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library_name: transformers
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---
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# Model Card for Model ID
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<!-- Provide a quick summary of what the model is/does. -->
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## Model Details
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### Model Description
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- **Developed by:** [
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- **Language(s) (NLP):** [More Information Needed]
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- **License:** [More Information Needed]
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- **Finetuned from model [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
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### Model Sources
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- **Paper [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
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- **Demo [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
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## Uses
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### Direct Use
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<!-- This section is for the model use without fine-tuning or plugging into a larger ecosystem/app. -->
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[More Information Needed]
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### Downstream Use [optional]
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<!-- This section is for the model use when fine-tuned for a task, or when plugged into a larger ecosystem/app -->
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[More Information Needed]
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### Out-of-Scope Use
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<!-- This section addresses misuse, malicious use, and uses that the model will not work well for. -->
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[More Information Needed]
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## Bias, Risks, and Limitations
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<!-- This section is meant to convey both technical and sociotechnical limitations. -->
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[More Information Needed]
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### Recommendations
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<!-- This section is meant to convey recommendations with respect to the bias, risk, and technical limitations. -->
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Users (both direct and downstream) should be made aware of the risks, biases and limitations of the model. More information needed for further recommendations.
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## How to Get Started with the Model
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Use the code below to get started with the model.
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[More Information Needed]
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## Training Details
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### Training Data
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<!-- This should link to a Dataset Card, perhaps with a short stub of information on what the training data is all about as well as documentation related to data pre-processing or additional filtering. -->
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### Training Procedure
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[More Information Needed]
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#### Training Hyperparameters
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- **Training regime:** [More Information Needed] <!--fp32, fp16 mixed precision, bf16 mixed precision, bf16 non-mixed precision, fp16 non-mixed precision, fp8 mixed precision -->
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#### Speeds, Sizes, Times [optional]
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<!-- This section provides information about throughput, start/end time, checkpoint size if relevant, etc. -->
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[More Information Needed]
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## Evaluation
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<!-- This section describes the evaluation protocols and provides the results. -->
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### Testing Data, Factors & Metrics
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#### Testing Data
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<!-- This should link to a Dataset Card if possible. -->
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[More Information Needed]
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#### Factors
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<!-- These are the things the evaluation is disaggregating by, e.g., subpopulations or domains. -->
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[More Information Needed]
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#### Metrics
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<!-- These are the evaluation metrics being used, ideally with a description of why. -->
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[More Information Needed]
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### Results
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[More Information Needed]
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#### Summary
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## Model Examination [optional]
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<!-- Relevant interpretability work for the model goes here -->
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[More Information Needed]
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## Environmental Impact
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<!-- Total emissions (in grams of CO2eq) and additional considerations, such as electricity usage, go here. Edit the suggested text below accordingly -->
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Carbon emissions can be estimated using the [Machine Learning Impact calculator](https://mlco2.github.io/impact#compute) presented in [Lacoste et al. (2019)](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.09700).
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- **Hardware Type:** [More Information Needed]
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- **Hours used:** [More Information Needed]
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- **Cloud Provider:** [More Information Needed]
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- **Compute Region:** [More Information Needed]
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- **Carbon Emitted:** [More Information Needed]
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## Technical Specifications [optional]
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### Model Architecture and Objective
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[More Information Needed]
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### Compute Infrastructure
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[More Information Needed]
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#### Hardware
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#### Software
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## Citation [optional]
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<!-- If there is a paper or blog post introducing the model, the APA and Bibtex information for that should go in this section. -->
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**BibTeX:**
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[More Information Needed]
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**APA:**
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## Glossary [optional]
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<!-- If relevant, include terms and calculations in this section that can help readers understand the model or model card. -->
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[More Information Needed]
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## More Information [optional]
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[More Information Needed]
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## Model Card Authors [optional]
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## Model Card Contact
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[More Information Needed]
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library_name: transformers
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license: mit
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datasets:
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- openslr/librispeech_asr
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- slprl/sTinyStories2
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- slprl/SpokenSwag
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base_model:
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- Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B
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pipeline_tag: audio-to-audio
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# Model Card for Model ID
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This is a Speech Lanaguage Model trained for generating speech contiuations over discrete [Hubert tokens](https://huggingface.co/slprl/mhubert-base-25hz).
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## Model Details
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### Model Description
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This is a Speech Lanaguage Model, introduced in "_Slamming_: Training a Speech Language Model on One GPU in a Day", focusing on efficient training.
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It was fine-tuned from [Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B) over a vocabulary of 500 speech tokens extracted from
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the 11-th layer of [mhubert-25hz](https://huggingface.co/slprl/mhubert-base-25hz).
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The model was trained by next-token prediction over a subset of LibriSpeech, Libri-Light and a synthetic data
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[sTinyStories](https://huggingface.co/datasets/slprl/sTinyStories). It was then trained with DPO over
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[SpokenSwag](https://huggingface.co/datasets/slprl/SpokenSwag).
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- **Developed by:** [SLP-RL](https://huggingface.co/slprl)
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- **Model type:** SpeechLM
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- **License:** MIT
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- **Finetuned from model:** [Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B)
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### Model Sources
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- **Repository:** [https://github.com/slp-rl/slam](https://github.com/slp-rl/slam)
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- **Paper:** [Soon!]
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- **Demo:** [Link](https://pages.cs.huji.ac.il/adiyoss-lab/slamming/)
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## Uses
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This is a base SpeechLM and as such can be used to generate contiuations for speech segments, or as base for further tuning. See the _slam_
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[codebase](https://github.com/slp-rl/slam) for more details on usage, and checkout the [demo page](https://pages.cs.huji.ac.il/adiyoss-lab/slamming/) for some generation examples
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### Out-of-Scope Use
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This model was trained on curated speech datasets which contain mainly audio-books and stories, as such the outputs should not be treated as factual in any way.
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## How to Get Started with the Model
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We refer users to the official repository for full usage explainations - [github](https://github.com/slp-rl/slam).
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## Training Details
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We highly encourage users to read the full [paper](), for full training details, a brief overview is provided below.
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### Training Data
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This model was trained on a subset of [LibriSpeech](https://huggingface.co/datasets/openslr/librispeech_asr) train,
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[Libri-Light](https://ai.meta.com/tools/libri-light/) and the synthetic dataset
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[sTinyStories](https://huggingface.co/datasets/slprl/sTinyStories) for the pre-training phase. It was also trained with DPO on the synthetic
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dataset [SpokenSwag](https://huggingface.co/datasets/slprl/SpokenSwag).
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### Training Procedure
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This model was trained by next token prediction over several dataset, and then trained with DPO over [SpokenSwag](https://huggingface.co/datasets/slprl/SpokenSwag).
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Please refer to the [paper]() or [code](https://github.com/slp-rl/slam) for the full training recipes.
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#### Preprocessing
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Speech tokens are extracted from the audio using [Hubert-25hz](https://huggingface.co/slprl/mhubert-base-25hz), and quantised using the
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official kmeans released with the model in [textlesslib](https://github.com/facebookresearch/textlesslib/tree/main). Units are de-duplicated.
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We encourage you to explore the official repository for full details - [github](https://github.com/slp-rl/slam).
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## Evaluation
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The paper provides full results, we do give here some results and also refer to the [demo page](https://pages.cs.huji.ac.il/adiyoss-lab/slamming/) to listen to some samples.
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| Model | GPUs | Params | Num Tokens | sBLIMP ↑ | sStoryCloze ↑ | tStoryCloze ↑ | GenPPL ↓ | Auto-BLEU ↓ |
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|-------------------------------------------|---------|--------|---------------|-----------|---------------|---------------|----------|-------------|
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| **Speech only pre-training** | | | | | | | | |
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| GSLM | 8×V100 | 100M | 1B | 54.2 | 53.3 | 66.6 | — | — |
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| SyllableLM | 4×A40 | 300M | 16B | 63.7 | — | 75.4 | — | — |
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| TWIST-350M | 8×V100 | 305M | 10.8B | 56.2 | — | — | 137.3 | 3.46 |
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| TWIST-1.3B | 32×V100 | 1B | 10.8B | 57.0 | 52.4 | 70.6 | 131.8 | 3.20 |
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| TWIST-7B | 32×V100 | 7B | 36B | 59.0 | 55.3 | 74.1 | 93.74 | 3.06 |
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| TWIST-13B | 32×V100 | 13B | 36B | 59.2 | 55.4 | 76.4 | — | — |
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| Scaled Optimal | — | 823M | 82B | **61.3** | 56.7 | 78.0 | — | — |
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| Moshi | ?×H100 | 7B | ? | 58.9 | **58.7** | **81.8** | — | — |
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| SpiritLM | 64×A100 | 7B | 100B | 58.0 | 54.8 | 72.9 | — | — |
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| **With text / preference optimization** | | | | | | | | |
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| Scaling Interleaving | — | 9B | ~1T | — | **62.4** | 82.9 | — | — |
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| Moshi | ?×H100 | 7B | ~720B | 58.8 | 60.8 | 83.0 | — | — |
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| SpiritLM | 64×A100 | 7B | 100B | 58.3 | 61.0 | 82.9 | — | — |
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| AlignSLM-1.3B | 64×A100 | 1B | 10.8B + ~158B | 59.8 | 55.0 | 80.0 | — | — |
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| AlignSLM-7B | 64×A100 | 7B | 36B + ~158B | **62.3** | 61.1 | **86.8** | — | — |
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| **Ours (_Slam_)** | | | | | | | | |
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| _Slam_ (-DPO) | 2×A100 | 358M | 16.7B | 58.53 | 58.15 | 80.71 | 67.3 | 3.25 |
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| _Slam_ | 1×A5000 | 358M | 1.4B + 5M | 58.86 | 58.04 | 82.04 | 62.8 | 3.88 |
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| _Slam_ (scaled) | 2×A100 | 358M | 16.7B + 9M | **61.11** | **61.30** | **84.18** | **46.6** | 3.75 |
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### Compute Infrastructure
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This model was trained as part of ["*Slamming*: Training a Speech Language Model on One GPU in a Day"], focusing on efficient training.
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#### Hardware
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This model was trained using **only 2 Nvidia A100 GPU** for **48 hours**.
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#### Software
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The model was trained using the [*Slam*](https://github.com/slp-rl/slam) codebase which builds upon 🤗transformers extending it to support
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easy and efficent training of Speech Language Models.
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## Citation
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**BibTeX:**
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Soon!
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