document: How airlines and airports recover from schedule perturbations : a survey The explosive growth in air traffic as well as the widespread adoption of Operations Research techniques in airline scheduling has given rise to tight flight schedules at major airports . An undesirable consequence of this is that a minor incident such as a delay in the arrival of a small number of flights can result in a chain reaction of events involving several flights and airports , causing disruption throughout the system . This paper reviews recent literature in the area of recovery from schedule disruptions . First we review how disturbances at a given airport could be handled , including the effects of runways and fixes . Then we study the papers on recovery from airline schedule perturbations , which involve adjustments in flight schedules , aircraft , and crew . The mathematical programming techniques used in ground holding are covered in some detail . We conclude the review with suggestions on how singular perturbation theory could play a role in analyzing disruptions to such highly sensitive schedules as those in the civil aviation industry
doc_bio_tags: O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O B I O O O O B I I O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O B I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O B I I