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<title>Cancer Genetics Explorer</title>
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<div class="w-full md:w-1/2 mb-6 md:mb-0">
<h1 class="text-4xl md:text-5xl font-bold mb-4">Cancer Genetics Explorer</h1>
<p class="text-xl text-blue-100">Understanding how cancer develops at the genetic level</p>
</div>
<div class="w-full md:w-1/2">
<div class="dna-visualization rounded-lg overflow-hidden shadow-xl">
<div class="dna-strand"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<main class="container mx-auto px-4 py-8">
<!-- Introduction Section -->
<section class="mb-16">
<div class="bg-white rounded-xl shadow-md overflow-hidden">
<div class="p-8">
<h2 class="text-3xl font-bold text-indigo-800 mb-4">Cancer: A Genetic Disease</h2>
<div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row gap-8">
<div class="w-full md:w-1/2">
<p class="text-gray-700 mb-6 leading-relaxed">
Cancer is fundamentally a disease of the genes. It occurs when changes (mutations) in genes that control cell growth and division lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. These genetic changes can be inherited or acquired during a person's lifetime.
</p>
<p class="text-gray-700 mb-6 leading-relaxed">
Our cells have sophisticated mechanisms to repair DNA damage and prevent cancer. However, when multiple mutations accumulate in critical genes, these safety mechanisms can fail, allowing cancer to develop.
</p>
<button onclick="showVideoModal()" class="bg-blue-600 hover:bg-blue-700 text-white font-semibold py-2 px-6 rounded-lg transition duration-300 ease-in-out transform hover:scale-105 flex items-center">
<i class="fas fa-play-circle mr-2"></i> Watch Introduction Video
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</div>
<div class="w-full md:w-1/2 flex items-center justify-center">
<div class="relative w-full max-w-md h-64">
<div class="absolute inset-0 bg-blue-100 rounded-lg flex items-center justify-center p-4 shadow-inner">
<div class="text-center">
<i class="fas fa-dna text-6xl text-blue-600 mb-4"></i>
<h3 class="text-xl font-semibold text-blue-800">Genes → Proteins → Cell Behavior</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="absolute -bottom-2 -right-2 w-20 h-20 bg-indigo-300 rounded-full opacity-30"></div>
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</div>
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</div>
</section>
<!-- Cancer Development Process -->
<section class="mb-16">
<h2 class="text-3xl font-bold text-indigo-800 mb-8 text-center">How Cancer Develops Genetically</h2>
<div class="bg-white rounded-xl shadow-md overflow-hidden mb-8">
<div class="p-8">
<h3 class="text-2xl font-semibold text-blue-700 mb-6">The Multi-Step Process of Carcinogenesis</h3>
<div class="relative">
<!-- Timeline -->
<div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row gap-4 mb-8">
<!-- Step 1 -->
<div class="flex-1 flex flex-col items-center text-center">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-red-500 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-white font-bold mb-2 shadow-md">1</div>
<h4 class="font-semibold text-gray-800">Initial Mutation</h4>
<p class="text-sm text-gray-600">DNA damage in proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes</p>
</div>
<!-- Step 2 -->
<div class="flex-1 flex flex-col items-center text-center">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-orange-500 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-white font-bold mb-2 shadow-md">2</div>
<h4 class="font-semibold text-gray-800">Clonal Expansion</h4>
<p class="text-sm text-gray-600">One cell with advantage replicates more</p>
</div>
<!-- Step 3 -->
<div class="flex-1 flex flex-col items-center text-center">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-yellow-500 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-white font-bold mb-2 shadow-md">3</div>
<h4 class="font-semibold text-gray-800">Additional Mutations</h4>
<p class="text-sm text-gray-600">Accumulation of more genetic changes</p>
</div>
<!-- Step 4 -->
<div class="flex-1 flex flex-col items-center text-center">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-green-500 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-white font-bold mb-2 shadow-md">4</div>
<h4 class="font-semibold text-gray-800">Invasion</h4>
<p class="text-sm text-gray-600">Cells break through tissue barriers</p>
</div>
<!-- Step 5 -->
<div class="flex-1 flex flex-col items-center text-center">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-blue-500 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-white font-bold mb-2 shadow-md">5</div>
<h4 class="font-semibold text-gray-800">Metastasis</h4>
<p class="text-sm text-gray-600">Spread to distant organs</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-6">
<div class="bg-blue-50 rounded-lg p-6 border-l-4 border-blue-500">
<h4 class="font-bold text-blue-800 mb-2">Key Concepts:</h4>
<ul class="list-disc pl-5 text-gray-700 space-y-2">
<li>Cancer requires multiple mutations (typically 5-10)</li>
<li>These mutations affect different cellular pathways</li>
<li>The process can take years or decades to complete</li>
<li>Not all mutations lead to cancer - some are neutral</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="bg-purple-50 rounded-lg p-6 border-l-4 border-purple-500">
<h4 class="font-bold text-purple-800 mb-2">Why Understanding Matters:</h4>
<ul class="list-disc pl-5 text-gray-700 space-y-2">
<li>Helps in early detection and prevention</li>
<li>Guides development of targeted therapies</li>
<li>Enables personalized medicine approaches</li>
<li>Informs about inherited cancer risks</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Categories of Cancer Genes -->
<section class="mb-16">
<h2 class="text-3xl font-bold text-indigo-800 mb-8 text-center">Key Categories of Cancer Genes</h2>
<div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-3 gap-6">
<!-- Proto-oncogenes Card -->
<div class="gene-card bg-gradient-to-br from-red-50 to-red-100 rounded-xl shadow-md overflow-hidden border-t-4 border-red-500">
<div class="p-6">
<div class="flex items-center mb-4">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-red-500 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-white mr-4 shadow-lg">
<i class="fas fa-bolt"></i>
</div>
<h3 class="text-xl font-bold text-red-800">Proto-oncogenes</h3>
</div>
<p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">
Normal genes that promote cell growth and division. When mutated, they become oncogenes that drive uncontrolled cell proliferation.
</p>
<div class="mt-4">
<span class="inline-block bg-red-200 text-red-800 text-xs px-2 py-1 rounded mr-2">Examples:</span>
<span class="inline-block bg-gray-200 text-gray-800 text-xs px-2 py-1 rounded mr-2 mb-1">MYC</span>
<span class="inline-block bg-gray-200 text-gray-800 text-xs px-2 py-1 rounded mr-2 mb-1">RAS</span>
<span class="inline-block bg-gray-200 text-gray-800 text-xs px-2 py-1 rounded mr-2 mb-1">HER2</span>
</div>
<button onclick="showGeneDetail('proto-oncogenes')" class="mt-4 text-red-600 hover:text-red-800 font-medium flex items-center">
Learn more <i class="fas fa-arrow-right ml-2"></i>
</button>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Tumor Suppressors Card -->
<div class="gene-card bg-gradient-to-br from-blue-50 to-blue-100 rounded-xl shadow-md overflow-hidden border-t-4 border-blue-500">
<div class="p-6">
<div class="flex items-center mb-4">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-blue-500 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-white mr-4 shadow-lg">
<i class="fas fa-shield-alt"></i>
</div>
<h3 class="text-xl font-bold text-blue-800">Tumor Suppressors</h3>
</div>
<p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">
Genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or tell cells when to die. When inactivated, cells grow uncontrollably.
</p>
<div class="mt-4">
<span class="inline-block bg-blue-200 text-blue-800 text-xs px-2 py-1 rounded mr-2">Examples:</span>
<span class="inline-block bg-gray-200 text-gray-800 text-xs px-2 py-1 rounded mr-2 mb-1">TP53</span>
<span class="inline-block bg-gray-200 text-gray-800 text-xs px-2 py-1 rounded mr-2 mb-1">RB1</span>
<span class="inline-block bg-gray-200 text-gray-800 text-xs px-2 py-1 rounded mr-2 mb-1">BRCA1/2</span>
</div>
<button onclick="showGeneDetail('tumor-suppressors')" class="mt-4 text-blue-600 hover:text-blue-800 font-medium flex items-center">
Learn more <i class="fas fa-arrow-right ml-2"></i>
</button>
</div>
</div>
<!-- DNA Repair Genes Card -->
<div class="gene-card bg-gradient-to-br from-green-50 to-green-100 rounded-xl shadow-md overflow-hidden border-t-4 border-green-500">
<div class="p-6">
<div class="flex items-center mb-4">
<div class="w-12 h-12 bg-green-500 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-white mr-4 shadow-lg">
<i class="fas fa-tools"></i>
</div>
<h3 class="text-xl font-bold text-green-800">DNA Repair Genes</h3>
</div>
<p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">
Genes that fix mistakes made when DNA is copied. When these don't work, mutations accumulate in other genes faster.
</p>
<div class="mt-4">
<span class="inline-block bg-green-200 text-green-800 text-xs px-2 py-1 rounded mr-2">Examples:</span>
<span class="inline-block bg-gray-200 text-gray-800 text-xs px-2 py-1 rounded mr-2 mb-1">MLH1</span>
<span class="inline-block bg-gray-200 text-gray-800 text-xs px-2 py-1 rounded mr-2 mb-1">MSH2</span>
<span class="inline-block bg-gray-200 text-gray-800 text-xs px-2 py-1 rounded mr-2 mb-1">ATM</span>
</div>
<button onclick="showGeneDetail('dna-repair')" class="mt-4 text-green-600 hover:text-green-800 font-medium flex items-center">
Learn more <i class="fas fa-arrow-right ml-2"></i>
</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Detailed Gene Examples -->
<section class="mb-16">
<h2 class="text-3xl font-bold text-indigo-800 mb-8 text-center">Important Cancer Genes in Detail</h2>
<div class="bg-white rounded-xl shadow-md overflow-hidden">
<div class="p-8">
<!-- Gene Selection Tabs -->
<div class="flex overflow-x-auto pb-2 mb-6">
<button onclick="showGeneInfo('TP53')" class="gene-tab-btn flex-shrink-0 px-4 py-2 mr-2 font-medium rounded-lg bg-gray-200 text-gray-800 hover:bg-blue-200">
TP53
</button>
<button onclick="showGeneInfo('BRCA1')" class="gene-tab-btn flex-shrink-0 px-4 py-2 mr-2 font-medium rounded-lg bg-gray-200 text-gray-800 hover:bg-blue-200">
BRCA1/2
</button>
<button onclick="showGeneInfo('RAS')" class="gene-tab-btn flex-shrink-0 px-4 py-2 mr-2 font-medium rounded-lg bg-gray-200 text-gray-800 hover:bg-blue-200">
RAS Family
</button>
<button onclick="showGeneInfo('MYC')" class="gene-tab-btn flex-shrink-0 px-4 py-2 mr-2 font-medium rounded-lg bg-gray-200 text-gray-800 hover:bg-blue-200">
MYC
</button>
<button onclick="showGeneInfo('EGFR')" class="gene-tab-btn flex-shrink-0 px-4 py-2 mr-2 font-medium rounded-lg bg-gray-200 text-gray-800 hover:bg-blue-200">
EGFR
</button>
</div>
<!-- Gene Information Display -->
<div id="gene-info-display">
<div class="text-center py-10">
<i class="fas fa-dna text-4xl text-gray-400 mb-4"></i>
<h3 class="text-xl font-semibold text-gray-600">Select a gene to learn more</h3>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- How Mutations Occur -->
<section class="mb-16">
<h2 class="text-3xl font-bold text-indigo-800 mb-8 text-center">How Cancer-Causing Mutations Occur</h2>
<div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-6">
<!-- Left Side - Causes -->
<div class="bg-white rounded-xl shadow-md overflow-hidden">
<div class="p-8">
<h3 class="text-2xl font-semibold text-blue-700 mb-6">Sources of Mutations</h3>
<div class="space-y-6">
<!-- Inherited Mutations -->
<div class="flex items-start">
<div class="flex-shrink-0 w-10 h-10 bg-purple-500 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-white mr-4 mt-1">
<i class="fas fa-venus-mars"></i>
</div>
<div>
<h4 class="font-bold text-purple-800 mb-2">Inherited Mutations</h4>
<p class="text-gray-700">
About 5-10% of cancers are caused by inherited mutations passed down in families. These are present in all cells from birth. Examples include BRCA1/2 mutations that increase breast cancer risk.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Environmental Factors -->
<div class="flex items-start">
<div class="flex-shrink-0 w-10 h-10 bg-green-500 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-white mr-4 mt-1">
<i class="fas fa-smog"></i>
</div>
<div>
<h4 class="font-bold text-green-800 mb-2">Environmental Factors</h4>
<p class="text-gray-700">
Carcinogens like tobacco smoke, UV radiation, certain chemicals, and viruses can damage DNA. These cause acquired mutations in affected cells only.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Replication Errors -->
<div class="flex items-start">
<div class="flex-shrink-0 w-10 h-10 bg-red-500 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-white mr-4 mt-1">
<i class="fas fa-random"></i>
</div>
<div>
<h4 class="font-bold text-red-800 mb-2">Replication Errors</h4>
<p class="text-gray-700">
Each time a cell divides, it copies its DNA. Random mistakes happen in about 1 in 1,000,000 bases. Normally repaired, but occasional errors persist.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Right Side - Types of Mutations -->
<div class="bg-white rounded-xl shadow-md overflow-hidden">
<div class="p-8">
<h3 class="text-2xl font-semibold text-blue-700 mb-6">Types of Genetic Changes</h3>
<div class="space-y-6">
<!-- Point Mutations -->
<div class="flex items-start">
<div class="flex-shrink-0 w-10 h-10 bg-blue-500 rounded-full flex items-center justify-center text-white mr-4 mt-1">
<i class="fas fa-circle"></i>
</div>
<div>
<h4 class="font-bold text-blue-800 mb-2">Point Mutations</h4>
<p class="text-gray-700">
Single base changes that can alter protein function. Example: The RAS oncogene commonly has point mutations at codon 12.
</p>
<div class="bg-gray-100 p-3 rounded mt-2 font-mono text-sm">
<span class="text-green-600">Normal:</span> GGT (Glycine)<br>
<span class="text-red-600">Mutant:</span> GAT (Aspartic acid)
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Copy Number Variations -->
<div class="flex items-start">
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<h4 class="font-bold text-yellow-800 mb-2">Gene Amplifications</h4>
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Extra copies of a gene lead to overproduction of its protein. Example: HER2 is amplified in 20-30% of breast cancers.
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<span class="text-purple-600">Normal cell:</span> 2 copies of HER2<br>
<span class="text-red-600">Cancer cell:</span> 50+ copies of HER2
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<h4 class="font-bold text-indigo-800 mb-2">Chromosomal Translocations</h4>
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Parts of chromosomes swap places, creating fusion genes. Example: BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia.
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Chromosome 9 (ABL) and 22 (BCR)
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Identifies inherited cancer risk mutations (like BRCA) to guide prevention and screening strategies for patients and their families.
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<span class="inline-block bg-purple-200 text-purple-800 text-xs px-2 py-1 rounded mr-2">Benefits:</span>
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Sequencing tumor DNA to identify mutations that can guide treatment selection (like EGFR inhibitors for EGFR-mutated lung cancer).
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Drugs designed to specifically block the effects of cancer-causing mutations while sparing normal cells.
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<span>Proto-oncogenes</span>
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<span>Tumor suppressor genes</span>
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<span>DNA repair genes</span>
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<h4 class="font-bold text-gray-800 mb-3">2. The "guardian of the genome" that detects DNA damage and can trigger cell death is:</h4>
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<span>TP53</span>
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<span>BRCA1</span>
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<span>Point mutation changing protein function</span>
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<span>Gene amplification creating extra copies</span>
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<span>Complete deletion of the gene</span>
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<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer" class="text-blue-600 hover:text-blue-800 hover:underline flex items-center">
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