TheECMOmachine does the work of your baby's heart and lungs, allowing these organs to rest and heal.How long your baby needs support to breathe depends on the response to treatment and other factors.Most babies who haveCDHhave surgery to close the hole in the diaphragm. When this surgery takes place depends on your baby's health and other factors. Follow-up care to ensure the repair remains in place usually includes chest X-rays.After leaving the hospital, your baby may need extra support. This can include supplemental oxygen. Oxygen is delivered by thin plastic tubing with prongs that fit into the nostrils or thin tubing connected to a mask worn over the nose and mouth. Feeding support may also be needed to help with growth and development. Medicine may be given for conditions associated withCDH, such as acid reflux or pulmonary hypertension.Regular follow-up appointments with your child's health care provider can address any problems early.More InformationCongenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) care at Mayo ClinicExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)Fetal surgeryRequest an appointmentCoping and supportLearning that your baby has congenital diaphragmatic hernia can bring a range of emotions. You may have many questions about the treatment plan for you and your baby.You don't have to face this alone. There are many resources to support you and your baby. If you have questions about your baby's condition and treatment, talk with your health care team.Preparing for your appointmentYou'll probably start by discussing your baby's condition with your obstetrician. You'll likely be referred to a health care team with experience in caring for congenital diaphragmatic hernia.What you can doTo prepare for your appointment:Ask a family member or friend to come with you,if you're comfortable with that. Sometimes it can be difficult to remember all the information provided during an appointment. Someone who goes with you may remember something that you missed or forgot. You may want to take notes.Prepare questions to ask your health care provider,so you don't forget to cover anything that's important to you.Some basic questions to ask include:What's the likely cause of my baby's condition?How severe is the condition?What other problems might my baby have withCDH?What tests will my baby need?What treatments are available, and what do you recommend?What are the chances of having another baby with this condition?Should I see a specialist?Are there brochures or other printed materials that I can have? What websites do you recommend?By Mayo Clinic Staff
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Treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia depends on when the condition is found and how serious it is. Your health care team helps you decide what's best for you and your baby.
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Learning that your baby has congenital diaphragmatic hernia can bring a range of emotions. You may have many questions about the treatment plan for you and your baby.
You don't have to face this alone. There are many resources to support you and your baby. If you have questions about your baby's condition and treatment, talk with your health care team.
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You'll probably start by discussing your baby's condition with your obstetrician. You'll likely be referred to a health care team with experience in caring for congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
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problems with development, trouble breathing, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, high blood pressure, oxygen, hernia, pulmonary hypoplasia, hypertension
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239 |
Median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/median-arcuate-ligament-syndrome-mals/symptoms-causes/syc-20505001
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/median-arcuate-ligament-syndrome-mals/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20505007
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/median-arcuate-ligament-syndrome-mals/doctors-departments/ddc-20505013
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Median arcuate ligament syndrome, also called MALS, happens when the band of tissue in the upper belly area presses on the artery that sends blood to the stomach, spleen and liver. This tissue is called the median arcuate ligament. The artery is called the celiac artery.
The median arcuate ligament creates a pathway between the chest and belly area for the body's main blood vessel, called the aorta. Typically, the ligament goes across the aorta. The celiac artery sits just below the arch.
But sometimes, the ligament or arteries may be out of place. The ligament may put pressure on the celiac artery and the network of surrounding nerves, called the celiac plexus. This pressure can cause the symptoms ofMALS. The condition can cause serious stomach pain in some people.
MALScan occur in anyone, even children. Other names forMALSare:
Celiac artery compression syndrome.
Celiac axis syndrome.
Dunbar syndrome.
Treatment involves surgery to release pressure from the ligament on the artery and nerves.
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Pressure on the celiac artery doesn't always cause symptoms.MALSsymptoms are mainly caused by pressure on the nerves.
Symptoms ofMALSinclude:
Stomach pain after eating or exercising.
The stomach pain gets better by leaning forward or backward or standing while eating.
Fear of eating food because of pain.
Unintended weight loss.
Bloating.
Diarrhea.
Nausea and vomiting.
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There are many different causes of stomach pain. If your stomach pain continues despite home care, call your healthcare professional. You need a complete physical exam and tests to determine the specific cause.
If your stomach pain is bad and activity or movement makes it worse, call your healthcare professional immediately. Get medical help right away if your stomach pain occurs with:
Bloody stools.
Fever.
Nausea and vomiting that doesn't go away.
Severe tenderness when you touch your belly.
Swelling of the belly.
Yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, also called jaundice.
Sometimes upper stomach pain can be confused with chest pain. Sometimes chest pain can be due to a heart attack. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you have chest or upper stomach pain with or without any of the following symptoms:
Pressure, fullness or tightness in your chest.
Crushing or searing pain that spreads to your jaw, neck, shoulders, and one or both arms.
Pain that lasts more than a few minutes or gets worse with activity.
Shortness of breath.
Cold sweats.
Dizziness or weakness.
Nausea or vomiting.
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The exact cause of median arcuate ligament syndrome, also called MALS, is not known.
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Because the cause ofMALSis poorly understood, the risk factors are unclear. Median arcuate ligament syndrome is more common in adults than in children. It also is more common among women than among men.
MALSalso has been seen in identical twins, so genetics may play a role.
Some people have developed median arcuate ligament syndrome after pancreatic surgery or blunt injury to the upper stomach area.
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A complication of median arcuate ligament syndrome, also called MALS, is long-term pain, especially after meals. The pain can lead to a fear of eating and significant weight loss. The pain and related depression or anxiety can greatly impact quality of life.MALSsymptoms may be vague. The symptoms can be similar to those of other conditions. It may take some time to get an accurate diagnosis.
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To diagnose median arcuate ligament syndrome, also called MALS, a healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms. The healthcare professional may hear a whooshing sound, called a bruit, when listening to your stomach with a stethoscope. The sound may occur when a blood vessel is narrowed.
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Surgery is the only treatment for median arcuate ligament syndrome, also called MALS. Surgery forMALScan improve or reduce symptoms in most people.
The most common surgical treatment is median arcuate ligament release, also called decompression. It's usually done as an open surgery through a cut in the belly area. Sometimes it is done using a camera and small instruments passed through several smaller openings. This is called laparoscopic surgery.
During decompression surgery, the surgeon cuts away parts of the median arcuate ligament. This reduces pressure on the celiac artery and nerves. The surgeon removes the nerves around the celiac artery and its branches. Bundles of nerves on each side of the celiac artery also may be removed.
Some people withMALSalso may need surgery to repair or replace a blocked celiac artery and restore blood flow.
If you haveMALSrelease surgery, you usually stay in the hospital for 2 to 3 days. You may have an ultrasound or aCTscan about a month after surgery to make sure that blood flow is fully restored. You may need to see a nutritionist to help with returning to a healthy diet. This is particularly helpful if you have not been eating or have lost a lot of weight.
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Living withMALSmay make you feel sad, anxious or depressed. The challenge of getting an accurate diagnosis may be overwhelming. Sharing your thoughts and feelings with others who have similar experiences may be helpful. A support group can provide emotional support and help you learn new coping skills.
The NationalMALSFoundation provides information and connections for people with median arcuate ligament syndrome. Also, ask a member of your healthcare team to recommend a support group in your area.
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Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have stomach pain that doesn't go away or other symptoms of median arcuate ligament syndrome.
A medical appointment can be brief, and there is often a lot to discuss. So it's a good idea to be properly prepared for your appointment. Writing down your list of questions or concerns is one of many steps you can take to get ready for your appointment.
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Pain and stress often occur in a cycle. Pain can make you feel stressed. Stress can make pain worse.MALSpain may make it difficult to eat, exercise, sleep and do everyday tasks.
Relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing and meditation, may reduce pain and improve mental health.
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pain, nausea, nausea and vomiting, bloating, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, unintended weight loss, weight loss
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